Primary Australian History: Book G - Ages 11-12

RIC-6433 6.5/165

Primary Australian history (Book G) Published by R.I.C. Publications® 2008 Reprinted 2008 Copyright© R.I.C. Publications® 2008 ISBN 978-1-74126-690-0 RIC– 6433

Additional titles available in this series:

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Primary Australian history (Book A) Primary Australian history (Book B) Primary Australian history (Book C) Primary Australian history (Book D) Primary Australian history (Book E) Primary Australian history (Book F)

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Primary Australian history Foreword Primary Australian history is a series of seven books designed to provide students with an awareness of the chronology of major events in the history of Australia and the significance of these events in shaping the nation.

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• Primary Australian history Book A

• Primary Australian history Book B

• Primary Australian history Book C

• Primary Australian history Book D

• Primary Australian history Book E

• Primary Australian history Book F

• Primary Australian history Book G

Contents

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Titles in this series include:

Teachers notes.........................................................................................................................................iv – xv

How to use this book.............................................................................................................................. iv – v

Curriculum links........................................................................................................................................... vi

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Useful Australian history resources............................................................................................................... vii Historical literacy skills.......................................................................................................................... viii – ix

Public holidays..............................................................................................................................................x Time line of major Australian and world events....................................................................................... xi – xiv

Australian Prime Ministers since Federation.................................................................................................. xv

The beginning..................................................... 2–5

A new nation................................................... 50–69

Adapting to the land....................................... 2–5

The struggle for Federation......................... 50–53

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European discovery........................................ 6–9

Early settlement.............................................. 10–29

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Observations of the First Fleet..................... 10–13 Where did all the convicts go?..................... 14–17

Post-Federation government....................... 54–57

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Maritime exploration.......................................... 6–9

World War I: The Fromelles fiasco................ 58–61

The crash of ’29......................................... 62–65 World War II: The New Guinea campaign...... 66–69

People and politics......................................... 70–85

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The Myall Creek massacre.......................... 18–21 Letters from the west.................................. 22–25 Governor Macquarie................................... 26–29

Discoveries..................................................... 30–41

Exploring the interior................................... 30–33 Gold mining towns...................................... 34–37 Natural resources....................................... 38–41 Progress......................................................... 42–49

The sugar cane industry............................. 42–45 The telegraph: Connecting Australia............. 46–49

Wartime prime ministers............................. 70–73

Escaping Africa.......................................... 74–77 The $50 banknote...................................... 78–81 Australian forces abroad............................. 82–85

Modern Australia.......................................... 86–101 The Snowy Mountains Scheme.................... 86–89

Doris Pilkington Garimara: Rabbit proof fence ...................................................... ...........90–93 Australia and the United Nations.................. 94–97 The republic debate.................................. 98–101

Quizzes....................................................... 102–116 Quiz questions....................................... 102–114 Quiz answers......................................... 115–116

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Teachers notes How to use this book The sections of this book incorporate an introduction to some of the major events to have influenced the course of Australian history. In the early levels, the activities are intended to form a basis for future learning about historical events. The events have been arranged, in part, to follow the chronology of events from the migration of the Australian Aboriginals to the modern day.

Each section contains one or more main historical events. The sections are:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • The beginning

• Maritime exploration

• Early settlement

• Discoveries

• Progress

• A new nation

• People and politics

• Modern Australia

Topics within the sections follow a similar four-page format of a teachers page followed by three (3) student pages. The three student pages may be about different individual aspects of an historical event or time or three connected activities associated with one historical event.

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Features

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• A series of quick multiple choice quizzes for each topic is provided on pages 102–116. All answers are supplied.

• Curriculum links for Society and Environment and English are provided on page vi.

• A list of useful R.I.C. Publications resources for teacher support for each section of the book is printed on page vii.

• An explanation of the five broad historical literacy skills is provided on page viii.

• A list of public holidays relevant to Australia’s history and celebrated by each state is provided on page x.

• For teacher reference a time line of major Australian and world events from 1788 to the present is on pages xi to xiv.

Teachers page

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The teachers page contains the following information:

The title of the topic indicates the person or event in Australian history being discussed.

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The page number for the quiz questions relating to each topic is given.

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Worksheet information provides additional information to place the topic in context with events of the time. It also includes specific details about the use of the worksheet, if required.

Indicators state literacy outcomes for reading and comprehending the informational text and outcomes relating to cross-curricular activities on other student pages.

Answers are provided where necessary. Open-ended tasks require the teacher to check the answers.

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A time line is included to place events in chronological order and also to indicate similar or significant events occurring during the same time frame elsewhere in Australia or in the rest of the world.

Further exploration activities offer suggestions for developing the knowledge and understanding of the topic or for widening the scope of the knowledge by investigating similar people or events.

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Teachers notes How to use this book

Student pages The student pages follow the following format: • The first student page is an informational text, providing details and dates of key people and/or events and the significance of their role in Australian history.

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• The second student page includes a variety of comprehension activities to establish student understanding of the text.

The be

Adapting to the land – 2

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Use the text on page 3 to answer the questions.

1. List three cultural differences between Aboriginal groups in the desert and those in the coastal areas of Australia.

• • • 2. Match these words with their meaning. (a) Sahul

• top layer of the ground containing grass, dirt and roots.

(b) roam

• a hardwood bush found in Australia.

(c) ornament

• move around from place to place, often in search of food.

(d) mulga

• the large continent which combined Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania.

(e) turf

• an object used as decoration or to add beauty to something or someone.

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• The final student page is a cross-curricular activity designed to deepen understanding of the topic or to widen the scope of knowledge.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 3. How were the hunting tools of the desert and coastal groups different?

4. Describe how the environment affected the way different groups dressed.

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Aboriginal people produced some of the earliest art in the world. The earliest known example is in the form of rock engravings that may be more than 30 000 years old.

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• The title of the topic.

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• Informational text about the topic.

2.

• The title of the topic.

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5. Describe these two shelters and explain who would use them.

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• Comprehension activities to establish understanding.

Answers for these activities are provided on the teachers page.

• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

3.

• The title reflects the activity to be completed.

• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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Teachers notes

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Curriculum links

Society and Environment

TS3.1, TS3.2, TS3.3 RS3.5, RS3.6 WS3.9, WS3.13

CCS3.1, CCS3.2, CUS3.3, CUS3.4 SSS3.7, SSS3.8

Vic.

ENSL0401, ENSL0402, ENSL0404 ENRE0401, ENRE0404, ENWR0401, ENWR0402, ENWR0404

SOHI0401, SOHI0402

WA

LS 4.1, LS 4.2, V 4.1, V 4.2 R 4.1, R 4.2, R 4.4 W 4.1, W 4.2, W 4.3, W 4.4

ICP 4.2, ICP 4.3, ICP 4.4 C 4.1, C 4.2 TCC 4.1, TCC 4.2, TCC 4.3 NSS 4.1, NSS 4.2, NSS 4.3

NSW

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English

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TCC 4.1, TCC 4.2, TCC 4.3 SC 4.7, SC 4.8 SS 4.10

Qld

Refer to curriculum documents at <http://www.qsa.edu.au>.

TCC 4.3, TCC 4.4 CI 4.4 SRP 4.4

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Teachers notes

Useful Australian history resources

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There are a number of R.I.C. Publications’ titles which may be used to extend knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of the history of Australia.

• Aboriginal studies — a three-book series

• Australian Aboriginal culture — a four-book series • Australian studies — a three-book series • Gold in Australia — a single book for upper primary • Anzac Day — a single book for use throughout the primary school • Australian special days — a three-book series

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• Primary Society and Environment — a seven-book series which includes a number of relevant Primary Australian history topics

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• Change in the 20th century — a three-book series

• Australian explorers — a single book for upper primary

• Famous Australians — a three-book series for middle to upper primary

• Australian politics — a single book for upper primary

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• Successful Australians — a single book for upper primary • Australia on the map 1606–2006 — a two-book series for middle to upper primary

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• Current affairs — a single book for middle to upper primary

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• Australian identity — a single book for upper primary • Democracy – a single book for upper primary

State government websites are a valuable source for information about individual states.

• http://www.nsw.gov.au/ • http://www.vic.gov.au/

• http://www.tas.gov.au/ • http://www.qld.gov.au/ • http://www.wa.gov.au/ • http://www.nt.gov.au/ • http://www.act.gov.au/ • http://www.sa.gov.au/

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Teachers notes

Historical literacy skills

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It is not possible for us to know exactly what life was like in a time or place of which we have no direct experience. But we can study evidence of past events and eras to reach some understanding of the past. The more sources we use and the deeper we question their content, the greater our understanding and the more balanced our opinions will be.

It is important to bring the study of people and events of the past alive, kindling a genuine interest in history. This can be achieved by incorporating many learning areas into the investigation of an historical event.

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As events do not occur in isolation, it is necessary for students to appreciate the context as well as the content of an event. To achieve this, students need to develop historical literacy skills which will allow them to demonstrate the depth of their knowledge and understanding of an event.

There are five broad areas of historical literacy skills: 1. Understanding chronology • To understand and use words and phrases linked to the passing of time.

• To appreciate that the past can be divided into different eras between which there are similarities and differences.

• To describe how life today is different from that in any era of the past.

• To order events, people and eras chronologically, using dates and CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era) conventions.

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2. Understanding continuity and change

• To demonstrate an awareness of people and events beyond living memory.

• To consider reasons why certain events occurred and how decisions made affected the outcome of events.

• To look at events from the viewpoints of all parties involved and consider why some people had more influence than others.

• To compare and contrast characteristics of different eras.

3. Interpreting historical information • To recognise the difference between and the value and reliability of primary * and secondary * sources.

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• To understand the cause and effect of an event using a range of sources and studying it from different aspects.

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4. Understanding historical information

• To use literal, inferential and applied questioning techniques to learn about the past from a range of sources.

5. Organising and communicating information

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• To use a range of presentation techniques to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of people, events and eras of the past.

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The level at which each of these skills is practised deepens as students gain confidence and maturity. By studying the past in an effective way, they will recognise processes and be able to predict possible outcomes of similar events as they occur in the present time.

In studying the history of their own country, students will learn how events of the past have shaped the present and how actions taken today will affect life in the future. * Primary sources are usually original documents which contain first-hand information about a topic. Some primary sources are diaries, letters, autobiographies, interviews, original works of art or artefacts, photographs, and surveys. * Secondary sources are second-hand versions. They are edited primary sources or commentary on, or discussion about, primary sources. Some secondary sources are bibliographies, journal articles, reports, biographies, commentaries, newspaper and magazine articles.

For the purposes of this series of books, fictional primary sources have been created.

‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’ George Santayana 1863–1952 viii

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Teachers notes Organising and communicating information

Questioning historical information

Interpreting historical information

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Name

Understanding continuity and change

Understanding chronology

Historical literacy skills class record

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Teachers notes

Public holidays

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All states and territories of Australia observe a number of special days each year, most of which are not public holidays. While many of the public holidays celebrated are also observed in other parts of the world, such as Christmas, Easter and the Queen’s Birthday holiday, a number of them celebrate events specific to Australian history.

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Some days are observed on the same date throughout Australia, while others vary among states and territories. Public holidays are listed below.

• Australia Day — 26 January — national public holiday

This day commemorates the founding of the first British settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, by the First Fleet.

• Anzac Day — 25 April — national public holiday

This day commemorates the landing of the ANZAC troops at Gallipoli on this day in 1915, but also serves as a reminder of all who have fought or served in the defence forces for Australia. A holiday on this day is also observed in New Zealand, Tonga and Western Samoa.

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• Labour Day — first Monday in October for NSW, SA and ACT; second Monday in March for Vic. and Tas.; first Monday in May for Qld; first Monday in March for WA­—national public holiday

This day commemorates the eight-hour working day which was established in 1871.

• Canberra Day — third Monday in March — ACT only

This day celebrates the official naming of Canberra at a ceremony on 12 March 1913 by Lady Denman, wife of Lord Denman, the Governor-General at the time.

This day celebrates the day in 1836 when South Australia was proclaimed a province.

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• Foundation Day — first Monday in June — Western Australia only

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This day celebrates the foundation of the Swan River Colony on 1 July 1829.

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• Proclamation Day — 28 December ­— South Australia only

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) The beginning – 1799

>60 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have arrived in Australia.

35 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have reached Tasmania.

1300: Marco Polo discusses the possibility of a great unexplored southern land.

1606: Luis Vaez de Torres sails through the Torres Strait.

1606: Willem Janszoon, sailing in Duyfken, makes the first European discovery of Australia.

1616: Dirk Hartog, a Dutch explorer, sails to Western Australia.

1622: Trial is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1629: Batavia is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1642: Abel Tasman makes the fist European discovery of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

1688: William Dampier, English explorer, arrives on the west coast of Australia.

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1701–1714: War of the Spanish Succession occurs.

1708: First accurate map of China is drawn.

1712: First practical steam-powered piston engine is invented.

1713: Britain becomes the dominant force in North America.

1715: France takes control of Mauritius.

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1705: Edmund Halley predicts the return of a comet.

1716–1720: China invades Tibet.

1719: Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe.

1721: French and English East India companies compete for trade in India.

1722: The Dutch reach the Samoan Islands and Easter Island.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1725: The Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia is printed in China.

1726: Jonathon Swift writes Gulliver’s travels.

1728: Danish explorer is the first European to cross the Bering Strait.

1739–1748: The War of Jenkins’ Ear is fought between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean.

1739: Highwayman Dick Turpin is hanged in Britain.

1747: British Royal Navy introduces lime rations to prevent scurvy.

1752: Great Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar.

1754–1763: The French and Indian War takes place in North America.

1755: Samuel Johnson’s dictionary is first published.

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1756–1763: The first global conflict, the Seven Years War, occurs.

1757: The sextant is invented by John Campbell.

1761: The marine chronometer is invented by John Harrison.

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1762–1796: Catherine the Great begins her reign as Empress of Russia.

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1765: James Watt develops the steam engine.

1766–1769: Frenchman Louis-Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigates the globe.

1769: Napoleon Bonaparte, later to become Emperor of France, is born.

1770: Captain James Cook lands on the more hospitable east coast of Australia and claims it for Britain.

1771: The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is published.

1775–1783: The American War of Independence occurs.

1779: James Cook is murdered in Hawaii.

1788: The First Fleet, under the command of Arthur Phillip, arrives at Sydney Cove and the NSW colony is founded.

1789: Mutineers on HMS Bounty cast William Bligh adrift in an open boat on the Pacific Ocean.

1789–1799: The French Revolution occurs.

1793: The first free settlers arrive in Australia.

1798: George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1800–1899

1802: the first steamship, Charlotte Dundas, is built.

1804: The first steam rail locomotive is built.

1804: Hobart Town is established in Van Diemen’s Land (now known as Tasmania).

1812: Grimms’ fairy tales, by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, is published.

1813: Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth locate a path through the Blue Mountains.

1816: Shaka becomes leader of the Zulus.

1818: Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, is published.

1819: Thomas Stamford Raffles founds the British colony of Singapore.

1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena.

1822: Tea is cultivated in India, ending China’s monopoly.

1822: The Rosetta Stone is deciphered by Frenchman Jean Francois Champollion, the ‘Father of Egyptology’.

1823: The game of rugby is invented.

1824: ‘Australia’ is officially adopted as the name for the first colony.

1825: Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1829: Swan River Colony is founded.

1832: Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.

1833: Port Arthur opens as a penal settlement in Van Diemen’s Land.

1836: South Australia is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1837: Queen Victoria begins her reign.

1840: Treaty of Waitangi is signed in New Zealand.

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1845–1848: The Irish potato famine occurs.

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The gold rush begins near Bathurst in New South Wales.

Victoria is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

David Livingstone crosses Africa.

1853: Last convict transportation to Van Diemen’s Land.

1853: The railway and telegraph are introduced in India.

1854: The Eureka Rebellion occurs in Victoria.

1856: Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania.

1859: Queensland is proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales.

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1851:

1852–1856:

1861: Archer wins the first Melbourne Cup. 1862: France begins to colonise Vietnam.

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1864: The Red Cross organisation is established.

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1865: Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s adventures in Wonderland is published.

1866: The Ku Klux Klan movement is begun in the USA.

1868: The last convicts are transported to Australia.

1873: Uluru (Ayers Rock) is sighted by Europeans for the first time.

1873: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the ‘Mounties’, are formed.

1876: Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeat the American army in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

1880: Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.

1883: The Federal Council of Australasia is formed.

1885: Gold is discovered in the Transvaal (Gauteng).

1887: The Raffles Hotel in Singapore is opened.

1889: Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1890: Massacre of Native Americans occurs at Wounded Knee.

1894: Rudyard Kipling’s The jungle book is published.

1899–1902: Boer War takes place in South Africa

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1900–1999

1929:

1932: 1932–1933:

1933:

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1901: Lord Hopetoun proclaims the Commonwealth of Australia.

1901: Queen Victoria dies.

1902: The Franchise Act gives non-Indigenous women throughout Australia the right to vote.

1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered flight.

1905: British New Guinea is transferred to Australian administration.

1909: Canberra chosen as capital city of Australia.

1911: Northern Territory is transferred from South Australian control to the Commonwealth.

1912: Titanic sinks during her maiden voyage from Britain to the United States.

1914: The Panama Canal in Central America opens, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for shipping.

1914–1918: Australian troops fight in World War I.

1915: ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli.

1917: Tsar Nicholas II and his family are assassinated in Russia.

1919: Amritsar Massacre takes place in India.

1920: Qantas is formed as an airline.

1920: Australia takes control of German New Guinea.

1923: Tutankhamen’s tomb is opened.

1923: Vegemite™ is first produced.

1927: The first Federal Parliament is held in Canberra.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service is established in Australia.

The Wall Street Crash takes place.

Sydney Harbour Bridge opens.

The ‘Bodyline’ cricket tour of Australia takes place.

Western Australia passes a referendum for secession from the Federation of Australia, but it is rejected by the British Parliament.

Australia Antarctic Territory is established.

Australian troops fight in World War II. The Cold War between the USA and the USSR begins.

The first all-Australian car is produced—the Holden (FX) 48-215.

Australian troops fight in the Korean War. Mount Everest is climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.

Melbourne hosts the Olympics.

The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik.

Australian troops fight in the Vietnam War (from 1965).

Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space.

Apollo 11 space mission—Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon.

Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal Australian federal Member of Parliament.

The Sydney Opera House opens.

The Khmer Rouge take control of government in Cambodia.

Asian immigration into Australia increases.

Australia wins the America’s Cup. Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurs.

Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The new Parliament House opens in Canberra.

Tiananmen Square Massacre occurs in Beijing.

Nelson Mandela is freed from captivity in South Africa after 27 years.

The Cold War officially ends with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Nelson Mandela is elected president of South Africa.

Israeli Prime Minister, Yitznak Rabin, is assassinated.

John Howard is elected Prime Minister.

Diana, Princess of Wales, is killed in a car crash.

Head of Yagan is returned to Australia.

World population reaches six billion.

A massive hailstorm hits Sydney, causing $1.7 billion in damage.

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1933: 1939–1945:

1946:

1948: 1950–1953:

1953:

1956:

1957: 1959–1975:

1961:

1969:

1971:

1973:

1975:

1981:

1983:

1986:

1988:

1989:

1990:

1991:

1994:

1995:

1996:

1997:

1998:

1999:

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 2000–2007

2000: John Howard’s Liberal government introduces the goods and services tax (GST).

Sydney hosts the Summer Olympics.

2001: Australia celebrates the centenary of Federation of Australia.

The World Trade Centre towers in New York City are destroyed by terrorists.

2001 Mars Odyssey reaches the orbit of Mars.

2002: The euro is officially launched as the new single currency for 12 of the European Union’s member states.

Terrorist bombings in Bali nightclubs kill 202 people.

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East Timor gains independence from Indonesia.

Brazil wins the Football World Cup for the fifth time.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads around the world.

2002–2003: Athens hosts the Summer Olympics.

2003: US-led coalition force invades Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.

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Space shuttle Columbia disaster occurs.

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Chinese space program launches its first manned space flight, Shenzhou 5 Almost 35 000 people in Europe die as a result of a prolonged heatwave.

Australia wins the Cricket World Cup. England wins the Rugby World Cup.

2004–2005: The Orange Revolution takes place in Ukraine.

2004: Australia and the USA sign a free trade agreement.

An Indian Ocean earthquake creates a tsunami which kills more than 260 000 people.

The Madrid train terrorist attack claims the lives of 191 people and injures over 1000.

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Hurricanes Charley, Francis, Ivan and Jeanne cause over 3000 deaths as they batter the Caribbean.

2005: Hurricane Katrina causes major destruction along the Gulf Coast of the US, killing almost 2000 people.

An earthquake in Kashmir claims the lives of almost 90 000 Indians and Pakistanis.

The London transport terrorist attack claims the lives of 52 people and injures 700.

A terrorist attack in Delhi on the eve of the festival season kills 61 people and injures almost 200 more.

In cricket, England wins the Ashes by defeating Australia.

American Lance Armstrong wins the Tour de France for the seventh time.

2006: North Korea conducts its first nuclear weapons test.

Pluto is reclassified as a dwarf planet.

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Saddam Hussein is executed in Baghdad.

Steve Irwin, the ‘crocodile hunter’, dies after being fatally pierced by a stingray barb.

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Melbourne hosts the Commonwealth Games.

Australia regains the Ashes from England.

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Italy wins the Football World Cup.

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2007: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit is held in Sydney.

Buddhist monks in Burma protest against military rule in the country.

Australia wins the Cricket World Cup.

South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup.

Kevin Rudd (ALP) elected Prime Minister.

xiv

2008: Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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Australian Prime Ministers since Federation Prime Minister

Term and length of office

Political party

Sir Edmund Barton

01/01/1901 – 24/09/1903

2 years 9 months

Protectionist

Alfred Deakin

24/09/1903 – 27/04/1904

0 years 7 months

Protectionist

Chris Watson

27/04/1904 – 18/08/1904

0 years 4 months

Labor

Sir George Reid

18/08/1904 – 05/07/1905

0 years 11 months

Free Trade

Alfred Deakin

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 3 years 4 months

Protectionist

13/11/1908 – 02/06/1909

0 years 7 months

Labor

02/06/1909 – 29/04/1910

0 years 11 months

Commonwealth Liberal

29/04/1910 – 24/06/1913

3 years 2 months

Labor

24/06/1913 – 17/09/1914

1 year 3 months

Commonwealth Liberal

Andrew Fisher

17/09/1914 – 27/10/1915

1 year 1 month

Billy Hughes

27/10/1915 – 09/02/1923

7 years 4 months

Stanley Bruce

09/02/1923 – 22/10/1929

6 years 9 months

James Scullin

22/10/1929 – 06/01/1932

2 years 3 months

Joseph Lyons

06/01/1932 – 07/04/1939

7 years 3 months

Sir Earle Page

07/04/1939 – 26/04/1939

0 years 3 weeks

Robert Menzies

26/04/1939 – 28/08/1941

2 years 4 months

United Australia

Arthur Fadden

28/08/1941 – 07/10/1941

0 years 6 weeks

Country

John Curtin

07/10/1941 – 05/07/1945

3 years 9 months

Labor

Frank Forde

05/07/1945 – 13/07/1945

0 years 1 week

Labor

Ben Chifley

13/07/1945 – 19/12/1949

4 years 5 months

Sir Robert Menzies

19/12/1949 – 26/01/1966

16 years 1 month

Harold Holt

26/01/1966 – 19/12/1967

1 year 11 months

19/12/1967 – 10/01/1968

0 years 3 weeks

10/01/1968 – 10/03/1971

3 years 2 months

Liberal

10/03/1971 – 05/12/1972

1 year 9 months

Liberal

05/12/1972 – 11/11/1975

2 years 11 months

Labor

Malcolm Fraser

11/11/1975 – 11/03/1983

7 years 4 months

Liberal

Bob Hawke

11/03/1983 – 20/12/1991

8 years 9 months

Labor

Paul Keating

20/12/1991 – 11/11/1996

4 years 3 months

Labor

John Howard

11/11/1996 – 03/12/2007

11 years 9 months

Liberal

Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin

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Andrew Fisher Sir Joseph Cook

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05/07/1905 – 13/11/1908

Labor

Labor/Nationalist Nationalist Labor

United Australia

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Sir John McEwen John Gorton

Sir William McMahon Gough Whitlam

Kevin Rudd

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Country

Labor

Liberal

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03/12/2007 –

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Country

Labor

Primary Australian history

xv

Adapting to the land The beginning

Indicators • Reads a text and answers questions to show an understanding of the content.

• Compares the ways Australian Aboriginals adapted to the environment to the ways modern people change the environment.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line About 70 000 BCE

Worksheet information

First people travel to Torres Strait Islands.

About 40 000 years BCE

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The last ice age allows people from South-East Asia to walk across land bridges and migrate to Australia.

• Isolation, climate, food and time allow living things in different environments to develop and be distinguished from one another. The environment is an especially powerful factor in the adaptation of living things. Indigenous human populations are no exception to the rule, and the wide range of environments on our continent had a strong influence on the development of the culture of Australia’s first people, the Australian Aboriginals.

About 2000 years BCE

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

About 10 000 years BCE

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Temperature and sea levels rise causing flooding— land bridges disappear.

• A close connection with the land meant any changes in the environment had an impact on every aspect of life. As groups of Indigenous people spread across Australia, they encountered different climates, landscapes, animals and plants. They adapted their diet, tools and other aspects of culture accordingly. As such, cultural diversity was a firmly established feature of Australian life when Europeans arrived on the continent.

Dingoes are brought to Australia by the Macassan people.

Answers

800s

1. Answers will vary but should include three of the following: Coastal groups used fishbones to tip weapons, desert groups used stones; coastal groups ate fish and made boats, desert groups didn’t; Dreaming stories were different due to the different landscapes and animals; ornaments were made from different materials.

Arab and Chinese people visit north of Australia and Torres Strait Islands for trade and fishing.

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Torres Strait between New Guinea and Australia is discovered by Spanish explorer, Luiz Vaez de Torres.

1700s

(b) roam: move around from place to place, often in search of food.

(c) ornament: an object used as decoration or to add beauty to something or someone.

Macassans trade canoes, spears and other goods for trepang (sea cucumbers) with Aboriginal Australians in Arnhem Land.

1879

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The Torres Strait Islands are officially annexed to Queensland.

1940

2. (a) Sahul: the large continent which combined Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania.

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(d) mulga: a hardwood bush found in Australia. (e) turf: top layer of the ground containing grass, dirt and roots.

3. Desert people made spear throwers to catch desert animals, boomerangs for hunting big kangaroos from heavy mulga wood and used stones to tip their weapons. Coastal groups used fishbones to tip their weapons, and used fish traps, boats and fishing tools.

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4. The temperatures determined the type of clothing worn in groups. Desert groups wore little or no clothing. In the cooler areas people wore cloaks of sewn possum or kangaroo skin and in Tasmania people covered themselves in red ochre and animal fat.

Stone tools are discovered to have been used by Aboriginal people in Keilor, Victoria, which date back 40 000 years.

5. shelter 1: a more permanent dome-shaped shelter, made by groups living in cooler areas of Australia, with a wooden frame and a turf covering, to keep out the wet and the cold.

1974

shelter 2: a temporary leaf shelter built by people in the desert

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The 43 000 to 62 000 year old skeleton of an Aboriginal male is discovered at Lake Mungo, NSW.

Further exploration

• Research any current nomadic tribes that live a hunter-gatherer way of life (such as in Siberia, Africa and Malaysia). How do their cultures conflict with the conservation and protection policies of modern society?

• Students can design and construct a shelter suitable for their local environment and made out of locally available plants (preferably fallen branches, sticks and leaves).

2

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The be

Adapting to the land – 1

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he first people to live in Australia were hunter-gatherers from South-East Asia, who survived by learning about their environment, especially its plants and animals. As a result of depending on the land for survival, they developed a deep connection with it, and this connection in turn affected every part of their culture. Their tools, religion, art, music, language, the food they ate and the way they got it, were all affected by the land they lived in.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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When these people, the Aboriginal Australians, first arrived over 40 000 years ago, Australia was part of a giant landmass called Sahul. The north of Australia was probably very similar to the place they had come from. But as small family groups of Aboriginal Australians moved further south, they would have found the animals, plants and environments different and strange. They had to find out which plants were safe to eat, find ways to prepare foods, and change the way they hunted the new animals. Those who moved to desert areas had to find ways to get water, while the people who moved into the colder areas in the south had to find ways to keep warm. Over time, the different environments the groups of Aboriginals lived in changed their culture and the way they lived.

Those groups that moved towards the dry areas of Australia roamed over large areas to find enough food and water.

Because it was hot they wore little or no clothing. They wore ornaments made from what was available, such as colourful seeds which the women wove into their hair. They developed new spear throwers to catch the desert animals, made boomerangs from heavy mulga wood for hunting big kangaroos and used stones to tip their weapons.

They built temporary leaf shelters which gave them protection from the sun during the day and from the cold at night. During wet seasons they sometimes built huts with grass roofs. Their Dreaming stories tell of how the desert landforms, animals and plants were created.

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In the cooler areas in the south-east of Australia, Aboriginal people built much stronger dome-shaped shelters made with a wooden frame and a turf covering, to keep out the wet and the cold. These people wore cloaks of sewn possum skin and wore different personal ornaments from the desert groups. In Tasmania, where it was often cold and damp, people covered themselves in red ochre and animal fat as well as kangaroo skins to help keep warm.

For groups in coastal areas the ocean influenced life and culture. Ornaments could be made from shells and pearls, fishbones were used to tip weapons, and fish traps, boats and fishing tools became part of their culture. Dreaming stories incorporated the sea life and landforms of the coast.

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The various environments around Australia also affected the development of different Aboriginal art forms. The availability of materials to make paints and objects to paint on differed across Australia, and so the art that was produced by different groups differed also. Caves and large rocks, where present, became the ‘canvas’ for paintings.

In flatter, more arid regions, trees and bark were commonly used to paint on. Most Aboriginal groups used the same four colours: red and yellow from natural ochre, black from charcoal, and white from fine clay. The desert groups used much of the abundant ochre. Fruits and berries available in different areas were also used to create colours for art.

The way they adapted to the land, animals and climate affected the art, religion, tools and clothing of the different groups, so that by the time Europeans arrived there were hundreds of Aboriginal groups across the Australian continent, each with very different cultures.

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Primary Australian history

3

The be

Adapting to the land – 2

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Use the text on page 3 to answer the questions.

1. List three cultural differences between Aboriginal groups in the desert and those in the coastal areas of Australia.

• • •

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2. Match these words with their meaning. (a) Sahul

• top layer of the ground containing grass, dirt and roots.

• a hardwood bush found in Australia.

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Teac he r

(b) roam

(c) ornament

• move around from place to place, often in search of food.

(d) mulga

• the large continent which combined Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania.

(e) turf

• an object used as decoration or to add beauty to something or someone.

3. How were the hunting tools of the desert and coastal groups different?

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5. Describe these two shelters and explain who would use them.

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Aboriginal people produced some of the earliest art in the world. The earliest known example is in the form of rock engravings that may be more than 30 000 years old.

4

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The be

Changing the environment

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The environment is everything that surrounds us; the air, water, landforms, and the plants and animals.

Australian Aboriginals thousands of years ago had to adapt to their environment, meaning they had to change the way they lived to survive when the environment changed.

Instead of changing with the environment like the Australian Aboriginals, people over the past 200 years have changed the environment so they can survive and live ‘better’. Cutting down forests, fishing, making dams, farming, building factories, roads and cities are all ways people change the environment.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Ways Australian Aboriginals adapted to this part of the environment

water

land (soils, landforms)

Ways modern people have changed this part of the environment.

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1. In the chart below, write some ways Australian Aboriginals adapted to the environment, and compare this to the way modern people have changed the environment.

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air, temperature, wind and atmosphere

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plants

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2. If you moved to a colder, European country like Russia to live, what changes would you have to make to live in your new environment?

Fishing methods varied between coastal groups. Some built stone traps that caught fish as the tide dropped, while others used nets made from plants to catch fish and (sometimes) eels. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

5

European discovery Maritime exploration

Indicators • Reads a text and answers questions to show an understanding of the content.

• Writes an imaginative text, describing the fate of George Bass, based on knowledge of the world in the 1800s.

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1606 Willem Janszoon in Duyfken sails from western New Guinea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, and makes a landfall in Queensland.

1616 Dirk Hartog lands on west coast of Australia.

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1622 Leeuwin is almost shipwrecked at the south-western extremity of Western Australia, now called Cape Leeuwin.

1642 Tasman is sent to discover the ‘Unknown Southland’. He sights the west coast of Tasmania and names the land Van Diemen’s Land.

1644 Tasman with three ships follows the south coast of New Guinea to the Australian north coast. He maps this area and makes observations on the land and its people.

• A large number of Europeans visited the Australian continent prior to English settlement.

The first documented encounter came from Willem Janszoon, who explored the north coast. After settlement, much of Australia was still to be explored. Bass and Flinders were keen explorers who wasted little time after their arrival investigating the surrounds of the Port Jackson (Sydney) settlement. Together and separately they made important discoveries and kept maps and records that would be invaluable in the future.

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1618 Captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon in Mauritius sight the coast at North West Cape in Western Australia.

Worksheet information

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

Answers Page 8 1. They explored the coastline and rivers around Sydney.

2. (a) a sailing vessel carrying one mast, with one sail forward of the mast and the mainsail behind (b) a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, between two landmasses

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1699 William Dampier lands on Hartog Island in Shark Bay. 1771 George Bass is born in Lincolnshire, England.

(d) a set of ideas or beliefs explaining or predicting facts or events (e) products and materials people buy and sell

3. He studied the currents, winds and tides in the areas he explored.

4. The boat was rather small.

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1795 Bass and Flinders arrive in New South Wales on Reliance.

1796 Bass and Flinders explore the south coast of New South Wales.

6. (a) true

(b) false

(c) false

(d) true

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5. Answers will vary but should include details such as in 1798 they set sail in a sloop called Norfolk from Port Jackson along the northern coast of Van Diemen’s land, southwards along its west coast, then north again up the east coast before returning to Port Jackson.

1774 Matthew Flinders is born in Lincolnshire, England.

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(c) the buying and selling of goods and services

7. Ships could save days when sailing to England, by sailing through the strait, rather than right around Tasmania as they had been doing.

8. Answers will vary.

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December 1797 Bass sets sail in a whaleboat to explore the southernmost point of Australia.

Further exploration

• George Bass was a keen botanist, taking notes and sketches of fauna and flora on his travels. Students could sketch native plants as a form of recording.

1798 – 1799 Bass and Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land in Norfolk.

• Use the Internet to find out the dimensions of Tom Thumb. Measure and mark this out in the classroom. Students could describe what it might have been like for the three explorers to travel in such a small boat.

May 1799 Bass sails back to England.

• Students could go to <http://library.thinkquest.org/C001692/english/index. php3?subject=why> for a good description of the reasons people explore.

1800 Bass marries Elizabeth Waterhouse in London, England.

1801-1803 Matthew Flinders in Investigator circumnavigates Australia.

1803 Bass leaves Sydney on a voyage to Chile in South America and is never seen or heard from again.

6

Primary Australian history

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European discovery – 1

Maritime ex

plora ti

on

In the 1600s, faster and stronger ships allowed many European nations to explore the undiscovered areas of the world. The Spanish, French, Dutch, British and Portuguese began competing to discover and explore new lands with goods for trade. On one such voyage of discovery in 1606, the first recorded European contact with the unknown land in the south, Australia, was made. Dutch Captain Willem Janszoon sailed into Australian waters, thinking they were a part of New Guinea. Just a few weeks later, Portuguese Captain Luis Vaes de Torres sailed into the same area, discovering the strait that separated Australia from New Guinea.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Later in the 1600s, first British contact with Australia was made when William Dampier landed at Shark Bay in Western Australia. The next significant British discoveries weren’t made until 1770, when the expedition of Endeavour under the command of Captain James Cook charted the east coast of Australia.

Settlements began there in 1788, based on Cook’s reports, and in 1795, two keen explorers, Matthew Flinders and George Bass, met on board a ship to the new British colony.

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George Bass

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tides in this new area, and decided that there was indeed a strait. He kept sailing west, almost as far as the site of present-day Melbourne, but bad weather forced him back to Port Jackson.

Bass and Flinders together decided to find out for sure.

They set sail in a sloop called Norfolk in 1798, determined to sail around Van Diemen’s Land. From Port Jackson Matthew Flinders they sailed along the northern coast of Van Diemen’s Soon after arriving in Sydney, Bass and Flinders, along Land, southwards along its west coast, then north again with William Martin, (Bass’s young servant), explored the up the east coast before returning to Port Jackson. coastline and rivers around Sydney in a boat less than By sailing around Van Diemen’s Land, they proved it was three metres long, which they named Tom Thumb. Bass indeed an island. Flinders later named the strait between explored the south coast further on his own, starting to the mainland and island ‘Bass Strait’ after George Bass. become interested in the possibility of Van Diemen’s The discovery of this strait meant that ships could save Land (Tasmania) being an island, and not connected to days when sailing to England, by sailing through the the mainland as people believed at the time. In December strait, rather than right around Tasmania as they had 1797, Bass made an eleven-week voyage in a whaleboat been doing. This was to be their last voyage together. to attempt to find out if a strait existed.

Bass sailed from Sydney in 1803 on Venus, which was With a crew of eight men he explored the southernmost full of cargo, to travel to South America. However, he point of the mainland. He studied the currents, winds and failed to reach Chile and was never heard of again.

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Primary Australian history

7

Maritime ex

European discovery – 2

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Use the text on page 7 to answer the questions.

1. What did Bass and Flinders explore in Tom Thumb?

2. Write a definition for these words. Use a dictionary or the Internet if necessary. (a) sloop (b) strait (c) trade (e) goods

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(d) theory

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3. What did Bass study to become certain there was a strait?

4. Why do you think Bass and Flinders called their boat Tom Thumb?

5. Describe Bass and Flinders’s trip around Tasmania.

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(a) Bass had a servant named William Martin. (b) Bass and Flinders sailed around the continent.

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(c) Bass and Flinders always sailed together.

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6. Answer True or False.

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(d) Flinders met Bass on a ship to Australia.

7. Explain how discovering Van Diemen’s Land was an island changed travel to New South Wales in the 1800s.

8. Why do you think Bass and Flinders took a servant on their small boat?

George Bass came across a group of escaped convicts on an island during his voyage south in the whaleboat. He took the convicts to the mainland and gave them some supplies, but they never made it back to Sydney as they’d promised.

8

Primary Australian history

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Maritime ex

What ever happened to Bass?

plora ti

on

After George Bass left Sydney aboard Venus in 1803, he was never seen or heard of again. Without the communication and satellite technology we have today, details of Bass’s journey and fate became a mystery that may never be solved.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Research Bass’s plans for his last trip and the politics and societies of the exploring nations in the early 1800s (in particular the Spanish in South America). Write where you think Bass went and what might have happened him and his ship full of cargo. In particular look at the geography east of Australia to South America, smuggling, piracy, unexplored lands with hostile ‘natives’, and warring nations.

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Bass was a keen naturalist and made detailed studies of birds and other native animals he encountered. His works on the wombat, the feeding habits of the swan, and the white-capped albatross were published in London. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

9

Observations of the First Fleet Early settlement

Indicators • Reads and comprehends information about observations made by a member of the First Fleet.

• Reads information about life on board a convict ship of the First Fleet.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 1750

• Writes a short diary extract which illustrates life on board a convict ship.

Worksheet information

23 August Arthur Bowes Smyth is born at Tolleshunt D’Arcy, Essex, England.

Smyth practises medicine at Tolleshunt D’Arcy, Essex, England.

• A copy of the journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth is at the Mitchell Library in Sydney.

1787

Smyth keeps a journal recording the voyage of the First Fleet and the first weeks in New South Wales.

13 May

The First Fleet departs from Portsmouth, England.

3 June

The First Fleet arrives at the Canary Islands.

Smyth is appointed surgeon on Lady Penryhn then takes charge of the convicts when the convicts’ surgeon becomes ill at Tenerife.

The First Fleet arrives at Rio de Janeiro.

1788

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18 January The First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay, but leaves soon after, disappointed by the conditions.

26 January The First Fleet arrives and settles at Port Jackson.

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14 February Supply leaves for Norfolk Island to establish a colony.

20 April

Arthur Bowes Smyth dies (soon after his return to England).

Primary Australian history

Answers Page 12

1. England; 13 May 1787; establish the first penal colony in New South Wales; Captain Arthur Phillip; Port Jackson; 26 January 1788; celebrated as Australia Day 2. rolling ships, longest periods of time at sea without entering a port

3. Answers will vary but will include: other ships—Sirius, Alexander, Scarborough, Friendship; several natives; lofty trees; lots of vegetation; long, coarse grass; hollow trees; black sand; enormous black and red ants 4. (a) spears (b) sugar gliders (d) Aboriginal Australians (f) possums

(c) telescope (e) bush (g) emu

5. the trees were not good for building, only for firewood; the soil was black sand and unsuitable for growing crops; the harbour at Port Jackson was better 6. Teacher check

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Smyth leaves Sydney to return to England via Lord Howe Island, Tahiti, China and St Helena.

1790

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

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13 October The First Fleet arrives at Table Bay (now Cape Town).

1789

• The journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth is one of the official primary sources of information about the First Fleet. Others include journals of Ralph Clark [lieutenant of marines], David Collins [captain of marines and secretary to both Governor Phillip and the Deputy Judge Advocate of the community], William Bradley [First Lieutenant of HMS Sirius who surveyed Port Jackson and coastal waters, and illustrated his informative journal with many watercolour drawings] and James Scott [sergeant of marines].

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1778–1783

• Arthur Bowes Smyth was greatly interested in natural history. He collected specimens and made many drawings. It is possible that he was one of the first Europeans to ever see an emu. His drawing is the earliest recorded illustration of an emu. Some of his drawings include rare and even extinct birds from Lord Howe Island, including the white gallinule, the bell magpie or currawong, the Lord Howe Island pigeon, the booby, the Lord Howe Island rail or wood hen and an extinct species of parrakeet.

Further exploration

• In pairs or small groups discuss and list the types of provisions which would have been needed on the First Fleet to start the first penal colony in Australia. Check how correct your group was by accessing < http://home.vicnet.net.au/~firstff/list.htm >.

• Find out more specific details about the passengers on the First Fleet. These may include the numbers of men, women, children, soldiers and marines. They may also include details of the crimes and lives of specific convicts.

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Early se ttlem e

Observations of the First Fleet – 1

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he First Fleet sailed from England on 13 May 1787 to establish the first European penal colony in New South Wales. The fleet was led by Captain Arthur Phillip and arrived at Port Jackson on 26 January 1788 – the date now celebrated as Australia Day.

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Arthur Bowes Smyth was the surgeon who sailed on board Lady Penrhyn, one of the convict transport ships. During the voyage he kept a journal from 22 March 1787 until 12 August 1789.

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Read some extracts from his journal, written under the name Arthur Bowes.

Friday 18 January 1788

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Meanwhile Phillip and his party are exploring A gentle breeze is blowing but even though we expected other more suitable it, no land was sighted this evening. The wind came up bays to the north. during the night and the ships rolled a great deal.

Saturday 26 January 1788 Saturday 19 January 1788 This evening the fleet entered Port Jackson, the new site At last land was sighted at 7 am about 40 miles in the for settlement described by Phillip as ‘the finest harbour distance! After the long months of the voyage everyone in the world’. It has been named Sydney Cove in honour is overjoyed! It has been ten weeks since we left the of Lord Sydney, the British Home Secretary.

Cape of Good Hope. This has been the longest part of the voyage at sea without entering any port.

Tuesday 5 February 1788

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Sunday 20 January 1788

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As I wandered the woods in search of insects and other natural curiosities, I observed great numbers of We arrived at Botany Bay and were pleased to see four kangaroos but it is hard to get near them as they seem to of the other ships – Sirius, Alexander, Scarborough, be very shy creatures. There are many cabbage trees but Friendship – already there. Through a glass, we spied no visible fruit. There are some springs of fresh water but several natives running among the trees. few streams as they have dried up in summer.

This evening we put to shore. At first the spot looked fertile Sunday 20 April 1789 with many lofty trees and lots of vegetation between.

However, on closer inspection, the grass was found to be Today I leave Sydney Cove to return to England via Lord long and coarse, the trees hollow and the wood only good Howe Island. I hope to make many more drawings of rare for burning as fuel. The soil is black sand, unsuitable for birds. growing crops. There were also many enormous black The many animals I observed include kangaroos, large and red ants. lizards, dogs, racoons, flying squirrels, very large snakes, Monday 21 January 1788 a new species of bird as large and high as an ostrich, many species of cockatoos, parrots, lorrikeets, eagles, hawks, Several of us went ashore this morning. We were wild fowl, duck and many small birds with handsome approached by seven or eight natives who presented us plumage but none which sang. We also observed many with long lances, which had the bone of a stingray at one different species of ants, flies and mosquitoes. end and a piece of oyster shell at the other. I persuaded one of the natives to exchange his heavy bludgeon for a It pleases me to note that I again make this return voyage looking glass. in Lady Penrhyn.

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11

Early se ttlem e

Observations of the First Fleet – 2

nt

Use the text on page 11 to answer the questions.

1. Complete the paragraph.

The First Fleet sailed from

The fleet was led by

on

to

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and arrived at

on

which is

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2. Give two discomforts which members of the First Fleet had to suffer on the journey to New South Wales. You will find these in the first two journal entries.

3. List four things observed during the first day at Botany Bay.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 4. Write the correct term for each description.

•f orr evi ew p ur posesonl y• (a) ‘long lances’ (b) ‘flying squirrels’ (c) ‘looking glass’

(d) ‘natives’

(e) ‘woods’

(f) ‘racoons’

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(g) ‘a new species of bird as large and high as an ostrich’

5. Explain why Captain Arthur Phillip decided to relocate the new penal settlement to Port Jackson.

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6. In your opinion, what significant contribution did the journal entries of Arthur Bowes Smyth make to our knowledge of life on the journey of the First Fleet and the first few weeks of settlement?

The eleven ships in the First Fleet included two naval escorts (HMS Sirius and HMS Supply), six convict transport ships (Alexander, Charlotte, Friendship, Lady Penrhyn, Prince of Wales and Scarborough) and three storeships (Borrowdale, Fishburn and Golden Grove).

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It was a hard life

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On board the ships of the First Fleet, the convicts were kept below decks on the prison deck. They were often confined behind bars or restrained by chains as well. The conditions on the prison deck were cramped and hammocks were used for sleeping.

Whenever the ships put in to port, fresh supplies of water and vegetables were obtained and distributed to the crew, soldiers and convicts as Captain Phillip believed that proper nourishment enabled everyone to withstand any type of sickness which usually resulted from long sea voyages. Despite the precautions, diseases such as dysentery and scurvy were still common.

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The journey from England to New South Wales lasted for almost nine months. During that time the members of the First Fleet had to deal with long periods of hot, humid conditions below decks in areas near the Equator and heavy rains and storms in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Convicts were allowed on deck for fresh air and exercise, so many convicts of the First Fleet arrived in reasonably good condition.

A surgeon was also assigned to look after their welfare.

1. Write a short diary extract for a convict on board one of the ships of the First Fleet which includes information about the conditions.

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2. Use the box provided to illustrate your diary extract appropriately. Your illustration may include information which you were unable to include in your written information.

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Arthur Bowes Smyth, who had a keen interest in natural history, completed one of the first illustrations by a European of an emu. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Where did all the convicts go?

Early settlement

Indicators • Reads and comprehends information about the lives of specific convicts after transportation to Australia.

• Reads information about, and writes both sides of, a civil lawsuit.

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Time line

Worksheet information

• For a long time, many Australians were ashamed to acknowledge the fact that

1718–1783

British convicts transported to American colonies.

1775–1783 1786

Decision to send a party of convicts, military and civilian personnel to Botany Bay. 1788

26 January First Fleet arrives at Port Jackson.

1790

Second fleet of convicts arrives.

1791

Third fleet of convicts arrives.

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American War of Independence.

their ancestors came to Australia as convicts — criminals essentially. Now, having a convict ancestor is generally a source of great pride.

• The Sydney Loyal Association was a volunteer company formed to counteract the threat of convict insurgence.

• The military force in the early settlement from 1792-1810 was nicknamed the ‘Rum Corps’ because its members traded in spirits (mainly rum). From 1806, the Governor of NSW was William Bligh, who felt that the officers were acting in their own interests and discriminating against small, non-military farmers. As a result, there were many clashes with the Governor over a number of issues.

On 26 January 1808, the troops, led by Lt-Col. George Johnston, arrested Bligh and took control. The Rum Rebellion was Australia’s only military coup. The NSW Corps remained in control until 1810 when the British government sent Governor Macquarie with his own regiment and disbanded the NSW Corps.

• Further information about Henry Kable may be found at < http://www. henrykable.com/ >.

• Quiz questions relating to this section may be found on page 103.

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1793

First free settlers arrive in New South Wales.

1824

Moreton Bay penal settlement opens (Brisbane).

Answers Page 16

1826

1. Teacher check.

Albany, WA settled.

3. a grant of land

Swan River colony settled.

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2. seven years

1829

1849

Further exploration

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Port Arthur penal settlement is established (Tasmania).

4. Answers will vary but may include: It helped to establish the colony, gave convicts a personal interest in building up the colony.

1833

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Swan River colony proclaimed a British penal settlement.

1850

Western Australia receives first convicts.

1853

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• Find out about the lives of other notable convicts, including Mary Reibey, James Ruse and William Redfern.

• Find out what convict love tokens were, then plan, design and make one.

Last convicts arrive in eastern Australia (Tasmania).

1856 Van Diemen’s Land renamed Tasmania.

1868

Last convicts are transported to Western Australia on Hougoumont.

1877 Port Arthur prison closed.

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Where did all the convicts go? – 1

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M

any convicts were transported to Australia for petty crimes such as stealing food. Others rebelled against the government because they felt that they and others were being treated unfairly. Whatever the reason for their sentence of transportation, there is no doubt that the convicts were responsible for establishing a new country — no easy task in such terrible conditions!

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Read about what happened to some convicts after they reached the new penal colony or after they had finished their term of punishment.

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James Bloodsworth was appointed master bricklayer when he arrived as a convict because he already had skills in that area. There were no architects so he was given responsibility for all design and building. He is credited with building the first Government House and the storehouse at King’s Wharf at Sydney Cove. He was pardoned in 1790 and appointed superintendent of all the brickmakers and bricklayers. In 1802, he became a sergeant in the Sydney Loyal Association and farmed his land grant of fifty acres (20 ha) which he later increased to 245 acres (100 ha). He died from pneumonia, almost penniless, in 1804, but because he was held in such high esteem, Governor Philip Gidley King ordered that he be given a ‘state’ funeral James Squire was transported for stealing a rooster with military honours. and two hens. During his time as a convict, he began John Baughan was transported for seven years on brewing beer, which he sold. He served his sentence Friendship for stealing five blankets. In 1793, he took and was granted 30 acres (12 hectares) of land at on the task of building a mill worked by nine men, Emu Plains. James Squire successfully cultivated which performed very successfully. His design soon the first Australian hops (used in beer) in 1806. replaced the existing one. He was granted a small After the Rum Rebellion in 1808, James became a land lease where he built a cottage. He constructed baker, supplied meat for the colony and worked in many mills which worked efficiently and many ‘neat banking. He became a resident district constable dwellings’. Until he died in 1797, he was the foremen despite having been a convict. Then he opened a of the carpenters in Sydney. tavern on the Parramatta River on the busy Sydney to Parramatta Road and was officially granted a licence Henry Kable/Cable/Cabell was to sell liquor. He died on 16 May 1822, aged 67. His transported for seven years for horse grandson, James Farnell, became the first Australian theft. He became a night watchman Premier of New South Wales. in 1791 and was granted 30 acres (12 ha). He operated a tavern and Elizabeth Thackery was transported for became chief constable in 1799. seven years for stealing five handkerchiefs Then he built ships which he used for when she was 20. She is thought to be the trading in sealskins. Later, he joined first white woman to set foot on Australia. the rum trade and also dealt in iron, She married Samuel King in Tasmania and timber and other goods. He opposed made her home in the Derwent Valley until Governor Bligh in the Rum Rebellion she died in 1856, aged 93. and died in 1846 at Windsor, Sydney.

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Mary Bryant was convicted of stealing a cloak and transported on Charlotte when she was 21. When people were dying from lack of food, Mary, her husband, William, their two small children, and several others escaped to Timor Island. Eventually they were imprisoned and sent to jail in Batavia. William and one of the children died there and her daughter, Charlotte, died while they were being transported back to England. Mary was sent to Newgate Prison to await trial. Her story became so well known that she was soon a celebrity and was eventually pardoned and released. She went back to live with her family in Cornwall.

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Early se ttlem e

Where did all the convicts go? – 2

nt

Use the text on page 15 to complete the following.

1. Complete the table of information about the convicts mentioned.

Crime

Notable achievements

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Name

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2. What length of time of transportation appears to be one of the most common sentences given?

3. What appears to be the most common reward after completing a sentence?

4. In your own words, explain why this may be a good idea for the new settlement.

Tickets-of-leave were normally granted to well-behaved convicts after a portion of their sentence was served. The principal superintendent granted tickets-of-leave and these would exempt convicts from public labour or even allow them to work for themselves.

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The first civil lawsuit

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Henry Kable/Cable was transported to New South Wales on the convict transport Friendship. In 1788, he married another convict named Susannah Holmes, who was from his village back in England. Before the couple left England, some sympathetic people donated a parcel of goods, which included clothing, books and other articles worth about twenty pounds (or about forty dollars) to be given to them when they arrived in New South Wales.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

During the voyage, however, the parcel was taken. Henry successfully sued the ship’s captain, Duncan Sinclair, and won damages of fifteen pounds, which he used to start a business. This was a very unusual situation, as convicts who had been sentenced to death could not hold property, give evidence or sue. This was one of the first instances in the new colony where the law was applied fairly.

For each person, write arguments to support his side of the lawsuit.

Henry Kable

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Captain Sinclair

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After receiving a ticket-of-leave, a convict may gain a conditional pardon, which allowed him/her to stay in Australia or he/she may gain an absolute pardon, which allowed him/her to return to England. Henry Kable was one of the first convicts to receive an absolute pardon. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The Myall Creek massacre Early settlement

Indicators

Time line 1788

• Reads text and answers questions about the Myall Creek massacre.

• Writes a recount about a conflict between British settlers and the Aboriginal people.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

British settlement in Australia.

The first conflict between the First Fleet and Aboriginal Australians occurs at Rushcutters Bay. Arabanoo is the first Aboriginal to be captured by the British.

Outbreak of smallpox decimates Aboriginal population in Port Jackson area.

Governor Phillip orders the capture of Bennelong and Colebee.

1790

Pemulwuy attacks Governor Phillip’s gamekeeper, resulting in the first punitive expedition.

1800

• On page 21, the students are asked to write a recount about a conflict using the suggestions given or others they may find. Further suggestions could include recounts about what happened to people and events listed in the time line, such as Yagan in the Swan River Colony in Western Australia, Pemulwuy or Bennelong in New South Wales or the Aboriginal groups Governor Phillip encountered.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

The ‘Black Wars’ begin, a period of resistance to white settlement.

Answers

1802

Page 20

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1816

Homesteads on the edge of Sydney are attacked by Aboriginal people. Governor Macquarie orders Captain James Wallis to find and arrest the perpetrators. The soldiers attack a camp at Appin and 14 Aboriginal people are killed.

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Colebee and Nurrangingy are given land to farm in Blacktown, west of Sydney.

1830s – 1840s

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Wiradjuri wars around Murrumbidgee River.

1834 Battle of Pinjarra in WA. 1838

2. It was the first time white people were punished for crimes against the Aboriginal people.

3. They were seeking revenge for cattle losses by Aboriginal people.

4. Possible answers: premeditated attack/still attacked even though they knew this group was innocent/waited until only the young and defenceless were left/tied up and dragged 28 into the bush/brutally slaughtered all 28/burnt bodies 5. (a) allowed the group on the property and reported the matter to the authorities (b) ordered an investigation to the site of the killings which led to the arrest of 11 of the men (c) found the 11 men not guilty (d) found seven men guilty, which led them to be hanged

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January

At Vinegar Hill, between 60 and 70 Aboriginal people are killed by mounted police.

April

The ‘Faithful Massacre’ occurs.

June

Myall Creek massacre.

Seven perpetrators of the massacre are found guilty and hanged.

2000

18

1. Answers should indicate that the majority of British settlers thought the Aboriginal Australians were uncivilised as they didn’t cultivate land etc. This meant they had no right to the land. The British claimed it for themselves, which led to physical violence as the Aboriginals tried to fight for their rights. Aboriginal people were caught and punished but not the British.

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Pemulwuy is shot and killed by British colonists in NSW.

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1789

• Early governors from Britain had been instructed to develop positive relationships with the Aboriginal people and defend and protect themselves when necessary. Some governors followed these instructions and others did not. The majority of the new settlers thought the Aboriginals an inferior race who had no rights to the land they had occupied for tens of thousands of years. Some even went as far as poisoning their food or shooting them.

The Aboriginal people were forced off their land by the new settlers. Introduced sheep, cattle, rabbits, horses and deer polluted waterholes and destroyed many traditional food sources. The new settlers also brought diseases to which the Aboriginal people had no immunity. Many of them became ill and died. They began to retaliate by attacking the ‘invaders’, burning their farms and spearing their cattle.

6. Answer should infer that most people had the attitude that the ‘blacks’ were inferior and no matter what a white did, he should not be punished for what he did to a black.

7. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Write a recount of the incident they chose on page 21 from an Aboriginal Australian’s point of view.

• Discuss how attitudes like those of many of the early settlers were due to misunderstandings and intolerance of different cultures and what we can learn from the past.

Memorial to the victims of the Myall Creek massacre is unveiled.

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The Myall Creek massacre – 1

nt

Aboriginal Australian people have a very strong bond with the land. Their very culture is based on living in harmony and respecting the environment. Their life began to change with the arrival of the British colonists, who mostly thought the Aboriginal people were ‘uncivilised’ as they did not cultivate land, build fences, develop farms or live in permanent houses as the colonists did. This meant to the colonists that the Aboriginal people had no right to the land they had occupied for tens of thousands of years, so they claimed it for themselves. This practice soon led to physical violence between the groups, as the Aboriginal people began to fight for what was rightfully theirs.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S The Myall Creek massacre

The story of the Myall Creek massacre is horrific.

However, it was the first such event where white people were punished for crimes against the Aboriginal people.

Henry Dangar owned a property at Myall Creek, NSW. His station manager, William Hobbs, had allowed a group of friendly Aboriginals, who were relatives of Aboriginals working on the property, to camp there.

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The fighting was unfair as spears were no match for the British muskets and other weapons. Killings occurred on both sides, but it was the Aboriginal people who were caught and punished for such acts. It was rare for a colonist to even be questioned about violence against the Aboriginal people, who were often treated with total disregard.

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C.Publ i cat i ons On 10 June 1838, a group ofe 12v armed stockmen (the • f o rr i e wp ur posesonl y• leader, John Fleming, was a free settler, the others were ex-convict settlers) made their way towards the property. They were seeking revenge for cattle losses

by Aboriginal people. Although they knew the group on Dangar’s property was not responsible, their aim was to make this group pay for it. The stockmen waited until the young Aboriginal men in the group had gone away to assist the station manager with bark cutting.

This mostly left the older men, women and children.

The stockmen tied 28 of them to a long rope and dragged them into the bush. There, all of them were brutally killed. Later, their bodies were burned.

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of many white settlers. This was the first time any white man had been charged with the murder of an Aboriginal person after years of similar killings. After a short deliberation, the jury found all 11 men not guilty.

However, a retrial was sought and, at the second trial, seven of the men were found guilty and hanged. This caused a huge outcry. A statement by one juror from the first trial to a Sydney newspaper sums up the attitude of many at the time: ‘I knew the men were guilty but I would never see a white man hanged for When the station manager returned a few days later killing a black’. and discovered the remains, he decided to report the matter to the authorities. Eventually, it came before The Myall Creek massacre is only one of many killings the Governor of New South Wales, George Gipps. He during early settlement. Most were not known or ordered a group of mounted police to investigate the talked about. Today, there is a monument overlooking site of the killings. They found enough evidence in the the site of the massacre. It consists of a granite rock skeletal remains to prove 28 Aboriginal people had and plaque with a walking trail telling parts of the been killed. Eleven of the 12 stockmen were arrested story. A memorial service is held on 10 June each (Fleming was not) and sent to trial, against the wishes year.

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Early se ttlem e

The Myall Creek massacre – 2

nt

Answer the questions about the text on page 19.

1. Describe the relationship between the British and the Aboriginal Australians in the early 19th century.

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2. What is unique about the Myall Creek massacre?

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3. Why were the stockmen after Aboriginal people?

4. List three things that made this massacre so horrific.

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C.Publ i cat i ons (a) William Hobbs •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

5. What part did these people play in this event?

(b) George Gibbs

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(d) Second jury

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7. Most killings of Aboriginal people in the 19th century were not known or talked about. Why do you think this was?

The leader of the massacre, John Fleming, was not captured. He was allegedly responsible for later massacres in NSW as was his brother, Joseph, for killings in south-west Queensland.

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Early se ttlem e

Other early conflicts

nt

There were many conflicts resulting in violence and death between the Aboriginal people and the British settlers. These include The Black Line in Tasmania, the Battle of Pinjarra in Western Australia, the Wiradjuri Wars around the Murrumbidgee River and the treatment of Aboriginals during the gold rushes.

Research one of these conflicts or another you find in your research. Use the framework below to make notes and use them to write a recount or report.

Title:

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Events: (Told in chronological order)

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Orientation: (Who? When? Where? Why?)

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Conclusion: (Includes ending and evaluative comment)

One of the men who was found not guilty at the first Myall Creek massacre trial and not put on trial and hanged at the second trial, committed suicide in 1852.

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Letters from the west Early settlement

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Conducts Internet research to find information about the settlement of Albany, Western Australia.

Time line Prior to European settlement

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

The area surrounding the Swan River is occupied by the indigenous Nyungar people.

1791

Teac he r

1792

French explorer Bruni d’Entrecasteaux reaches Cape Leeuwin and explores eastwards along the southern coastline.

1801

Matthew Flinders enters King George Sound and charts the rest of the southern coastline.

1827

• In the south-east the soil was more fertile and better suited for agriculture; however, the land had to be cleared of dense forest before farming could occur.

• For students having difficulty locating information for the Internet search activity on page 25, try these websites: http://www.albanytourist.com.au/pages.asp?code=20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia

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1829

Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain.

James Stirling names the new colony on the west of Australia, Perth.

1830

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Robert Dale crosses the Darling Range, finding rich farming land in the Avon Valley.

1831 – 1837

European population in Perth only increases from 1875 to 2032 due to poor farming land.

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Answers Page 20 1. (a) Frederick Henry (b) 200 miles (d) servants/Blackwood River (e) Ellen Stirling (g) James Stirling 2. (a) timber was used to build their home (b) clearing the trees for agriculture was challenging

(c) 1827 (f) Parmelia

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Albany is officially named by Governor James Stirling.

1839

• The text on page 23 comprises two fictional letters. A letter is a primary source of information, revealing valuable details about the time in history it was written. Much information can be gathered by reading letters from the past. Georgiana Molloy’s letters to friends describing her life in Western Australia have been collated into a number of resources, including the book The Letters of Georgiana Molloy, by WG Pickering.

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James Stirling explores the Swan River and meets a group of Aboriginal people.

1832

• It took a number of years before the original settlers of Perth concluded that the soil surrounding the Swan River was too sandy for growing crops. Some survived by grazing cattle and sheep on their land or by trading in the natural resources of the area, such as whale oil and minerals. About half of the first settlers (about 2000 people) left the colony and headed east. It was reported in British newspapers that the colony was a failure.

With mostly inexperienced men attempting to clear bush land and timber, farm poor soils and build homes, the colony struggled to sustain itself. Floods and droughts were also common in the area. The British sent convict labour to Perth in the 1850s and bridges, roads and buildings were constructed. The colony began then to slowly grow and prosper.

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Commander George Vancouver takes possession of New Holland for the British crown at the site which is to become Albany, WA.

• Note: Lady Ellen Stirling was the wife of Sir James Stirling, the first Governor of the colony of Perth. The Stirling family never lived in elegant homes in the colony but lived in tents and then wooden houses similar to those of the other colonists.

3. Studying the local plants and collecting and recording specimens and seeds.

4. Answers will vary. Possible answer: To continue British traditions from home.

James Stirling departs Fremantle to return to England with his wife Ellen, and children.

5. No. Both letters state the colonists are having difficulties growing crops and sustaining the colony.

1843

6. Husband away; New environment; Living in tents; Unknown if settlement will be a success; Food running out; Only two other families in area etc.

Georgiana Molloy dies at the age of 37 after giving birth to her seventh child.

1848 Californian goldrush begins.

1850 – 1868

In total, 9700 male convicts are sent to Western Australia, working on building bridges, buildings and roads.

Further exploration • Research Ellen Stirling’s husband, James Stirling, and create a time line of his life. With a partner, present a brief report describing James Stirling’s contribution to the city of Perth.

• Choose one woman from the text and conduct research to create a biography about her.

Include important dates and facts.

• Find out the origin of the name ‘Albany’. Who was the town named after?

1900 The first mail steamers call in at Fremantle.

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Letters from the west – 1

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ead the fictional letters from Lady Ellen Stirling and Georgiana Molloy. Both women were among the first British settlers to Western Australia.

August 1829

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Dear Evelyn We have safely crossed the globe on Parmelia and have arrived at our destination, the Swan River.

Travelling such a lengthy journey with our little Andrew was demanding, but a greater challenge was to come as our second child, Frederick Henry, was welcomed to the world during the journey.

When we arrived at the mouth of the Swan River I was quite overwhelmed by the vast unexplored wilderness in our sights, and also with the knowledge that we shall be the first people to settle here.

We travelled further upriver and have chosen a site which James proclaimed as the new British colony called Perth.

Occasionally we spot natives in the distance. On James’s prior visit in ‘27, he met with a group and offered them gifts. Fortunately, he found them to be quite peaceloving.

There have been some difficulties with growing and catching enough food for us all. It seems the soil is not as favourable as we hoped, forcing James to purchase supplies from Van Diemen’s Land. We have been living in a makeshift shelter while our home is being built. I must say it is challenging to continue the standard of living we are accustomed to in these conditions, although we do still dress for dinner (even in oppressive heat) and I have organised a number of musical evenings and picnics for our entertainment.

I hope this letter reaches you swiftly and finds you well.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Ellen

January 1830

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With love Georgiana xx www.ricpublications.com.au

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Dear Mother and Father just six weeks. Very few John and I arrived at Swan River in August but chose to depart after themselves. With two crops are growing and it appears the colonists are struggling to feed have erected our tents at other families and servants we travelled south about 200 miles* and us. the mouth of the Blackwood River, where a spectacular forest surrounds by the servants to At first we thought the tress to be a blessing as the timber is being used to farm it may be an build our home. However, we are now realising that clearing the land hunger is looming. impossible task. Our food supplies are diminishing quickly and I fear his time and requires John has been appointed resident magistrate of this area, which fills studying the local him to travel to Perth for meetings regularly. I have been keeping busy rt in the beauty of the wild plants and collecting and recording specimens and seeds. I find comfo flowers which grow here. and flourishing. I hope this letter finds you I pray I shall report in future letters to you that the farm is established well. * about 320 km

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Primary Australian history

23

Early se ttlem e

Letters from the west – 2

nt

Answer the questions about the text on page 23.

1. Complete the sentences. .

(b) To reach the mouth of the Blackwood River, the Molloys travelled

.

(c) James Stirling had visited Perth previously in the year of

.

(d) The Molloy family were waiting for their new home to be built by the

.

(e) The lady who organised entertainment for the new colony was

.

(f) The first British settlers to the Swan River arrived in 1829 on board

.

(g) The man who proclaimed the Swan River colony to be Perth was

.

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(a) During the voyage to Swan River, Ellen Stirling gave birth to

2. Give reasons why Georgiana believed the forest to be a: (a) blessing (b) problem

3. How did Georgiana fill her time while her husband was away in Perth?

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons 4. Explain why you think Ellen and other officials in the colony wore heavy garments to dinner even during the summer months?

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

5. ‘The colony of Perth was a success from the very beginning.’

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Do you agree with this statement?

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Give your reasons below.

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6. List reasons why Georgiana Molloy may have felt lonely, frightened and anxious during her years as one of the first settlers in Western Australia.

• • • Georgiana Molloy was asked to send her botanical specimens to the Royal Botanical Gardens in England. The Western Australian flowering plant Boronia mollyae is named after her.

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Early se ttlem e

The settlement of Albany

nt

1. Use an Internet search engine such as ‘www.google.com.au’ to find information about the settlement of the southern Western Australian town of Albany.

2. Write key points in each of the boxes below.

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King George Sound

French explorers

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Prior to European settlement

British settlement

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Convicts

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C.Publ i cat i ons Whaling industry Defence •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Other interesting facts

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3. Record the addresses of the two most informative and useful websites you used.

• •

Albany is 409 km from Perth by road and 389 km by air. It is Western Australia’s most southerly town and its oldest settlement (1826).

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25

Governor Macquarie Early settlement

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

1762

• Expresses opinions of a variety of people living in the colony of New South Wales during Macquarie’s rule, regarding his policies about ex-convicts.

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

Lachlan Macquarie is born in Scotland.

1776 1801

Macquarie is sent with the army to Egypt to defeat Napoleon.

1809

Macquarie is appointed Governor of New South Wales.

Macquarie and his wife arrive at Port Jackson on 28 December.

• Historians continue to debate if Macquarie was a ‘great man’, although many do believe he was a true humanitarian. Some of his ideas and policies regarding the Aboriginal inhabitants of New South Wales do contradict this unfortunately. Many continue to see Macquarie as the man who single-handedly changed New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land for the better and improved Sydney’s infrastructure immensely. Some historians consider Macquarie to be the founder our nations identity of giving the ‘battler’ a fair go.

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Macquarie joins the British Army as a volunteer.

• Prior to completing the activity on page 29, inform the students that many free settlers (pasturalists) objected to Macquarie’s policies regarding convicts as they wished to own large amounts of land and use the ex-convicts as cheap labour. Without the cheap labour available, many were unable to do so.

• The text on page 27 is a report. A report is a secondary source. Primary sources such as newspaper articles, personal logs and journals, and formal records are used to collate reports.

1810

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

Macquarie appoints two emancipists to the position of magistrate.

Answers

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First Post Office is built in NSW.

1. • re-establishing authority and discipline in the colony • encourage marriage • provide education • prohibit the use of spirits • increase agriculture

Governor Macquarie inspects the Newcastle settlement.

2. (a) Fact, (b) Opinion, (c) Fact, (d) Opinion, (e) Opinion, (f) Fact, (g) Opinion

Governor’s Court and the Supreme Court are established.

3. (a) What was the name of the Spanish coin with the middle cut out, used for currency in early 1800s in NSW?

1813 Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth cross the Blue Mountains.

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1814

(b) Who what the British official sent to New South Wales to write a report about the colony?

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Page 28

(c) By what year had Macquarie ordered the construction of 260 buildings, roads and bridges?

Lachlan Macquarie (Jnr) is born.

4. Macquarie believed that the emancipists were equal to the free settlers and deserved a proper place in society.

Macquarie hosts a feast in the Parramatta market place for the Aboriginal Australians. This becomes an annual event, lasting for 21 years.

5. ‘… where he had been defending his leadership of New South Wales.’

1815

6. Answers will vary

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Road over the Blue Mountains is built.

1816

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Macquarie publishes a set of regulations stating that armed Aboriginal Australians must not appear within one mile of any settlement or farm.

Macquarie introduces the ‘passport’ for Aboriginal Australians requiring British protection.

Building of the Sydney hospital is completed.

Further exploration

• Hold a mini-debate on the topic: ‘Governor Lachlan Macquarie was the Father of Australia’.

• ‘Governor Macquarie worked very hard to develop positive relationships with the Aboriginal people’.

In pairs, conduct research using a variety of resources to make a concluding statement agreeing or disagreeing with the one above.

• Research the lives and exploration of one of the explorers mentioned in text.

1817 The Bank of New South Wales is opened.

The construction of the Hyde Park Barracks commences.

• Research and complete biographies of other well-known Australian figures from the days of early colonisation, such as Mary Reibey, Caroline Chisolm and Arthur Phillip.

1824 Lachlan Macquarie dies in England.

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Early se ttlem e

Governor Macquarie – 1

nt

Read the report about the sixth governor of New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie (1810-1821).

L

achlan Macquarie was born in 1762 on the island of Ulva off the coast of Scotland. He was a Scottish military officer who married Elizabeth Campbell of Airds in 1807. The pair arrived in Sydney in 1809 onboard the storeship Dromedary.

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Macquarie had been appointed Governor of New South Wales, replacing William Bligh. His orders from the British government included re-establishing authority and discipline in the colony, as well as encouraging marriage, providing education, prohibiting the use of spirits and increasing agriculture. Macquarie was also made the Governor of Van Diemen’s Land.

Teac he r

Currency As the colonists were using coins from different countries as currency and were bartering for goods, the new Governor was determined to create a new currency and build a bank. He acquired 40 000 Spanish dollar coins and ordered the centre to be cut out. The outer ring became the ‘holey dollar’ worth five shillings and the centre, or ‘dump’, was worth fifteen pence. By 1817, currency notes and bartering were banned. The Bank of New South Wales, the first bank in Australia, opened the same year.

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Convicts At the time Macquarie became Governor, the number of convicts who had served their time or had been pardoned, outnumbered the free settlers. Macquarie believed both groups of men to be equal. Having been born to poor parents in Scotland, he had an inbuilt understanding of and sympathy for people in less fortunate circumstances. He promised the ex-convicts (emancipists) a proper place in society and was greatly admired by them. Many of the free settlers and upper class patrons objected to Macquarie’s humanitarian ideas and policies.

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C.Publ i cat i ons Australia •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• The five towns

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Macquarie referred to ‘New Holland’ as Australia (a During his time as Governor, Macquarie greatly term coined by Matthew Flinders) and during his time extended the area of the settlement. Concerned as governor, ‘New Holland’ was used less frequently about flooding after the flood of 1806, he instructed and eventually replaced by the name Australia. five new towns to be developed in the Hawkesbury After much complaint from the upper classes and a region, being Richmond, Windsor, Wilberforce, Pitt negative report written about the colony by British Town and Castlereagh. All towns prospered, with the judge, John Bigge, Macquarie retired. Disappointed, exception of Castlereagh. he and his family returned to England in 1822.

Exploration and infrastructure died Macquarie encouraged all exploration and in 1813 Macquarie sent Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson across the Blue two years later in Mountains. The first inland town of Australia, Bathurst, London, where he was chosen and founded from this expedition. had been defending Explorer John Oxley travelled north and discovered his leadership of New South Wales. the site which would become Brisbane.

He was buried on the By 1822, Macquarie had ordered more than 260 Island of Mull and the buildings, bridges and roads to be built as public inscription on his tomb works, mainly by British and Irish convicts. Wharves reads ‘The Father of and markets were also established. Sydney improved Australia’.

Governor Lachlan Macquarie immensely during Macquarie’s rule.

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Primary Australian history

27

Early se ttlem e

Governor Macquarie – 2

nt

Use the text on page 27 to answer the questions.

1. List Macquarie’s orders from the British government regarding the colony of New South Wales.

• • • 2. Answer Fact or Opinion.

•

•

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Opinion

(b) All of the upper class disliked Macquarie’s ideas about freed convicts.

Fact

Opinion

(c) Australia’s first coins were created from Spanish dollars.

Fact

Opinion

(d) Macquarie felt it was his duty to help the ex-convicts, due to his own upbringing. Fact

Opinion

Fact

Opinion

Fact

Opinion

Fact

Opinion

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Fact

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(a) Elizabeth and Lachlan Macquarie arrived in Sydney in 1809.

(e) Macquarie was the most successful Governor of New South Wales. (f) The Blue Mountains were first crossed in 1813. (g) If it had not been for Macquarie, Australia would still be called ‘New Holland’.

3. Write a question for each answer.

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orr evi ew pur posesonl y• (b) John Bigge •f Question: (a) A ‘holey dollar’ Question:

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Question:

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(c) By 1822

4. Explain Macquarie’s policies about convicts who had served their time or were pardoned.

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5. Find the evidence in the text which suggests Macquarie disagreed with the report written about the colony of New South Wales.

6. Which do you think was Macquarie’s greatest achievement as Governor of New South Wales?

Give reasons for your choice. Continue on the back of this sheet.

The day news reached Sydney of Macquarie’s death, church bells tolled, shutters were put up and the Sydney Gazette newspaper placed a black border around the edges of its pages.

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Early se ttlem e

Difference of opinion

nt

Under Governor Macquarie’s leadership, ex-convicts who had served their time or were pardoned were given equal rights to the free settlers. Many colonists refused to accept Macquarie’s ideas and snubbed his ex-convict employees, some of whom were appointed as architects, surgeons and even lawyers.

1. Imagine you are the following people. Write a brief summary describing your personal feelings about Macquarie’s policies concerning ex-convicts.

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A free settler (pastoralist)

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A recently-freed convict

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C.Publ i cat i ons • f orr evi ew pur pose sonl y• Member of the ‘upper class’ An imprisoned convict

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2. Choose one person from above and find a partner to play Governor Macquarie. Use your ideas from Question 1 to act out a meeting between the two people. Rehearse the scene and perform it for another group.

3. Rate your performance (five stars is best).

Many Australian places have been named in Macquarie’s honour. In the 1960s, the Macquarie University was opened, an establishment which publishes the Macquarie Dictionary.

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29

Exploring the interior Discoveries

Time line First Fleet of settlers arrives.

First attempts by convicts and free settlers in New South Wales to cross the Blue Mountains.

John Macarthur claims his 5000 acres (20 km²) in the ‘Cow pastures’.

1809

Severe drought in New South Wales devastates crops.

1813

1814

Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth become the first Europeans to cross the Blue Mountains, reaching Mount Sugarloaf (later renamed Mount Blaxland).

1828

1829

1840

Answers Page 32

1. an inland sea

2. John Macarthur required new lands to graze the increasing numbers of merino sheep he had developed.

3. beginning, before, years, After

A road across the Blue Mountains is built by convicts under the direction of engineer William Cox, by order of Governor Macquarie.

5. Answers will vary. Examples include: sickness, thirst, hunger, exhaustion, hostile natives, danger, death.

7. the fact that most of the first settlers were convicts, and the presence of the seemingly impassable Blue Mountains

John Oxley explores the Macquarie River.

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4. for stock, settlers and later telegraph and railway lines

6. Teacher check

John Oxley explores the Lachlan River.

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1818

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

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Surveyor George Evans crosses the Blue Mountains, discovering the present town of Bathurst and naming the Macquarie River.

1817

• The First Fleet is believed to have arrived after a time of good rainfall, but by 1812 drought had highlighted the need to find secure water supplies. New farming land was also desperately needed to feed all the people who kept arriving in the colony. The biggest barrier to finding new resources and land for the Sydney settlement was the Blue Mountains. In 1813, three landowners, Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson, found a way to cross the Blue Mountains, opening up more farming land for the Sydney settlement.

More explorations became possible, and settlers closely followed the explorers and their discoveries onto new land. Around Australia, explorers set out to discover land, water and resources for a variety of reasons. Their courage and hardship helped the colonies and ultimately the country to expand and develop.

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1805

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• Writes a letter to a government official or wealthy businessperson requesting funding for an imaginary expedition.

Worksheet information

1789

• Reads a text and answers questions to show an understanding of the content.

Charles Sturt discovers the Darling River.

8. Teacher check

Further exploration

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Indicators

• Students could write a biography of one of Australia’s famous (or lesser known) explorers.

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Sturt and Macleay explore the Murray River region.

• The journals of many explorers are available to read and print online. Students could read one explorer’s journals and present a favourite entry to the class orally.

• Look at some topographic maps of areas the different explorers went through. Students could describe some of the geographical features the explorers would have encountered.

Paul Strzelecki discovers and ascends Mount Kosciusko.

1844

Ludwig Leichhardt explores the area from Moreton Bay (Brisbane) to Port Essington.

Charles Sturt departs on an expedition in search of an inland sea.

1859

South Australia announces a prize for the first return crossing of the continent from south to north.

1873

30

Overland Telegraph Line is completed.

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Discov eries

Exploring the interior – 1

Very little was known about the place we now call Australia when the First Fleet arrived in 1788. The European settlers didn’t know that what lay inland from their coastal settlements was mostly desert and dense scrub. It was some time before a number of explorers began to travel into the unknown land, discovering and mapping mountains, lakes, rivers, deserts and lands for agriculture.

Initially, the mostly convict population wasn’t allowed to leave the settlements to explore, and there was enough land and water for the people to survive. For many years people also believed the Blue Mountains were impassable. So why did people eventually explore these mountains and what lay beyond?

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secure water supply was needed for the settlers and their livestock. Early experiences with drought drove the need to explore the inland in hope of finding more sources of fresh water. For a long time people actually thought there was a great sea somewhere in the interior of Australia, which explorers such as Stuart set out to find. In the mid-1800s Charles Sturt undertook expeditions to find the fabled inland sea, discovering desert instead and finally dispelling the myth.

Curiosity has always driven humans to discovery, and for some the sense of adventure and chance to become famous was motivation enough to explore.

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New routes Some explorers set out to find better routes between settlements and towns, for stock, settlers and later telegraph and railway lines. Ludwig Leichhardt led an expedition to find a new route from Queensland to Darwin, naming rivers and ranges on his way.

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New farming land The colonies, who were at first reliant on ships for all supplies, needed to start farming their own crops and raising animals for food and clothing. As incoming ships brought cattle and sheep, land suitable for farming was needed, and this need was a main reason behind the exploration of Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth to find a route over the Blue Mountains.

Pioneers like John Macarthur, realised Australia was suited to wool production. Macarthur required new lands to graze the increasing number of his woolgrowing merino sheep.

Treasure hunters Some explorers went into unknown lands in the hope of finding ‘treasures’ such as silver or gold. A man named Harold Lasseter claimed he found a reef of gold in Central Australia in 1911, which many men later tried to find.

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C.Publ i cat i ons Water Spirit of discovery f o rr vi esettlement, w pu po sesonl y• From the • earliest days ofe European a r

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Australia’s explorers faced hardship, sickness, exhaustion, danger and even death to ‘open up’ Australia, and in doing so helped settlements and the nation’s economy to grow and prosper.

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New settlements As convicts were granted leave and ‘free’ people started arriving to settle in Australia, more land was needed for these people to settle and farm. The British were also interested in finding new areas to send convicts.

Money Some men were paid to explore new regions, and others explored to try to receive rewards offered by governments for discoveries.

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31

Discov eries

Exploring the interior – 2 Use the text on page 31 to answer the questions.

1. What did many people believe existed somewhere in the middle of Australia?

5. What kind of ‘hardships’ do you think explorers faced?

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2. Why did John Mcarthur need new land?

before

After

years

beginning

of

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3. Use these ‘time’ words to complete the sentences.

6. Why do you think governments offered rewards to explorers?

From the very

European settlement, finding a good source of

water was important to the survival of the

settlers. However,

7. What restrictions prevented the very first settlers from exploring?

water could be found, the Blue Mountains needed

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P u b l i c a t i o n s

to be crossed. It was many

•Lawson f or evi e wa p ur posesonl y• before Blaxland, andr Wentworth found

way through the mountains.

a route

through the mountains was found, new water

sources could be found and people could move

to new areas to settle.

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4. What are some of the reasons explorers wanted to find new routes between places?

8. What are some possible reasons people today might explore unknown areas?

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John Oxley, who explored areas of New South Wales, misled other explorers such as Sturt into thinking that the interior of Australia contained an inland sea.

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Discov eries

Your own expedition

The planning, courage and commitment of early explorers has resulted in most of the Earth’s surface being mapped. There are still a few regions on our planet that are yet to be explored by humans. Parts of New Guinea, the Amazon and African jungles, the Greenland ice cap, Antarctica and Siberia, which are remote and almost inaccessible, remain as yet unexplored. Humans have also yet to discover the depths of the oceans, explore the planets of our solar system and the expanse of ‘outer’ space.

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1. Choose one of the unexplored regions which you think would be interesting to explore.

Where will you start and finish?

What equipment will you need (e.g. subs, aircraft, helicopters, snowmobiles, spacecraft, jeeps, cameras, ropes, boats)?

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2. On a separate sheet of paper, write a letter to the government or a wealthy person asking for funding for your expedition, just as some explorers in the past would have done. Write notes under the following headings in the table below before you write the letter.

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What animals will you need (camels, dog-sled teams, specially trained dolphins)?

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How long will your expedition take?

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What supplies will you need (what kind of food, air, water, clothing)?

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Who will go with you (scientists, soldiers)?

What do you hope to discover?

How much do you think it will cost (in total)?

Before Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson crossed the Blue Mountains, six other expeditions had tried and failed to find a way across. Today, the railway line to the Blue Mountains follows exactly the route they took. www.ricpublications.com.au

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33

Gold mining towns Discoveries

Indicators • Reads and answers questions about the birth of the gold towns Ballarat and Kalgoorlie.

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Time line 1841

• Writes notes outlining the cause and effect of the Clunes Riot of 1873.

Worksheet information

• Before students complete the activities on page 37, compare the status of the working man and the owners of business and the path towards democracy.

Gold is discovered at Cox River in NSW. 1851

• The Golden Triangle, the area between the towns of Ballarat, Bendigo and Stawell has provided most of the gold found to date in Victoria.

1854

• By the early 1860s, the Victorian gold rushes had all but ended as the diggers moved north to New South Wales, then on to Queensland and finally across to WA.

Eureka Stockade rebellion occurs.

First electric telegraph comes into operation in Victoria.

First railway line in Australia, between Melbourne and Sandridge (Port Melbourne), opens.

1858

Melbourne-Adelaide telegraph line opens.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Answers Page 36

Gold is discovered in NT.

1.

State

Year gold discovered

Gold discovered by …

Ballarat

Victoria

1851

John Dunlop, James Regan

Kalgoorlie

WA

1893

Paddy Hannan, Tom Flanagan, Dan O’Shea

Gold is discovered at Gympie.

1869 Welcome Stranger gold nugget is found in Victoria.

1873

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The Clunes Riot occurs.

1877

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Gold mining begins in Beaconsfield, Tasmania.

1885

Kimberley goldrush occurs.

1892

Coolgardie goldrush occurs.

1893

Paddy Hannan finds gold at ‘Hannan’s Find’.

2. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False

Area gold discovered Poverty Point

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1867

• In the 1990s, gold mining in Victoria saw the opening of new mines and a significant increase in exploration, particularly in areas of historical production, such as Ballarat, Bendigo, Stawell, Fosterville, Maldon, Heathcote, Castlemaine and Tarnagulla.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Copper discoveries in NSW. 1865

• In 1906, there was a brief gold rush in central Victoria following the discovery of the Poseidon Nuggets. But by the 1920s, the gold mining industry lay dormant until the 1980s.

• A large number of gold mining operations still run throughout mineral-rich WA in the Kimberley, Pilbara and the region between Meekatharra and Kalgoorlie-Boulder.

Gold is discovered at Canoona, Queensland.

1859

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Teac he r

Gold is discovered at Bathurst and at Ballarat.

Mount Charlotte

3. Teacher check. Suggestion: Railways provided easy access for building, trade, goods and services and the development of an infrastructure independent of the goldfields.

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4. Teacher check. Suggestion: Location and climate of Kalgoorlie would have proved too difficult to overcome without a reliable water source.

5. Teacher check. Suggestion: Gold resources exhausted, too expensive to sink deeper mines without a guarantee of striking gold.

6. Peter Lalor led the miners in the Eureka Stockade rebellion.

Further exploration

1894

‘Hannan’s Find’ is declared a town and renamed Kalgoorlie.

1897 Railway line from Perth to Boulder is officially completed.

• Research to write a playscript of the Eureka rebellion to present to younger students.

• Miners objected to the influx of Asian workers to the goldfields. Find out why this was so.

Write a report.

• Mining companies brought men from Cornwall in England to work the deep mines in search of more gold. Find out why they did this. Write a report.

1898 Construction of C Y O’Connor’s water pipeline begins.

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Discov eries

Gold mining towns – 1

T

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Ballarat

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Teac he r

he most important natural resource found in Australia during the nineteenth century was gold. The discovery of gold increased Australia’s population significantly and resulted in the establishment of many new towns. It also stimulated the economy and was the catalyst for the construction of railways and telegraph lines. Two of the better known historic gold towns to be developed at this time were Ballarat and Kalgoorlie.

In June 1851, James Esmond is believed to have made the first discovery of gold in Victoria at Clunes. Just weeks later significant gold finds were discovered at Poverty Point, Ballarat, by John Dunlop and James Regan. The word spread quickly and by the following year there were 20 000 miners in Ballarat and it was proclaimed as a town. By 1870, the population had continued to increase and it became a city. it is now the largest inland city in Victoria.

Kalgoorlie

the Welcome Nugget, was discovered at Ballarat, but by that time there was very little gold being found near the surface and large companies were set up to dig deeper, underground mines.

Originally known as Hannan’s Find, the name was changed when it was proclaimed a town in 1894. The Golden Mile, as it was called, is believed to be the richest square mile of earth on the planet, after a deep reef of gold was discovered at Boulder.

In 1893, Paddy Hannan, Tom Flanagan and Dan O’Shea were travelling about 600 km east of Perth in Western Australia when one of their horses cast a shoe. While they were dealing with the problem, they found some gold and decided to stay there and search for more. On 17 June that year, Paddy Hannan filed his Mount Charlotte claim and Kalgoorlie was ‘born’ when thousands of prospectors rushed to the area.

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In the early 1850s the government in Melbourne had set up a system of gold licences. If a miner was found not to have a licence, he was chained to a log until he paid a fine of ten pounds. The system was often policed ruthlessly by ex-convicts. In 1854, the police were ordered to annoy miners by checking their licences twice weekly. The miners became even angrier after Bentley, a publican, was aquitted of murdering miner James Scobie at his hotel, so they burnt it down. Led by Peter Lalor the miners then burnt their licences and went into battle.

Their Eureka Stockade was attacked unexpectedly by government troops, six of whom were killed, together with 30 miners, in a battle that lasted only 15 minutes.

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By 1902, with unusually wide streets constructed so camel trains could turn around, there were eight breweries and 93 hotels, with accommodation for 30 000 people, in Kalgoorlie.

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The railway went through Ballarat in 1862 and the city became so well established that when the last mine closed in 1918, it continued to flourish. www.ricpublications.com.au

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• In 1858 the second largest nugget found in Australia,

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Water was a life-threatening problem for the miners on the goldfields. A weir was constructed close to Perth and water was pumped along a pipeline to Kalgoorlie. This amazing engineering feat, constructed between 1898 and 1903, was designed by the engineer CY O’Connor, who was also responsible for Fremantle Harbour. His pipeline plan was so severely criticised that he committed suicide in 1902 and didn’t see its amazing success.

Kalgoorlie-Boulder (they were joined in 1989), is a thriving mining town today and still receives its water through the CY O’Connor pipeline.

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Discov eries

Gold mining towns – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 35.

1. Complete the table.

State Ballarat

Gold discovered by ...

Area gold discovered

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Kalgoorlie

Year gold discovered

2. True or False? (a) Within a year, the population of Ballarat was 20 000. (b) Within ten years, the population of Kalgoorlie was 30 000. (c) After the gold boom era, Ballarat went into decline. (d) Because Kalgoorlie is an old town, the streets are narrow.

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3. In what ways do you think the arrival of the railway in Ballarat might have affected its development?

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4. Why was C Y O’Connor’s water pipeline crucial to the development of Kalgoorlie?

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5. Why do you think all the gold mines in Ballarat had closed down by 1920?

6. For what reason is Peter Lalor well known?

The largest gold nugget, the Welcome Stranger, was found at Moliagul, Victoria in 1869. It measured 61 cm x 31 cm. At the time, there were no scales big enough to weigh it so it had to be broken into three pieces. The total weight was 72 kg, 3 kg heavier than the Welcome nugget found in 1858.

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The Clunes Riot

In 1873, Clunes was the site of Victoria’s first gold strike. Employers in the Victorian goldmining industry attempted to introduce the cheap labour of Chinese migrants when the regular miners went on strike.

1. Research to discover the events that led to the Clunes riot and make notes in the plan. Include as much background information as you can find.

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Who were the two parties involved in the strike?

What was the original reason for the strike?

What were the miners’ demands?

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Where were many of the miners from?

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How did the miners respond to this?

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C.Publ i cat i ons f o rr e vi e w p ur posesonl y• How • did the company respond to the strike action?

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How was the strike resolved?

What organisation was established to look after miners’ rights?

2. In a group, compare and contrast the outcome of the Clunes riot and the Eureka rebellion of 1854. Make brief notes on a separate sheet of paper in a graphic organiser.

In honour of his find, Kalgoorlie’s main street, its railway station and a suburb of the town are named after Paddy Hannan. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Natural resources Discoveries

Indicators

Time line

• Reads text and answers questions about natural resources in Australia.

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About 50 000 BCE Aboriginal Australians use natural resources for tools and decoration.

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1788 European settlers use sandstone for constructing buildings.

• Completes a report about the history of iron ore mining in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

Worksheet information

• Natural resources that are mined from the land include metals such as gold, iron ore and copper, fuels such as natural gas and oil, precious stones such as diamonds and opals, and mineral sands and salt.

• Some of the major issues for the Australian mining industry today include environmental concerns, safety for workers, land rights issues and the depletion of resources.

1844 Australia’s first copper mine opens in SA.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Answers

1850s Minor discoveries of diamonds made in alluvial gold searches.

1850 – 1900 Australian gold rush.

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1. Aboriginal Australians used natural resources such as stones and flint for making tools, and ochre for painting.

2. (a) coal/copper/lead/tin/zinc/silver/gold/opal

(b) nickel/bauxite/diamonds/manganese/tungsten/iron ore/petroleum/natural gas/ uranium/mineral sands

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1871 Tin discovered in Tasmania and NSW.

1900 Natural gas first discovered at Roma, Queensland.

Early 1900s Uranium discoveries first made in the Flinders Ranges.

3. From the 1940s, so many new discoveries were made as geologists were able to predict where the minerals would be found as they had a better understanding of how and why natural resources were made.

4. Teacher check

5. (a) Australia’s largest onshore gas field is in the Cooper Basin area of South Australia and Queensland. (b) Australia’s largest gas fields were discovered in the Northwest Shelf in 1970s.

1920s World metal prices plunge.

6. It is controversial as uranium is a radioactive substance that is harmful to living things.

7. Ranger in the Northern Territory and Olympic Dam and Beverley in South Australia.

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1940s onwards Many new mineral discoveries made.

1952 A large bauxite deposit is discovered at Gove, NT. A uranium mine is set up at Rum Jungle, NT.

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1953 Oil flow discovered in well in Exmouth Gulf, WA. 1963 Natural gas discovered in Cooper Basin.

Teacher check

Further exploration

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1965 Natural gas and oil discovered in Gippsland offshore basin.

1966 Nickel discovered at Kambalda, WA.

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1854 Eureka Stockade.

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1791 Coal discovered by escaped convicts at Newcastle.

• Discuss the impact the current mining boom is having on the Australian economy.

Also discuss how in some areas of Australia—e.g. Perth, the capital city of Western Australia—there is a shortage of qualified workers and tradespeople as so many have gone to the mining areas in the north for much higher wages. How can this problem be solved?

• Write a report on the history of other natural resources in Australia not covered in the section.

1970s Natural gas discovered in Northwest Shelf.

1979 Lake Argyle diamond pipe discovered.

1990s Many world class mineral deposits discovered, including zinc, copper-gold, nickel, magnesite.

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Discov eries

Natural resources – 1

M

ining is an industry that extracts natural resources from the land. Australia is one of the world’s leading nations in natural resources and a huge range have been discovered and mined over time. Before European settlement, Aboriginal Australians used resources such as stones and flint for making tools, and ochre for painting.

After European settlement, discoveries such as coal, copper, lead, tin, zinc, silver, gold, and opal were made up to the early 1900s. Many Australian mines closed when world metal prices plunged after the end of World War I in 1918. But as geologists’ understanding of how and why natural resources are formed increased, many new mineral discoveries were made from the late 1940s onwards. These included nickel, bauxite, diamonds, manganese, tungsten, iron ore, oil, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and a variety of mineral sands.

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Diamonds

Natural gas

Minor discoveries of this sparkling gem were first made from the 1850s when miners were searching for alluvial gold during the Australian gold rush.

However, it was the discovery of a significant find in the Kimberley region of Western Australia in 1979 that put Australia on the map as a diamond producer.

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Here is a brief history of three of these natural resources.

Natural gas is a clean and relatively cheap form of energy. It was first discovered in 1900 in Roma, Queensland, in an artesian bore that was being deepened. In 1963, Australia’s largest onshore gas field was discovered in the Cooper Basin in a region covering part of north-eastern South Australia and south-western Queensland. The Gippsland offshore basin in Bass Strait was discovered in 1965 and Australia’s largest gas fields, known as the Northwest Shelf, off the coast of Western Australia, were discovered in the 1970s. The Shelf has reserves to maintain current production for another 30 years and more gas discoveries are yet to be made.

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Uranium

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Over time, geologists had worked out that this region would be the most likely place to find extensive deposits of diamonds. This discovery was made at Smoke Creek, near Lake Argyle, which is a massive dam built for irrigation purposes. Geologists had discovered what was to be named the Argyle diamond pipe, the world’s largest diamond mine. The mine produces the world’s largest amount of diamonds and is the most technologically advanced in the world. Because most of the diamonds are of low quality, they are mainly used for industrial purposes. It also produces a small but reliable amount of the rare and highly valued pink to red or purple diamonds.

Australia has the largest reserves of low-cost uranium in the world. Discoveries were first made in the Flinders Ranges in South Australia in the early 1900s.

Uranium mining has caused controversy because it is a radioactive substance which is harmful to living things. Its atoms can be split to create nuclear energy and, while this energy can be used to make a cheap source of electricity, it can also be used to make nuclear weapons. Strict laws mean Australia’s uranium is not to be used for this purpose. Other problems lie in its waste disposal, transportation, threat of leaking radiation and that several uranium sites are situated on sacred Aboriginal land. There are several prospective mine sites, but only three currently operating. These are Ranger, in the Northern Territory and Olympic Dam (world’s largest known uranium resource) and Beverley, in South Australia.

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39

Discov eries

Natural resources – 2 Use the text on page 39 to answer the questions.

1. Explain the use of Australia’s natural resources before European settlement.

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2. List four major natural resources that were discovered in each time frame.

(b) From late 1940s

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(a) Up to early 1900s

3. Why were so many new mineral discoveries made from the 1940s?

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4. In your own words, explain how Australia became a major diamond producer.

5. Rewrite these statements about natural gas so they are correct.

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(a) Australia’s largest onshore gas field is near Roma in Queensland.

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(b) Australia’s largest gas fields were discovered in the Gippsland Basin in 1965.

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6. Why has uranium mining proved to be controversial?

7. Where is uranium currently being mined in Australia?

Besides the ‘firsts’ mentioned on page 39, Australia has more coal and iron ore than any other country, is the world’s largest exporter of black coal and is the largest refiner of bauxite.

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Discov eries

The history of iron ore Iron ore is found all over Australia but about 90% of it is found in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Iron ore plays a vital role in the Australian economy.

Use the questions below as a guide to find information about the discovery and development of iron ore mining in the Pilbara region. Use your notes to write a report.

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When was iron ore first discovered in the Pilbara?

What did geologists first think of the amount the area could produce?

Why was there a ban placed on iron ore exports?

What part did Lang Hancock play in the development of iron ore mining?

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C.Publ i cat i ons • orr v i e w p ur p sesonl y• What has thef discovery ofe iron ore done to the growth of theo region?

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What are the major mines, towns and ports associated with iron ore production?

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How has the way iron ore is mined and transported evolved over time?

Other interesting facts.

Mt Whaleback, near Newman WA, is the world’s largest open-cut iron ore mine. It is named because it resembles the shape of a humpback whale. www.ricpublications.com.au

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41

The sugar cane industry Progress

Indicators • Reads and answers questions about the history of sugar cane in Australia.

Time line 327 BCE

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Plans and writes a report on the fight against cane toads.

Worksheet information

First record of sugar cane in the western world.

1788

1821

Port Macquarie sugar project begins but lasts only seven years.

• Cane toads are extremely difficult to control. They can live from 10 to 15 years and are adapting to different environments. Their legs are becoming longer, enabling them to move faster over greater distances and some huge specimens have been found. They can find food by smell at night. The effect they are having on native fauna is disastrous, having already destroyed some species.

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Sugar cane arrives with First Fleet.

• About 95% of Australia’s sugar cane is grown in Queensland. It requires a tropical or subtropical climate with about 600 mm of rainfall annually. Since the industry was established in the mid-1800s it has developed into a world leader in technology and efficiency.

1842

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

First sugar refinery using imported sugar cane, Sydney.

Answers Page 44

1847

1. (a) 1788, with the First Fleet (b) Norfolk Island (c) It survived but didn’t grow well there

First sugar cane grown in Queensland.

1862

2. (b) Sydney, 1842 (b) The Philippines

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3. Possible answers: He grew the first commercial sugar cane crop, built Australia’s first raw sugar mill in Brisbane and brought the first Kanakas to Australia.

Louis Hope plants first commercial crop near Brisbane.

1864

4. (a) By hand (they used large knives) (b) To work on sugar plantations because there was a shortage of labour in Australia. (c) Captain Louis Hope (d) They kidnapped Kanakas and brought them to Australia to work on the sugar plantations.

Hope opens first raw sugar mill at Ormiston.

1888

Further exploration

Cane harvester patented in Brisbane.

• Draw and label a cane toad showing how it is toxic to other animals.

1890

First cane harvester built in Bundaberg.

• Show how sugar cane is grown and harvested in a series of diagrams with a brief description under each.

1904

• Imagine you are a sailor on a ship trying to catch blackbirders. Write a letter home telling about your job.

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Federal Government bans arrivals of Kanakas.

1924

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Kanakas arrive to work on sugar plantations.

5. (a) To control cane beetles (b) 1935 (c) They lay 20 000 to 50 000 eggs in one year and have no natural enemies. (d) Their numbers have increased, they have spread and they are highly toxic to other animals.

1865

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First large shipment of raw sugar from Australia.

1935 Cane toads introduced.

1954 Bulk handling introduced.

First sugar exported to Japan.

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The sugar cane industry – 1

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griculture has been important to Australia since the First Fleet arrived in 1788. At that time, agricultural success was essential for the colony’s survival. Some sugar cane from South Africa arrived in Australia with the First Fleet, but, unlike wheat, it failed to thrive in Sydney. Some was taken to Norfolk Island where it survived, but didn’t do very well. Some of this sugar cane was returned to Port Macquarie in 1821 and attempts made to establish a sugar industry, but these were abandoned after seven years.

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In 1842, Australia’s first sugar refinery was built in Sydney.

Although there had been some sugar cane planted in New South Wales, there were no commercial crops available to supply the refinery; so sugar cane was imported from the Philippines.

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By 1847, some sugar cane was grown in what is now Queensland, but it wasn’t until 1862 that Captain Louis Hope, who is known as the ‘ Father of Australia’s sugar cane industry’ planted the first commercial sugar cane crop of eight hectares near Brisbane. He was helped by John Buhot, from the West Indies, who knew how to grow sugar cane and contributed a great deal to Hope’s success. Louis Hope later opened Australia’s first raw sugar mill at Ormiston, near Brisbane, in 1864 and two years later there were 800 hectares of sugar cane planted around Brisbane. Sugar cane growing spread up the Queensland coast and into northern New South Wales. There were mills built over the next fifteen years at Maryborough, Mackay, Bundaberg and Cairns.

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C.Publ i cat i ons The greatest • difficulty facing the sugar cane industry was labour.

At that timeo thisn was a very common problem f o r r e v i e w p u r p o s e s l y • throughout the country. Sugar cane cutting was very labour intensive and couldn’t have progressed without a great

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many cane cutters. Louis Hope’s solution was to import Kanakas (Pacific Islanders) to work in the cane fields.

Between 1865 and 1904 about 60 000 were brought to Australia for this purpose. Some of them had been lured onto ships to trade with the crew, then kidnapped and brought to Australia. This practice was called blackbirding.

Regulations to control recruitment were imposed during the late 1880s. Some British ships were even commissioned to patrol the coast to intercept boats illegally bringing Kanakas to the Australian cane fields. By 1906, the Kanakas had been returned to their homes.

In the early 1900s, young European migrants came to Australia and worked as cane cutters, taking over from the Kanakas. The sugar industry boomed in the 1950s. Many of the Italians who came to work on the cane fields at this time settled in Australia.

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In 1954, bulk handling facilities were introduced, replacing the sugar bags previously used and improving efficiency; sugar was first exported to Japan.

A mechanical harvester was patented in Brisbane in 1888 and built in 1890. By the 1960s, 85% of Australia’s sugar cane was harvested mechanically. This increased to 100% by 1979, making Australia one of the world’s most efficient producers. Interestingly, about half of the world’s sugar cane is still hand harvested.

One hundred and one cane toads were brought to Australia in 1935 to destroy the cane beetles attacking crops. By the time they were released six months later, their numbers had increased to 60 000, but they couldn’t jump high enough to reach the beetles. The cane toads have no natural enemies and they lay between 20 000 and 50 000 eggs per year, so their numbers increased dramatically. They are highly toxic to animals if eaten and they destroy native fauna, eating almost anything including bees, ants and native frogs. This is causing great concern as they move across the country, their progress facilitated by the larger legs they have evolved. www.ricpublications.com.au

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43

Progr e

The sugar cane industry – 2

ss

Answer the questions about the text on page 43.

1. (a) When did the first sugar cane come to Australia? (b) Where did they try to grow sugar cane when it wouldn’t grow in Sydney?

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(c) How successful was it?

2. (a) Where and when was Australia’s first sugar mill built? (b) Where did they get their sugar cane?

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3. Explain why Captain Louis Hope was called the ‘Father of the Australian sugar cane industry’.

4. (a) How was sugar cane harvested by the Kanakas?

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•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• (c) Who was the first person to bring them to Australia?

(b) Why were these people brought to Australia?

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5. (a) Why were cane toads brought to Australia?

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(d) ‘Blackbirders’ became involved with Kanakas later. What did they do?

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(b) When were they first introduced?

(c) Why have they multiplied so rapidly?

(d) Why are they causing so much concern today?

Cane toads are toxic at all stages of their life cycle. Their parotid glands produce a venom which can act on the heart. Overseas, people have died after eating toads and soup made from toad eggs.

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Toad Busters Inc.

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ews of the cane toads advancing on the Kimberley region of Western Australia caused so much concern to local people that they decided work together and stop them. They formed an organisation called Toad Busters. It is believed that almost one-third of the population is now involved in this project. Men, women and children are spending many of their weekends capturing thousands of these repugnant invaders.

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1. Write a report about the history of cane toads in Australia and the Toad Busters. State the purpose of and outline the activities conducted by this organisation. You may like to add diagrams and maps to your report.

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The following headings will help you to organise your information before writing your report on a separate sheet of paper or you may choose to type a report on the computer.

Organisation

History of the cane toads in Australia

Name:

When they were introduced:

Location:

Where they were introduced:

Purpose:

Why they were introduced:

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C.Publ i cat i ons How successful they were: •f orr evi ew pu r posesonl y•

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Activities:

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Features of cane toad

Why they must be stopped

Appearance:

What they eat:

What eats them and how they are affected:

Habitat: Distribution:

The first mechanical combine harvester, which cut the cane, separated the leaves, deposited the cane in a towable cart and blew the rubbish back onto the field was developed in Australia in the late 1930s by Joe Toft of Bundaberg, Queensland, where at one stage 85% of the world’s cane harvesters were produced. www.ricpublications.com.au

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45

The telegraph: Connecting Australia Progress

Time line 1826 Charles Todd is born in London.

1835

Indicators • Reads a text and answers questions to show an understanding of the content.

• Plots and describes the route of a telegraph from Albany to Woolongong in 1877.

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1844

Samuel Morse builds a telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington, DC and the first message is sent.

1854

The first public telegraph line in Australia links Melbourne to the Port of Williamstown.

1857

Tasmania’s first line is opened between Launceston and Hobart.

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Samuel Morse proves signals can be transmitted by wire to produce written codes on a strip of paper— the invention of Morse code.

Worksheet information • Australia in the mid-1800s was isolated by distance. The invention of the telegraph in the United States was the start of a new era of communication and access to information. Colonies vied for the chance to become the centre of early colonial communications, and John McDouall Stuart’s crossing of the interior began the process in Australia. No sooner had Stuart returned to Adelaide than the South Australian government announced its plan to build an overland telegraph to Port Darwin to connect with the proposed submarine cable from Singapore. Charles Todd was put in charge of constructing the telegraph line through the heart of the continent, a difficult task given the climate, environment and lack of supplies along the way. Two years later Australia became connected to the world and the world to Australia. News from overseas arrived in hours rather than months, and a new communications age began.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

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Telegraph links Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne.

Answers

1860

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Burke and Wills set out to cross Australia from south to north.

1861 The first telegraph line in Queensland is activated and connected to Sydney.

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1862

1. Melbourne and Williamstown 2. about six months

3. South Australia was aware of the economic benefits of becoming the centre of the telegraph network in Australia.

4. Five of the following: telegraph equipment, Afghan camels, food, horses, water, bullocks

John Stuart crosses Australia from south to north.

5. Teacher check

1869

6. It was linked to an undersea cable from Java.

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The first line in Western Australia, from Perth to Fremantle, is constructed.

1870 October

Submarine telegraph cable is laid between Darwin and Java.

Overland telegraph line is completed.

7. (a) false (b) true (c) true (d) false

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The first pole is planted at Port Augusta for the overland telegraph line.

1872

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1875 Work begins on the east-west telegraph line.

1877 East-west telegraph is completed, enabling Western Australia to be in telegraphic contact with the rest of the world.

8. Before the east-west line was completed, telegrams in Morse code would reach a certain distance and from there be carried on by horse.

9. Answers will vary but should be similar to ‘Abandoning or giving up help or responsibilities’.

10. Teacher check.

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Telegraph route: Perth - Albany - Eucla - Adelaide - Melbourne - Sydney - Wollongong

Further exploration • Students could look at <http://www.connectingthecontinent.com/ctcwebsite/ctKids/ webquest.asp>, as an extension activity about Federation, Communication and the Overland Telegraph Line.

• Students could study Morse code and write coded messages to each other.

1910 Charles Todd dies in Adelaide.

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The telegraph: Connecting Australia – 1

ss

Can you imagine a time when information could only travel as fast as a person could move? This was the case until the 1840s, when an American, Samuel Morse, proved that encoded signals could be transmitted over distance by wire through a system called the telegraph. In May 1844, the first message was sent in Morse code and telegraph systems quickly spread across Europe and the United States. It wasn’t long before people in the Australian colonies wanted a telegraph system to connect them with other colonies and the world.

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Telegraph Line is seen as an heroic achievement.

It was completed on 22 August 1872 and linked to an undersea cable from Java, connecting Australia telegraphically with the rest of the world.

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The first telegraph line in Australia was built between Melbourne and Williamstown in 1854. Adelaide and Melbourne were linked in 1858, which was also the year a Sydney–Melbourne link was made. The first line in Queensland started in April 1861, with a connection to Sydney in November of that year. Soon the separate colonies were discussing an international link, and more specifically, the route for the new telegraph line.

Each colony was aware of the economic benefits of becoming the centre of the telegraph network and competed fiercely to be chosen. In 1860, the Victorian government organised an ill-fated expedition, led by Burke and Wills, to cross the continent from north to south, finding a route for the telegraph through Victoria.

Western Australia’s only contact with the outside world was still by mail, which took about six months to arrive from Britain and weeks from the other colonies. The Western Australian government decided to build a telegraph line to meet the South Australian line. Until it was completed, telegrams would reach a certain distance and from thereon be carried by horse. People would say the news had travelled ‘by horse and Morse’. The East-West Telegraph opened on 8 December 1877, and messages that once took six months to reach Britain now took a few hours.

However, the two colonies used different Morse code systems. At the Eucla station, where the lines met, Western Australian men sat on one side of a very long table, receiving messages from the west. Each operator would pass these messages through a hole in a partition along the table to the South Australian operators on the other side who would relay the message onwards.

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The South Australian government offered a large reward (£2000) to encourage an expedition to find a route between South Australia and Darwin. John Stuart took up the challenge and on his third attempt succeeded in making the journey from Adelaide to Chambers Bay (near Darwin) in 1862.

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The path now mapped, the South Australian government selected Charles Todd to oversee the project. He organised telegraph equipment, Afghan camels, food, horses, bullocks and other supplies to build 3200 km of line (and telegraph stations) across the desert in just 18 months, through roadless and often waterless country. The following two years saw many men working by hand in harsh conditions, facing hostile Aboriginals in some parts, dealing with monsoon rains, white ants eating the wooden poles (requiring iron poles to be imported from Britain), and coping with extreme heat, sickness, desertion and sometimes the loss of lives. The laying of 36 000 telegraph poles and the construction of the Overland

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New technologies have seen the telegraph lines gradually fall into disuse.

However, the telegraph system in Australia was the beginning of the new age in communication, and helped make the information age we now live in possible.

Primary Australian history

47

Progr e

The telegraph: Connecting Australia – 2

ss

Answer the questions about the text on page 47.

1. Between which two places was the first telegraph in Australia constructed?

2. How long did it take news (by mail) to reach Western Australia from Britain before the East-West telegraph line was completed?

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3. Why did South Australians want the route to traverse Australia through their colony?

Teac he r

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4. List five things Charles Todd had to organise for construction of the overland telegraph line.

5. Why do you think the construction of the overland telegraph line is considered to be an heroic achievement?

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f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 7. Answer True• or False.

6. How was the Australian telegraph line connected internationally?

(b) The last colony to be connected was Western Australia.

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(c) John Stuart found the route for the telegraph line. (d) Morse code was invented in Australia.

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8. Describe what is meant by ‘horse and Morse’.

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(a) Burke and Wills mapped the route for the telegraph line.

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9. Use a dictionary or the Internet to find the meaning of ‘desertion’. Write a definition in your own words.

10. Why do you think some men deserted?

In 1871 a group of overland telegraph workers reached a waterhole in the centre of Australia, which they named ‘Alice Springs’ after Alice, the wife of Charles Todd. Around this telegraph station site a city grew, with a population today of 26 000.

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Primary Australian history

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Progr e

Telegram!

ss

Imagine it is 1877. The East-West telegraph line has just opened and you would like to send a telegram from your home town, Perth, to your grandparents in Woolongong.

1. Plot the path the telegram would take on the telegraph lines that have been built so far using the information in the table below.

Completion of telegraph lines in Australia

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Year

Name of cities/towns connected

1854 1856 1857 1858

Melbourne and Geelong Port Adelaide and Adelaide Launceston and Hobart Adelaide and Melbourne

1858 1862 1872 1877

Sydney and Melbourne Sydney and Wollongong Adelaide and Darwin, Perth and Albany Albany and Eucla, Eucla and Adelaide

Teac he r

Name of cities/towns connected

TIMOR SEA

ARAFURA SEA

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Year

Torres Strait

Darwin

INDIAN OCEAN

CORAL SEA

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Perth

Eucla

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o c . che e r o t r s super Port Adelaide Adelaide

Sydney Wollongong

Albany

Melbourne

INDIAN OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

Geelong

Launceston

TASMAN SEA

Hobart

2. On a separate sheet of paper, describe this journey, including details of where you would go to send the telegram, what would happen to the telegram at Eucla, and how you think the message would be delivered to your grandparents in Wollongong.

Telegraph messages were charged by character and on the basis of distance. In 1861, the cost per word for a telegraph message from London to Australia was almost equivalent to the average weekly wage. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

49

A new nation

Time line 1815

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads and comprehends a time line of information about the struggle for Federation.

• Writes a letter persuading Premiers to participate in a Federation conference.

Henry Parkes born in Warwickshire, England.

Worksheet information

1839

• Many of the colonies had serious concerns about Federation, in particular the balance of power between the colonies and the Federal government. This was an extremely serious issue, particularly for Western Australia, which almost did not join the Federation.

1848

• Another important issue was who would have the right to vote. Some states were more liberal than others. South Australia had already given women and Aboriginals the right to vote (while other states had not). After Federation, all women in all states were able to vote but Aboriginals lost their right and did not regain it until 1967.

Parkes campaigns against resuming convict transportation.

1850–1858

Parkes becomes the editor and proprietor of The Empire newspaper.

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Teac he r

Parkes emigrates to New South Wales.

1854

• The first referendum in 1888 narrowly returned a ‘No’ vote, so more discussions were held by the Premiers. The second referendum in 1899 returned a ‘Yes’ vote. Exact voting numbers may be viewed at < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Australia >.

Parkes wins a seat in the Legislative Council.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

1856

Answers

Parkes is elected to the Legislative Assembly.

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1880

Page 52

1. (a) conference: a meeting for consultation or discussion

Parkes’s Public Instruction Act introduces compulsory free education.

1887

Parkes seeks to rename New South Wales to Australia.

(b) uniform: having one form; regular

(c) tariff: an official list showing the duties or customs imposed by a government on imports or exports (d) trade: the buying, selling or exchanging of commodities

Parkes gives the Tenterfield Oration.

(f) quarantine: strict isolation to prevent the spread of disease

1890

(g) representative: a person standing or acting for others

Parkes convenes the Australasian Federation Conference in Melbourne.

(h) constitution: a set of fundamental principles which governs a nation, state or political body

1896, 27 April

(i) convention: a meeting or assembly of representatives for action on particular matters

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Parkes dies before seeing Federation come to fruition.

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(e) immigration: the act of coming to settle in a new place

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1889

(j) referendum: the procedure of referring measures proposed by a legislative body to the voters for approval or rejection

o c . che e r o t r s super (k) inauguration: the formal beginning

2. tariffs, trade, postal services/communication, Chinese immigration, vine diseases/ quarantine, defence, Pacific relations

3. The Tenterfield Oration; Sir Henry Parkes

4. (a) The Australian Natives’ Association; held in Melbourne; representatives from all six colonies and New Zealand (b) The National Australasian Convention; held in Sydney; representatives from all colonies and New Zealand; drafted a constitution under the name ‘Commonwealth of Australia’.

5. The people were involved in two referendums in 1899 and 1990. They also elected the representatives who went to the conferences and conventions.

Further exploration • Investigate and report about the lives of Alfred Deakin and Edmund Barton, who were also fervent supporters of Federation.

50

Primary Australian history

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A new

The struggle for Federation – 1

natio

n

On 1 January, 1901, the six separate British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed a federation to become the Commonwealth of Australia. This was not an easy or quick task, as the idea did not have a lot of support to begin with.

1863 A Federal Council is first proposed by Sir Henry Parkes, the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1867 Intercolonial conference held in Melbourne to discuss uniform postal services.

1870 Intercolonial conference held in Melbourne to discuss uniform tariffs and trade.

1891 The National Australasian Convention is held in Sydney. Representatives from all colonies and New Zealand draft a constitution under the name of the ‘Commonwealth of Australia’.

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1867 Intercolonial conference held in Melbourne to discuss uniform tariffs and trade.

Teac he r

1890 The Australian Natives’ Association holds a Federation conference in Melbourne which includes representatives from six colonies and New Zealand.

1893 The Corowa Conference meets and decides that elected representatives will attend a Constitutional Convention. The constitution would then be put to a vote by the people in a referendum in each colony.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 1896 •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y• The Bathurst Conference accepts the Constitution

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1881 Intercolonial conference held in Sydney to discuss the exclusion of Chinese immigrants.

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1883 The Federal Australasian Council is constituted to allow Premiers of all colonies to discuss their concerns including defence, quarantine and Pacific relations. Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia and Fiji join but New South Wales and New Zealand do not. South Australia is a member from 1888 to 1890.

drafted in 1891 as a basis for federation.

1899 – 1900 After two referendums are held in the colonies, the Constitution is finally accepted by the people.

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1880 Premier of New South Wales, Sir Henry Parkes, again suggests Federation at an intercolonial conference meeting to discuss communication, Chinese immigration, vine diseases and uniform tariff rates.

1900 On 17 September, Queen Victoria proclaims that the Commonwealth of Australia will come into being on 1 January 1901.

o c . che e r o t r s super

1901 A ceremony is held in Centennial Park, Sydney, to mark the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia. Federal parliament opens on 9 May.

1889 Sir Henry Parkes gives a speech at Tenterfield in New South Wales (now famously called ‘The Tenterfield Oration’) giving New South Wales full support towards Federation and urging other Premiers to support it by holding an Australasian Federation Conference. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

51

A new

The struggle for Federation – 2

natio

n

Use the text on page 51 to complete the following.

1. Write short meanings for the following words.

You may use a dictionary to assist you. (a) conference

(b) uniform (c) tariff (d) trade (f) quarantine

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Teac he r

(e) immigration

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(g) representative (h) constitution (i) convention

(j) referendum

(k) inauguration

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2. List six areas of concern the colonies had to discuss in relation to Federation.

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3. Which well-known speech urged premiers to fully support Federation and pledged the support of the colony of New South Wales? Who gave the speech?

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4. Which two conferences in 1890 and 1891 are thought to be responsible for establishing the need for Federation and setting up the framework for it? Give details about them. (a)

(b)

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5. How much input did the ordinary people have in establishing the Commonwealth of Australia?

A big problem with Federation related to how to structure the government. The constitutions of Canada, Switzerland, Britain and the United States were all considered.

52

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A new

Dear Premier

natio

n

Sir Henry Parkes organised the 1890 Federation Conference. The story is told that on 15 June 1889, during lunch with Lord Carrington, the Governor of New South Wales, the aging Sir Henry Parkes boasted that he ‘could confederate the colonies in twelve months’. Carrington replied, ‘Then why don’t you do it? It would be a glorious finish to your life’.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

The very next day, Parkes wrote to the Victorian Premier, Duncan Gilles, about Federation. He also corresponded with the Premiers and Governors of all the colonies for the remainder of the year. Finally, the Australasian Federation was held in 1890.

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Teac he r

1. Imagine that you are Sir Henry Parkes. Write a short letter to Duncan Gilles giving your support for Federation, some reasons for it, and the advantages Federation would provide. Discuss a time and venue for the meeting.

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2. Sadly, Sir Henry Parkes died in 1896 at the age of 81 before Federation was officially attained. Write a fitting epitaph to go on his gravestone.

During the process of becoming a Federation, it was decided that a federal capital was to be established in New South Wales, but not within one hundred and sixty-one kilometres of Sydney.

This was due to heavy rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

53

A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about Australian government after Federation.

Time line 1788

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Studies a time line to answer questions about some of Australia’s electoral milestones.

Worksheet information

Australia becomes a penal colony ruled by a Governor.

1840

1842

1. the parliament (the legislative power to make laws)

Sydney establishes a city council.

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Teac he r

Adelaide establishes a city council.

• The Constitution of Australia, established in 1901, allows for the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers of the Commonwealth. This system distributes powers between the federal government and the six states. (The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory have reduced levels of government.) Three bodies were developed by the Constitution to carry out these powers. They are:

1843

2. the Commonwealth executive (the executive power to administer laws and carry out the business of government)

First parliamentary elections in Australia held.

3. the federal judicature (the judicial power exercised by the courts).

1846

• To change, alter or add to the Federal Constitution there must be a national referendum. A referendum must achieve a majority of votes in four of the six states, as well as a majority in the total national vote. A referendum must be passed by both houses of parliament or presented by the Governor-General before it can be voted on.

The need for a federal authority is first suggested.

1856

SA is the first state to allow men 21 years and over the right to vote.

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SA and Vic. are the first to introduce secret ballot.

SA is the first to allow women 21 years and over the right to vote.

1889

Page 56

(b) Australia has three levels of government—federal, state and local.

1900 Australian Constitution ratified by British Parliament.

(c) Duties and responsibilities can/sometimes overlap among the levels of government.

2. representative, constitutional

1901

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3. Because the first white settlers came from Britain.

Federation and first Parliament.

4. (a) current monarch/Queen Elizabeth II (b) Prime Minister (c) Governor-General

Canberra is officially named as Australia’s capital city.

1924

Answers

1. (a) Before Federation, Australia consisted of six separate colonies each having its own system of government, modelled on New South Wales.

Henry Parkes gives the Tenterfield Oration.

1913

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

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Compulsory voting in federal elections.

1927 First parliament in Canberra.

1962

(d) Governor

(e) Premier

(f) Lord Mayor, Mayor, Shire President

(g) Opposition

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Aboriginal people receive vote in federal elections on a voluntary basis.

1973

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1894

• Australia’s system of government is based on the British, but has the USA’s influence of the Senate and Switzerland’s influence of referendums.

Voting age lowered to 18.

5. Teacher check Page 57

1. It was a penal colony ruled by a Governor.

2. White men 21 years and over, white women 21 years and over in SA and WA 3. False

4. Tasmania

5. Victoria

6. Answers should state SA as it was the first state to grant voting fights to men and women 21 and over, and along with Victoria, the first to introduce the secret ballot.

7. 83 years

1984

Further exploration

Enrolment and voting compulsory for Aboriginal people.

• Research further aspects of how the Australian Government has run since Federation; e.g. how an act of parliament becomes law or how elections are held.

• Add further electoral milestones to the time line on page 57. Students could also make up extra questions different from those given on page 57 for other students to answer.

• Research and discuss why it took so long for Aboriginal people to be given full voting rights and why the voting age was lowered to 18 years.

54

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A new

Post-Federation government – 1

natio

n

Before Australia became a Federation in 1901, it consisted of six separate colonies—New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia—now known as states. Each colony had its own system of government, modelled on New South Wales, the ‘mother’ colony. The colonies did not all follow the same policies; e.g. some charged taxes when goods were moved between colonies and others had free trade. Federation saw a constitution adopted; i.e. a set of rules outlining how the whole country should be governed. A referendum was held with all colonies in favour of the constitution.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

Australia follows a representative democracy called a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is the head of state (the nation as a whole), and the Prime Minister is the head of government. Australia’s system is modelled on the British system because the first white settlers came from Britain. As the monarch does not live in Australia, a Governor-General is appointed to represent her at federal level and Governors at state level.

Federal government The federal government is based in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory.

There are two chambers:

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Australia has three levels of government—federal, state and local. Each is run by a democratically-elected parliament or council. There are times when duties and responsibilities overlap and services or a regulation become the responsibility of more than one level of government.

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• Senate – The Upper House. New laws introduced by the Lower House are reviewed here. The Senate represents the six states and two territories— there are 12 elected members from each state and two from each territory.

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• The House of Representatives – Also called the Lower House. New laws are introduced here. Australia is divided into electorates with approximately the same number of people in each and the successful elected person from each electorate sits in the House of Representatives. The political party with the most elected members in this House forms the Government and the party which comes second forms the Opposition.

The federal government can create laws (called ‘passing a bill’) in areas including tax, defence, immigration, currency, health, telecommunications, welfare, environment, foreign affairs and education.

State government

o c . che e r o t r s super Local government

Each state (or territory) government is elected in a similar way to the federal government but only by those within its electorates. The leader is called the Premier. State governments make laws to complement those of the federal government, which are important to the needs of its residents.

Areas include law and order, housing, public transport, roads, education, tourism, environment, water, health and tourism. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Areas within each state are divided into smaller areas, known as cities, towns or shires, depending on the population. The leader is called the Lord Mayor, Mayor or Shire President. Local government representatives, called councillors, are elected by residents of the area. Local governments make by-laws in the areas of community health, refuse collection, libraries, recreation areas, town planning, street lights and parking areas.

Primary Australian history

55

A new

Post-Federation government – 2

natio

n

Answer the questions about the text on page 55.

1. Rewrite these statements so they are true. (a) Before Federation, Australia consisted of seven separate colonies, each having its own system of government, modelled on Victoria.

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(b) Australia has two levels of government—federal and local.

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(c) Duties and responsibilities never overlap among the levels of government.

2. Fill in the missing words.

Australia follows a

democracy called a

monarchy.

3. Why is the Australian government based on the British system?

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C.Publ i cat i ons (a) Australian head of state.

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• (b) Australian head of government.

4. Write the titles or names for these.

(d) Representative of the monarch at state level.

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(e) Leader of each state. (f) Names for leaders of local councils.

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(g) Political party that comes second in an election.

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5. Write keywords to describe what happens in each house at federal level.

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(c) Representative of the monarch at federal level.

House of Representatives

Senate

In the early 1800s, the system of government was based on one Governor who relied on laws and decisions being communicated from England, which took a long time. Later, a Legislative Council was created to advise the Governor.

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A new

Australia’s electoral milestones

natio

n

Today, voting is compulsory and all Australian citizens 18 years and over are eligible to vote by secret ballot. But it hasn’t always been that way!

Study the time line below to learn about some of Australia’s electoral milestones.

1788 Australia becomes a penal colony under the rule of a Governor.

1911 Federal elections are changed to be held on Saturdays.

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1840 The Adelaide city council is established.

1924 Compulsory voting in federal elections introduced.

1842 The Sydney city council is established.

1949 Aboriginal people receive vote at federal elections as long as they are eligible at state level or have served in defence forces.

Teac he r

1856 Men over 21 years receive vote in SA. Secret ballot is first introduced in SA and Vic. 1857 Men over 21 years receive vote in Vic. 1858 Men over 21 years receive vote in NSW.

1962 Aboriginal people receive vote in federal elections on a voluntary basis.

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1843 NSW Legislative Council holds first parliamentary elections with only male landowners allowed to vote.

1973 Voting age is reduced from 21 to 18.

1984 Enrolment and voting now compulsory for Aboriginal people.

Note: The secret ballot in each state was introduced around the same time males 21 and over became eligible to vote. Unless indicated, men and women in the time line refer to those who were white.

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1893 Men over 21 years receive vote in WA.

1894 Women over 21 years receive vote in SA. 1896 Men over 21 years receive vote in Tas.

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1899 Women over 21 years receive vote in WA.

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1901 First federal elections are held.

Answer these questions on another sheet of paper.

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1872 Men over 21 years receive vote in Qld.

1. How was Australia governed in 1788?

2. Who was eligible to vote at the time of Federation?

3. True or False? Men 21 and over were allowed to vote in the NSW Legislative Council elections of 1843.

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1902 People of Aboriginal, Asian, African or Pacific Island origin are excluded from voting in federal elections. Women over 21 years receive vote in NSW. 1903 First federal elections under federal law are held. Women over 21 years receive vote in Tas.

4. Which was the last state to allow men 21 and over voting rights?

5 Which was the last state to allow women 21 and over voting rights?

1905 Women over 21 years receive vote in Qld.

6. Which state do you consider to be the most progressive about voting rights? Why?

1908 Women over 21 years receive vote in Vic.

7. How many years after Federation were Aboriginal people granted full voting rights?

In 1943, the Honourable Dame Enid Lyons became the first female member of the House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney the first female Senate member. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

57

World War I : The Fromelles fiasco A new nation

Time line 1914

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Indicators

Germany declares war on France.

4 August

Germany declares war on neutral Belgium.

Britain declares war on Germany.

September

The first trenches of the Western Front are dug.

October – November

1915

Second Battle of Ypres.

25 April

ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli.

• Completes a table detailing Australian involvement in battles on the Western Front.

Teacher information

• Discuss trench warfare with the students so that they have an understanding of the conditions endured by the soldiers on the Western Front.

• On a map of Europe, identify the major players in the war.

• Present a detailed map of a specific battle, detailing movement of German and Allied forces.

First Battle of Ypres.

April–May

• Reads text and answers questions about the Battle of Fromelles.

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Teac he r

3 August

28 December ANZAC troops are withdrawn from Gallipoli.

• Read the poem, For the fallen by Laurence Binyon (1869-1943), one stanza of which they will be familiar with. Explain that poetry such as this is an excellent primary source for people studying that period of history. It was written by people who experienced the war firsthand and gives vivid descriptions, including personal thoughts and feelings.

21 February–18 December

• The 5533 Australian casualties suffered in 27 hours at Fromelles were equivalent to the total suffered in the Boer War, Korean War and Vietnam War, making it an overwhelming disaster.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

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Battle of Verdun.

1 July–18 November

Answers

Battle of the Somme.

1917

Page 60

1. France and Belgium

31 July–10 November

Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele.

20 September Battle of Mennin Road Ridge.

(b) British General Sir Richard Haking ordered the attack on Fromelles to divert German troops from the Somme offensive, to give the Allies a better chance of success.

9 0ctober

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26 September Battle of Polygon Wood.

4 October

6 November 1918 21 April

Battle of Broodseinde.

British and Dominion troops assault Poelcappelle village.

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2. Gallipoli 3. (a) 1916

British and Dominion troops capture Passchendaele village.

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1916

4. Teacher check. Suggestion: better vantage point on the salient and better weapons 5. (a) Teacher check. Suggestion: They had no experience of the practical situation and problems and so made unrealistic demands.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Baron von Richthofen, the ‘Red Baron’, is shot down by Australian fire.

(b) Teacher check. Suggestion: So many men died in a brief attack that made no difference to the progress of the war.

Further exploration

• Discuss the World War I poems of Siegfried Sassoon. Research to understand any unknown references. Choose how to record the information his poems give you.

• Design a poster showing the major offensives on the Western Front. Include a map, legend and dates.

• Research to plan a tour of the Western Front memorials in France and Belgium where Australians are honoured. Produce a detailed pamphlet describing each memorial and suggest a practical itinerary to visit them all.

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A new

World War I: The Fromelles fiasco – 1

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n

World War I resulted in the loss of almost 1 000 000 lives from Britain and its Empire, most of them on the Western Front in France and Belgium. For a distance of 800 km, from the Swiss border to the North Sea, lines of trenches were dug in which soldiers from both sides endured the misery of trench warfare, responding to orders given by high-ranking officers from their army headquarters.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

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The offensive at which troops from the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) first saw action on the Western Front after they had survived the ravages of Gallipoli, was at Fromelles in July 1916. With little time to familiarise themselves with the area and conditions, the 15th Brigade and its attacking battalions, under the command of Brigadier General ‘Pompey’ Elliott, launched into a full-scale attack on the Germans. The purpose of this was to divert German troops from the Battle of the Somme in which troops from the AIF later fought and died.

The attack on Fromelles was proposed by the British General, Sir Richard Haking. The soldiers were to capture the enemy positions protecting Fromelles, a strategy that had failed on two previous attempts. The Germans had the advantage of the Sugarloaf salient, a region of higher ground that stuck out from their lines. From the relative safety of their concrete pillboxes from which they fired superior machine guns, the Germans had a clear view of the battlefield and enemy movements.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons The Battle of• Fromelles continued for just 27p hours.

The battalions advanced iny four• waves only to be f o r r e v i e w u r p o s e s o n l mown down by the continuous onslaught of German artillery. No ground was gained by the Allies but 5533 Elliott knew that nothing short of a massacre would occur if the attack went ahead and he tried to have the attack cancelled. But it was not to be.

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Australian soldiers were killed or wounded and 400 taken prisoner. It was the only battle in which Australian troops fought on the Western Front that did not produce a positive result for the Allies. The soldiers who survived the holocaust were so physically and mentally damaged by the experience that they were unfit for further action for many months.

Brigadier General Elliott survived the battle but his life was in ruins as he struggled to comprehend the futility of so many deaths which he had predicted and tried to prevent. In 1931, Elliott took his own life.

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o c . che e r o t r s super The inscription on the wall reads:

The VC Corner Cemetery, situated at the site of no-man’s land between the Australian and German lines in 1916, is a memorial to those Australians who died at Fromelles. There are no individual gravestones in the cemetery but, within the garden, 410 rosebushes represent the unidentified soldiers who lie beneath its lawns. On the back wall, the names of the 1299 Australians with no known graves are inscribed.

In honour of the 410 unknown Australian soldiers here buried, who were among the 1299 Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Men of the Australian Imperial Force, killed in the Attack on Fromelles, July 19th and 20th, 1916.

Soldiers of the AIF continued their support of the Allies on the Western Front, seeing action at the Somme and at Passchendaele, the third battle of Ypres. www.ricpublications.com.au

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59

A new

World War I: The Fromelles fiasco – 2

natio

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Answer the questions about the text on page 59.

1. In which two European countries were the Western Front battlefields?

2. Where had the Australian troops seen action before arriving at the Western Front?

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3. (a) In what year did the Battle of Fromelles take place? (b) Who ordered the attack on Fromelles and why?

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Teac he r

4. Why do you think the Germans were able to fend off the British attack?

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C.Publ i cat i ons 5. Many high-ranking officers who gave orders during World War I never ventured on to the battlefields.

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• (a) In what ways do you think this might have affected their ability to make rational decisions?

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(b) The Battle of Fromelles has been described as the greatest disaster in Australian history. Explain why you think this may be.

One of the German soldiers defending the Sugarloaf salient was Adolf Hitler, then a 27-yearold corporal and message runner for the Bavarian Reserve Infantry.

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Under the command of Sir John Monash

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Sir John Monash of Melbourne is hailed as one of the greatest figures in Australian history. The ‘best general on the Western Front’ is how he was described by the famous British commander, Field Marshall Montgomery.

From the war zones of Egypt, Monash moved to the Western Front in 1916 where he was promoted to Major General and took command of the 3rd Division of the Australian Imperial Force.

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Among the many offensives in which he and his troops were involved were the battles of Messines Ridge, Passchendaele and Polygon Wood.

1. From a range of sources, gather information to make notes on each of these battles.

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Messines

Passchendaele

Polygon Wood

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Battle Date

Main offensive Australian involvement including casualties

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Strategy

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2. (a) Use your notes to draw up a poster-size map of each area. Include a legend. (b) Label the maps with information about each battle.

3. Give an oral presentation using the map.

Since 24 July 1927, the ‘Last post’ has been played by a bugler at the Menin Gate Memorial, at 8 o’clock each evening. Only during World War II, while under German occupation, was the salute in honour of those who died in World War I suspended. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The crash of ’29 A new nation

Time line 1918

Indicators

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• Reads a text and answers questions to show an understanding of the 1929 Wall Street Crash.

• Describes how the flow-on effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash changed the lives of ordinary Australians.

End of World War I. 1929

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Miners strike in New South Wales.

Worksheet information

• The Wall Street Crash of 1929 (also known as the Crash of ’29) was a devastating stock market crash that many believe sparked the depression that hit the world. The crash followed a speculative boom in the late 1920s, which had led millions of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market, many borrowing money to buy stock. Banks lent heavily to fund this share-buying spree. On Tuesday 29 October, later known as Black Tuesday, a record 16 000 000 shares were traded and US$30 billion of stocks and shares became worthless. The Crash, combined with other factors such as the already fragile economies in Australia and the United States, led to a worldwide economic crisis.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches a high of 381.17.

22 October

James Scullin becomes Australia’s ninth Prime Minister.

24 October

Black Thursday: A record 12.9 million shares are traded.

25 October

Leading Wall Street bankers meet to try to find a solution to the panic. They place high bids on ‘blue chip’ stocks and succeed in halting the slide that day.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

Black Tuesday: 16.4 million shares are traded and the Wall Street stock market crashes.

1. The price of shares fell drastically on the New York Stock Exchange.

29 October

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3 September

Answers Page 64

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1930

Clashes occur between police and unemployed in Sydney.

2. Answers will vary but should mention that when the overseas companies that bought Australian exports closed down after the Wall Street Crash, Australian companies weren’t able to sell their goods, so started to lose money, with some being forced to close down, increasing unemployment.

3. (a) share: ownership in part of a company that can be bought and sold.

1931

(d) unemployment: a measure of the number of people who can work but do not have jobs.

Australian Labor Party is defeated at the Federal election.

1932

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Unemployment in Australia hits a high of 29%.

Joseph Lyons becomes Prime Minister.

1939

Unemployment drops to 10%.

World War II begins.

(b) profit: the amount of money a company makes after it has paid all expenses. (c) sales: money a company receives from the goods and services it sells.

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Increased hostility towards European workers leads to non-British Europeans being banned from immigrating (unless they are wealthy or have relatives living in Australia).

(e) goods: things we buy and sell that can be made or grown.

4. Teacher check

5. Answers will vary but should mention that many businesses were unable to raise money and some were forced to close down. This left people unemployed. Unemployed people could no longer afford to spend money and therefore did not buy products. Hence, sales decreased.

o c . che e r o t r s super 6. Teacher check.

Further exploration

1942

Stock prices in the United States are still 75% below their 1929 peak.

• Students could explore why the colour black was chosen as part of the name ‘Black Tuesday’. Investigate what the colour black suggests and how colours are used to reflect emotions.

• The Wall Street Crash was an economic disaster that encouraged people to join political organisations that promised solutions to their problems, such as socialist groups.

Students could investigate how the Crash may have helped Adolf Hitler come to power.

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The Crash of ’29 – 1

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New York 15 December 1929

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have of late! Of course you would d ha ’ve we e tim le rib ter a what a, too. ur Aunt Jan and me … well, have affected you in Australi s nt eve t en rec ine I hope you’re well. As for yo ag im I t what happened here. In fac s ago, Jan heard in Australia all about en we started out eight year wh ell, W ht? rig , ny pa com and the business. Instead exp . You know we have a shoe ed to en y ne pp ha mo s ’ re at mo wh ed n ed lai ne exp I’ll s later, we called of the company. Three year business, called shares (also the of ip rsh ne ow the and I shared the ownership of ling the bank, we decided to sell parts profits we make, or from sel the m fro r he eit y, ne of borrowing money from the mo ke ny and not es buy shares so they can ma then (we were a small compa ch ea ts cen 50 t stocks). People and business jus rth wo d popular, and our shares of our company’s shares, an 00 ful 20 t ss cce kep I su t. re ofi pr mo a s at wa es ny ar sh d our compa ares). But six months ago, ke money. In fact, since the mi ma to y wa t ea gr a be n ca many people wanted our sh It 000! really 2000 shares were worth $5 til October share prices were un d an y, ne mo ke ma were worth $2.50 each. My to es rted buying and selling shar 1920s, many people have sta ares. borrowing money to buy sh n eve re we le op pe me So h. hig at happened on 24 and 29 wh y ctl exa is is Th . wn do they go so always go up … sometimes shares started to go down, of ice pr e Th . rk Yo w Ne in However, share prices don’t d here and the reet, where shares are trade le wanted to buy the shares op pe few t Bu y. ne October this year on Wall St mo ch mu to sell their shares before they lost too losing their money and tried t ou ab red sca t people started selling their go es ar sh ys have been called ‘Black ly, nearly everyone with da en o dd tw Su ese re.

Th mo ’. me red so ea l pp fel s isa price llars just ‘d ices crashed. Millions of do days. shares … and the share pr e they were such dark, awful us ca be ’ ay esd Tu k lac ares, ‘B d Thursday’ an use nobody wants to buy sh ca be ell, W ? ng thi d ba a ch su looks like y the Wall Street Crash was no chance to raise money, it d an g pin op dr les Maybe you’re wondering wh sa ith W is is happening in other money to do business.

Th ise s. ra job n’t ir ca the e rs ou los e ll lik wi s us nie compa who work for s. Companies don’t need to res. This means the people od sto go r ou for se nd clo ma to de ve s ha les ll is wi re we d, so the lose yed have less money to spen they owe, so banks start to y ne mo s nk ba e giv n’t ca countries, too. The unemplo le peop y to give, ople lose jobs. Without jobs, t, but the bank has no mone ou gs vin sa ir the e make as much, so more pe tak to o have money in the bank try money, too. Then people wh s a terrible situation. and closes down. You see, it’ companies. Now that these s ea ers ov to ins gra d an ol, meat and money from the sale of wo goods to anyone. Farmers ir the l sel to le ab be n’t You Australians depend on wo s Jan and are closing down, Australian employment will rise. Aunt un d an , too , wn do se companies around the world clo to ices falling start to lose money and have gh in Australia, with wool pr tou dy ea alr e ar s businesses in Australia will ng thi ow kn affected too badly. We I can only hope you won’t be ing high. lately and unemployment be eetheart, Take good care of yourself, sw

Dear Mary

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Love

Uncle Rob and Aunt Jan

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The Crash of ’29 – 2

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Use the text on page 63 to answer these questions.

1. Describe what happened on Black Tuesday.

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2. Explain how the Wall Street Crash in 1929 affected Australia.

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Teac he r

3. Match these words from the text to their meaning.

(a) share

•

a measure of the number of people who can work but do not have jobs

(b) profit

•

money a company receives from the goods and services it sells

(c) sales

•

things we buy and sell that can be made or grown

• ownership in part ac company that be bought and sold © R. I .

C .Pu bofl i at i ocan ns (e) goods the amount of money a company makes after it has paid all •f orr ev• i e w pur posesonl y• expenses

(d) unemployment

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5. Explain why sales dropped after the Wall Street Crash. your decision.

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4. If there was a stock market crash today, how do you think it might affect you?

6. Many people today invest in stocks and shares.

Would you invest your money this way? Explain

Unemployment reached a record high of almost 29% in Australia in 1932. Today, unemployment is around 5%.

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Flow-on effects of the Crash

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Flow-on effects are things that happen as an indirect result of an another event. The Stock Market Crash in New York in 1929 had flow-on effects that changed the lives of millions of people, not just those who lost money on their shares.

Look at the picture below of an Australian family in the early 1930s. Three years before this picture was taken they had a house, money, clothing and food. Flow-on effects of the Wall Street Crash mean they have just been evicted from their house.

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Choose one member of this family and write how the flow-on effects of the Crash of ’29 have changed different aspects of his or her life. Include details of how the crash led to changes in their diet, clothing, employment/school, daily routines (such as bathing), health and home.

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The President of The United States in 1929, Herbert Hoover, believed that if you were in trouble you should help yourself and not expect others to help you. He called this ‘rugged individualism’ and didn’t want to help those out of work. www.ricpublications.com.au

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65

World War II: The New Guinea campaign A new nation

Time line 1939 3 September

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Australian Prime Minister, RG Menzies, broadcasts that Australia is at war with Germany.

1941

10–25 December

Japanese invade the Philippines, Guam, British Borneo, Hong Kong, Burma.

1942

Worksheet information

• Australia first entered World War II in June 1940 in Europe. It wasn’t until Japan entered the war in December 1941 and occupied most of South-East Asia and Singapore in February 1942 that Australia, the continent, came under threat of invasion. It was then that Australian troops were called into duty closer to home to protect our shores from the threat of Japanese invasion. Most of the fighting took place in Papua New Guinea.

However, several instances of Japanese activity occurred on Australian soil. Japanese submarines made it, undetected, into Sydney Harbour and bombing attacks were made on Darwin, Townsville, Katherine, Wyndham, Derby, Port Hedland, Exmouth and Broome.

These attacks were the first ever on Australian soil since settlement.

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Teac he r

28 November Australian Cabinet agrees to send Australian troops overseas.

• Researches to locate information about the Battle of Buna-Gona and considers the effect the battles in Papua New Guinea had on Australian troops.

21 January

The Japanese bomb New Guinea for the first time.

February

Singapore falls to Japanese troops.

3 February

Japanese air raids on Port Moresby.

19 February

Darwin is bombed twice by Japanese aircraft.

22 March

Darwin attacked by Japanese aircraft again.

8 May

Battle of the Coral Sea.

2. (a) yes (b) can’t tell or yes (some students may be aware of Australian nicknames)

31 May

Japanese submarines attack Sydney Harbour.

(c) yes (d) yes

21July

Japanese land at Buna.

26 August

Japanese troops land at Milne Bay and advance up Kokoda Track.

(b) Guinea; three

6 September

Allied forces defeat Japanese at Milne Bay.

• For the student activity on page 69, students may work in pairs to research in the library or on the Internet to gather the information necessary to complete the table.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Answers Page 68

1. B is the location of Milne Bay

3. (a) Australians; Americans

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(c) Japanese; Kittyhawk; coastwatchers 4. When a Japanese soldier threw a grenade at his commander.

5. The forces were united to ensure success.

14 September Japanese troops are now within 30 miles of Port Moresby on the Kokoda Track.

6. Johnny’s heroic efforts to take out three machine gunners.

25 September Japan starts to withdraw along the Kokoda.

• Research to find how the Australian forces held the Japanese at bay on the Kokoda Track.

2 November

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Australian troops take back the Kokoda Track.

16 November Allied forces attack the last Japanese stronghold at the Buna-Gona beachhead.

9 December

• Consider and discuss: ‘How would Australia be different today, if the Japanese had been successful in their invasion of Papua New Guinea?’

• Research to find further information about the Japanese bombings of Darwin in 1942.

Present a detailed news report on the events, providing background information covering the reasons why Darwin was a target.

Australian troops take back Gona.

1943 24 January

Further exploration

Fighting in Papua is reported as officially over.

1945 September

66

The Japanese surrender.

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World War II: The New Guinea campaign – 1

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10 September 1942 My lovely,

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After a fierce on-the-ground battle against the Japanese, it is finally over and I should be home soon. I am so tired and many of our men are ill with fever and exhaustion. We were not expected to win the battle at Milne Bay on the south-eastern tip of Papua, but we had to put in our very best effort to defend the three airstrips the Americans were building and Port Morseby or Australia would be under threat of a Japanese invasion—and we just couldn’t allow that to happen.

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The humidity and torrential rain are unbelievable and make fighting in these conditions extremely difficult. We have been in Papua, on the Kokoda Track, since June and have adapted fairly well to the conditions. The jungle is dense, the mud deep and the mountains steep, but our fighting spirit is strong. I think of you and our beautiful daughter, Dorothy, to get me through and I know many of the boys think of their loved ones too.

Our ground, air and sea forces all came under one commander, Major-General Cyril Clowes, for this battle to ensure we had the best chance of winning. We worked together with Kittyhawk squadrons and the coastwatchers to use intelligence collected to know where the ‘Kaigun Rikusentai’ (Special Japanese Naval Landing Forces) were at all times. The Japs used their naval expertise to evacuate their men, land reinforcements and collect more supplies at night; but during the day, our Kittyhawks were superior and uncontested in the skies.

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The Japs fight dirty, even when you think they are dead, they’re not. My commander was walking across the airstrip when a wounded Jap cried out for help. He went to his aid and the Jap sprang up and hurled a grenade at him, wounding him in the face. From that point on, we were much more careful with those who appeared to be dead or dying!

We were part of the section faced with fire from three Japanese machine gun positions. My mate, Johnny, ordered our section to take cover so he could attack and hopefully destroy two of the machine guns with grenades.

He was successful and then moved forward to attack the third machine gun position with his submachine gun. All was quiet, the Japs had finally ceased fire, so we moved in to check our progress. We found the machine gunners dead at their positions and that my mate had lost his life. He was so brave, I’m sure he will be remembered for his heroic efforts. I will make time to visit his wife, Valerie, when I come home and tell her how much of a hero Johnny was. She should be very proud of her old man.

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I am so proud of my Australian and US mates, we were the first to defeat the Japs on land, a battle that I’m sure will go down in history. Until I see you again, my darling, keep well and give my love to our daughter. I long to see you both and be the husband and father I promised to be on our wedding day.

Love always, Bluey www.ricpublications.com.au

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World War II: The New Guinea campaign – 2

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Use the text on page 67 to answer the questions.

1. Circle the correct location of Milne Bay on this map of Papua New Guinea.

2. Answer ‘yes’, ‘no’ or ‘can’t tell’. (a) The Australians referred to the Japanese troops as ‘Japs’.

yes

no

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(b) Bluey probably has red hair. yes

no

can’t tell

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(c) The coastwatchers were likely to be part of the sea forces (navy).

yes

no

can’t tell

(d) Johnny and Bluey were mates.

yes

no

can’t tell

3. Complete these cloze statements.

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C .Publ i cat i ons . (b) Bluey and section been ine Papua forn •hisf o rhad r e vi wNewpur poseso l y• (a) The Allied forces fighting against the Japanese at Milne Bay were the

and the

months.

(c) Intelligence on the movements of the

forces, the

was gathered by ground squadron and the

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4. What event gave Bluey cause to distrust the Japanese?

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5. What was the purpose of uniting the army, airforce and navy for this battle?

6. Write a brief explanation of what Paragraph 5 is about.

The Japanese landed at Milne Bay on 25 August 1942 in an attempt to attack and secure Port Morseby. After an intense battle, the Japanese retreated on 5 September 1941. The battle lasted only ten days!

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Australia at war

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Another significant battle in Papua New Guinea was the Battle of Buna-Gona between November 1942 and January 1943.

1. Research the Battle of Buna-Gona to complete the table.

Which countries were involved?

Who initiated the attack?

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Why was the attack initiated?

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Who was the attack against?

How was the enemy defeated?

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What were the casualties on each side?

2. Explain the impact the battles in Papua New Guinea had on Australian troops during the Second World War.

The Battle at Milne Bay cost Australia 373 casualties (including 167 killed in action), the US lost 14 of their men during the defence of the airfields, while the Japanese lost more than 1480 troops. www.ricpublications.com.au

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69

Wartime prime ministers People and politics

Time line

1862

25 September Hughes born in London.

1884

Hughes founds and becomes the first president of the national Waterside Workers’ Union.

Teac he r

29 March

Worksheet information

Hughes is elected as Labor candidate at the first federal election.

1901–1915

Hughes holds many government positions from minister to deputy leader.

1915–1923

27 October 1915–9 February 1923

1939

Hughes becomes Prime Minister when Andrew Fisher retires.

• The life of John Curtin was not easy. He fought a battle with alcohol from time to time, suffered from health and stress problems, endured long periods of separation from his family and was forced, although essentially a man of peace, to lead a country at war.

• Throughout Perth and Canberra, a large number of things have been named after John Curtin. These include avenues, colleges, houses, universities, civic centres, galleries, libraries, statues, a Federal electorate, an RAAF air base, a railway, a suburb, a bridge, hotel, reserve, fountain, buildings, awards, a school of medical research and, of course, John Curtin House at the Australian Labor Party Headquarters in Canberra.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

Hughes is narrowly defeated for United Australia Party leadership (and the office of Prime Minister) by RG Menzies.

Answers

Hughes dies at Lindfield, NSW.

1. Refer to table

1952 28 October

• Billy Hughes was well qualified to support the working man. He held a variety of jobs before joining politics including railway tally clerk, rock breaker, boundary rider, blacksmith’s striker, well sinker, farm labourer, swagman, ship’s cook, oven-maker, umbrella mender and a small-business operator. Hughes belonged to many political parties including the Socialist Party, the Labor Party, the Solidarity Labor Party, the Nationalist Party, the Australia Party, the United Australia Party (later the Liberal Party) and the Liberal Party. His main aim was to get legislation passed.

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1901

• Writes examples of difficult decisions which had to be made.

Hughes migrates to Brisbane.

1900

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• Reads and comprehends information about Billy Hughes and John Curtin.

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1885 8 January

John Curtin born at Creswick, Victoria.

1898

1911

1917

Curtin leaves school, aged 13.

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1903

Curtin finds regular work with a manufacturing company.

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Curtin becomes organising secretary of the sawmillers’ union.

World War II breaks out.

1941

Curtin is elected Prime Minister.

1941 7 December The Japanese attack Pearl Harbour.

1943

Conscription is introduced.

1945 5 July

Curtin dies.

John Curtin

1862

1885

Early life before entering politics

• teacher • held a variety of jobs • union organiser • achieved minimum pay rates and eighthour day

• poor family • sparse education • self-taught • union worker • against conscription – jailed • editor of Westralian Worker

Early political career

• Minister • Attorney-General • Deputy Prime Minister

• won Federal seat of Fremantle twice

Year became Prime Minister

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Curtin wins federal seat of Fremantle.

1939

Year of birth

1915

Strong beliefs

Curtin becomes editor of the Westralian Worker.

1928 and 1929

William Hughes

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Important acts as Prime Minister

Interesting facts

1941

conscription

originally anti-conscription

• worked for reparation • gained benefits for returned soldiers and their families • introduced preferential voting • gained Australian control over Germany’s interests in New Guinea

• brought home Australian troops in Europe against British opposition • appointed MacArthur in charge of Australian troops in the Pacific region • introduced conscription • set up the Australian economy to support the war effort

• visited troops wearing a slouch hat and earned the name ‘The Little Digger’ • longest-serving member of parliament • only PM to serve on both sides of politics

• died before the end of the war in the Pacific • one of Australia’s greatest Prime Ministers

2. Teacher check

Further exploration • Investigate other Prime Ministers who led Australia during periods of conflict, including Sir Robert Menzies and Harold Holt.

• Read about the dismissal of the Whitlam Government on 11 November 1975.

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People a nd po li

Wartime prime ministers – 1

tics

Two prominent prime ministers served their term of office during World War I and World War II. They were William Hughes and John Curtin.

William Morris Hughes (1862–1952) began his political life as a member of the first federal parliament in 1901.

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Born in London, ‘Billy’ Hughes was employed as a teacher before migrating to Australia where he was employed in a variety of jobs.

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John expanded his knowledge at night by constant reading of political works, novels, essays and poetry. He joined the Political Labor Party and soon developed a reputation as a good speaker. He became involved in various unions and worked for better conditions for workers. He was against conscription during World War I and spent a short time in jail when he failed to enlist.

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Gradually, his interests led him to form a number of labour unions and from there, he joined the Labor Party.

He campaigned and won awards, including minimum pay rates and the eight-hour day. He held many offices in parliament, including ministerial positions, AttorneyGeneral and Deputy Prime Minister, until he became Prime Minister in 1915 — a position he held until 1923.

During his early political career, he studied law and became a barrister. During his time as prime minister during World War I, he strongly supported Australia’s war effort and was a great believer in conscription (compulsory military service). His belief was so strong that he voted with opposition parties to get legislation through parliament, and even resigned as Prime Minister—before being reinstated—because of it.

John Curtin (1885–1945) was a man from a simple background with a sparse education who was forced by family poverty to start work at the age of 13.

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One of his most ardent efforts after World War I was to gain reparation (compensation for damage to property and population during war). He worked to gain benefits for returned soldiers and/or their widows and children.

He even gained Australian control over Germany’s interests in New Guinea.

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One of his legislations was to establish preferential voting, a practice which is still in force today.

Billy Hughes spent more than 58 years as a member of parliament, setting a record which is unbeaten even today. He was also the only Prime Minister to have served on both sides of politics — Labor and non-Labor.

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During World War II, Curtin criticised the British strategy for the use of Australian troops and, instead, worked closely with US General Douglas MacArthur to defend the Pacific region. One momentous decision was to bring home two divisions of Australian troops from Europe, under extremely unsafe conditions, instead of sending them to Burma as directed by British leader, Churchill.

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In 1916, he travelled around Europe visiting Australian troops, wearing a slouch hat and earning the name ‘The Little Digger’.

Curtin moved to Perth in 1917 to become editor of the Westralian Worker, the official journal of the Labor Party and continued his union work. He won the Federal seat of Fremantle in 1928 and 1929 and in 1941, was sworn in as Prime Minister—an unusual feat for a Western Australian leader.

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Eventually, Curtin also bowed to pressure from both the US and Britain and introduced conscription. During the difficult times of World War II, he geared the economy towards the war effort—manufacturing ammunition, weapons and aircraft and building up the workforce with businessmen, temporary recruits and women. He hoped that after the war, Australia would be free from unemployment and the depression of the 1930s.

Curtin died, in office, six weeks before the end of the war in the Pacific. He is regarded by many as one of the greatest of Australia’s Prime Ministers.

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Wartime prime ministers – 2

People a nd po li

tics

Use the text on page 71 to complete the following.

1. Complete the table of information about William Hughes and John Curtin.

William Hughes Year of birth

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Early life before entering politics

John Curtin

Early political career Year became Prime Minister

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Important acts as Prime Minister

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C.Publ i cat i ons Strong beliefs •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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2. On a separate sheet of paper, give details of ways both William Hughes and John Curtin helped to build national pride and the Australian economy.

Hughes supported an Act to restrict immigration because he was afraid that migrants who were used to working for low wages would influence the wages of other workers.

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People a nd po li

Difficult decisions

tics

Both Billy Hughes and John Curtin held strong views about conscription (compulsory military service). Curtin originally opposed conscription but was forced by circumstances and political pressure to introduce it. Perhaps because of that fact, he fought very hard to ensure that Australian troops returned safely from the Middle East in 1913. It was stated that he paced the floors in Canberra and did not sleep until the ships arrived safely. He also ensured that General Douglas MacArthur was put in charge of Pacific operations and would protect Australia as an American base. He tried to put the best interests of Australia before his own personal beliefs.

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(a) Example 1:

• decision to be made:

• own beliefs about the topic/subject:

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1. Consider a time when you had to make difficult decisions, even if you didn’t want to, which conflicted with your beliefs, convictions, wants or desires. Give two examples, stating the decision which needed to be made, your own beliefs, convictions, wants or desires, your final decision and the reason(s) for making the decision.

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• f or ev i e w pur posesonl y• • reason(s) forr making final decision:

• final decision:

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(b) Example 2:

• decision to be made:

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• own beliefs about the topic/subject:

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• final decision:

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• reason(s) for making final decision:

2. With a partner, discuss the quote by Thomas Carlyle – ‘Conviction is worthless unless it is converted into conduct’. Write your thoughts about the meaning of the quote and give some examples.

Many people felt that John Curtin was another casualty of war because he died early at the age of 60 still trying to save his country. His state funeral was attended by thousands of people and Royal Australian Air Force planes escorted his body. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Escaping Africa People and politics

The world

Time line

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Completes activities to show understanding of, and empathy for, refugees in Australia.

1956–present day

Civil war between north and south Sudan begins.

1970s 1977–1978

Thirty thousand Ethiopians imprisoned. Half a million people flee country.

1983

Drought causes famine in Sudan; 95 000 (from a population of 3.1 million) die from starvation.

1991

Civil war in Somalia leaves half a million dead or dying from starvation. Hundreds of thousands flee.

• The latest conflict erupted in Sudan in 2003 when rebel groups began attacking the government, claiming that the government was oppressing the black African population in favour of the Arab population.

• Sadly, most of Darfur is inaccessible to aid workers and the relief of food, water and medicine is not reaching the refugees. Everyone fears for their safety as rebel groups, such as the janjaweed, terrorise those who leave the camp for water or food. Some say they also enter the refugees’ camps, causing many deaths and other atrocities. The United Nations Security Council has approved a peacekeeping force of 26 000 soldiers to be sent to Darfur, Sudan, to protect the civilians. At this time, it is unknown when the force will be deployed.

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Derg socialist government assumes power in Ethiopia.

Worksheet information:

• Most of the Australian Sudanese population have arrived on a humanitarian visa. Visa holders are entitled to permanent residency, onshore family reunification and, eventually, citizenship. For many Sudanese Australians, it will be the first time they have ever held citizenship papers.

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2000

Estimated 500 000 Sudanese in refugee camps in surrounding countries.

2003

• In 2007, the Australian government cut the number of African refugees permitted into the country from 70% of the total number of refugees to 30%, claiming that people from the Middle East and Indonesia are in more need of Australia’s assistance.

• The texts on page 75 are fictional newspaper articles. Newspaper articles which report on an event firsthand are valuable primary sources of information.

Australia

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

1970s

Answers

First Sudanese migrants arrive in Australia.

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1991

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2. (c)

3. (c)

4. (a)

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Beginning of latest conflict in Darfur, Sudan, when rebel groups attack the government.

First wave of migration from Sudan.

5. Finding a house to rent; Enrolling in schools; Seeking employment

2000s

6. Non-Muslim rebel groups attacked the Muslim government.

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Second wave of migration from Sudan (1991–2001 1971 Africans migrate to Australia—mostly to Victoria).

1996

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Now 2600 Sudanese-born Australians in country (number continues to increase by 28% each year until 2006).

2001 Approximately 8000 Sudanese people living in Australia.

2007

Australian government cuts African immigration numbers from 70% to 30% of total refugees accepted.

United Nations approves a peacekeeping force of 26 000 soldiers to be sent to Darfur, Sudan. Date of deployment unknown.

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7. The fighting interferes in the production and distribution of food.

8. Not safe to walk around camp at night or leave camp, usually hungry with no firewood to cook food or money to buy it.

9. (a)–(d) Answers will vary

Further exploration

• Use the Internet to create a list of 10 facts about Sudan, Sudanese people and their way of life and culture.

• Imagine you are a student in a new school where all the teachers and students speak a different language from you and every word you see is written in a language you do not understand. Write a poem describing your feelings. Include ideas which might help you to feel happier at the school.

• Choose a different African country and learn about its history. Present a brief oral presentation to the class describing what you have learned.

• In a small group, role-play you and your family arriving in Australia for the very first time.

What would you say to each other? What would be the first things you notice about Australia?

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People a nd po li

Escaping Africa – 1

tics

Read the two newspaper articles about refugees from Sudan, Africa.

Melbourne Gazette

January 2007

CONFLICT IN SUDAN LEAVES MILLIONS AS REFUGEES

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Sudan is a country in the north-east of Africa—a country familiar with war. The civil war between the north and south of Sudan began in 1956 and continues today.

Many Sudanese people have experienced terrifying and tragic events such as witnessing the death of a loved one from violence or hunger. Some have been tortured.

Hundreds of thousands of Sudanese have fled their country—many to Uganda and Ethiopia. Some have travelled as far as Australia to seek safety and a new life.

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Over 1.8 million people live in makeshift shelters in refugee camps in Darfur, Sudan. Here they wait for the fighting to end so they can return to their villages. Some have been waiting for 20 years.

In 2003 a new conflict erupted between the Muslim government and non-Muslim rebel groups. Some reports estimate the conflicts have caused two million deaths— some through violence, others through starvation. The fighting interferes in the production and distribution of food; most often it is the people in the refugee camps who go hungry.

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Melbourne Gazette

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A WHOLE NEW WORLD

January 2007

When Ashaki arrived in Melbourne from Sudan, Africa, she felt completely safe for the first time in her life.

the country, with the majority living in Melbourne and Sydney.

Ashaki is 15 years old. The last 10 years of her life have been spent in a refugee camp in Darfur, Sudan. She can not remember the village her family lived in before that.

Arriving in a new country, faced with finding a house to rent, enrolling in schools and seeking employment is an enormous challenge when you don’t understand and can’t read English!

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‘You could not walk around the camp at night or leave the camp. It was not safe’, Ashaki explains. ‘We were often hungry. You had to buy firewood to cook your food and we had no money for wood.’

Ashaki and her family arrived in Melbourne two years ago. Since then, many cousins, friends and other relatives have joined them.

Since 1991, hundreds of Sudanese families have escaped their war-ravaged homeland and fled as refugees to Australia. More than 8000 Sudanese Australians populate

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Ashaki explains, ‘Luckily we saw posters about a group called SAIL—Sudanese Australian Integrated Learning.

Every Saturday morning we are picked up and taken to a centre to learn and improve our English—even Mum! We play games, go on excursions and camps, and meet other Sudanese families. It is fun and helps my family and me fit in to the Australian way of life’.

Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

Escaping Africa – 2

tics

Use the text on page 75 to answer the questions.

1. Where is the country of Sudan located? (a) North-west Africa

(b) North-east Africa

AFRICA

(c) East Africa

SUDAN

2. In what year did the conflict between the government and rebel groups begin? (a) 1956

(b) 1983

(c) 2003

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3. Approximately how many Sudanese people now call Australia their home? (a) 2000

(b) 5000

(c) 8000

4. Uganda and Ethiopia are countries on which continent? (b) Europe

(c) Asia

5. List three of the challenges refugee families arriving in Australia face.

• • •

6. Explain why a new conflict erupted in Sudan in 2003.

Sudan, Africa

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(a) Africa

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9. List words describing how Ashaki and her family may have felt:

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8. Describe some of the problems Ashaki faced living in the refugee camp.

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(a) while living in the refugee camp.

(b) when they learned they were going to Australia to live.

(c) when they arrived in Australia.

(d) when they became members of the group SAIL.

The civil war between the north and south of Sudan, which began in 1956, is the longest uninterrupted civil war on Earth to date.

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People a nd po li

A united Australia

tics

1. (a) Read the second verse of Australia’s national anthem—Advance Australia Fair.

You can view the lyrics of the anthem at <http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/ symbols/anthem.cfm#download>. (b) Explain what you think the fourth and fifth lines of the second verse mean.

Use a dictionary to help you.

(c) Why do you think the word ‘courage’ is used?

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2. Write a new stanza for the national anthem which is more specific to refugees fleeing their country and finding safety in Australia. For example, the first line could be: ‘We welcome you with open arms.’

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C.Publ i cat i ons Line 2: •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Take note of the rhyming pattern. Lines two and four rhyme but lines one and three do not.

Line 1:

Line 3:

Line 4:

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3. Design a symbol which represents refugees finding a new, safer and more prosperous life in Australia. Include an explanation of your symbol (such as design features and colour).

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The SAIL organisation was created in 2000 by just two university students. In 2007 there were 450 members of the Sudanese community with 300 volunteers running the programs. www.ricpublications.com.au

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77

The $50 banknote People and politics

Time line 1861 Edith Cowan born.

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions about the people depicted on the $50 banknote.

• Researches to find out the Australians and images featured on the current $100 banknote.

Worksheet information

1872 1915

Cowan is appointed to bench of Children’s Court.

1920

Cowan becomes early female Justice of the Peace.

Cowan is awarded an OBE.

• The current $50 and $100 banknotes, like the other Australian banknotes, are made from polymer. Australia developed polymer note technology and is currently exporting it to more than 20 nations around the world. Polymer notes last four times longer than paper notes, with the lower denominations generally not lasting as long as the lesser-used higher denominations.

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David Unaipon born.

• Students should use the Reserve Bank website to complete the activity on page 81 about the $100 note. There is also a biography link for them to use, though they may wish to use another site or resource for this part.

Western Australia passes legislation to allow women to stand for parliament.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

1921

Answers

Cowan becomes first female member of an Australian parliament.

Page 80

1924

2. Teacher check

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Unaipon’s first works are published.

3. (a) False

Unaipon assists in the Bleakley inquiry into Aboriginal welfare.

1932

(b) first female Justice of the Peace/first woman member of an Australian parliament

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Unaipon is awarded the Coronation Medal.

5. Teacher check

Australia changes from pounds sterling to decimal currency.

Unaipon dies.

1973 First $50 note issued.

(d) False 4. (a) first Aboriginal writer to be published

1953

1967

(c) True (e) True

Cowan dies.

1966

(b) False

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1984 First $100 note issued.

1988

Further exploration

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1928–1929

1. the words ‘FIFTY DOLLARS’/Southern Cross image in clear window

• Go to the website: <http://www. rba.gov.au/Museum/index.html> to experience a virtual tour of the Museum of Australian Currency Notes.

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• Make a list of all the social reforms and organisations Edith Cowan founded, instigated or achieved for women and children’s rights and education.

• Find out more about David Unaipon’s achievements and read some of his publications.

David Unaipon Award and Annual Unaipon Lecture is established.

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The $50 banknote – 1

tics

Every Australian banknote includes a portrait of a prominent Australian on each side with related images.

Each person depicted has contributed in some way to the development of the nation. The current $50 banknote was first issued in October 1995, although the first version of the note appeared in October 1973. The $50 note has many security features to try to prevent counterfeit notes from being printed. These include a clear window with an image of the Southern Cross printed in it, the words ‘FIFTY DOLLARS’ microprinted on it, raised printing on parts of the note, images that appear when it is held to the light, multi-coloured line patterns, serial numbers printed on the back of the note and a watermark.

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Contains images related to Aboriginal writer, public speaker and inventor, David Unaipon.

Contains images related to Edith Cowan, social worker and politician.

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Back of $50 banknote

• Cowan’s portrait

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Front of $50 banknote

• Unaipon’s portrait

• WA Parliament House as it looked in Cowan’s time

• diagrams based on drawings from his invention of an improved handpiece for shearing

• Cowan speaking from a lectern

• extract from his story Legendary tales of the Australian Aborigines

• image of foster mother and children, representing Cowan’s concern with social issues

Edith Cowan (1861–1932) was born on a farming © R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons property near Geraldton, WA. She went to boarding school in Perth and valued her education. At 17, •couple f orepresenting rr evthose i ew pur p o ses on l ywho•was registrar she married James Cowan, • Aboriginal who lived in Port McLeay

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David Unaipon (1872–1967) was a Ngarrindjeri man, born at Port McLeay Mission in SA. From a young age, he was very interested in philosophy, science and music. David invented several devices (which he could not get financial backing to develop further) including a shearing device, a centrifugal motor and a mechanical propulsion device. He became renowned as a spokesperson for Aboriginal people, travelling around south-eastern Australia for the Aborigines’ Friends’ Association. He spoke about his ideas for his people’s future, Aboriginal legends and customs, cooperation between white and black Australians and equal rights for both. David appeared in royal commissions and inquiries into Aboriginal treatment and welfare. He was the first Aboriginal writer to be published and wrote many published works throughout his life.

David received a Coronation Medal in 1953 and still travelled and worked well into his eighties.

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and master of the Supreme Court. After he was appointed police magistrate, Edith became very interested in social issues and injustices in the legal system, especially those dealing with women and children. She worked voluntarily in a large number of organisations (many of which she founded) and helped make important reforms for women, children and education. Edith was appointed to the bench of the newly-formed Children’s Court in 1915, where she sat for 18 years. In 1920, she became the first female Justice of the Peace and was appointed an OBE (Order of the British Empire) for her work in the Red Cross and other activities during World War I. In 1921, Edith became the first woman member of an Australian parliament, winning the seat of West Perth.

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• mission church at Point McLeay, where he was born

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People a nd po li

The $50 banknote – 2

tics

Answer the questions about the text on page 79.

1. What is a security feature that is specific to the $50 banknote?

2. Write two or three sentences to explain why each person was chosen to be on the $50 banknote.

David Unaipon

Edith Cowan

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3. True or false?

(a) Unaipon and Cowan were born in the 18th century.

True

False

True False © R .

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P u b l i c a t i ons (c) Unaipon was a creative person.

True False r e vi ew pur p se sonl y• (d) Cowan was• paidf foro herr social work.

True o False (b) Cowan lived longer than Unaipon.

(e) Unaipon and Cowan both studied hard.

True

False

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4. List a ‘first’ for each person. (a) David Unaipon (b) Edith Cowan

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5. What is another suitable image that could be added to each side of the note? Give reasons for your choice. (a) Front

(b) Back

There is an annual David Unaipon Award for unpublished Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers. Edith Cowan has a federal electorate and university in WA named in her honour.

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Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

The $100 banknote

tics

Research to find out which two prominent Australians and images feature on the current $100 banknote. Complete the table below, adding a brief biography of each person. A useful website is: <<http://www.rba.gov.au/CurrencyNotes/NotesinCirculation/index.html Front of $100 banknote

Prominent Australian :

Brief biography:

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Related images:

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Related images:

Brief biography:

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Prominent Australian:

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The first $100 banknote was issued in 1984. It was light blue and grey in colour and made from paper. It featured two different Australians from the current note. They were explorer, Sir Douglas Mawson, and astronomer, John Tebbutt. www.ricpublications.com.au

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81

Australian forces abroad People and politics

Time line 1600s

Indicators

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Portuguese colonise Timor and use the island as source of sandalwood.

1749

1975

August

Portuguese administration withdraws from East Timor.

December

Indonesia invades and annexes East Timor as its 27th province.

1979

US supplies weapons to Afghanistan to fight the Soviets.

1988

Afghanistan, USSR, the US and Pakistan sign peace agreements, Soviet Union begins pulling out troops from Afghanistan.

1996

Taliban seize control of Kabul and introduce a hardline version of Islam, banning women from work and introducing harsh Islamic punishments.

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Indonesia says it will consider independence for East Timor.

September

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

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1. Answers will vary. Possible answers include to support its ally the USA, to overthrow the cruel Taliban government, because Iraq would not hand over Osama bin Laden.

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1980–1981

January

• Despite humble beginnings as a small nation dependent on Britain in 1901, Australia has become an increasingly prominent presence in conflicts and political events around the world. Australia has played a constructive role in peacekeeping throughout South-East Asia and the world, contributing to over 30 peace operations since World War II. Australia has also been beside the USA in every battle the USA has been involved in since WWII. Not all Australians agree with the Government’s decisions to become involved in armed conflict, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq in the last two decades.

Answers

Afghan army faces collapse. Soviet Union sends in troops.

1999

Worksheet information

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Prime Minister of Afghanistan turns to Soviet Union for economic and military assistance. Soviet troops move in.

• Decides whether, as Prime Minister of Australia, they would have sent troops to Iraq and explain their choice.

Result of East Timor independence referendum shows 78% of voters favour independence.

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US, Britain launch air strikes against Afghanistan after Taliban refuse to hand over Osama bin Laden.

2003

3. Answers will vary.

4. Answers will vary but should include details of opposition to Indonesian rule, strong resistance, the referendum, actions of the militias requiring a UN peacekeeping force led

by Australia to restore order, quell militia activities, and oversee the transfer of power to the East Timorese from Indonesia.

5. guerilla: a member of a ‘volunteer’ or irregular army that fights by sabotage and harassment; Taliban: an Islamic movement that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, currently engaged in fighting Allied forces in Afghanistan. puritanical: very rigidly conservative moral and social views.

militant: a person engaged in aggressive combat, or soldiers who do not belong to an established army.

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A peacekeeping force led by Australia intervenes to restore order in East Timor.

October 2001

2. The Taliban is a Muslim group that seized control of Kabul in 1996, introduced harsh laws, treated women particularly badly, and committed many human rights abuses.

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1953

Teac he r

Timor is split following battle between Portuguese and Dutch. Portuguese take the eastern half.

• Reads a text about Australia’s international political involvement and answers questions to show an understanding of the content.

March

Invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.

December

US forces capture Saddam Hussein alive.

al Queda: an international terrorist network started by Osama bin Laden.

6. Coalition of the Willing

Further exploration

• Women now carry out most tasks in the Australian Defence Force, but there are still some frontline tasks which they do not carry out. Discuss the role of women in wars throughout history.

• Hold a class debate for and against Australian involvement in a current conflict.

June 2005 Remaining Australian peacekeepers leave East Timor.

December 2006 Saddam Hussein found guilty and executed.

August 2007 Xanana Gusmao is named Prime Minister of East Timor, prompting violent protests.

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People a nd po li

Australian forces abroad – 1

tics

Australia first participated internationally during World War I in support of Britain. Close ties were formed with the United States during World War II, and this relationship is in part responsible for Australia’s involvement in a number of international political events in the 21st century. In recent times Australia has been involved in major events in South-East Asia and the Middle East, the latter against opposition from many Australians.

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East Timor In 1975, the Portuguese, who had ruled in Timor since the mid-1600s, withdrew from East Timor. Soon after this event, Indonesia invaded and took control of the country. Many East Timorese, who were repressed by the Indonesians and their supporters, strongly resisted Indonesian rule. On 30 August 1999, a referendum to decide whether East Timor would gain independence took place. The East Timorese voted overwhelmingly for independence from Indonesia.

However, when the results were announced, pro-Indonesian militias kidnapped, murdered and forced local people (up to a third of the population) out of the region. Diplomats, UN and aid workers were also attacked. The Indonesian military forces were unwilling or unable to restore stability in East Timor.

Australia led a UN peacekeeping force to provide protection and security for the local people, and to restore order in East Timor. They were able to quell the militia activities and assist the Indonesian military to withdraw, ending 25 years of Indonesian occupation of East Timor. In 2006, further unrest saw Australia and other nations sending troops to help quell the violence.

Afghanistan In 1996, the Taliban, a puritanical Muslim group, seized control of the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul. They introduced harsh laws and treated women particularly badly. Because of their many human rights abuses, most countries opposed the Taliban. In October 2001, the USA demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden, who the USA believed was responsible for the (then) recent World Trade Centre attacks. When the Taliban refused, the USA launched an attack against Afghanistan. Australia was one of the first nations to commit troops to help oust the Taliban and al Qaeda militants from Afghanistan. Australian special forces task groups were sent to Afghanistan and helped overthrow the Taliban government in Kabul by late 2001.

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The Australian soldiers were brought home towards the end of 2002. However, between 2005 and 2007 Australia sent more forces to Afghanistan after Taliban guerilla action. A Reconstruction Task Force was also sent to aid the construction of community-based projects.

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Iraq Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 sparked a UN-authorised, USA– led coalition which defeated the Iraqis in what was known as the First Gulf War. Iraq was ordered to give up its ‘weapons of mass destruction’. In 2003 the USA claimed Iraq was concealing weapons of mass destruction and helping terrorist groups such as al Qaeda.

Without UN backing, the USA, with help from a ‘Coalition of the Willing’ including Australia and Britain, invaded Iraq in March 2003.

Australia sent ships, aircraft and soldiers, and helped to defeat Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein, who fled. The coalition occupied Iraq to restore order and establish a new government, which took longer than expected. Four years later Australian troops were still in Iraq. Many Australians disagree with the government sending Australian troops to USA-led wars. www.ricpublications.com.au

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83

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Australian forces abroad – 2

tics

Use the text on page 83 to answer these questions.

1. Why do you think Australia sent troops to fight in Afghanistan?

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2. Describe the Taliban and its rule.

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3. What is your opinion of Australia’s involvement in the war in:

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(a) Afghanistan?

(b) Iraq?

4. Explain in your own words why Australian troops went to East Timor.

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•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 5. Write a definition for these words from the text. Use the Internet or books to help you.

(a) guerilla

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(b) Taliban

(c) puritanical

(d) militants

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(e) al Qaeda

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6. What was the name given to the collective countries that invaded Iraq in 2003?

Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, the Prime Minister of East Timor, is married to an Australian woman, Kirsty Sword. They met while both serving time in an Indonesian prison for fighting for East Timorese independence.

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People a nd po li

Tough decisions

tics

The Prime Minister of Australia was ultimately responsible for the decision to send troops to the Middle East or not. Australia’s ally, the USA, was convinced Iraq had weapons of mass destruction that it could use against the West or sell to terrorist groups wanting to harm countries like Australia. The leader of Iraq was known to be a tyrant who had killed thousands of innocent people, and was believed to be helping terrorist groups. Based on the information given to him by government officials, the then Prime Minister John Howard decided to send troops to Iraq, despite a great deal of public opposition to involvement in this US-led war.

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If you had been the Prime Minister, what would you have done?

Reasons for

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Research the reasons for and against entering the war in Iraq. Write notes in the table and decide whether you would have sent troops or not. Write and justify your decision at the bottom of the page.

Reasons against

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Afghanistan is a very poor country. The life expectancy is 46 years for women and 47 years for men. Around a quarter of children born die before they reach five years of age. www.ricpublications.com.au

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85

The Snowy Mountains Scheme Modern Australia

Time line 1947

Indicators

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• Reads and comprehends information about the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

• Completes a cloze to read about the lives of people on the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

Worksheet information

1949

• Many major advances resulted from the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

The Scheme used Australia’s first transistorised computer, ‘Snowcom’, from 1960 to 1967, for engineering and design calculations and, largely as a result of ‘Snowcom’, the Snowy Mountains Scheme was completed on time and within the budget of A$820 million (equivalent to about AUD$6 billion in 2004). The Scheme also developed safer, cheaper construction methods and set new standards in occupational health and safety.

Rockbolting was used to support rock in tunnel walls and wearing seatbelts in all Snowy Mountains Authority vehicles was compulsory in 1960, 10 years before it was introduced for the rest of Australia.

7 July

Commonwealth Parliament passes the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Power Act, establishing the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority to operate the Scheme.

17 October

Construction begins.

1954

Guthega power station completed.

• About 121 workers were killed during construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme — most due to tunnelling accidents.

1958

Tumut 1 power station completed.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

Tumut 2 power station completed.

Answers

1966, April

Page 88

1. Refer to crossword answer

1967

Page 89

Blowering and Murray 1 power station completed.

1. (a) emergency

1969

(b) wound

Murray 2 power station completed.

(c) post

1974

(d) snowplough

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First diversion of water from the Snowy River to the Murray River.

1974

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2. Teacher check

(e) wife

Tumut 3 power station completed.

1.

m

i

g

r

a

e

c

t

r

n

t

s

i

c

i

u

2.

h

y

d

o

r

e

l

5.

6.

a

c

m

p

7.

s

c

i 8.

(f) ambulance

u

s

x

l

p

t

t

(g) die

(h) snowdrift

1998

r

e

r

(i) bloodied

The Snowy Water Inquiry is established by the New South Wales and Victorian governments to find ways to balance environmental, economic and social factors associated with the Scheme.

s

n

a

(j) bulldozer

e

2007

2. Teacher check

Water levels in the Scheme reach their lowest on record as a result of prolonged drought conditions.

9.

a

q

u

e

d

u

c

t

t u

e

r

n

c

i

n

o

g

e

s

a

l

y

t

s

s

i

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Construction completed on the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

4.

r

t i

3.

y

m . u

1961

• In 1967, the Snowy Mountains Scheme was voted one of the seven civil engineering wonders of the modern world by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

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Teac he r

A committee of Commonwealth and state representatives is formed to examine the development of water resources in the Snowy Mountains region.

10.

r

l

t

o

e

n

u

i

t

e

d

m

(k) safely

(l) tunnel

Further exploration • Read about other Australian engineering feats such as the Great North Convict Trail Road, the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Overland Telegraph Line.

• Research and plot on a time line other major events which contributed to migration in Australian. Read about life during those times.

86

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The Snowy Mountains Scheme – 1 As early as the 1880s, ideas were considered about how Australia, and in particular the drier western regions and farming areas, would cope with the disastrous effects of drought.The concept of diverting water from the Murray, Murrumbidgee, Snowy and Tumut rivers was considered a possibility.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

the Snowy Mountains Scheme. Seven townships and over 100 temporary camps were established during construction. At the completion of the project in 1974, after 25 years, the majority of migrants remained in Australia and became citizens, forever changing Australia from an Anglo-Celtic-based culture to a multicultural society.

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In 1949, construction commenced on the Snowy Mountains Scheme. The purpose of the Scheme was to collect water from melting snow and rain in the Snowy Mountains and divert it, through tunnels, and store it in dams. The water would then be used by power stations to create electricity. The water would finally flow into the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Snowy Rivers and be used for irrigation of farms and household water for areas of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.

Hydroelectricity is a clean, environmentally-friendly form of power. However, some environmental issues arose in relation to the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme in Kosciuszko National Park. As dams were built, the ecosystems of some plants and animals were affected. Diverting and storing water changed the rivers in the Scheme and the lower areas of the rivers, in particular, were affected.

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About seventy per cent of the workers on the Snowy Mountains Scheme were migrants from over 30 different countries. More than 100 000 people came to work on the project after the Second World War because it was very difficult to find work in Europe at the time and wages on the Scheme were high.

Most were men who had left their families behind, planning to save money and bring their families out later. They found life extremely difficult in the camps and towns. The accommodations were sparse and unsuited to freezing cold conditions. The water was cold and often froze in the pipes. Even the countryside looked different from what they were used to. Many could not speak English. Over time, a sense of community developed as families were reunited and everyone worked together to build

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The Scheme would consist of 16 dams, seven power stations, a pumping station and about 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts. It would cover an area of approximately 5124 square kilometres of mountainous area of the Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales. Amazingly, only two per cent of the construction would be visible above ground.

In 1998, the Snowy Water Inquiry was established to try to increase the percentage of original flow of the rivers from one to twenty-one per cent by 2010, and eventually to twenty-eight per cent.

The Inquiry also considered implementing watersaving projects to ensure that farmers who relied on the Scheme for irrigation did not suffer water shortages.

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The Snowy Mountains Scheme is perhaps the most innovative, complex and longest engineering feat ever to be attempted in Australian history. It is one of the largest hydroelectricity schemes in the world and produces up to ten per cent of all the electricity requirements of New South Wales.

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87

Modern Austr alia

The Snowy Mountains Scheme – 2 1. Use the text on page 87 to complete the crossword.

Across

1.

1. People who go from one country to settle in another

2.

3.

2. Electric energy derived from the energy of falling water

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

6. Places where a group of temporary shelters are situated

5.

6.

7.

9. Artificial channels for conducting water from a distance 10. Coming together after being separated

8.

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Teac he r

4.

9.

Down

1. Relating to a number of different cultures and peoples 3. The process of supplying land with water from artificial channels to promote vegetation

10.

4. Underground passages for diverting water to be stored in dams

© R. I .

C.Pu b i cat i nsinteracting with each 5. Al community ofo organisms other and with the environment in which they live •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 8. Scanty, meagre

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7. The number of dams in the Snowy Mountains Scheme

2. In your opinion, what were the main advantages and disadvantages of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme? Give reasons for your answers.

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Advantages

Disadvantages

The Snowy Mountains Scheme covers an area the size of Switzerland.

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‘Kiwi’ Jack, Dr Ina and the baby 1. Complete the cloze to read about life on The Snowy Mountains Scheme. post

tunnel

emergency

bloodied

die

ambulance

snowdrift

bulldozer

wound

safely

snowplough

wife

Dr Ina Berents* was preparing to attend to one of the workers’ wives who was about to give birth, when she received an

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S a

call from the Snowy Mountains Scheme. ‘Kiwi’ Jack had struck his

head on a steel roof beam and blood was pouring down his face from a very deep

b

across his head. He was

removed from the tunnel by stretcher-jeep to wait for the doctor and .

c

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Teac he r

the ambulance at the primitive first aid

With her medical kit strapped firmly to her back and her skis in place, she set out across the snow to the construction site, while the ambulance followed the

d

to the site along

the narrow, dangerous track.

When she arrived at the first aid post, she discovered that the injured worker and the woman about to give

She did what she could for the injured man and made © R. I .

C.Pu.b l i cat i ons , she erected a screen between the woman comfortable. When they were put in the •f o rr ev i e wthe p u r p es on l y • her two patients so that neither could see other.

The mano hads horrific injuries and would almost certainly

birth were husband and

e

f

g

, so she hoped that the woman, at least, would deliver her baby safely.

Halfway up the steep gorge, the ambulance skidded and landed on its side in a

m . u

h,

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causing everyone and everything inside to be thrown around. Dr Berents and the driver managed to remove the patients, who were uninjured, from the ambulance. The unconscious man was covered in

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i

bandages and still unrecognisable. The driver followed the track to get a

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to pull the ambulance free, leaving everyone behind in the snow.

Many hours later the ambulance, the doctor and the patients arrived

k

at Cooma Hospital. The

healthy baby was delivered safely and the mother was well.

‘Kiwi’ Jack was back at work in the

l

seven weeks later with the top of his head

stitched firmly in place. * Dr Ina Berents was a Rumanian who had migrated to Australia with her husband, Derek, an engineer.

2. Read the cloze through again, then devise a way to retell the incident through drama, music, poetry or artwork before sharing with the class.

The Snowy Mountains Scheme saves about 5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from being emitted each year by using hydroelectricity to generate power. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Doris Pilkington Garimara: Rabbit proof fence Modern Australia

Time line 1814

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

The first ‘native institution’ set up in Parramatta to ‘civilise’ Aboriginal children. Children trained as guides, servants and farm labourers.

1886

Teac he r

1901–1948

Legislation passes in all Australian States authorising the removal of children from Aboriginal families.

1905

The Chief Protector of Aborigines in WA is made the legal guardian of every Western Australian Indigenous person under 16.

1915

Worksheet information

• Once removed from their parents, some Aboriginal children were sent to work for white families, where the boys became labourers and the girls domestic servants. Most children were placed in government institutions such as the Moore River Native Settlement in Western Australia. Some lighter-skinned Aboriginal children were adopted by white families.

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Aborigines Protection Board removes Indigenous children from their families as part of a policy known as ‘resocialisation’.

• Conducts research to discover information about the historic Mabo vs Queensland court case.

• Page 93: Edward Koiki Mabo was born in 1936 on the island of Mer, one of the Murray Islands of the Torres Strait. Six months after his death, the High Court ruled in favour of Mabo and the other plaintiffs. For the first time, the High Court legally recognised that Indigenous people had ownership of the land prior to European settlement. The concept of terra nullius (land belonging to no-one), which was used to allow British colonisation in 1788, was now void in some areas.

Appointment of Mr Auber Octavius (AO) Neville as Chief Protector of Aboriginal people in Western Australia.

• The text on page 91 is a report which is a secondary source. Information from personal interviews between the author of Follow the rabbit proof fence, Doris Pilkington, and journalists have been used to write this report.

1918

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

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Moore River Native Settlement in WA opens.

Answers

Molly Craig, Daisy Burungu and Gracie Fields escape from the Moore River Settlement and walk 1600 kilometres to their home in Jigalong, evading both police and trackers.

1937

1. (a) 3 and a half, 12, 18

(b) 1962, 25

(d) 100 000, 1969

(e) 1996, 2002

(c) 14, 1600, 9

2. Her mother could carry only one child and took baby Annabelle with her.

3. She was no longer able to speak the native language of her family.

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First conference of Commonwealth and state bodies concerned with Aboriginal matters is held in Canberra.

Doris (Nugi) Garimara is born.

1969

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1931

4. Listening to her mother and her Aunty Daisy tell stories of their childhood.

5. The term ‘stolen generation’ refers to the 100 000 or more Aboriginal children who were forcibly removed from their parents for various reasons from 1889 to 1969, and placed in government institutions.

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Policies regarding removal of Aboriginal children abolished when the Aborigines Welfare Board (formerly the Aborigines Protection Board) is abolished.

6. Answers will vary.

1982

• Conduct research and write a report about the controversial figure, AO Neville, the Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia at the time. Include some of his ideas and theories about assimilating Aboriginal children into ‘white’ society. Add your own opinions to your report.

The Mabo Native Title case begins.

1998 The first Sorry Day happens on 26 May. 1999

Federal Parliament passes an historic declaration of ‘deep and sincere regret’ for past injustices to Aborigines. It does not mention the ‘stolen generation’.

Further exploration

• Watch the 2002 Australian film, Rabbit proof fence, and write a movie review of the film.

• On a blank map of Australia, draw the rabbit proof fence. Find out its history and purpose.

• Search the Internet to find out more about ‘Sorry Day’. Write a letter to your principal suggesting ways to commemorate/celebrate Sorry Day in your school (26 May).

2004 Molly Craig passes away at Jigalong, WA. 2008 Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

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Doris Pilkington Garimara: Rabbit proof fence – 1 Profile Doris Pilkington Garimara Nugi Garimara North Western Australian settlement of Jigalong in 1937 Royal Perth Hospital – nursing Curtin University – journalism WA Institute of Film and Television – film/video production Nurse, Indigenous author

Teac he r

Name: Aboriginal name: Born: Education:

Occupation(s):

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Childhood Doris Pilkington Garimara is the daughter of Molly Craig fence and north along it, and eventually they would arrive and Toby Kelly. She was born in the Jigalong Community home. in Western Australia’s East Pilbara region.

The girls walked for nine weeks, covering 1600 kilometres When she was three and a half, Doris, her baby sister across the baking hot desert, with police and trackers Annabelle, and mother were taken to the Moore River trying to recapture them. Molly carried the younger girls Native Settlement. Her mother Molly escaped, but as she in turn when their legs grew weary. could carry only one child, she took only baby Annabelle Doris turned the tale of her mother’s exceptional journey with her, leaving Doris at the institution. into her 1996 highly-acclaimed novel, Follow the rabbit At Moore River, the windows were barred and children proof fence, which, in 2002, was made into the successful were beaten by the officers if they spoke their native film, Rabbit proof fence. tongue. They were taught that the Aboriginal culture was dirty and evil.

The ‘stolen generation’

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Reunion In 1962, at the age of 25, Doris found her parents again.

They reunited at Jigalong, where Doris also met her aunties, cousins and grannies. Sadly, as she could no longer speak her native Aboriginal language, Mardudjara, conversing with her family was difficult at first.

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Rabbit proof fence After subsequent visits, Doris learned more about her mother’s childhood. At about 13, Molly, her little sister Daisy and a young cousin, Gracie, had been taken to the Moore River Settlement—nine years before Doris was taken there.

In 1931, the three girls escaped the institution. Molly, then about 14, decided that as Jigalong (their home) was by the rabbit proof fence, they should walk east to the www.ricpublications.com.au

In the early 1900s, legislation was passed in all Australian states and territories which gave government authorities the power to take mixedrace Indigenous children from their families. The government’s aim was to remove children from their culture and to raise them as ‘white’ so they would better fit into European society.

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At the age of 12, Doris was taken to the Roelands Native Mission which she left at 18. Doris enrolled in Royal Perth Hospital’s nursing aide training and became a nurse.

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It is estimated by some that more than 100 000 Aboriginal children were removed from their parents between 1889 and 1969. Most were placed in government institutions or orphanages. Many children came to believe they had been abandoned by their families.

Due to poor record-keeping, many Aboriginal children from the ‘stolen generation’ will never be able to find and reunite with their families, reconnect with their land, or rediscover their culture, language and identity.

Primary Australian history

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Modern Austr alia

Doris Pilkington Garimara: Rabbit proof fence – 2 Use the text on page 91 to answer the questions.

1. Add numbers to complete the sentences. (a) Doris was

years old when taken to Moore River. She arrived at the Roelands Native Mission

at

(b) In

, at the age of

(c) Molly Craig was about

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, and left for nursing school at

Jigalong. The journey took about

Teac he r

kilometres to her home in

weeks.

children were forcibly removed from their families until the laws

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changed in

, Doris was reunited with her family.

when she walked the

(d) It is believed that about

.

.

(e) Doris Pilkington Garimara wrote the book Follow the rabbit proof fence in

turned in to a major Australian film in

which was

.

2. Why was Doris left at the Moore River Settlement even though her mother escaped?

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3. What challenge did Doris face when meeting with her family for the first time in 21 years?

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5. Explain the term the ‘stolen generation’.

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4. How do you think Doris learned about her mother’s journey along the rabbit proof fence?

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6. Do you think it is important for Aboriginal people from the ‘stolen generation’ to reclaim their identity?

Yes

No

Explain your answer.

During their remarkable journey, Molly, Daisy and Gracie crossed a flooded river, sand dunes and salt lakes, slept in rabbit burrows and caught and cooked rabbits to survive.

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Fighting for native title

In 1992, an historic court case in Queensland caused a media frenzy about all issues relating to Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia. As a result, the Australian public learned about the earlier government practices concerning the removal of Aboriginal children from their families. These children were called by some the ‘stolen generation’.

The court case concerned the reclaiming of native land by a group of Torres Strait Islanders, including Eddie Mabo.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1. Research to find out more about Eddie Mabo and the Mabo vs Queensland court case. Record your findings in note form in the boxes below.

What is terra nullius?

What is native title?

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Teac he r

Who was Eddie Mabo?

Eddie Mabo

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The decision

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The court case (Mabo vs Queensland 1992)

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The consequences (What happens next?)

On 26 January 1993, (one year after his death), The Australian newspaper announces Eddie Mabo as its 1992 Australian of the Year. www.ricpublications.com.au

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93

Australia and the United Nations Modern Australia

Time line 1919

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Australia becomes a member of the International Labor Organisation (ILO).

1939

Teac he r

1944

Australia enters into the ANZAC pact with New Zealand.

1945

1 November

Australia becomes a member of the United Nations.

1950

January

Australia puts forth the Colombo Plan to strengthen economic and social development of member countries in the Asia-Pacific Region.

1951

Worksheet information

• The United Nations is made up of 192 nation members. Each member carries the same amount of power within the United Nations regardless of size, wealth or power on an international level. The members meet in the General Assembly, which has been likened to a world parliament.

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Australia becomes a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

• Completes a table outlining a global issue which is important to him/her and devises a campaign to educate the public.

• The League of Nations was the predecessor of the United Nations. It was founded in 1918 at the end of the First World War with 42 members. The United Nations then took over from the League of Nations in 1945 with 51 members; taking with them many of the original ideals of the League of Nations.

• Information found on the UNICEF Australia website may be helpful when completing the student activity on page 97. <http://www.unicef.org.au/default.asp> • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

Answers

© R. I .

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1. (a) a treaty among three or more nations

1959 1 December

Australia becomes part of the ANZUS treaty.

(b) to agree in full

Australia signs the Antarctic Treaty.

2. (a) No governing body has the power to enforce treaty obligations. it is up to the goodwill of each nation to work together to make the treaty work.

1971 Australia becomes a member of the Pacific Islands forum.

(c) to come to a decision

(b) Treaties are negotiated by governments; once an agreement is reached, it is up to each government to decide whether to enter the treaty based on its own best interest.

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1 September

Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom (ANZUK) form to defend the Asian-Pacific region.

(c) Governments negotiate treaties within the United Nations.

1989

(ii) Implementation of the protocols into Australian society

November 1995 1 January

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Australia heads the first Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting.

Australia joins the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

(iii) Following protocols

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4. Treaties are designed to achieve common goals, set rules for international behaviour and ensure human rights are upheld.

5. Answers will vary.

Further exploration

2003 28 July

Free trade agreement between Australia and Singapore comes into effect.

2005 1 January

94

3. (i) Financial support

• Research to find out what the ‘Kyoto Protocol’ means for Australia. Will it be beneficial or a costly and ineffective exercise?

• Debate: ‘Australia should hold more power within the United Nations than New Zealand because it is a larger nation’.

Free trade agreement between Australia and the United States comes into effect.

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Australia and the United Nations – 1

As small (in population) and isolated as Australia is, it is a major player in matters of global importance and participates in more than 900 treaties.

Teac he r

Treaties are international agreements concluded between nations in written form and governed by international law. They are negotiated by governments and once agreement is reached, each government then decides whether or not it will become a party to the treaty. Treaties are entered into by various nations based on their own nation’s best interests. No governing body has the power to enforce treaty obligations; it is up to the goodwill of each nation to work together to make the treaty work. Sometimes the Federal government incorporates components of a treaty into Australian law in order to benefit the people.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Australia is one of the founding members of the United Nations and has therefore played a significant role in the decision-making process of various treaties.

Being a member since 1 November 1945, Australia has been party to many decisions and ratified many protocols. Some of these include the following.

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Treaties come in many shapes and sizes. Some are bilateral (between two nations) while others are multilateral (among three or more nations). They can be designed to help nations achieve common goals; for example, space travel and study, climate change, study in Antarctica, telecommunications and trade. Other treaties help to set rules for international behaviour during wartime, while others deal with human rights, terrorism and drug trafficking.

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Australia has been involved in more than 40 peacekeeping operations in more than 20 different conflicts, beginning in 1947 in Indonesia. Approximately 15 000 Australians have worked to observe, aid and support ceasefires, clear landmines, return refugees to their homeland and provide humanitarian aid.

Australia supports the rights of children worldwide through its involvement with UNICEF since the early 1970s. Health, education, equality and protection for every child throughout the world is the motto and the Australian arm of this organisation works to support this at home by ensuring Indigenous Australian children have access to education, quality health resources, equal rights and a safe environment.

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World Health Organisation (WHO)

The Australian government works toward eradicating and preventing the unnecessary transfer of diseases through its work with WHO (formed in 1948). The Federal government provides funds to support the important work of WHO which relates directly to the Australian public, such as cancer research, chemical safety, monitoring avian influenza (bird flu), being prepared for possible pandemics, prevention of avoidable blindness, tobacco control, improvements in diet and physical activity and laboratory biosafety.

www.ricpublications.com.au

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United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

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Peacekeeping operations

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United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Australia has been actively involved with UNEP since it began in 1973. Issues such as cleaner production, sustainable consumption, marine environment, chemicals and ozone are priorities within Australia.

We also provide funding to support various projects around the world and have recently ratified the ‘Kyoto Protocol’.

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95

Australia and the United Nations – 2

Modern Austr alia

Use the text on page 95 to answer the questions.

1. Explain these terms as they are used in the text. (a) multilateral: (b) ratified: (c) concluded:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. Rewrite these statements so they are true.

(a) If a nation does not follow its treaty obligations the United Nations imposes huge fines.

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Teac he r

(b) All members of the United Nations are expected to participate in all treaties which are agreed upon.

(c) The general public is allowed to decide which treaties are to be undertaken by the United Nations.

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(i)

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4. Explain the purpose of a treaty.

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3. List three ways the Australian government supports the United Nations and its various organisations.

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5. Why do you think it is important for Australia to be part of the United Nations?

The United Nations Children’s Fund used to be called the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. This is why the acronym, UNICEF, doesn’t quite match the current name.

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Making a difference

UNICEF not only works to support and help children around the world, it also provides a platform for children and young adults to have their say on global issues.

1. Consider a global issue which is important to you. Complete the table below.

Issue:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

How can UNICEF Australia help?

Possible solutions:

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Teac he r

Explain why it is important to you.

How would it benefit children around the world?

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2. Think about how you can get your message out to the public. Devise a campaign which will inform the public.

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The World Health Organisation worked to eradicate smallpox and is working towards eradicating polio, leprosy, cholera, malaria and tuberculosis. WHO is responsible for devising ways to prevent the international spread of disease and to reduce smoking and environmental pollution. WHO is also responsible for issuing global health warnings in an attempt to minimise the international spread of health threats. www.ricpublications.com.au

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97

The republic debate Modern Australia

Time line 1783

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions about arguments for and against an Australian republic.

USA gains independence from Britain and becomes a federal republic.

1788 1901

Australian Federation and the first parliament.

1922

Southern Ireland (Eire) gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

1947

India gains independence from Britain.

1948

Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

1961

• A monarchy is one of the oldest forms of government. Until the late 1700s, most countries were governed by monarchs. Since that time, most have been replaced by republics with an elected president as head of government. Most countries that have remained monarchies today have become constitutional monarchies, where the real power is held by a democratically-elected government and the monarch is, in reality, a figurehead, with few powers except for ceremonial duties.

• The Constitution is the highest law in Australia and to change, alter or add to the Federal Constitution there must be a national referendum. A referendum must achieve a majority of votes in four of the six states, as well as a majority in the total national vote.

A referendum must be passed by both houses of parliament or be presented by the Governor-General before it can be voted on. This will need to happen if Australia is to become a republic. A plebiscite on the Republic has also been suggested. This is a direct vote by eligible electors but is not constitutionally-binding like a referendum. It would give the public a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ say about a republic and discussion about the form a republic would take could be followed from a ‘yes’ decision or dismissed for a significant time for a no decision.

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South Africa gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

1963

Worksheet information

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Australia becomes a penal colony ruled by a Governor.

• Plans and writes an exposition on his or her point of view on the republic debate.

Kenya gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

• In 1999, a referendum was held on a republic and changes to the preamble of the Constitution. The ‘No’ side to the republic question received 54.4% of the vote.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 114.

Answers Page 100

Malta gains independence from Britain.

1. (a) a monarch is the head of state and Prime Minister head of government

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1965

(b) a nation where the head of state is a citizen of that country

Zimbabwe gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

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Singapore gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

1970

(c) someone who supports a monarchy (d) someone who supports a republic

2. (a) They think it should not be someone who inherited the title but an Australian who deserves the position.

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Fiji gains independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

1975

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1964

(b) They would say that the Governor-General fulfils that role and an Australian has been appointed to that position since 1965.

3. (a) M

(b) R

(c) M

(d) M

(e) R

(f) R

4. Teacher check

Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismisses the Whitlam government, creating a constitutional crisis.

Further exploration

1976

• Conduct a class debate or mini-debate between two students on the referendum issue.

The Seychelles gain independence from Britain and becomes a republic.

1999 Referendum on republic and change to preamble of the Constitution held. Both are defeated.

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Primary Australian history

• Find out which members of the Commonwealth became republics and when; e.g. India in 1950, South Africa in 1961 and Fiji in 1970, and which members of the Commonwealth have remained constitutional monarchies; e.g. New Zealand, Canada, United Kingdom, Tonga and New Guinea.

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Modern Austr alia

The republic debate – 1

Australia is a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is the head of state (the nation as a whole), and the Prime Minister is the head of government. Australia’s system is modelled on the British system because the first white settlers came from Britain. As the monarch does not live in Australia, a Governor-General is appointed to represent the monarch.

A republic is a nation where the head of state is a citizen of that country and not chosen, like the Queen, because of inheriting the position. Many people, called ‘republicans’, believe that Australia should become a republic. Many others, called ‘monarchists’, do not believe Australia should become a republic. Below are some arguments supporting each view.

Arguments against:

• The Australian head of state should be an Australian citizen, someone who deserves the position and knows what it is like to be Australian, not someone who inherited the title.

• The Australian head of state should be someone whose first allegiance is to Australia, not to Britain.

• Although a monarch is head of state, the Governor-General fulfils this role and all those appointed since 1965 have been Australian. The only constitutional duty the monarch performs is the appointment of the Governor-General, which is strictly on the advice of the Prime Minister.

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Arguments for:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Australia’s British heritage is an important part of its identity and ties that are broken will have an influence on how Australians view their heritage.

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C.Pub• l i cat i ons Australia’s present form of government—a monarchy—has worked very well.

•f orr evi ew pur pconstitutional o s e s onl y• It should remain exactly the same.

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• Australia is now a multicultural country, with people whose origins are from all over the world, not just Britain as was the case with early white settlement. The British monarchy is seen as irrelevant to many of these people and also to many of British ancestory from generations past. The royal system is outdated.

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• A lot of taxpayers’ money will be wasted on becoming a republic—cost of having a referendum to vote on a republic, cost of changing currency and stationery etc.

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• To be seen as a truly independent nation in the eyes of the world and, in particular, the Asia-Pacific region, Australia should become a republic.

• Australia is increasingly looking to Asian countries as trade partners and not to Britain as in the past. Britain is continuing to strengthen ties with the European Union.

• The percentage of people favouring a monarchy is continuing to decrease while the percentage favouring a republic is increasing. It is inevitable Australia will become a republic. www.ricpublications.com.au

• People who have emigrated to Australia from unstable republics have welcomed the stable form of government under a constitutional monarchy.

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• How can one person who is the British monarch also be the Australian monarch? And monarch to other British realms such as New Zealand and Canada?

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• Some Asian trading partners such as Japan and Thailand are monarchies, so becoming a republic will not change their view about Australia as an independent nation.

• Debate about a republic causes disagreements and anger among groups. Is it worth the trouble?

• Saying that it is inevitable Australia will become a republic is no case for becoming one. It doesn’t explain why Australia should become one and not remain a constitutional monarchy.

Primary Australian history

99

Modern Austr alia

The republic debate – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 99.

Constitutional Monarchy or Republic?

1. Write a definition for these terms. (a) constitutional monarchy

(c) monarchist

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(b) republic

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (d) republican

2. (a) Why do republicans think the head of state should be an Australian citizen?

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(b) What do monarchists say in reply to that statement?

3. Circle ‘R’ if a republican would have made the statement below or ‘M’ if a monarchist would have made it. (b) ‘We should be seen as an independent nation in the eyes of the world.’

R

(c) ‘Our government has worked well for over 100 years.’

R

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(d) ‘A lot of money will be wasted if we do this.’

R

(e) ‘The system is irrelevant as we are a multicultural country.’

R

(f) ‘Our head of state should show first allegiance to Australia.’

R

M

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R

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(a) ‘We need to preserve our British heritage.’

M

M

M

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M

4. Write the number of each bullet point you consider to be the most important argument FOR and AGAINST becoming a republic and the reasons you chose that statement. (a) FOR: Bullet point

(b) AGAINST: Bullet point

During a visit to Australia in 2000, Queen Elizabeth II was reported to have said, ‘I have always made it clear that the future of the monarchy in Australia is an issue for you, the Australian people, and you alone to decide by democratic and constitutional means. It should not be otherwise’.

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FOR or AGAINST?

What is your view on Australia becoming a republic? Are you FOR or AGAINST it? Read and discuss page 99 with your class and discuss other arguments for and against a republic. Then plan and write an exposition expressing your point of view on the topic.

Title:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Introduction: State the issue and your point of view.

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Arguments: List each argument you will use, giving the strongest one first.

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Conclusion: End by restating your point of view and summarising your arguments.

A referendum was held in 1999 regarding Australia becoming a republic. Approximately 54% voted against the issue. The ACT was the only state or territory in favour of a republic. www.ricpublications.com.au

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101

Quiz questions

Adapting to t

pages 2–5

he l a

nd

1. The people who lived in the desert wore little clothing because: (a) it was fashionable (b) the weather was hot (c) animals were scarce 2. During wet times, desert people made huts with: (a) grass roofs (b) tin roofs

(c) stones

3. Desert groups used heavy boomerangs because the animals were: (a) soft and fluffy (b) large (c) small

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

4. People in the south built stronger, more permanent shelters because it was: (a) fun to do (b) hot (c) cooler

Teac he r

6. The big continent that joined Australian, Tasmania and New Guinea was: (a) Soho (b) Sahara (c) Sahul 7. Groups that moved into dry parts of Australia roamed over large areas to: (a) find shelter (b) find food and water (c) catch rabbits

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5. Some Tasmanian Aboriginals kept warm by covering themselves in: (a) animal fat and ochre (b) wool (c) leaves and bark

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C.Publ i cat i ons Eurn opl ey an d• •f orr evi ew pur poseso iscov e

1. Van Diemen’s Land is now called: (a) Sydney (b) Victoria

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2. Norfolk was a kind of boat called a: (a) sleep (b) shoot

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ry

pages 6–9

(c) Tasmania (c) sloop

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3. Bass disappeared on a ship called: (a) Ventricle (b) Venus

(c) Victoria

4. Bass and Flinders sailed around Van Diemen’s Land: (a) anticlockwise (b) clockwise

(c) right to left

5. On their explorations around Sydney, Bass and Flinders took with them: (a) a dog (b) a young servant (c) British flag 6. The boat Tom Thumb was less than: (a) three metres long (b) two metres long

(c) one metre long

7. Bass Strait was named after George Bass by: (a) the Queen of England (b) Matthew Flinders

(c) Governor Phillip

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Quiz questions

Observations o f the Fi

pages 10–13

1. The First Fleet arrived in Australia on: (a) 13 May 1787 (b) 26 January 1788

(c) 1 October 1990

2. The purpose of the First Fleet was to set up a: (a) penal colony (b) retreat for artists

(c) military outpost

3. The commander of the First Fleet was: (a) Captain James Cook (b) Captain Arthur Phillip

(c) Lord Sydney

rst Fl

eet

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

4. Arthur Bowes Smyth was the (a) government artist (b) botanist

on board Lady Penrhyn. (c) surgeon

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6. The greatest contribution of Arthur Bowes Smyth was his the new colony. (a) drawings (b) writings

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5. Botany Bay was rejected as the site of the penal colony in favour of: (a) Port Jackson (b) Cape of Good Hope (c) Lord Howe Island

of natural aspects of

(c) photographs

7. Arthur Bowes Smyth left Sydney Cove in 1789 to return to: (a) India (b) China (c) England

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C.Publ i cat i ons Where did all t he• convic •f orr evi ew pur pose sonl y ts g

Quiz questions

pages 14–17

o?

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1. Which female convict was transported for stealing five handkerchiefs? (a) Elizabeth Thackery (b) Mary Bryant (c) John Baughan 2. Which female convict was transported for stealing a cloak? (a) James Squire (b) Elizabeth Thackery (c) Mary Bryant

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3. A common term of transportation was: (a) life (b) seven years

(c) twenty years

4. The first man to brew beer in the new colony was: (a) James Bloodsworth (b) Henry Kable

(c) James Squire

5. The first master bricklayer was: (a) John Baughan (b) James Bloodsworth

(c) Henry Kable

6. Which convict was given a state funeral when he died? (a) John Baughan (b) James Squire

(c) James Bloodsworth

7. Which convict was the grandfather of the first Australian Premier of New South Wales? (a) Mary Bryant (b) James Squire (c) Henry Kable

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103

Quiz questions

pages 18–21

1. In what year did the Myall Creek massacre occur? (a) 1738 (b) 1838 (c) 1938 2. Which phrase would most British settlers not use to describe Aboriginal Australians? (a) held in high regard (b) primitive (c) no right to land

4. Why were the stockmen seeking revenge on Aboriginal people? (a) Aboriginals had killed their families (b) Aboriginals had killed their cattle (c) Aboriginals had stolen their food

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

(b) killings occurred only by the Aboriginal people (c) killings occurred by both sides

5. How many Aboriginal people were massacred? (a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 28 6. What was the view of the majority of British settlers towards the accused men? (a) they should be hanged (b) they should not be on trial (c) they should be forgiven

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3. Which statement is correct? (a) killings occurred only by the British

Teac he r

The Myall C reek m assac re

7. Which statement is incorrect? (a) the massacre was planned in advance (b) the massacre was legal (c) the massacre was one of many

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C.Publ i cat i ons tten rs l fry •f orr evi ew pur posesLeo om • t he w

est

pages 22–25

1. The colony of Perth was first settled by the British in which decade? (a) 1820s (b) 1830s (c) 1840s

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2. Where did the ship, Parmelia, dock first? (a) Perth (b) Fremantle

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(c) Swan River

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3. How many children did Ellen Stirling have once arriving on the west coast of Australia? (a) one (b) two (c) three 4. How many miles did the Molloys travel to reach the Blackwood River area? (a) 50 miles (b) 100 miles (c) 200 miles

5. Who proclaimed the new British colony to be called Perth? (a) John Molloy (b) Ellen Stirling (c) James Stirling 6. Who collected specimens of native plants and seeds? (a) John Molloy (b) Georgiana Molloy

(c) Ellen Stirling

7. In the beginning, the new British colony of Perth struggled due to the: (a) failing crops (b) oppressive heat (c) local Aboriginal inhabitants

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Quiz questions

Governor pages 26–29

1. Lachlan Macquarie was born in 1762 in: (a) England (b) Ireland

Macq uarie

(c) Scotland

2. In which decade did Lachlan Macquarie and his wife Elizabeth arrive in Sydney? (a) 1800s (b) 1810s (c) 1820s 3. Lachlan Macquarie took over as Governor of New South Wales from: (a) William Bligh (b) John Bigge (c) Gregory Blaxland

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4. In which year was Australia’s very first bank, the Bank of New South Wales, opened? (a) 1807 (b) 1817 (c) 1827

Teac he r

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5. Most of the public works constructed in New South Wales were built by: (a) British convicts (b) Irish convicts (c) British and Irish convicts

6. The centre of the Spanish coin used as currency and valued at fifteen pence was called what? (a) The hole (b) The dump (c) The middle 7. How old was Lachlan Macquarie when he died? (a) 62 (b) 72

(c) 82

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C.Publ i cat i ons Exl py lori• ng t he •f orr evi ew pur poseson inte

rior

pages 30–33

1. When European settlers first arrived, they knew: (a) all about the land (b) about an inland sea

(c) little about the land

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2. Some Colonial governments encouraged people to explore by offering: (a) gratitude (b) rewards (c) a trip to Bali

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3. The physical barrier preventing exploration to the west was: (a) The Great Wall of China (b) fear (c) the Blue Mountains 4. Charles Sturt was responsible for dispelling the myth of: (a) a reef of gold (b) an inland sea

(c) drop bears

5. Ludwig Leichhardt explored regions of Queensland and: (a) Sydney (b) Darwin

(c) Perth

6. Early settlers began to worry about water supplies after experiencing: (a) drought (b) famine (c) a large storm 7. Some of the settlers in Sydney believed the Blue Mountains were: (a) improbable (b) impassable (c) important

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105

Quiz questions

Gold min i ng t o

pages 34–37

1 . Who made the first discovery of gold in Victoria? (a) Paddy Hannan (b) John Dunlop

wns

(c) James Esmond

2 . What is the name of the large gold nugget found at Ballarat in 1858? (a) Welcome Stranger (b) Welcome Nugget (c) Welcome Find 3 . Who led the miners in the Eureka Rebellion? (a) James Scobie (b) Peter Lalor

(c) James Bentley

4 . In which year did the railway reach Ballarat? (a) 1862 (b) 1854

(c) 1858

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6 . What was the original name of Kalgoorlie? (a) Hannan’s Stranger (b) Hannan’s Nugget

(c) Hannan’s Find

7 . Where is the Golden Mile? (a) Boulder

(c) Kalgoorlie

(b) Coolgardie

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5 . Where did Paddy Hannan make his gold discovery in Western Australia? (a) Perth (b) Mount Charlotte (c) Fremantle

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C.Publ i cat i ons atul ry •f orr evi ew pur posesoNn al re• sourc pages 38–41

1. Which natural resource was not used by traditional Aboriginal Australians? (a) tin (b) ochre (c) flint

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2. Which major discovery was made before the 1900s? (a) iron ore (b) gold

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(c) diamonds

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3. Why were more important mineral finds made after the 1940s? (a) the war had finished and metal prices went up (b) people made lucky discoveries (c) geologists predicted where discoveries could be made

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4. What is the name of Australia’s huge diamond mine? (a) Northwest Shelf (b) Argyle 5. What is one problem with uranium mining? (a) Australia’s reserves are low-cost (c) it makes a cheap source of electricity

(c) Beverley

(b) it is radioactive

6. Off which coast is Australia’s largest offshore gas fields? (a) Victorian (b) Tasmanian

(c) Western Australian

7. How many uranium mines are currently in production? (a) three (b) none

(c) one

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Quiz questions

The sugar cane in

pages 42–45

1. The first sugar cane in Australia came from: (a) England (b) South Africa

(c) West Indies

2. The sugar cane grown at Port Macquarie: (a) came from Norfolk Island (b) came from Sydney

(c) grew well

dustr

y

3. Louis Hope was known as the ‘Father of Australia’s Sugar Cane Industry’ because he: (a) planted the first cane (b) sold the first cane (c) had lots of children

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5. Blackbirding was: (a) kidnapping

(c) eating

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(c) there were no workers

(b) hunting

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4. Louis Hope brought Kanakas to cut his cane because: (a) they weren’t paid much (b) they worked well

6. Sugar cane harvesting became more efficient when cane farmers used: (a) European workers (b) mechanical harvesters (c) Kanakas

7. The main concern about cane toads in Australia is that they: (a) lay lots of eggs (b) are toxic to other animals (c) can hop fast

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1. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in: (a) 1844 (b) 1888

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2. Australia’s first telegraph line was constructed in: (a) South Australia (b) Victoria

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pages 46–49

(c) 1901

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(c) New South Wales

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3. The person responsible for the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line was: (a) Charles Sturt (b) John Stuart (c) Charles Todd 4. Wooden poles were replaced with iron ones because of: (a) the heat (b) bushfires

(c) white ants

5. The East-West Telegraph Line went between: (a) Perth and Sydney (b) Melbourne and Adelaide

(c) WA and SA

6. Messages between Perth and Adelaide had to be resent in different code at: (a) Eucla (b) Port Adelaide (c) Adelaide 7. The men constructing the Overland Telegraph Line worked mostly with: (a) heavy machinery (b) their hands (c) chainsaws

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107

Quiz questions

The strugg l

pages 50–53

e for Fe

derat i on

1. Which person is thought most responsible for federating the colonies in 1901? (a) Duncan Gilles (b) John Howard (c) Sir Henry Parkes 2. What position did Sir Henry Parkes hold in 1880? (a) Premier of New South Wales (b) Prime Minister of Australia

(c) trade union leader

3. Two common problems which the colonies faced before Federation were: (a) unrest and labour strikes (b) war and depression (c) tariffs and trade

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4. Which two countries were asked to join the Commonwealth of Australia but did not? (a) New Guinea and Indonesia (b) New Zealand and Fiji (c) Victoria and Tasmania

Teac he r

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5. What was the name of the well-known speech given by Sir Henry Parkes? (a) the Corowa Speech (b) the Federation Oration (c) the Tenterfield Oration

6. In what two years were the most important conferences or conventions held to advance Federation? (a) 1890 and 1891 (b) 1900 and 1901 (c) 1880 and 1881 7. What was the date that the Commonwealth of Australia was to ‘come into being’? (a) 26 January 1788 (b) 1 January 1901 (c) 29 April 1770

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ent

pages 54–57

1. Before Federation, how many colonies did Australia consist of? (a) seven (b) three (c) six

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2. Which colony was known as the ‘mother’ colony? (a) Western Australia (b) New South Wales

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3. Which statement is true? (a) all colonies were in favour of the Constitution (b) Australia has two levels of government (c) duties and responsibilities never overlap among the levels of government

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4. The political party with the most elected members in the: (a) federal government (b) House of Representatives forms the government.

(c) Senate

5. What is the leader of a state government called? (a) prime minister (b) mayor

(c) premier

6. In which area would a federal government make laws? (a) foreign affairs (b) street lighting

(c) public transport

7. In which area would a state government not make laws? (a) roads (b) immigration

(c)

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Quiz questions

pages 58–61

1. How far did the trenches of the Western Front stretch? (a) 800 miles (b) 800 km

World War I: T he From elles fia

s co

(c) 800 metres

2. Who was the commander of the Australian troops at Fromelles? (a) Sir Douglas Haig (b) Sir Richard Haking (c) Brigadier General Elliott 3. From which battle did the British hope to divert German troops? (a) The Somme (b) Passchendaele (c) Ypres

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

4. For how long did the Battle of Fromelles last? (a) 27 days (b) 27 weeks

(c) 27 hours

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6. The Germans fired their machine guns from: (a) trenches (b) concrete pillboxes

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5. How much ground did the Allies gain during the battle of Fromelles? (a) 400 metres (b) 50 metres (c) none

(c) aircraft

7. Which plant represents each unidentified soldier who lie beneath the lawns at the VC Corner Cemetery? (a) rosebush (b) poppy (c) passion flower

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C.Publ i cat i ons The• •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y Crash of ’

Quiz questions

pages 62–65

29

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2. When the share prices fell sharply, it was called a market: (a) slump (b) fall

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(c) crash

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1. The New York Stock Exchange, where stocks and shares are traded, is on: (a) Stock Road (b) Wall Street (c) Market Street

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3. The first day the share prices fell sharply in New York in 1929 was called: (a) Black Thursday (b) Dark Friday (c) Black Friday

4. At the time of the Wall Street Crash in 1929, unemployment in Australia was: (a) unheard of (b) very low (c) high 5. The main reason people and businesses buy shares is to: (a) make money (b) make pizza

(c) help poor people

6. The Wall Street Crash affected: (a) just The United States (b) mostly South America

(c) the world

7. Two thousand shares at $2.50 each are worth a total of: (a) $3500 (b) $4000

(c) $5000

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World War II: The Ne

Quiz questions

w Guinea

pages 66–69

campa i gn

1. The writer of the letter was: (a) Cyril Clowes (b) Bluey

(c) Johhny

2. The writer of the letter was part of the: (a) army (b) navy

(c) air force

3. The Americans were building: (a) a naval landing base at Milne Bay

(b) new offices in Port Morseby

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(c) three airstrips around Milne Bay

Teac he r

4. During the battle at Milne Bay, the Australians fought alongside the: (a) Japanese (b) Americans (c) Africans

(c) hot and wet

6. Troops fighting in Papua New Guinea were in: (a) good health and spirits (b) poor health and spirits

(c) poor health and good spirits

7. Johnny’s war effort was: (a) heroic

(b) silly

(c) selfish

Quiz questions

pages 70–73

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5. September in Papua New Guinea is: (a) hot and dry (b) cold and wet

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ters

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2. William Hughes was nicknamed: (a) the ‘Little Digger’ (b) the ‘Little Leader’

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1. Which major political party did both William Hughes and John Curtin belong to? (a) Liberal Party (b) Labor Party (c) Democrat Party

(c) the ‘Little Beauty’

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3. Which legislation did Billy Hughes fight hard to introduce? (a) conviction (b) contribution

(c) conscription

4. Billy Hughes set a record for: (a) being the tallest prime minister

(b) being a member of parliament for 58 years

(c) being prime minister the longest

(d) being a member of so many different parties

5. During which war was John Curtin Prime Minister of Australia? (a) the Vietnam War (b) World War I (c) World War II 6. John Curtin was originally against: (a) reparation (b) conscription

(c) union rights

7. For which State was John Curtin a federal member of parliament? (a) Western Australia (b) South Australia (c) Victoria 110

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Quiz questions

Escapin pages 74–77

1. Where is the country of Sudan located? (a) North Africa (b) North-west Africa

(c) North-east Africa

2. When did the civil war begin in Sudan? (a) 1956 (b) 1983

(c) 2003

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3. Approximately how many Sudanese people now call Australia their home? (a) 2000 (b) 5000 (c) 8000

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4. In what year did the conflict between the government and rebel groups begin? (a) 1956 (b) 1983 (c) 2003

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(b) Sudanese Australian Integrated Literacy

6. The majority of Sudanese Australians live in: (a) Melbourne and Adelaide (b) Melbourne and Sydney

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5. The acronym SAIL stands for: (a) Sudanese Australian Integrated Learning (c) Sudanese Australians International Learning

(c) Sydney and Brisbane

7. Sudanese people began arriving in Australia as refugees in which decade? (a) 1970s (b) 1980s (c) 1990s

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pages 78–81

1. In which state was Edith Cowan born? (a) South Australia

4. Which statement is not correct? (a) Cowan was a social reformer

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Quiz questions (b) Western Australia

(b) Cowan travelled all over Australia

(c) New South Wales

(c) Cowan was interested in education

2. Where did David Unaipon travel as a spokesperson for the Aboriginal cause? (a) south-western Australia

5. The current $50 banknote was issued in: (a) 1973 (b) 1995 (c) 1966

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(b) northern Australia

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(c) south-eastern Australia

3. Which statement is correct? (a) Unaipon was interested in philosophy (b) Unaipon was a politician (c) Unaipon’s inventions became famous

6. David Unaipon: (a) was awarded an OBE

(b) became a Justice of the Peace (c) was awarded a Coronation Medal 7. What did Edith Cowan achieve in 1921? (a) became a Justice of the Peace (b) was appointed to the bench of the Children’s Court (c) became the first woman member of an Australian parliament

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Australian

Quiz questions

pages 82–85

1. Portugal ruled in Timor for approximately: (a) 300 years (b) 100 years

(c) 60 years

2. In the First Gulf War, Iraq invaded: (a) Iran (b) Kuwait

(c) Afghanistan

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3. One main reason Australia sent troops to Iraq was to support: (a) independence (b) its ally, the USA (c) terrorism

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5. Australian troops led a force to East Timor to: (a) restore the government (b) restore peace

(c) restore power

6. The Taliban is a group of Muslims who ruled in: (a) Pakistan (b) Iraq

(c) Afghanistan

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(c) The Third World War

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4. The UN authorised the attack on Iran in: (a) The First Gulf War (b) The Second Gulf War

7. The al Quaeda leader, believed to have organised the 11 September attacks, is: (a) Saddam Hussein (b) Taliban Tom (c) Osama bin Laden

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C.Publ i cat i ons The Snowy Mo unl ty ains• •f orr evi ew pur po seson schem

Quiz questions

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pages 86–89

2. The main purpose of building the Snowy Mountains Scheme was to create hydroelectricity, provide irrigation and for household use. (a) True (b) False

(b) migrant workers

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4. The Snowy Mountains Scheme encouraged a great influx of: (a) professional people

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1. How long did the Snowy Mountains Scheme take to build? (a) a century (b) 25 years (c) 20 years

(c) gold diggers

5. Although hydroelectricity is a clean form of power, constructing the Snowy Mountains Scheme caused environmental problems, including: (a) pollution (b) ecosystem damage

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3. The Scheme consists of: (a) dams and power stations

(b) dams, power stations and a pumping station (c) dams, power stations, a pumping station, tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts

(c) desertification

6. In 1998, a group was established to monitor the original river flows, maintain help to farmers and save water. This group was called: (a) The Snowy Water Inquiry (b) The Snowy Electricity Inc. (c) The Snowy Mountains Commission

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Doris Pilkington Garimara: R abbit pr oof fe nc

Quiz questions

pages 90–93

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1. Who is the author of the book Follow the rabbit proof fence? (a) Doris Pilkington Garimara (b) Molly Craig (c) Toby Kelly 2. How old was Doris when she was taken to the Moore River Settlement? (a) 18 months old (b) Three and a half (c) 12 3. Who was Doris’s mother? (a) Molly

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) Daisy

(c) Gracie

4. How old was Doris when she was reunited with her family? (a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 25

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5. How far did Molly, Gracie and Daisy walk along the Rabbit Proof Fence to get home? (a) 900 kilometres (b) 1600 kilometres (c) 2500 kilometres

6. According to some sources, approximately how many Aboriginal children were taken from their parents? (a) 1000 (b) 10 000 (c) 100 000 7. In which year did the government abolish laws to remove Aboriginal children from their parents? (a) 1969 (b) 1979 (c) 1989

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1. The United Nations Children’s Fund was established in the: (a) 1970s (b) early 1970s (c) late 1970s 2. Australia participates in more than: (a) 9000 treaties (b) 90 treaties

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(c) 900 treaties

5. Nations must: (a) implement their own goodwill and work together to make a treaty work (b) abide by all treaties undertaken by the United Nations (c) forgo the rights of their own nation in order to follow the rights of the rest of the world

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3. Australia began peacekeeping activities in 1947 in: (a) Indonesia (b) India (c) Antarctica 4. The World Health Organisation works towards: (a) eradicating diseases (b) preventing blindness

(c) eradicating and preventing the unnecessary transfer of disease and avoidable illness

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pages 94-97

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6. The control of tobacco has been undertaken by: (a) the Australian federal government (b) individual people (c) WHO 7. The aim of UNICEF is to provide: (a) health, education, equality and protection for every child throughout the world (b) rules and guidelines for parents raising children (c) money for underprivileged children

Primary Australian history

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Quiz questions

pages 98–101

The repu blic de bate

1. What kind of government does Australia have? 5. Which statement would a republican have made? (a) constitutional monarchy (b) monarchy (a) British heritage is important (c) republic 2. Who is Australia’s head of state? (a) the Governor-General (b) the Prime Minister

(c) British monarchy is irrelevant in this day and age

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (c) the Queen

3. Which statement is correct?

In a republic, the head of state: (a) inherits the title (b) is a citizen (c) lives in another country

6. Which statement would a monarchist have made? (a) Australia is already considered an independent nation

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(b) a constitutional monarchy provides a stable government

(b) it is inevitable Australia will become a republic 4. Australia’s system of government is modelled (c) Australia increasingly trades with Asian on the British because: countries (a) the Queen lives in Britain 7. For about how many years have the appointed (b) the first settlers came from Britain Governor-Generals been Australian? (c) the British government is stable (a) 40 years (b) 100 years (c) 10 years

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Quiz answers Exploring the interior..................... 30–33 1. (c) little about the land 2. (b) rewards 3. (c) the Blue Mountains 4. (b) an inland sea 5. (b) Darwin 6. (a) drought 7. (b) impassable

European discovery........................... 6–9 1. (c) Tasmania 2. (c) sloop 3. (b) Venus 4. (a) anticlockwise 5. (b) a young servant 6. (a) three metres long 7. (b) Matthew Flinders

Gold mining towns......................... 34–37 1. (c) James Esmond 2. (b) Welcome Nugget 3. (b) Peter Lalor 4. (a) 1862 5. (b) Mount Charlotte 6. (c) Hannan’s Find 7. (a) Boulder

Observations from the First Fleet ...................................................... 10–13 1. (b) 26 January 1788 2. (a) penal colony 3. (b) Captain Arthur Phillip 4. (c) surgeon 5. (a) Port Jackson 6. (a) drawings 7. (c) England

Mining today.................................. 38–41 1. (a) tin 2. (b) gold 3. (c) geologists predicted where discoveries could be made 4. (b) Argyle 5. (b) it is radioactive 6. (c) Western Australia 7. (a) three

Where did all the convicts go?...... 14–17 1. (a) Elizabeth Thackery 2. (c) Mary Bryant 3. (b) seven years 4. (c) James Squire 5. (b) James Bloodsworth 6. (c) James Bloodsworth 7. (b) James Squire

The sugar cane industry................ 42–45 1. (b) South Africa 2. (a) came from Norfolk Island 3. (b) sold the first cane 4. (c) there were no workers 5. (a) kidnapping 6. (b) mechanical harvesters 7. (b) are toxic to other animals

The Myall Creek massacre............ 18–21 1. (b) 1838 2. (a) held in high regard 3. (c) killings occurred by both sides 4. (b) Aboriginals had killed their cattle 5. (c) 28 6. (b) they should not be on trial 7. (b) the massacre was legal

The telegraph: Connecting Australia........ ............................................ Pages 46-49 1. (a) 1844 2. (b) Victoria 3. (c) Charles Todd 4. (c) white ants 5. (c) WA and SA 6. (a) Eucla 7. (b) their hands

7. (b) immigration World War I: The Fromelles fiasco ...................................................... 58–61 1. (b) 800 km 2. (c) Brigadier General Elliott 3. (a) The Somme 4. (c) 27 hours 5. (c) none 6. (b) concrete pillboxes 7. (a) rosebush

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The Crash of ‘29............................. 62–65 1. (b) Wall Street 2. (c) crash 3. (a) Black Thursday 4. (c) high 5. (a) make money 6. (c) the World 7. (c) 5000

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Adapting to the land.......................... 2–5 1. (b) the weather was hot 2. (a) grass roofs 3. (b) large 4. (c) cooler 5. (a) animal fat and ochre 6. (c) Sahul 7. (b) find food and water

World War II: The New Guinea campaign..................................... 66 – 69 1. (b) Bluey 2. (a) Army 3. (c) three airstrips around Milne Bay 4. (b) Americans 5. (c) hot and wet 6. (c) poor health and good spirits 7. (a) heroic

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Escaping Africa.............................. 74–77 1. (c) North-east Africa 2. (a) 1956 3. (c) 8000 4. (c) 2003 5. (a) Sudanese Australian Integrated Learning 6. (b) Melbourne and Sydney 7. (c) 1990s

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Letters from the west.................... 22–25 1. (a) 1820s 2. (c) Swan River 3. (b) two 4. (c) 200 miles 5. (c) James Stirling 6. (b) Georgiana Molloy 7. (a) failing crops Governor Macquarie...................... 26–29 1. (c) Scotland 2. (a) 1800s 3. (a) William Bligh 4. (b) 1817 5. (c) British and Irish convicts 6. (b) The dump 7. (a) 62

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Wartime prime ministers............... 70–73 1. (b) Labor Party 2. (a) the ‘Little Digger’ 3. (c) conscription 4. (b) being a member of parliament for 58 years 5. (c) World War II 6. (b) conscription 7. (a) Western Australia

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The struggle for Federation........... 50–53 1. (c) Sir Henry Parkes 2. (a) Premier of New South Wales 3. (c) tariffs and trade 4. (b) New Zealand and Fiji 5. (c) the Tenterfield Oration 6. (a) 1890 and 1891 7. (b) 1 January 1901

Post-Federation government......... 54–57 1. (c) six 2. (b) New South Wales 3. (a) all colonies were in favour of the Constitution 4. (b) House of Representatives 5. (c) premier 6. (a) foreign affairs

The $50 banknote.......................... 78–81 1. (b) Western Australia 2. (c) south-eastern Australia 3 .(a) Unaipon was interested in philosophy 4. (b) Cowan travelled all over Australia 5. (b) 1995 6. (c) was awarded a Coronation Medal 7. (c) became the first woman member of an Australian parliament

Australian forces abroad............... 82–85 1. (a) 300 years

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Quiz answers 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c)

Kuwait its ally, the USA The First Gulf War restore peace Afghanistan Osama bin Laden

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The Snowy Mountains Scheme..... 86–89 1. (b) 25 years 2. (a) True 3. (c) dams, power stations, a pumping station, tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts 4. (b) migrant workers 5. (b) ecosystem damage 6. (a) The Snowy Water Inquiry Doris Pilkington Garimara: Rabbit proof fence.............................................. 90–93 1. (a) Doris Pilkington Garimara 2. (b) Three and a half 3. (a) Molly 4. (c) 25 5. (b) 1600 kilometres 6. (c) 100 000 7. (a) 1969

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The republic debate..................... 98–101 1. (a) constitutional monarchy 2. (c) the Queen 3. (b) is a citizen 4. (b) the first settlers came from Britain 5. (c) British monarchy is irrelevant in this day and age 6. (a) Australia is already considered an independent nation 7. (a) 40 years

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Australia and the United Nations... 94–97 1. (b) early 1970s 2. (c) 900 treaties 3. (a) Indonesia 4. (c) eradicating and preventing the unnecessary transfer of disease and avoidable illness 5. (a) implement their own goodwill and work together to make a treaty work 6. (c) WHO 7. (a) health, education, equality and protection for every child throughout the world

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