SOM. REALITY BEFORE REALITY.

REALITY BEFORE REALITY

EdizioniTecno

Cover: Structural detail for Hotel of the Arts, Barcelona.

Computer generateci view of the exterior structural node.

The project is illustrated on pages 22-23.

SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill was founded in 1936 and has, over the years, designed a series of buildings which are internationally recognised as important contributions to the history and progress of modem architecture: Lever House in New York in the 1950s, the John Hancock Tower in the 1960s and the Sears Tower in the 1970s, both in Chicago, the NCB Bank in Jeddah in the 1980s, and Exchange House in London which will be completed in 1990, creating a bold beginning to the new decade. These buildings display a degree of invention and style that transcend the blandness that is so frequently associated with modem commercial architecture.

SOM is the world's largest multi-disciplinary design practice employing nearly two thousand people in offices in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Washington, San Francisco and London. That SOM, more than half a century after its foundation, is both a vibrant force in the world of architectural design and a successful business enterprise is a testament to its professionalism and organisation. Success has not bred complacency. SOM's work stili displays the same commitment to design excellence and innovation, while the firm continues to expand, providing an international design service that can meet the rigorous requirements of large scale multi-national development companies.

While SOM's early reputation rests on work of clean-lined modem simplicity, the last decade has seen a more catholic approach to design with a range of styles that reflect the preoccupations and philosophies of the individuai designers.This work involves the development of a contemporary approach to the architectural treatment of traditional materials, of decoration, of issues of scale, context and the specific nature of the building's location.

SOM are pioneers in the use of computers in architectural design. The computer is seen as a tool that assists the design process and enhances the imagination - not as a mechanical replacement for the designer's skills. The following pages provide an insight into this process; how the client's brief and SOM's ideas are shaped into understandable forms; how the computer is used to integrate the various design disciplines and develop alternatives that will satisfy the requirements of the client and the concerns of the authorities; how the design can be developed and refined, using the most sophisticated visual techniques to produce images that show accurately how the building will look when completed, thus creating a vision of reality before reality.

Peter Murray

The Hancock Building, Chicago 1970

Lever House, New York, 1952 Kitt Peak Solar Telescope, Arizona 1962

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IDEAS INTO FORM

The process of creating architecture involves a marriage of the ideas of the architect and the requirements of the client and the user. It is a process of making forms and physical order from those requirements while recognising the importance of the programme, the site, environment and cultural context.

It is a complex process requiring a broad range of skills. To meet these demands SOM has established a multi-disciplinary approach to design bringing togetherarchitects, planners, engineers, landscape architects, interior designers and project managers under one roof.

The advantages of efficient and direct communication between the different disciplines has been enhanced by SOM's advanced computer capabilities shared by ali participants in the design process. Such an approach has led to the development of often innovative and, at times, revolutionary solutions that have pushed forward the boundaries of conventional building practice and design knowledge. This book provides an insight to the SOM design process in general and the use of computers in particular.

Individuai partners from various disciplines are responsible for every project, ensuring special attention and personal involvement. A design team led by a senior architect is formed for every project which includes members of the urban design, architectural, structural engineering, building services engineering, interiors and project management groups.

SOM's building services engineers have designed a wide range of projects from low-tech, passively controlied environments which respond to locai conditions to sophisticated high-tech engineering designs for corporate headquarters and financial centres world-wide. The elegant sun shades of the United Gulf Bank building provide an excellent

example of how environmental constraints can be used to the advantage of the architecture.

The firm's project managers have coordinated projects for many different client types - from public authorities in Ireland and Spain to corporate clients in Bahrain and Los Angeles, and have worked with both traditional builders and fast-track contractors.

Recognition of the importance of the structure of a building has been an important element in much of SOM's work - a quality most explicitly illustrateci by the Hancock Building whose tapering silhouette and criss cross grid creates exciting architectural form and dramatic decoration. The structural resolution of buildings such as Exchange House in London or the Haj Terminal in Jeddah acknowledge the locai culture, building tradition and heritage while establishing an image that is thoroughly modem in appearance and innovative in design.

The design experience of SOM is not limited to commercial and office buildings. Over the last decade the firm has been responsible for the design of urban master plans, hospitals, churches, public housing, administrative, educational, sports and recreational institutions, as well as banks, retail centres, airports, railway stations and other public and commercial facilities including hotels restaurants and shops. During this period more than 500 of the firm's completed buildings have gained awards for design excellence.

The vast storehouse of knowledge created by the varied projects provides a collective experience which acts as a invaluable resource to its designers in the development and implementation of the new projects at an international level.

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In the extreme climate of the Middle East, building form arises out of environmental necessity.

The windows of the National Commercial Bank in

Jeddah (left) are screened from direct sunlight, while in the United GulfBankin Bahrain the parabolic light shelf reflects the sun's rays and

projects them deep into the adjacent office's, providing naturai daylighting of the interior spaces.

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A computer detail of the structure of Exchange House, Broadgate London

DESIGN FOR REALITY

During the process of design the architect and his fellow professionals are continually attempting to determine how the building will be in reality; this not only concerns what it will look like, but how it will be built, how the servicing will work, how people will move around the building and even how much will maintenance cost when it is completed and occupied. The process of design and forecasting the performance of buildings has been greatly assisted by the advent of computer aided design.

SOM has conceived, developed and refined one of the most sophisticated computer aided design systems in the world. SOM has collaborated with IBM to make the software available to the building industry as the IBM Architecture and Engineering Series (AES). This software is used at ali stages of the design process, from design conception, through to project construction. Even after construction the computer can be used to enhance facilities management and monitor environmental performance of a building.

Unlike other computer-aided design systems the IBM/SOM computer software constructs a full three dimensionai model of ali the components of a building including structural and building services systems. In this way the building is in effect built and analysed within the computer before it is built in reality. This not only allows the visual qualities of a building to be evaluated but also, because of its sophisticated analysis capabilities, allows the performance of systems and cost implications of design decisions to be assessed as the project develops.

The computer is seen by SOM as an essential design-aid: an aid that allows the different disciplines to be fully integrated at the cruciai stages of the design process. Good solutions can be further developed and bad solutions discarded. The flow of information and crossfertilization of ideas between the different players is considerably enhanced by the use of a single data-base with full visualization capabilities.

design saves time, and time in the competitive world of commercial architecture is a rare commodity.

The computer was extensively used in the structural analysis of Exchange House, the centerpiece of the Broadgate development in the City of London, a major commercial redevelopment surrounding the 19th century Liverpool Street Station. The building is a pure • expression of its structural function; a parabolic steel arch that spans the railway tracks. The upper section of the building is supported by the tour parallel arch structures, while the lower portions and the grand public plaza are suspended. The steel trame of the building is exposed, allowing the building to reflect the grand engineering tradition associated with the site and its context.

The computer image is only one of the methods of illustrating buildings. Although architectural models are stili regularly used these too can be partly built by computer with special jigs linked to the design program.

The model for the Presbyterian Hospital in New York shows how this large institutional building fits in to its surroundings and how the form of the new building opens out to views of the Hudson River. The detailing of the brick masonry wall, with its spare window modules and contrasted joints, creates a distinctive character that sets the main building apart from its neighbours. Nevertheless, the use of similar colour to surrounding structure ensures a degree of visual integration with its urban context. The design reflects the sĂŹgnificance of its civic role yet recognizes the need for human scale and character.

Structural expression is equally evident in the Hotel of the Arts in Barcelona's Olympic Village of 1992. As a project it is truly representative of SOM's multi-disciplinary approach. The building engages with the urban dimension by establishing a clear landmark within Barcelona's , spectacular naturai setting along the Mediterranean, responding to the Master Pian for In the words of one of the partners the computer the Olympic Village (by Martorell, Bohigas & has "allowed us to see and understand much Mackay). It brings forward the boundaries of more of a design in less time. In a few days we knowledge in the technology of exposed begin to see the three dimensionai qualities of a structural steel construction, creating new building which hitherto would have taken several possibilities for geometrie expression. months. There are few surprises when the project is finally built. " Clearly the use of the computer in

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Exchange House and the Bishopsgate buildings (on the right of the model) designed by SOM are built over railway tracks. The first four phases of the

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project (on the left hand side of the model) were designed byArup Associates. The development includes three new London squares, including

Exchange Square in front of Exchange House.

Computer generateci perspective of Exchange House.

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Site photograph of Exchange House taken in December 1989.

Completed Aprii 1990

Overleaf: The structural system of Exchange House spans a clear 75 metres over the railway tracks.

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The 100 East Pratt Street project is significant as it represents a unique opportunity to contribute to the urban redevelopment of Baitimore's Inner

Harbour. The design goal for this project was both the creation of a graceful presence on the skyline and the enrichment of the Street level urban fabric that

connects the historic core of Baltimore to the Inner Harbour.

Completion 1991

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WorldWide Plaza, located on the former site ofNew York City's old Madison Square Garden, covers an entire Manhattan block. The multi-use complex

includes a 4 7-story office tower, a 38-story apartment tower, lowrise housing, retai! space, a parking garage, and a public plaza. Ali the buildings have been

sited and the heights set midtown density to the tomakethem east. compatible with the Completion 1990 surrounding area, defined by the community scale of Ninth Avenue and the

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Computer generateci graphics were used directly by automated milling machines to fabricate the model of the AT&T Corporate Center in Chicago.

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The lobby of the AT&T Corporate Center as built.

Completed 1989

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The computer system was used to design, refine and integrate ali the architectural, structural and mechanical systems of the Hotel of the

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Arts, a component of Vila Olimpica in Barcelona.

A perspective view of the Vita Olimpica in Barcelona which will be the site of the 1992 Olympics.

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A computer study of the exterior watt.

303 Madison Street Chicago

DESIGN FOR THE CLIENT

The use of the computer in the design process has allowed clients to participate more fully in the creation of their projects. The computer itself, with its advanced visual and analytical capabilities, has allowed complex architectural and engineering choices to be set out clearly before SOM's clients at an early stage of a project with detailed information regarding costs and scheduling implications.

The ability to present the client with ali available information on ali design aspects of the project, in a clear and intelligible form, has proven a key ingredient to the successful implementation of numerous projects. SOM typically involves the client in decisions affecting the selection of building services, environmental and structural systems, finishes and materials which have a strong hearing on the architectural appearance and the three-dimensional quality of the building form, as well as building and maintenance costs.

In response to the increasing complexity of building projects, SOM has developed an expertise in assisting its clients in identifying the appropriate development and architectural potential of a site, either at the completion stage or in the formulation of project briefs and programmes. This expertise extends from the careful adaption of old buildings - to the identification of appropriate uses for green fields or large scale planning projects.

Rowes Wharf is an example of successful inner city renewal in the City of Boston. The site covers more than five acres of industriai land along Boston's harbour acting as a link between the historic centre of the city and its waterfront. The project - with its wide range of uses including housing, offices, a hotel, restaurants shops and ferry terminal for water taxis from nearby Logan Airport - creates a sequence of significant public spaces that knit togetherthe different buildings of the development.

The use of the computer in this project proved to be a key element in providing a realistic impression of how the proposals would integrate with the existing urban fabric. To this end the sequence of early computer images, the artist's rendering and view of the complete project reveal the accuracy of the computer's capabilities: an essential design tool for large-scale proposals.

The 303 Madison Street office building is located at the heart of Chicago's historical centrai 'Loop' area which contains the prime examples of the world's earliest skyscrapers employing the characteristic 'frame and window'. This building responds to its modem historical context by maintaining the continuity of the Street edge encouraging pedestrians into its ground floor retail areas through a richly detailed entrance within the granite base of the building.

The balanced relationship between the different elements of a building - its base, middle and top - is of cruciai significance to architectural composition. The evolution of a design such as the One North Franklin Building at the heart of Chicago's downtown 'Loop' area, has concerned itself with these formai issues and their relation to the surrounding urban context. The computer was employed at an early design stage to test different alternatives in terms of their visual impact on the streetscape of the city. The technique allows a life-like representation of the texture and colour of materials - such as marble, steel or glass - both on the interior and the exterior of a building.

Importantly, the computer can simulate changing conditions in naturai or artificial daylight, so that the architect's creative intuition can be tested and verified against the reality of its ever-changing context.

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The evolution of the computer imagery illustrates the progress from the massing outline to a realistic representation of

Rowes Wharf reflected in Boston Bay.

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A perspective based on computer drawings which illustrates the reality of the completed project.

Overleaf: Rowes Wharfas built and completed in 1987.

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A computer study of the exterior wall at the base of303 Madison Street Chicago.

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The 303 Madison office building in the context of its centrai Chicago neighbours.

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Numerous computer aided model studies were carried out to evaluate massing and composltion of One North Franklin Street in Chicago.

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The computer provides the ability to study pedestrian level views and further, is able to render realistically the granite cladding.

Completion 1991

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A computer study of Canary Wharf the world's largest and most complex development.

London

DESIGN FOR THE PUBLIC

SOM has responded to the growing international concern for the conservatoli of traditional urban forms and naturai environments with a range of designs that reflect locai planning regulations and cultural preoccupations.

mid-level there is a band of electronic images which act as a gigantic screen for video and laser projections. The building exterior is a glass curtain wall of varying colours establishing a dialogue with the surrounding streetscape.

SOM designers have developed an expertise not only in interpreting the requirements of public authorities in different countries but also they have initiated the drafting of urban design guidelines for the revitalization of inner city areas, such as the Cityfront Center in Chicago and the new financial centre of Canary Wharf, currently under construction in London. These projects have established models for urban renewal that can be applied to different sites and conditions throughout the world. The firm is responsible for some of the most complex redevelopment projects in Europe and the USA which tackle major water and land-based transportation issues that typically affect the modem city at the end of the twentieth century. The master plans for disused railway lands such as the King's Cross and Broadgate projects in London, the revitalization of waterside areas such as Rowes Wharf in historic Boston and the Port Imperiai development in New Jersey, deal comprehensively with the entire range of planning, social economie and politicai issues associated with such major developments.

St Giles Circus occupies a strategie site in the centre of London. Its location characterises the difficult coexistence between old and new in many European cities. The site is bounded on the one side by Centre Point, one of London's tallest office buildings, and on the other by the traditional urban fabric of 18th century London extending towards Covent Garden. The challenge for the mixed-use development - containing housing, offices and studios - is to mediate between these two areas and architectural languages. The design marks the significant urban corner with a tower feature that responds to the dominant visual axes surrounding the site. A sailing curved roof and a masonry base unify the different building elements of the project which are designed to reflect their function and acknowledge the varied architectural context of the site. Accordingly, the offices are clad in metal and glass, the housing mainly in brick, while the studios are in brick with metal and glass panelling.

In rhythm and scale, the new buildings relate to the older neighbours with a contemporary architectural expression. The design has given great importance to the quality of public space, by providing an active Street edge around the site with shops and entrances at ground level.

At County Hall situated on the Thames opposite the Houses of Parliament SOM have dealt with the problems of refurbishing a protected historic building as well as designing new buildings that reflected their sensitive location. The SOM proposals include the improvement of a major traffic roundabout at the end of Westminster Bridge, the improvement of public space and the re-landscaping of Jubilee Gardens. The project has been the subject of a public enquiry where the proposals have been examined in minute detail as a part of the complex process of gaining planning approvai.

The design of new buildings that respond to stringent planning constraints in an area of distinctive urban characteristics presents a challenge to architects world-wide. The One Broadway Place mixed-use project - located at the heart of New York's historic entertainment district - responds to its context with a dynamic and colourful building. A steel mast emerges from the sheer corners of the building marking the presence of the building in the Manhattan skyline.

The 44 storey building extends the activĂŹty of the surrounding streets with a retail arcade and cinemas at the lower level and offices above. At

The Canary Wharf Financial Centre is one of the largest and comprehensive redevelopment projects in the World. It is located in London's Docklands along the River Thames and will house financial and commercial institutions within a new urban neighbourhood on the doorstep of the City, London's traditional centre of finance and business. The Master Pian for the mile-long 70 acre site includes 25 new office buildings, a shopping centre and public facilities. Apart from drafting the Design Guidelines for the development which control the architecture of the individuai buildings, SOM is responsible for the design of the infrastructure and the coordination of public spaces with an intensive arts programme. The design envisages a network of pedestrian arcades, gardens and parks that relate to the River Thames and to the new buildings. At the lower levels a complete circulation and car parking system servĂŹce the development. The Engineering Master Pian, estabiished the type of environmental systems to be employed, based on athorough evaluation of first cost, energy, maintenance and aesthetic reliability criteria.

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County Hall opposite the Houses of Parliament, London, involves the refurbishment ofan historic building and the sensitive design ofnew buildings. Jubilee

Gardens (to the left of the picture) are to be landscaped and a new walkway created along the Thames. The Riverside Building will be converted for housing,

an hotel and a business and conference centre.

The buildings to the rear contain offices with a retaiI arcade at ground level.

Completion 1995

The distinctive steel mast of One Broadway Place, New York, will mark the skyline and celebrate a corner of the city's entertainment area.

The building becomes a reality with its granite base, blue curtain walling and white steel mast.

Completion 1990

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Buildings 9,10 and 11 at Stockley Park, an office park in Uxbridge, England, were the first to be designed exclusively by means of the

computer process.

Ali disciplines, architectural, structural and full building services, were integrated using state-of-the-art

computer software developed by SOM.

St. Giles Circus, a mixed-use project in London

The Gas Company Centre is a 52 storey office tower in downtown Los Angeles.

The subtly curved glass form at the top emerges from a faceted granite shaft.

Completion 1992

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A current construction photograph, January 1990, of Canary Wharf in the London Docklands clearlyshows the magnitude and scale of the development.

Overleaf: An artist's impression of the completed master pian shown from the same view point as the construction photograph below. SOM is

responsible for the public spaces while various internationally known architects are responsible for individuai buildĂŹngs.

Completion 1991-1996

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A detailed computer study of the exterior structural framing of Vita Olimpica Barcelona.

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DESIGN IN DETAIL

The development of a design, whether it be a master pian for a new town or the interior of a bank, undergoes a rigorous process of review within the SOM Design Team. A process within which the search for quality, elegance and beauty is paramount.

The ability to capture the atmosphere and the culture of a place is an important architectural skill in these international times. SOM's Design Team for the new headquarters for Pacific Bell telecommunications in California was involved in the development of the building brief and programme, including the selection of appropriate furniture, facilities management and environmental control systems, creating one of the most advanced examples of a new generation of 'intelligent buildings'. The United Gulf Bank in Bahrain provides a cooling environment with its landscaped pool and deepest windows.

Another example of a contemporary yet contextual design is the headquarters for the Banco de Occidente in Guatemala. The building not only responds to the surrounding physical context with locai materials, colour and textures but also makes use of naturai ventilation and light through skylights and courtyards reflecting the vernacular building tradition of the country. The design of the exterior structure, with its terraces and set-back, translucent roofing fabric over the courtyard, reduces solar heat and contributes to the creation of a comfortable, modem working environment that recognizes the architectural potential of the locai culture.

The highly atmospheric restaurant interior of the Palio Restaurant in New York results from the intense, even dramatic, integration of art and architecture. Sandro Chia's commissioned murai of the Sienese Palio, which dynamically wraps around the main bar area, is set up against the restful oak surfaces and the marble chequerboard floor. The design contrasts traditional materials (timber panelling, marble and translucent onyx) with modem lines of the bar counter with its stainless steel and glass fittings and the polished bronze lighting of the dining

rooms, creating a balanced and rich interior for the restaurant's guests.

The Broadgate Leisure Club in centrai London has been designed to create a modem environment with a clear sequence of spaces that focusses on the large double-height swimming pool adorned by a specially commissioned 'artwall' by Howard Hodgkin. High quality materials, finishes and details, as well as carefully designed lighting contribute to the sense of spaciousness and elegance of the Club. Even though the Club is inward looking, the design creates the illusion of external-looking spaces with generous 'windows' looking out onto the swimming pool enjoying the reflecting light from the water and the blue artwall.

This book has looked at various ways that the reality of a building project can be presented before the building itself exists. The scale of the SOM organisation and the broad range of skills bred from experĂŹence, have created a most sophisticated capability for the modelling and representation of buildings which ensures that ali those involved in the design process from engineer to client fully understand the nature of the completed work.

SOM possesses the experience and resources to tackle and implement a wide range of architectural and urban projects at an international level. Equal attention, though, is paid by the designers to the smallest detail of a building. The computer is used as an invaluable tool which allows the colour and texture of a building and its materials - from naturai stone to polished steel - to be faithfully reproduced, providing the architect with a visual model that encourages and supports the human imagination. The ability to effortlessly test design alternatives and experiment with new materials and systems has contributed positively to the creation of a richer architectural language that realistically responds to the stringent requirements of modem society and most importantly, participates in the creation of beauty.

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The great canopy and reflective lake form the centrai public space for the Pacific Bell Administrative complex in California.

Completed 1986

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The interior atrium opens north to the Gulf and creates the centrai sky space for the executives ofthe United Gulf Bank in Bahrain.

Completed 1987

The coolness of water and the brilliance of colour set the contemporary design of the Banco de Occidente in Guatemala City.

Completed 1980

A cubic room Palio restaurant in New surrounded ori four York City. sides with Sandro Chia's Completed 1986 murai painting depicting scenes of the Palio in Siena, create the first impression ofthe

Overleaf: The Broadgate Club in Howard Hodgkin 's the City of London. painting dramatically rendered in Venetian Mosaic provides a focus for the swimming pool at

Partners 1936-1990 Roy O Alien Karen B Alschuler Walter W Arensberg Robert H Armsby Edward C Bassett Elliott F Brown William S Brown Gordon Bunshaft David M Childs James W Christensen Richard H Ciceri Raymond J Clark Walter H Costa Robert W Cutler Michael H Damore Raul de Armas James R DeStefano Robert Diamant Lawrence S Doane William M Drake William E Dunlap Thomas J Eyerman Richard C Foster Thomas K Fridstein Richard A Giegengack Myron Goldsmith Marc E Goldstein Kimbal T Goluska Joseph A Gonzalez Bruce J Graham Parambir S Gujral Robert A Halvorson James W Hammond Craig W Hartman William E Hartmann Alan D Hinklin Robert P Holmes Peter Hopkinson David H Hughes Robert A Hutchins Srinivasa lyengar

Current Partners Roger G Kallman Richard C Keating Fazlur R Khan John L King D Stanton Korista Fred W Kraft Richard L Kreutz John L Kriken Diane Legge Richard E Lenke Albert Lockett Edward J Mathews Warren J Mathison Jeffery J McCarthy Michael A McCarthy John 0 Merrill John 0 Merrill, Jr Leon Moed Walter A Netsch Whitson M Overcash Nathaniel A Owings Maris Peika David A Pugh John B Rodgers Roger M Seitz J Walter Severinghaus Louis Skidmore Adrian D Smith Donald C Smith Kenneth A Soldan Douglas F Stoker W Craig Taylor Marilyn Jordan Taylor Richard F Tomlinson John K Turley Robert L Turner John R Weese Robert L Wesley Gordon L Wildermuth John H Winkler Carolina YC Woo

Karen B Alschuler David M Childs Raymond J Clark Michael H Damore Raul de Armas Lawrence S Doane Thomas J Eyerman Thomas K Fridstein Richard A Giegengack Kimbal T Goluska Joseph A Gonzalez Parambir S Gujral Robert A Halvorson Craig W Hartman Alan D Hinklin Robert P Holmes Srinivasa lyengar Roger G Kallman D Stanton Korista John L Kriken Warren J Mathison Jeffery J McCarthy Michael A McCarthy Leon Moed Adrian D Smith Donald C Smith Kenneth A Soldan W Craig Taylor Marilyn Jordan Taylor Richard F Tomlinson Robert L Turner Robert L Wesley John H Winkler Carolina YC Woo

As we move towards the twenty first century, the role of the architect, planner and designer is becoming increasingly significant in shaping our environment. The 1990s offer a unique opportunity to consolidate and build upon the international lessons of the past decades: a period which has witnessed the regeneration of the inner city, the realization of an absolute necessity to preserve the naturai environment and the evolution of an architecture which strives to relate sensitivity to our heritage in its wider cultural and historical context.

The Grands Projects in Paris, the wholescale redevelopment of London, the expansion of cultural and public institutions in Germany, Spain, Portugal and Italy, and recent experiences in the USA point towards a veritable Renaissance of architecture and its associated disciplines.

Furthermore, and perhaps even more importantly, the possibilities offered by recent developments in Eastern Europe for more global forms of international democracy give greater significance to the practice of architecture. In this respect, SOM's worldwide experience, at the forefront of architectural and planning practice in the last fifty years, will prove an invaluable asset to a realistic yet imaginative construction of a new and expanded Europe.

International collaboration and communication constitute the proven model for success in a wide range of commercial, cultural and artistic endeavours. The theory and practice of architecture similarly depend on increased communication, efficiency and creativity for their success. Only by understanding and grasping the challenges of the present will an imaginative and humane environment be created for the future.

SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL

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Project

Credits

6

JOHN HANCOCK CENTER, Chicago John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company Multi-use complex, 1970

Timothy Hursley

7

LEVER HOUSE, New York Lever Brothers Corporate Headquarters, 1952

Ezra Stoller

7

KITT PEAK SOLAR TELESCOPE, Arizona Universities for Research in Astronomy Solar Telescope, 1962

Ezra Stoller

8

NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK, Jeddah National Real Estate Company of Jeddah Bank Headquarters, 1984

Wolfgang Hoyt

9

UNITED GULF BANK, Bahrain United Gulf Bank Bank Headquarters, 1987

Nick Merrick

12-13

BROADGATE DEVELOPMENT, London Rosehaugh Stanhope Developments pie Multi-use Complex, 1992

Nick Merrick

14-17

EXCHANGE HOUSE, London Rosehaugh Stanhope Developments pie Office Building, 1990

SOM Computer Nick Merrick John Donat

18

100 EAST PRATT STREET, Baltimore International Business Machines Office Building, 1991

Robert Harr

19

WORLDWIDE PLAZA, New York.

New York Communications Center Associates Office Building, 1990

Addison Thompson

20-21

AT&T CORPORATE CENTER, Chicago Stein and Company Office Building, 1989

K & S Photographics Hedrich-Blessing

22-23

HOTEL OF THE ARTS, Barcelona The Travelstead Group Multi-use Complex, 1992

SOM Computer

26-29

ROWES WHARF, Boston The Beacon Companies Multi-use Complex, 1987

SOM Computer Carlos Diniz Steve Rosenthal

30-31

303 WEST MADISON, Chicago Jaymont Properties, Incorporated Office Building, 1988

SOM Computer Ben Altman

Page

Project

Credits

32-33

ONE NORTH FRANKLIN, Chicago Oxford Advisors Limited Office Building, 1991

Nick Merrick SOM Computer

36-37

COUNTY HALL REDEVELOPMENT, London County Hall Development Group Multi-use Complex, 1995

John Barlow

38-39

ONE BROADWAY PLACE, New York.

Broadway Partners Multi-use Complex, 1990

Addison Thompson Wolfgang Hoyt

40

STOCKLEY PARK, Uxbridge, England Stockley Park Consortium Ltd. 3 Office Buildings, 1990

SOM Computer

41

ST. GILES CIRCUS, London The St. Giles Partnership Multi-use Complex, 1992

John Barlow

42-43

THE GAS COMPANY CENTER, Los Angeles Maguire Thomas Partners Office Building, 1991

Mark Lohman Casey & Sayre

44-47

CANARY WHARF, London Olympia & York Canary Wharf Limited Infrastructure and Public Spaces, 1991-96

Carlos Diniz

50

PACIFIC BELL COMPLEX, California Pacific Bell Administrative Complex, 1986

Jane Lidz

51

UNITED GULF BANK, Bahrain United Gulf Bank Bank Headquarters, 1987

Nick Merrick

52

BANCO DE OCCIDENTE, Guatemala Banco de Occidente Bank Headquarters, 1980

Nick Wheeler

53

PALIO RESTAURANT, New York Equitable Life Insurance Company Restaurant, 1986

Wolfgang Hoyt

54-55

BROADGATE CLUB, London Rosehaugh Stanhope Developments pie Health and Leisure Facility, 1989

John O'Brien

59

REALITY BEFORE REALITY is one of a series of books published by Edizioni Tecno with the aim of promoting excellence in architecture and design.

Graphics: Centro Progetti Tecno Printing: Grafiche Mariano ® Copyright Edizioni Tecno 1990

Tecno spa 20121 Milano (Italy) Via Bigli 22 tel. 02 790341 fax 02 784484 Tecno Espana s.a. etra PaternaLa Canada 56-58 Aptdo. Correos 174 Paterna tel. 96/1322227 tx 61370 fax 96/1322274 Edizioni Tecno 20039 Varedo - Milano via Milano 12 tel. 0362 5899 fax 0362 583279

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