Primary Australian History: Book D - Ages 8-9

RIC-6430 6.5/162

Primary Australian history (Book D) Published by R.I.C. Publications® 2008 Copyright© R.I.C. Publications® 2008 Reprinted 2008 ISBN 978-1-74126-687-0 RIC– 6430

Additional titles available in this series:

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Primary Australian history (Book A) Primary Australian history (Book B) Primary Australian history (Book C) Primary Australian history (Book E) Primary Australian history (Book F) Primary Australian history (Book G)

This master may only be reproduced by the original purchaser for use with their class(es). The publisher prohibits the loaning or onselling of this master for the purposes of reproduction.

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Date of Purchase:

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Signature of Purchaser:

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Internet websites In some cases, websites or specific URLs may be recommended. While these are checked and rechecked at the time of publication, the publisher has no control over any subsequent changes which may be made to webpages.

It is strongly recommended that the class teacher checks all URLs before allowing students to access them.

View all pages online PO Box 332 Greenwood Western Australia 6924

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Primary Australian history

D

Foreword Primary Australian history is a series of seven books designed to provide students with an awareness of the chronology of major events in the history of Australia and the significance of these events in shaping the nation.

Titles in this series include: • Primary Australian history Book A

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Primary Australian history Book B

• Primary Australian history Book C

• Primary Australian history Book D • Primary Australian history Book E • Primary Australian history Book F

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• Primary Australian history Book G

Contents

Teachers notes ........................................................................................................................................iv – xv

How to use this book .............................................................................................................................. iv - v

Curriculum links .......................................................................................................................................... vi

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Useful Australian history resources .............................................................................................................. vii Historical literacy skills..........................................................................................................................viii - ix Public holidays .............................................................................................................................................x Time line of major Australian and world events .......................................................................................xi - xiv

Australian Prime Ministers since Federation ................................................................................................. xv

A new nation.................................................. 54–73

Aboriginal Australians .................................... 2–5

Federation .............................................. 54–57

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Maritime exploration.......................................... 6–9 William Dampier: Hero or villain? .................... 6–9

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The beginning .................................................... 2–5

Changes ................................................. 58–61 World War I—In Gallipoli .......................... 62–65

The Depression ....................................... 66–69

Early settlement............................................. 10–33

World War II—Australia under attack ........ 70–73

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The First Fleet ......................................... 10–13

Convicts at work ...................................... 14–17 Yagan and his people ............................... 18–21

Life in the new colony .............................. 22–25 The Macarthurs’ merino wool ................... 26–29

Bounty migrants ...................................... 30–33 Discoveries .................................................... 34–45 The mighty Blue Mountains ....................... 34–37 Edward Hargraves discovers gold ............. 38–41 Coal River, NSW ...................................... 42–45

People and politics ........................................ 74–85

The $5 faces ........................................... 74–77 John Howard ........................................... 78–81 Nuclear testing ........................................ 82–85

Modern Australia ......................................... 86–101 Sydney’s icons ........................................ 86–89 NAIDOC Week ......................................... 90–93 Australian sporting greats ........................ 94–97 Earth Hour ............................................ 98–101

Progress ........................................................ 46–53

Quizzes ...................................................... 102–115

The shearers’ strike ................................. 46–49

Quiz questions ...................................... 102–114

Beasts of burden ..................................... 50–53

Quiz answers ................................................ 115

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Teachers notes How to use this book The sections of this book incorporate an introduction to some of the major events to have influenced the course of Australian history. In the early levels, the activities are intended to form a basis for future learning about historical events. The events have been arranged, in part, to follow the chronology of events from the migration of the Australian Aboriginals to the modern day.

Each section contains one or more main historical events. The sections are:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • The beginning

• Maritime exploration

• Early settlement

• Discoveries

• Progress

• A new nation

• People and politics

• Modern Australia

Topics within the sections follow a similar four-page format of a teachers page followed by three (3) student pages. The three student pages may be about different individual aspects of an historical event or time or three connected activities associated with one historical event.

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• A series of quick multiple choice quizzes for each topic is provided on pages 102–116. All answers are supplied.

• Curriculum links for Society and Environment and English are provided on page vi.

• A list of useful R.I.C. Publications resources for teacher support for each section of the book is printed on page vii.

• An explanation of the five broad historical literacy skills is provided on page viii.

• A list of public holidays relevant to Australia’s history and celebrated by each state is provided on page x.

• For teacher reference a time line of major Australian and world events from 1788 to the present is on pages xi to xiv.

Teachers page

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The teachers page contains the following information:

The title of the topic indicates the person or event in Australian history being discussed.

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The page number for the quiz questions relating to each topic is given.

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A time line is included to place events in chronological order and also to indicate similar or significant events occurring during the same time frame elsewhere in Australia or in the rest of the world.

Indicators state literacy outcomes for reading and comprehending the informational text and outcomes relating to cross-curricular activities on other student pages.

Worksheet information provides additional information to place the topic in context with events of the time. It also includes specific details about the use of the worksheet, if required.

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Answers are provided where necessary. Open-ended tasks require the teacher to check the answers.

Further exploration activities offer suggestions for developing the knowledge and understanding of the topic or for widening the scope of the knowledge by investigating similar people or events.

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Teachers notes How to use this book Student pages The student pages follow the following format: • The first student page is an informational text, providing details and dates of key people and/or events and the significance of their role in Australian history.

• The second student page includes a variety of comprehension activities to establish student understanding of the text.

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• The final student page is a cross-curricular activity designed to deepen understanding of the topic or to widen the scope of knowledge.

Student pages

• The title of the topic.

• Informational text about the topic.

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1.

2.

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• The title of the topic.

• Comprehension activities to establish understanding.

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Answers for these activities are provided on the teachers page.

• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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• The title reflects the activity to be completed.

• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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Teachers notes

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Curriculum links

Society and Environment

TS2.1, TS2.2, TS2.3 RS2.5, RS2.6, RS 2.7 WS2.9, WS2.13

CCS2.1, CCS2.2, CUS2.3, CUS2.4 SSS2.7, SSS2.8

Vic.

ENSL0301, ENSL0302, ENSL0304 ENRE0301, ENRE0302, ENRE0305, ENRE0307, ENRE0308 ENWR0301, ENWR0302

SOSE0301, SOSE0302, SOSE0303

WA

LS 3.1, LS 3.2, V 3.1, V 3.2 R 3.1, R 3.2, R 3.4 W 3.1, W 3.2, W 3.3, W 3.4

ICP 3.1, ICP 3.2, ICP 3.3, ICP 3.4 C 3.1, C 3.2, C 3.3 TCC 3.1, TCC 3.2, TCC 3.3 NSS 3.1, NSS 3.2, NSS 3.3

NSW

Qld

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2.1, 2.2, 2.3 2.7, 2.8

Refer to curriculum documents at <http://www.qsa.edu.au>.

TCC 3.2, TCC 3.3, TCC 3.4, TCC 3.5 CI 3.1, CI 3.4, CI 3.5 SRP 3.2, SRP 3.4

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SA

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English

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State

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Teachers notes

Useful Australian history resources

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There are a number of R.I.C. Publications’ titles which may be used to extend knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of the history of Australia.

• Aboriginal studies — a three-book series

• Australian Aboriginal culture — a four-book series • Australian studies — a three-book series • Gold in Australia — a single book for upper primary • Anzac Day — a single book for use throughout the primary school

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• Primary Society and Environment — a seven-book series which includes a number of relevant Primary Australian history topics

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• Australian special days — a three-book series

• Change in the 20th century — a three-book series

• Australian explorers — a single book for upper primary

• Famous Australians — a three-book series for middle to upper primary

• Australian politics — a single book for upper primary

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• Successful Australians — a single book for upper primary

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• Australia on the map 1606–2006 — a two-book series for middle to upper primary

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• Current affairs — a single book for middle to upper primary

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• Australian identity — a single book for upper primary • Democracy – a single book for upper primary

State government websites are a valuable source for information about individual states.

• http://www.nsw.gov.au/ • http://www.vic.gov.au/

• http://www.tas.gov.au/ • http://www.qld.gov.au/ • http://www.wa.gov.au/ • http://www.nt.gov.au/ • http://www.act.gov.au/ • http://www.sa.gov.au/

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Teachers notes

Historical literacy skills

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It is not possible for us to know exactly what life was like in a time or place of which we have no direct experience. But we can study evidence of past events and eras to reach some understanding of the past. The more sources we use and the deeper we question their content, the greater our understanding and the more balanced our opinions will be.

It is important to bring the study of people and events of the past alive, kindling a genuine interest in history. This can be achieved by incorporating many learning areas into the investigation of an historical event.

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As events do not occur in isolation, it is necessary for students to appreciate the context as well as the content of an event. To achieve this, students need to develop historical literacy skills which will allow them to demonstrate the depth of their knowledge and understanding of an event.

There are five broad areas of historical literacy skills: 1. Understanding chronology • To understand and use words and phrases linked to the passing of time.

• To appreciate that the past can be divided into different eras between which there are similarities and differences.

• To describe how life today is different from that in any era of the past.

• To order events, people and eras chronologically, using dates and CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era) conventions.

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2. Understanding continuity and change

• To demonstrate an awareness of people and events beyond living memory.

• To consider reasons why certain events occurred and how decisions made affected the outcome of events.

• To look at events from the viewpoints of all parties involved and consider why some people had more influence than others.

• To compare and contrast characteristics of different eras.

3. Interpreting historical information • To recognise the difference between and the value and reliability of primary * and secondary * sources.

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• To understand the cause and effect of an event using a range of sources and studying it from different aspects.

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4. Understanding historical information

• To use literal, inferential and applied questioning techniques to learn about the past from a range of sources.

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5. Organising and communicating information

• To use a range of presentation techniques to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of people, events and eras of the past.

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The level at which each of these skills is practised deepens as students gain confidence and maturity. By studying the past in an effective way, they will recognise processes and be able to predict possible outcomes of similar events as they occur in the present time.

In studying the history of their own country, students will learn how events of the past have shaped the present and how actions taken today will affect life in the future. * Primary sources are usually original documents which contain first-hand information about a topic. Some primary sources are diaries, letters, autobiographies, interviews, original works of art or artefacts, photographs, and surveys. * Secondary sources are second-hand versions. They are edited primary sources or commentary on, or discussion about, primary sources. Some secondary sources are bibliographies, journal articles, reports, biographies, commentaries, newspaper and magazine articles.

For the purposes of this series of books, fictional primary sources have been created.

‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’ George Santayana 1863–1952 viii

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Teachers notes Organising and communicating information

Questioning historical information

Interpreting historical information

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Name

nuity Understanding continuity and change

Understanding chronology nology

Historical literacy skills class record

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Teachers notes

Public holidays

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All states and territories of Australia observe a number of special days each year, most of which are not public holidays. While many of the public holidays celebrated are also observed in other parts of the world, such as Christmas, Easter and the Queen’s Birthday holiday, a number of them celebrate events specific to Australian history.

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Some days are observed on the same date throughout Australia, while others vary among states and territories. Public holidays are listed below.

• Australia Day — 26 January — national public holiday

This day commemorates the founding of the first British settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, by the First Fleet.

• Anzac Day — 25 April — national public holiday

This day commemorates the landing of the ANZAC troops at Gallipoli on this day in 1915, but also serves as a reminder of all who have fought or served in the defence forces for Australia. A holiday on this day is also observed in New Zealand, Tonga and Western Samoa.

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• Labour Day — first Monday in October for NSW, SA and ACT; second Monday in March for Vic. and Tas.; first Monday in May for Qld; first Monday in March for WA — national public holiday This day commemorates the eight-hour working day which was established in 1871.

• Canberra Day — third Monday in March — ACT only

This day celebrates the official naming of Canberra at a ceremony on 12 March 1913 by Lady Denman, wife of Lord Denman, the Governor-General at the time.

This day celebrates the day in 1836 when South Australia was proclaimed a province.

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• Foundation Day — first Monday in June — Western Australia only This day celebrates the foundation of the Swan River Colony on 1 July 1829.

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• Proclamation Day — 28 December — South Australia only

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) The beginning – 1799

>60 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have arrived in Australia.

35 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have reached Tasmania.

1300: Marco Polo discusses the possibility of a great unexplored southern land.

1606: Luis Vaez de Torres sails through the Torres Strait.

1606: Willem Janszoon, sailing in Duyfken, makes the first European discovery of Australia.

1616: Dirk Hartog, a Dutch explorer, sails to Western Australia.

1622: Trial is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

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1629: Batavia is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1642: Abel Tasman makes the fist European discovery of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

1688: William Dampier, English explorer, arrives on the west coast of Australia.

1701–1714: War of the Spanish Succession occurs.

1705: Edmund Halley predicts the return of a comet.

1712: First practical steam-powered piston engine is invented.

1713: Britain becomes the dominant force in North America.

1715: France takes control of Mauritius.

1716–1720: China invades Tibet.

1719: Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe.

1721: French and English East India companies compete for trade in India.

1722: The Dutch reach the Samoan Islands and Easter Island.

1725: The Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia is printed in China.

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1708: First accurate map of China is drawn.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1726: Jonathon Swift writes Gulliver’s travels.

1728: Danish explorer is the first European to cross the Bering Strait.

1739–1748: The War of Jenkins’ Ear is fought between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean.

1739: Highwayman Dick Turpin is hanged in Britain.

1747: British Royal Navy introduces lime rations to prevent scurvy.

1754–1763: The French and Indian War takes place in North America.

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1755: Samuel Johnson’s dictionary is first published.

1756–1763: The first global conflict, the Seven Years War, occurs.

1757: The sextant is invented by John Campbell.

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1761: The marine chronometer is invented by John Harrison.

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1752: Great Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar.

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1762–1796: Catherine the Great begins her reign as Empress of Russia.

1765: James Watt develops the steam engine.

1766–1769: Frenchman Louis-Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigates the globe.

1769: Napoleon Bonaparte, later to become Emperor of France, is born.

1770: Captain James Cook lands on the more hospitable east coast of Australia and claims it for Britain.

1771: The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is published.

1775–1783: The American War of Independence occurs.

1779: James Cook is murdered in Hawaii.

1788: The First Fleet, under the command of Arthur Phillip, arrives at Sydney Cove and the NSW colony is founded.

1789: Mutineers on HMS Bounty cast William Bligh adrift in an open boat on the Pacific Ocean.

1789–1799: The French Revolution occurs.

1793: The first free settlers arrive in Australia.

1798: George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1800–1899

1802: the first steamship, Charlotte Dundas, is built.

1804: The first steam rail locomotive is built.

1804: Hobart Town is established in Van Diemen’s Land (now known as Tasmania).

1812: Grimms’ fairy tales, by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, is published.

1813: Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth locate a path through the Blue Mountains.

1816: Shaka becomes leader of the Zulus.

1818: Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, is published.

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1819: Thomas Stamford Raffles founds the British colony of Singapore.

1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena.

1822: Tea is cultivated in India, ending China’s monopoly.

1822: The Rosetta Stone is deciphered by Frenchman Jean Francois Champollion, the ‘Father of Egyptology’.

1823: The game of rugby is invented.

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1824: ‘Australia’ is officially adopted as the name for the first colony.

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1825: Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1829: Swan River Colony is founded.

1832: Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.

1833: Port Arthur opens as a penal settlement in Van Diemen’s Land.

1836: South Australia is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1837: Queen Victoria begins her reign.

1840: Treaty of Waitangi is signed in New Zealand.

1845–1848: The Irish potato famine occurs.

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1848: Gold is discovered in California.

1851: The gold rush begins near Bathurst in New South Wales.

Victoria is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1852–1856: David Livingstone crosses Africa.

1853: Last convict transportation to Van Diemen’s Land.

1853: The railway and telegraph are introduced in India.

1854: The Eureka Rebellion occurs in Victoria.

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1856: Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania.

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1859: Queensland is proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales.

1861: Archer wins the first Melbourne Cup. 1862: France begins to colonise Vietnam.

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1864: The Red Cross organisation is established.

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1865: Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s adventures in Wonderland is published.

1866: The Ku Klux Klan movement is begun in the USA. 1868: The last convicts are transported to Australia.

1873: Uluru (Ayers Rock) is sighted by Europeans for the first time.

1873: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the ‘Mounties’, are formed.

1876: Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeat the American army in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

1880: Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.

1883: The Federal Council of Australasia is formed.

1885: Gold is discovered in the Transvaal (Gauteng).

1887: The Raffles Hotel in Singapore is opened.

1889: Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1890: Massacre of Native Americans occurs at Wounded Knee.

1894: Rudyard Kipling’s The jungle book is published.

1899–1902: Boer War takes place in South Africa

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Time line

Lord Hopetoun proclaims the Commonwealth of Australia.

Queen Victoria dies.

The Franchise Act gives non-Indigenous women throughout Australia the right to vote.

Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered flight.

British New Guinea is transferred to Australian administration.

Canberra chosen as capital city of Australia.

Northern Territory is transferred from South Australian control to the Commonwealth.

Titanic sinks during her maiden voyage from Britain to the United States.

The Panama Canal in Central America opens, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for shipping.

Australian troops fight in World War I. ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli.

Tsar Nicholas II and his family are assassinated in Russia.

Amritsar Massacre takes place in India.

Qantas is formed as an airline.

Australia takes control of German New Guinea.

Tutankhamen’s tomb is opened.

Vegemite™ is first produced.

The first Federal Parliament is held in Canberra.

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1900–1999

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1901: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1905: 1909: 1911: 1912: 1914: 1914–1918: 1915: 1917: 1919: 1920: 1920: 1923: 1923: 1927:

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day)

The Royal Flying Doctor Service is established in Australia.

The Wall Street Crash takes place.

Sydney Harbour Bridge opens.

The ‘Bodyline’ cricket tour of Australia takes place.

Western Australia passes a referendum for secession from the Federation of Australia, but it is rejected by the British Parliament.

Australia Antarctic Territory is established.

Australian troops fight in World War II. The Cold War between the USA and the USSR begins.

The first all-Australian car is produced—the Holden (FX) 48-215.

Australian troops fight in the Korean War. Mount Everest is climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.

Melbourne hosts the Olympics.

The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik.

Australian troops fight in the Vietnam War (from 1965).

Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space.

Apollo 11 space mission—Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon.

Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal Australian federal Member of Parliament.

The Sydney Opera House opens.

The Khmer Rouge take control of government in Cambodia.

Asian immigration into Australia increases.

Australia wins the America’s Cup. Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurs.

Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The new Parliament House opens in Canberra.

Tiananmen Square Massacre occurs in Beijing.

Nelson Mandela is freed from captivity in South Africa after 27 years.

The Cold War officially ends with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Nelson Mandela is elected president of South Africa.

Israeli Prime Minister, Yitznak Rabin, is assassinated.

John Howard is elected Prime Minister.

Diana, Princess of Wales, is killed in a car crash.

Head of Yagan is returned to Australia.

World population reaches six billion.

A massive hailstorm hits Sydney, causing $1.7 billion in damage.

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1933: 1939–1945: 1946: 1948: 1950–1953: 1953: 1956: 1957: 1959–1975: 1961: 1969: 1971: 1973: 1975: 1981: 1983: 1986: 1988: 1989: 1990: 1991: 1994: 1995: 1996: 1997:

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 2000–2007

2000: John Howard’s Liberal government introduces the goods and services tax (GST).

Sydney hosts the Summer Olympics.

2001: Australia celebrates the centenary of Federation of Australia.

The World Trade Centre towers in New York City are destroyed by terrorists.

2001 Mars Odyssey reaches the orbit of Mars.

2002: The euro is officially launched as the new single currency for 12 of the European Union’s member states.

Terrorist bombings in Bali nightclubs kill 202 people.

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East Timor gains independence from Indonesia.

Brazil wins the Football World Cup for the fifth time.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads around the world.

2002–2003: Athens hosts the Summer Olympics.

2003: US-led coalition force invades Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.

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Space shuttle Columbia disaster occurs.

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Chinese space program launches its first manned space flight, Shenzhou 5

Almost 35 000 people in Europe die as a result of a prolonged heatwave.

Australia wins the Cricket World Cup. England wins the Rugby World Cup.

2004–2005: The Orange Revolution takes place in Ukraine.

2004: Australia and the USA sign a free trade agreement.

An Indian Ocean earthquake creates a tsunami which kills more than 260 000 people.

The Madrid train terrorist attack claims the lives of 191 people and injures over 1000.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Hurricanes Charley, Francis, Ivan and Jeanne cause over 3000 deaths as they batter the Caribbean.

2005: Hurricane Katrina causes major destruction along the Gulf Coast of the US, killing almost 2000 people.

An earthquake in Kashmir claims the lives of almost 90 000 Indians and Pakistanis.

The London transport terrorist attack claims the lives of 52 people and injures 700.

A terrorist attack in Delhi on the eve of the festival season kills 61 people and injures almost 200 more.

In cricket, England wins the Ashes by defeating Australia.

American Lance Armstrong wins the Tour de France for the seventh time.

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Pluto is reclassified as a dwarf planet.

Saddam Hussein is executed in Baghdad.

Steve Irwin, the ‘crocodile hunter’, dies after being fatally pierced by a stingray barb.

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Melbourne hosts the Commonwealth Games.

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2006: North Korea conducts its first nuclear weapons test.

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Australia regains the Ashes from England.

Italy wins the Football World Cup.

2007: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit is held in Sydney.

Buddhist monks in Burma protest against military rule in the country.

Australia wins the Cricket World Cup.

South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup.

Kevin Rudd (ALP) elected Prime Minister.

2008: Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

xiv

Primary Australian history

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Australian Prime Ministers since Federation Prime Minister

Term and length of office

Political party

Sir Edmund Barton

01/01/1901 – 24/09/1903

2 years 9 months

Protectionist

Alfred Deakin

24/09/1903 – 27/04/1904

0 years 7 months

Protectionist

Chris Watson

27/04/1904 – 18/08/1904

0 years 4 months

Labor

Sir George Reid

18/08/1904 – 05/07/1905

0 years 11 months

Free Trade

Alfred Deakin

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 3 years 4 months

Protectionist

13/11/1908 – 02/06/1909

0 years 7 months

Labor

02/06/1909 – 29/04/1910

0 years 11 months

Commonwealth Liberal

29/04/1910 – 24/06/1913

3 years 2 months

Labor

24/06/1913 – 17/09/1914

1 year 3 months

Commonwealth Liberal

Andrew Fisher

17/09/1914 – 27/10/1915

1 year 1 month

Billy Hughes

27/10/1915 – 09/02/1923

7 years 4 months

Stanley Bruce

09/02/1923 – 22/10/1929

6 years 9 months

James Scullin

22/10/1929 – 06/01/1932

2 years 3 months

Joseph Lyons

06/01/1932 – 07/04/1939

7 years 3 months

Sir Earle Page

07/04/1939 – 26/04/1939

0 years 3 weeks

Robert Menzies

26/04/1939 – 28/08/1941

2 years 4 months

United Australia

Arthur Fadden

28/08/1941 – 07/10/1941

0 years 6 weeks

Country

John Curtin

07/10/1941 – 05/07/1945

3 years 9 months

Labor

Frank Forde

05/07/1945 – 13/07/1945

0 years 1 week

Labor

Ben Chifley

13/07/1945 – 19/12/1949

4 years 5 months

Sir Robert Menzies

19/12/1949 – 26/01/1966

16 years 1 month

Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin

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Andrew Fisher Sir Joseph Cook

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05/07/1905 – 13/11/1908

Labor

Labor/Nationalist Nationalist Labor

United Australia

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Harold Holt

Country

Labor

Liberal

o c . che e r o t r s super 26/01/1966 – 19/12/1967

1 year 11 months

19/12/1967 – 10/01/1968

0 years 3 weeks

Country

10/01/1968 – 10/03/1971

3 years 2 months

Liberal

10/03/1971 – 05/12/1972

1 year 9 months

Liberal

05/12/1972 – 11/11/1975

2 years 11 months

Labor

Malcolm Fraser

11/11/1975 – 11/03/1983

7 years 4 months

Liberal

Bob Hawke

11/03/1983 – 20/12/1991

8 years 9 months

Labor

Paul Keating

20/12/1991 – 11/11/1996

4 years 3 months

Labor

John Howard

11/11/1996 – 03/12/2007

11 years 9 months

Liberal

Sir John McEwen John Gorton

Sir William McMahon Gough Whitlam

Kevin Rudd

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03/12/2007 –

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Liberal

Labor

Primary Australian history

xv

Aboriginal Australians The beginning Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about Aboriginal Australians’ affinity with the land.

• Completes a research activity to make notes about Aboriginal Australian weapons and tools.

Worksheet information

Time line 50 000 BCE

• It is thought Aboriginal Australians came to Australia from Asia around 50 000 to 60 000 years ago. There was less sea between Australia and Asia then so they could have walked across land bridges and used water transport such as rafts to cross passages of ocean.

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Last ice age: Australia is linked by land to both New Guinea and Tasmania. Migration between islands occurs.

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Aboriginal Australians living in Lake Mungo area, New South Wales.

• Different groups of Indigenous Australians once lived all over Australia, and, at the time of European settlement, the largest population was in the temperate coastal climate regions in the south and east. Wherever they lived, in harsh desert environments, cold mountainous environments or mild coastal environments, their diets and hunting methods would vary accordingly.

24 000 BCE

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

Aboriginal Australians living in Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia.

Answers Page 4

10 000 BCE

Temperature rises, ice melts, seas rise and land bridges disappear.

Chinese exploration into the Indian Ocean begins.

1488 CE

2. They were semi-nomadic as they would shift from place to place when food supplies were getting low.

3. (c)

4. Teacher check

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed between Portugal and Spain.

1497

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Portuguese discover a sea route to Asia.

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Dieppe Maps are drawn in France.

6. A hunter tracks and kills wild animals for food. A gatherer searches for, picks and collects mainly plants for food or other uses.

Further exploration

Portuguese capture Melaka and take control of the Indonesian spice trade.

1530-1570

5. Just by looking at a set of animal tracks, they could tell what kind of animal it was, what direction it was going, its size (by judging the depth of the track), whether it was male or female (by the spacing between the back legs), approximate age and how fresh the track was.

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First European expedition to sail around the Cape of Good Hope occurs.

1606

1. Answers should indicate that they have survived by adapting to their environment and by understanding Australia’s plant and animal life.

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~1400 CE

1511

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Aboriginal Australians living in Devil’s Lair, Western Australia.

• Torres Strait Islanders are the other group of Indigenous Australians and live in mainland Australia and the Torres Strait Islands between Australia and New Guinea. These islands are part of the state of Queensland. These Indigenous people were traditionally agriculturalists who hunted and gathered for extra food supplies when necessary.

38 000 BCE

• Research to find examples of humpies or lean-to’s, traditional Aboriginal Australian shelters. Identify the materials used to make them.

• Find out examples of plants that were used for bush medicines and how they were prepared; e.g. oily sap from a conkerberry tree applied to ease rheumatism.

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Torres Strait between New Guinea and Australia is sailed through by Spanish explorer, Luis Vaez de Torres.

1700s

Aboriginal Australians trade with Macassans from south-west Sulawesi.

1788 European settlement of Australia.

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Aboriginal Australians – 1

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r o e t s Bo Bush tucker and bush medicine r e p opassed Aboriginal people on their knowledge u k from one generation to the next as to how certain S plants and animals could be used as food (bush

Living with their country Aboriginal Australians first arrived in northern Australia and then settled across the continent, including the island of Tasmania. They adapted well and survived because of what they learnt and understood of Australia’s plant and animal life. All they needed was provided by nature. They learnt to live in different environments across the continent.

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Aboriginal Australians were the first human inhabitants of Australia. They are believed to be one of the oldest remaining civilisations in the world.

tucker) and medicines (bush medicine). They knew which plants and animals were edible, in which season they were available and how to gather or hunt for them. Bush tucker from plants included fruits, nuts, berries, flowers, fungi, seeds and tubers (root vegetables such as yams). Bush tucker from animals included kangaroo, emu, witchetty grubs, eggs, fish, shellfish, goanna, ants and wallaby. The older women, in particular, knew how to prepare bush medicine for a variety of problems. These included treatment for snake and spider bites, burns, jellyfish stings, headaches, eye infections, rashes, cuts and stomach upsets.

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Most Aboriginal Australian groups were seminomadic; meaning they moved to another place after staying in an area for a certain amount of time. They would make a campsite near a water source and hunt and gather food from around the area. They were very careful in taking only what they needed. When food supplies in a location were getting low, they would shift to another area so the numbers of plants and animals they had taken would return to normal. Their movements were within a specific area, and they would return to the same places at the same time each year. Therefore, Aboriginal Australians had no need to stay in one place to grow crops or to rear animals for food. They did not need to clear land for shelters. Available bark, leaves, twigs and grass were used to make shelters, or a cave or natural outcrop would serve as a shelter.

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Hunters and gatherers

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Women were the gatherers, collecting plants, small animals, wood for fires and material for shelters. Men were the hunters and were exceptional at tracking animals. Just by looking at a set of animal tracks, they could tell what kind of animal it was, what direction it was going, its size (by judging the depth of the track), whether it was male or female (by the spacing between the back legs), approximate age and how fresh the track was. They used many different tools for hunting and gathering. These included digging sticks, boomerangs, woomeras, fish traps, fishhooks, snares, clubs, spears and axes.

Primary Australian history

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Aboriginal Australians – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 3.

1. Why have Aboriginal Australians survived to become one of the oldest remaining civilisations on Earth?

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r o e t s Bo r e psemi-nomadic? ok 2. Why were Aboriginal Australians u S 3. Circle the three items that are all examples of bush tucker. (a) witchetty grubs, boomerangs, emu

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C.Publ i cat i ons (c) berries, shellfish, ants •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• (b) fishhooks, woomeras, bark

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4. List three things that could be treated by bush medicine.

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5. Explain why Aboriginal Australians are described as being exceptional trackers.

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o c . che e r o t r s 6. What is the difference between a hunters and ap gatherer? u er

Aboriginal Australians reached Tasmania by means of a land bridge that existed between the island and the mainland. After it disappeared during the last ice age, the Indigenous people there were isolated until the arrival of European settlers.

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T he b e

Aboriginal Australian weapons and tools

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The items in the table below are examples of weapons and tools used by Aboriginal Australians.

Use a dictionary, nonfiction books from the library or the Internet to write notes about each item. Include notes about what it is used for, how it is used and what it is made from.

Weapon/Tool

Notes

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Teac he r

digging stick

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boomerang

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woomera and spear

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fishhook

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axe

Aboriginal Australians did not carry first aid or medicine kits. They used plants and materials that were available at the time. If a favoured plant was not available, there were always others that could be used.

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5

William Dampier: Hero or villain?

Maritime exploration

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Finds information to write a summary of William Dampier’s career.

Time line

Worksheet information

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• For the activity on page 9, students focus on information they have found through research, reviewing a number of different websites to validate information.

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William Dampier was the first known British explorer to reach Australia. His impressions were not favourable but his descriptions of the people, landscape, plants and animals motivated others to search for Terra Australis Incognita, the ‘unknown southern land’. It was believed by many that in order to balance the land mass in the Northern Hemisphere, there must be more land south of the equator.

Gradually, a great extent of the continent was explored, first by the Dutch and then by British and French explorers. But many years before James Cook charted New Zealand and explored the eastern coast of Australia, claiming it for King George III, William Dampier had explored part of the western coast.

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1606 Willem Janszoon, aboard the Duyfken, sights Australian coastline at Cape York Peninsula.

1616 Dirk Hartog lands at west coast of Australia.

1629 Batavia is wrecked off the Western Australian coastline.

1642 Abel Tasman is first European to sight Van Diemen’s Land.

1651 William Dampier born.

1665 Black Death in London.

1666 Great Fire of London.

1672 Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674).

1688 William Dampier, travelling in Cygnet, beaches on north-western coast of Australia near King Sound.

1696 Willem de Vlamingh explores Rottnest Island and the Swan River.

1697 William Dampier’s first book, A new voyage around the world, published.

1699 William Dampier in HMS Roebuck, lands at Dirk Hartog Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia.

1700 William Dampier sights New Guinea and charts its northern coastline. Explores Bismarck Islands off northeastern coast and discovers Dampier Strait.

1701 William Dampier’s second book published.

1701 War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714).

1705 Edmund Halley predicts return of comet.

1708 Jesuit missionaries make first accurate map of China.

1709 William Dampier’s third book published.

1713 Utrecht Treaty places Britain as dominant force in America.

1715 French take power in Mauritius.

1715 William Dampier dies.

Dampier’s interest in natural history and eye for detail allowed him to produce sketches and notes of such great importance that Charles Darwin used them as reference material on his celebrated voyage to the Galapagos Islands on board HMS Beagle. Dampier had visited the islands about 150 years before Darwin.

Dampier rescued Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on an island off the west coast of South America after he had a disagreement with his captain on board Cinque Ports. Dampier’s record of this rescue inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe.

This story was an inspiration to another famous British maritime explorer, Matthew Flinders, who went on to chart the whole of the Australian coastline.

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Primary Australian history

Answers Page 8

1. None (0) 2. Dampier Archipelago, Dampier Strait 3. charted coastlines, explored Dampier Strait, produced global wind charts 4.

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5. Down: 1. pirate – person who attacks and steals from ships 2. corrupt – dishonest 4. thief – person who takes things belonging to others 5. violent – causing great pain

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Across: 3. dishonest – lies and cheats often 6. mutineer – person who rebels against authority 7. cheat – person who does things dishonestly

• William Dampier has had a number of plants named after him. Find out what they are and where they can be found. Make labelled sketches of the plants and create a decorative display.

• Read and write a book review of either Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe or Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift.

• Collect pictures and information about the Dutch, French and British maritime explorers (and their ships) who discovered different parts of Australia. Arrange them around a map of Australia.

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William Dampier: Hero or villain? – 1

Maritime explo rat

ion

‘A pirate! A pirate you say? How dare you label one of England’s greatest maritime explorers and naturalists in such a way!’ spluttered Sir Horatio Barnaby.

‘Calm down, old boy. I just like to look at both sides of the coin, don’t you know!’ Lord Fortescue-Pike was running his lean fingers along the books on the shelf. ‘Here! Let’s take a good look at these and see what we can come up with. You find the evidence to paint him as a good fellow and I’ll do my best to convict him as a notorious villain.’

Teac he r

Maritime explorer and naturalist

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u The men worked silently and soon had enough information for an interesting discussion about S William Dampier.

Pirate and notorious villain

• The first person to sail around the world three • times.

• • Was the first English person to reach Australia, 80 years before Captain James Cook – 1688.

• • His first book inspired an interest in the ‘unknown southern land’.

Organised mutinies on many ships.

Launched many raids on treasure-filled Spanish ships.

Stole maps andn charts from Spanish ships. © R. I .

C.Publ i c a t i o s Their importance to the English royalty saved him from punishment forl his crimes •f orr evi ew pur p o se son y • of piracy.

• Had Dampier Archipelago named after him.

• Plundered towns along the South American coast.

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• Charted and named the Bismarck Islands to the east of New Guinea, discovering the strait • Treated fellow officer, George Fisher, violently and threw him in a Brazilian jail, continuing between them, later named Dampier Strait. the voyage to Australia without him.

• Made careful notes and sketches of natural • Court martialled for his treatment of Fisher history that were used by Charles Darwin. and thrown out of the Navy.

• Impressed Captain James Cook and Admiral Nelson with his navigational techniques and • Recorded tales of his crimes and acts of destruction in his diaries. detailed charts.

o c . che e r o t r s s • r Kept money meant for expeditions and ship Discovered that winds cause ocean currents u e p repairs for himself. and produced excellent charts of global winds.

• Took bribes from captured Spanish ships and allowed them to go free.

• Inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe and Jonathan Swift to write Gulliver’s travels.

discussedd th the iinteresting life off Willi William D Dampier.

FFor the th restt off the th evening, i the th two t friends f i d di t ti lif i www.ricpublications.com.au

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7

Maritime explo ratio n

William Dampier: Hero or villain?– 2 Use the text on page 7 to answer the questions.

1. How many Englishmen had reached Australia before Dampier?

2. Name two places that have been named after William Dampier.

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3. Name three things William Dampier did that would have been useful for other maritime explorers.

4. Many people believe that William Dampier was a great scoundrel and would use the words listed below to describe him.

1 2 mutineer pirate violent

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Place the words in the correct place in the puzzle.

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5. (a) On separate paper, write clues for each word and arrange them in down and across lists, using the numbers on the puzzle. (b) Copy the puzzle onto grid paper and give it to a friend, with the clues, to complete.

William Dampier is the only pirate to have a portrait in the National Portrait Gallery in London.

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Maritime explo rat

Guess who’s coming to dinner!

ion

William Dampier had a very interesting and adventurous life. He travelled the world on the high seas, landing on foreign shores and experiencing the lives of people very different from his own.

1. You have invited William Dampier as a mystery guest to dinner at your home. Before he enters the dining room, you introduce him to the other guests already seated at the table.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Ladies and gentlemen, our special guest this evening …

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Teac he r

(a) Type ‘William Dampier’ into an Internet search engine. Use facts from different websites to write the speech you would give to your guests, giving information about William Dampier’s life and adventures, as clues to his identity.

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(b) Write three questions that you would like to ask William Dampier about his life and adventures.

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(c) What is your opinion of William Dampier?

Hero

Villain

Buccaneer Rock in Roebuck Bay is believed to be the location of William Dampier’s buried treasure chest. Legend says that, on some nights, Dampier’s ghost can be seen at the rock, searching for the chest! www.ricpublications.com.au

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9

The First Fleet Early settlement

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Writes a report recording the voyage of the First Fleet.

Worksheet information • For the convicts of the First Fleet, the voyage to Botany Bay was a journey to the end of the world. They would never again return to their homeland. By the time the fleet left England, many of the convicts had already been on board the ships for several months.

Time line

1786

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Coal gas used to generate light.

• Marines were enlisted to guard the convicts. The wives and children of the marines were also on board.

American constitution signed.

• During the voyage, 69 people were lost through death, discharge or desertion and 22 babies were born.

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1787

• The fleet comprised:

13/05/87

Fleet leaves England.

03/06/87

Fleet reaches Canary Islands.

14/07/87

Fleet crosses equator.

six convict ships: Alexander, Charlotte, Friendship, Lady Penrhyn, Prince of Wales and Scarborough

07/08/87

Fleet reaches Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

three storeships: Borrowdale, Fishburn and Golden Grove.

13/10/87

Fleet reaches Cape Town, South Africa.

• The route taken by the First Fleet took advantage of helpful sailing winds; from Portsmouth, England, it sailed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands; to Rio de Janiero, Brazil; to Cape Town, South Africa; and, finally, to Botany Bay.

01/01/88

Fleet reaches Adventure Bay, Van Diemen’s Land.

18/01/88

Fleet reaches Botany Bay.

26 /01/88

Fleet go ashore at Port Jackson and the British flag is raised.

• Journals of the voyage were kept by a number of people in the fleet, most notably: Philip Gidley King, John White, Watkin Tench, David Collins and John Hunter. Governor Phillip did not keep a journal but his official papers and documents have been published together as an accurate account of the voyage.

1788

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Captain Arthur Phillip appointed Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the territory of New South Wales.

14/02/88

Supply leaves for Norfolk Island to establish colony.

02/10/88

Sirius leaves for Cape Town for supplies.

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1789

French Revolution (1789-1799).

19/03/90

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Answers Page 12

1. (a) Captain Arthur Phillip (b) 11 (c) To establish a penal colony as Britain’s prisons were overcrowded.

2. Teacher check. Examples: Crops planted at the wrong time of the year, intense summer heat and drought conditions. Seeds need to be planted in the early spring so they can grow through the summer and be harvested in the autumn, and plants need water to survive.

3. Teacher check. Example: With less food, people would be able to do less physical labour, because the body weakens if it is not given enough food.

Mutiny on HMS Bounty.

1790

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

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two naval escorts: Flagship HMS Sirius and HM Brig Supply

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Sirius leaves for China for supplies but is wrecked off Norfolk Island.

17/04/90

Supply leaves for Batavia for supplies.

03/06/90

Convict ship, Lady Juliana, arrives at Sydney Cove.

20/06/90

Supply ship, Justinian, arrives at Sydney Cove.

1791 George Vancouver charts King George Sound in south-west Australia.

1792 d’Entrecasteaux circumnavigates Australia.

4. Teacher check. Examples: Desperate, isolated, scared and desolate because the ship may not return and they would die.

5. Teacher check. Examples: Overjoyed, relieved and thankful because they had been saved.

Further exploration

• Discover the reasons for the increase in crime and overcrowding of prisons in Britain in the late 18th century and why the British government decided to transport convicts to Australia.

• From the Internet, discover the origins of the Cadi Jam Ora: First Encounters Garden Display in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney. Read the information and write a report on the arrival of the First Fleet from the Aboriginal Australians point of view.

• The Second Fleet is often referred to as the ‘Death Fleet’. Find out why this is so. Draw a series of sketches to illustrate the story of the Second Fleet and its arrival in Port Jackson.

Marion du Fresne expedition lands at Marion Bay, Tasmania.

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Early s ettlem e

The First Fleet – 1

nt

The First Fleet is important in the history of Australia as the people who survived the nine-month voyage—officers, crew, marines and convicts—are all considered to be the founders of the Australian nation. In May 1787, the fleet of 11 ships, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, set sail for Australia to establish a penal colony as prisons in Britain were becoming overcrowded.

Teac he r

and perfect for farming. But the people of the First Fleet found that this was not so. The fleet continued north to Sydney Cove, arriving there on 26 January 1788. Here they established the first European colony, Port Jackson, later to be called Sydney.

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r o e t s Bo r e planded at the east ok Captain James Cook, who had u coast of Australia almost 20 years earlier, had S described the land around Botany Bay as fertile

In early October 1788, one of the two ships left © R. I .

C.Pub l i c t i on sSirius, was sent back to with thea settlers, HMS Cape Town to buy provisions. The trip took seven •f orr evi ew pur pos eswhich onthe l yremaining • supplies months, during were heavily rationed and farming and building work was cut back.

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The first farm was established at Farm Cove, the present site of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Cereal crops were sown but, due to the poor sandy soil, the harvest was a complete failure. As they were unable to establish a productive farm, the settlers were dependent on the ships’ supplies and everyone, from the convicts to the governor, was on food rations.

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In February 1790, Sirius was again sent to buy supplies, this time from China, but the ship was wrecked near Norfolk Island. The colony was In early February 1788, Philip Gidley King, acting now left with only one ship and Supply was sent as Lieutenant-Governor, was sent on HM Brig to Batavia for provisions. By this time, there was Supply to establish a second colony on Norfolk only three months worth of supplies remaining.

Island, directly east in the Pacific Ocean. He took with him seven freemen, nine convict men and In early June 1790, the first convict ship of the six convict women. They found the soil to be Second Fleet, Lady Juliana, arrived at Sydney richer than at Port Jackson and crop production Cove. This was followed nearly three weeks later was successful.

by Justinian, a store ship, loaded with provisions for the colony.

Within six months, more fertile land was found to the west of Port Jackson on the Parramatta River The arrival of Justinian proved to be the turning and successful farming was established there at point in the colony’s fortunes. Rations increased a settlement named Rose Hill. In 1791, Rose Hill and the development of the colony began in was re-named Parramatta. earnest.

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11

Early s ettlem e

The First Fleet – 2

nt

Use the text on page 11 to answer the questions.

1. (a) Who was in command of the First Fleet? (b) How many ships left Britain with the First Fleet?

r o e t s Bo r e 2. What factors do you think might have contributed to the failure of theo first farm? Explain your p u k answer.

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(c) Why did the fleet set sail for Australia?

3. Why do you think farming and building work was cut back when supplies were heavily rationed? Explain your answer.

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4. How do you think the settlers felt as they watched the Supply sail away on its voyage to Batavia for supplies? Explain your answer.

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From 1788 to 1868, 806 ships transported 162 000 convicts from Britain to Australia.

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Early s ettlem e

Voyage to the other side of the world

nt

The voyage from Britain to Australia and life in the colony before the arrival of the Justinian would have been beyond the imagination of many people back in Britain.

1. You have been commissioned by the British Government to keep a record of the voyage of the First Fleet.

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(a) Type ‘First Fleet’ into an Internet search engine. Use the material from different websites to make notes for your report.

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(b) Write a draft of the report. Proofread and edit it. Now write a final copy. (c) Add a map of the voyage, including the route taken, ports of call and dates, to the report.

The small herd of cattle (one bull, one bull calf and four cows) brought to Australia with the First Fleet escaped into the bush on arrival, only to be found seven years later and numbering 61.

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13

Convicts at work Early settlement

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the work done by convicts.

• Writes a report recording the voyage of the First Fleet.

Worksheet information

Time line

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• Between 1788 and 1868, more than 162 000 convicts were transported to Australia.

About half of these were sent to Port Jackson (Sydney), Port Phillip (Melbourne) and Moreton Bay (Brisbane). Just under half were sent to Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), with the rest sent to New South Wales and Western Australia.

• Convict manpower was used to construct many public buildings, roads and bridges which are still in use today.

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1718-1775 British convicts transported to American colonies.

1775-1783 American War of Independence.

23/01/1787 Lord Sydney agrees to send convicts to New South Wales.

26/01/1788 First Fleet arrives at Port Jackson.

1790 Second Fleet of convicts arrive.

1791 Third Fleet of convicts arrive.

1792 French Republic is proclaimed.

1793 First free settlers arrive in New South Wales.

1795 Britain seizes South African Cape Colony from Dutch.

Rural depression in Britain.

1801 Matthew Flinders completes coastal survey of Australia.

1802 Nicolas Baudin charts the south and west coasts of Australia.

Baudin and Matthew Flinders meet near the coast of South Australia at Encounter Bay. 1824 Moreton Bay penal settlement opens (Brisbane).

1827 Albany, WA settled.

1829 Swan River Colony settled.

1830 Port Arthur penal settlement opens (Tasmania).

1849 Swan River Colony proclaimed a British penal settlement.

1850 Western Australia receives its first convicts.

1851 Australian gold rush begins.

1852 Last convicts arrive in eastern Australia (Tasmania).

1856 Van Diemen’s Land renamed Tasmania.

1868 Last convicts are transported to Western Australia on Hougoumont.

1877 Port Arthur prison closed.

Teac he r

• As the prisons in Britain were overcrowded, many prisoners were kept in hulks, old merchant ships and naval vessels which had been converted into floating prisons.

Convicts were kept on the hulks before being transported to Australia. They ate and slept on the hulks and were taken to work on the land during the day. By the time the ships set sail, prisoners may have already spent many months on the hulks.

• Convicts who were kept in government service were considered the most unfortunate.

There was a great chance that they would have to work in chain gangs at the worst jobs, such as hewing rocks and building roads.

• Accommodation for government convicts was often in small, mobile shells which were transported as the convicts completed one job and moved to the next.

• The stockades in which the labour gangs worked were surrounded by high fences and were heavily guarded. There was little chance of a successful escape attempt. If prisoners did escape from the stockade, the inhospitable conditions of the bushland would usually defeat them.

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• Their jobs included working the land as agricultural labourers, building bridges, making salt or bricks, or mining coal. Convicts working these jobs were fortunate in that they learned a trade which would be useful to them when they gained their freedom.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

Answers Page 16 1. (a) crime, unemployment, transportation, poverty (b) unemployment 2. (a) true (b) true (c) false

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• Life for assigned convicts was also very hard, but there was the possibility that it would be less brutal, depending on the temperament of the master.

transportation

3. Teacher check. Examples: desperate, life not worth living, hopeless, hell on earth

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Further exploration

• Discover the history of some convict-built structures and roads, such as Fremantle Prison, Old Great North Road and Ross Bridge. Write a brief report about each. Include sketches and pictures.

• Find out about the female factories of Tasmania. Draw a map to show their locations and write a brief report, including dates of operation, numbers of prisoners and life in the factories.

• Write an explanation of conditions of ‘tickets of leave’ given to some convicts.

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Early s ettlem e

Convicts at work – 1

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The decision to use Australia as a penal colony was made because the prisons in Britain were severely overcrowded. Soldiers returning from the American War of Independence added to the unemployment, which was already large because of the Industrial Revolution. Unemployment led to poverty, which led to crime.

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The crimes for which people were transported ranged from lesser crimes such as stealing (which carried a sentence of seven years), to murder (which carried a life sentence).

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The British Government did not want to spend money building new prisons, so they chose to transport the prisoners instead. As America had just gained its independence from Britain, convicts could no longer be sent there and Africa was not suitable. It was decided that the convicts would be sent to Botany Bay in the faroff southern land of Australia.

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C.Publ i cat i ons When the • convicts landed ati Sydney Cove, f o r r e v e w p ur po ses onl y• Some women prisoners were chosen as wives skilled male convicts were kept in government

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by the free settlers. The women stood in a line and each man would drop a piece of cloth at the feet of the woman he wanted to marry. If she picked it up, the pair were married and the woman was free. Women who were not chosen as wives were either sent into domestic service or to a female factory.

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service because they were needed to build roads, bridges, prisons and other public buildings. Useful skills learnt included brickmaking, carpentry, accounting, nursing, bookkeeping and farming.

Prisoners working outdoors worked in chain gangs, which prevented them from escaping. Anyone who disobeyed the guards or behaved in an angry manner was flogged with a lash (a whip).

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At the female factory, women spent their time making clothes for convicts. Fleece was carded Male convicts who were not required by the and then spun into yarn by the women before it government were assigned to work for officers was woven into cloth on looms operated by men. and free settlers. In return for their slave labour, Prison uniforms were then sewn by the women. they received food, clothing and shelter. How the assigned convicts were treated depended on When prisoners had completed their sentence the nature of their master. Some masters were they were given an absolute pardon, which cruel, treating the convicts harshly and providing meant they could return to Britain if they chose to. very poor living conditions. Others were more Some prisoners were released early and given a humane and treated the convicts well, while still conditional pardon, which meant they were free expecting them to work hard. but could not return to Britain. www.ricpublications.com.au

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15

Early s ettlem e

Convicts at work – 2

nt

Use the text on page 15 to answer the questions.

2. Tick as true or false.

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1. (a) Add the missing vowels to cr complete the words. (b) Use the words to create a simple tr cause and effect p flow chart.

(a) Britain used to send convicts to America. (b) Skilled convicts worked for the government. (c) Female prisoners did not have to work.

3. Write five words or phrases to describe how the convicts might have felt about their lives in the new colony.

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Assignment to become free settlers was replaced with the probation system, in which, after two years of good behaviour, prisoners were paid for their labour. Half of their wages were saved for them and given to them on their release.

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Early s ettlem e

Convict life

nt

While convict life could not be described as pleasant, for those who obeyed the rules and kept out of trouble, it was bearable. The penal settlements were well organised and the prisoners were looked after, although the conditions were very basic.

1. (a) Use the Internet to investigate life as a convict. (b) Use notes to record your information in the table under each of the headings.

r o e t s Clothing Housing B r e oo p u k S

Work

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2. Use your notes to write an illustrated report on convict life.

A black and yellow convict uniform, known as the ‘magpie’, was worn by prisoners who continued to break the law while still serving their original sentence.

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17

Yagan and his people Early settlement Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the relationship between Yagan, an Aboriginal Australian resistance hero, his people and the first settlers of the Swan River Colony.

• Considers and explains the different viewpoints of the settlers and Yagan and his people.

Time line 1788 European settlement in Australia.

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The first conflict between the First Fleet and Indigenous Australians occurs at Rushcutters Bay (29 May).

1789

In April, an outbreak of smallpox decimates the population of Indigenous Australians living in the Port Jackson area.

In November, Governor Phillip captures Bennelong and Colebee.

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In December, Arabanoo is the first Indigenous Australian to be captured by Europeans.

• Life before European arrival could be harsh but was relatively uncomplicated for Indigenous Australians. They managed their environment carefully and sustained it through climatic changes for more than 50 000 years. Their life began to change with the arrival of the colonists, as the majority of the new arrivals thought the Aboriginal Australians were ’uncivilised’. They did not cultivate the land, build fences or develop farms as the colonists did. To the colonists this meant that Indigenous Australians had no right to the land they had occupied for tens of thousands of years and claimed it for themselves. The effects of colonisation on Aboriginal Australians caused them to commit violent acts to demonstrate their anger at their land being taken over, their food being taken and their way of life being destroyed.

• Many Aboriginal Australians began to incorporate the European way of life in order to survive. Their traditional customs and lifestyle was gradually broken down. Contact with the colonists introduced foreign diseases such as smallpox, flu, colds and measles. These could be fatal to them as they had no immunity and many of them died.

1790

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Pemulwuy attacks Governor Phillip’s gamekeeper, resulting in the first punitive expedition.

Answers

1795

Yagan is born.

1799

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1. (a) 1795 (b) Nyungar (c) the south-west of Western Australia/around the Swan River near Perth (d) tall with a strong build (e) highly respected member of his people

The six-year long Black Wars begin, a period of resistance against white settlement.

2. The relationship between them was quite peaceful at first.

Hostilities against Indigenous Australians in Van Diemen’s Land increase.

3. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1813

1829

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Indigenous Australians assist colonists to find a way through the Blue Mountains.

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Swan River Colony is established.

1831

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Member of Yagan’s family group killed. Yagan involved in revenge group. Settler is killed.

1832

Settler killed by Nyungars. Yagan declared an outlaw.

Yagan is captured. Yagan escapes from Carnac Island.

1833

Yagan is shot and killed. Yagan’s head is sent to Britain.

1964 Yagan’s head buried in Everton Cemetery.

1997 Yagan’s head returned to Perth, WA.

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Nyungar/Indigenous/Aboriginal Australian claim wandering/going/travelling/moving fencing crops rearing land/property theirs Nyungars/Indigenous peoples/Aboriginal Australians

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4. They began to kill the settlers’ animals and pick their crops.

5. Yagan was declared an outlaw after he was involved with a group that was seeking revenge after a family member was killed by a settler. Later, he was involved in more payback killings.

Further exploration

• Discuss why Yagan is considered an Aboriginal Australian resistance hero, even though he was involved in slaying people.

• After completing the activity on page 21, students could discuss or write their own opinion about each of the scenes and what they would have done in the same situation.

• After the herdsman, James Keats shot Yagan and received his reward, the Perth Gazette criticised his actions and described them as ‘a wild and treacherous act … We are not vindicating the outlaw, but, we maintain, it is revolting to hear this lauded as a meritorious deed’. Discuss why the paper might have made these comments. (Note: Keats left the colony soon after, possibly because he feared being killed.)

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Early s ettlem e

Yagan and his people – 1

nt

Yagan was a Nyungar (Noongar) man who lived in the south-west of Western Australia. He was believed to have been born around 1795, which would have made him about 35 years of age when Captain James Stirling established a colony on the Swan River in 1829. This colony was situated in what is now known as Perth and Yagan’s people occupied much of the area.

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A taller than average man with a strong build, Yagan was a highly respected member of his people. When the British first settled along the Swan River, relations between them and the Nyungars were quite peaceful. They began to trade fish and mammals for flour and bread.

However, this relationship was about to change.

As with Aboriginal Australians all over the country, the settlers thought the Indigenous people had no right to claim land. The settlers saw them wandering from place to place to hunt and gather instead of fencing off pastures for growing crops and raising animals. They didn’t understand the traditional Aboriginal Australian customs and way of life. The settlers began to fence off more and more land which they considered to be theirs, not the Nyungars. This meant the Nyungars had less and less places for hunting and gathering food and medicines, and for finding materials for shelters and tools.

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more conflicts involving Yagan occurred. Finally, in October 1832, Yagan was captured. He was sentenced to live on Carnac Island, but managed to steal a small boat and escape to the mainland.

Once more he was involved in payback killings as more Nyungars, including his brother and Yagan and his people thought it fair that they father, were killed. could kill the settlers’ cattle and sheep and pick their crops to provide enough food for themselves. On 11 July 1833, two young brothers were After all, hadn’t the settlers taken over their herding cattle when they recognised Yagan land and killed a lot of the native animals the among a group of Nyungars. One of the brothers Nyungars used as food? The settlers didn’t see it shot him in the back. Before the Nyungar people that way, and, when a member of Yagan’s family had a chance to perform a traditional burial, group was shot and killed while raiding a potato Yagan’s head was cut off. It was preserved by smoking and sent to Britain to be put on display. patch in 1831, real conflict began.

It was later buried in Britain for many years, but, Yagan was with the group that went to seek after lengthy, high-level government talks, was revenge. A settler was speared and killed in the finally returned to Australia in 1997. It will be attack. Some months later, in June 1832, another buried when Yagan’s grave is finally located.

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Early s ettlem e

Yagan and his people – 2

nt

Answer the questions about the text on page 19.

1. Fill in the following details about Yagan. (a) Born:

(b) Name of people:

(c) Lived:

r o e t s Bo r e (e) Character: p ok u 2. Describe the relationship between the Nyungars and the British settlers when the Swan River S Colony was first established.

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(d) Description:

3. Fill in the missing words to complete sentences describing what the settlers thought about the Aboriginal Australian way of life. people had no right to © R. I .

C.Pu bl i cat i ons land. The settlers saw them from place to place to hunt and • f o r r e v i e w p u r p osesonl y• gather, instead of off pastures for growing 1

The settlers thought the

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animals. The settlers began to fence off more and more

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4. What did Yagan and his people do when the settlers kept fencing off the land they considered to be theirs?

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Before Yagan’s preserved head was sent to Britain for display, a corded headband made with feathers of the red-tailed black cockatoo was attached to it.

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Early s ettlem e

Different points of view

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Carefully study the two scenes below. The top scene shows some British settlers fencing off land for farming, while Yagan and his people look on. The bottom scene shows Yagan and his people spearing a sheep belonging to the settlers, while a settler looks on. Write what you think each person would have been thinking in each situation.

Settler:

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Settler:

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Yagan:

Australian sculptor, Robert Hitchcock, was commissioned to create a life-size statue in bronze of Yagan in 1984. It stands on Heirisson Island in the Swan River, Perth, not far from the city centre.

Vandals have twice beheaded the statue, which has been restored. www.ricpublications.com.au

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21

Life in the new colony Early settlement Indicators

Time line

• Reads text and answers questions about the lives of the early pioneers in Sydney and Parramatta.

• Completes a compare and contrast chart.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

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• The second settlement in NSW, at Rose Hill, was located on the navigable Parramatta River which flowed into Port Jackson. The name was from the Australian Aboriginal word ‘Burrammatta’, meaning ‘place where the eels lie down’, because of the native eels found in that part of the river. James Ruse, a former convict, was the first farmer at Experimental Farm. The first market was held where the Parramatta Town Hall now stands in 1792. Grain, fish, poultry and clothing were sold there. The first jail was built in 1796 and the Parramatta Female Factory constructed between 1818 and 1821. Most of the colony’s woven cloth was produced there.

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1788 Port Jackson’s crops fail.

1788 (November) Parramatta established.

1790 Governor Phillip’s house at Rose Hill completed.

1793 First free settlers arrive.

1796 Edward Jenner discovers smallpox vaccine.

French, under Napoleon, win campaign in Italy.

1799 Rosetta Stone discovered.

1802 First steam ship.

1804 First steam train.

1805 Nelson wins Battle of Trafalgar.

1807 Prohibition of slaves in British ships or to British colonies.

1815 Battle of Waterloo.

1819 First tarmac roads built.

1821 Electric motor invented.

1826 Malaka Strait Settlement founded.

1829 Western Australia colonised.

1831 Charles Darwin’s voyage in Beagle starts.

1832 Morse code invented.

1833 Abolition of slavery throughout British Empire.

1837 Electric telegraph invented.

1838 Myall Creek massacre in NSW occurs.

1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed in New Zealand.

1841 Dr Livingstone arrives in Africa.

1849 California gold rush.

1851 Discovery of gold in Australia.

1855 Ned Kelly born.

1880 Ned Kelly executed.

• Students should be able to get a sense of what the ‘bush telegraph’ is, using contextual information from the text, but some may need an explanation—even in very isolated areas, news travels very quickly. Passed from one person to another, people are often amazed that others know so much about what is going on in their lives, especially when they haven’t told other people about it themselves.

The word ‘telegraph’, which can be defined as ‘a device used to send messages by electric signals along wire’, may also need to be explained. Students may like to research information about the years in which telegrams were an essential part of Australia’s communication system.

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Answers Page 24 1. (b)

2. (a) five years

(b) and (c) Teacher check

3. (a) A person who grazes livestock on land or she he doesn’t own. (b) The development of the wool industry and the increased demand for beef, as more people arrived in the colony, created wealth for many squatters.

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

4. (a) Answers could include information about the convicts harsh treatment, punishments and living conditions. (b) Teacher check (c) Gold had been discovered.

o c . che e r o t r s super Further exploration

• Research information to create a ‘Wanted’ poster for a well-known bushranger; e.g. Ben Hall, Captain Thunderbolt, Mary Ann Bugg, Captain Moonlight.

• Write a letter home to Britain from a free settler who arrived in Australia in 1795 and was granted some land near Parramatta. Describe some of the hardships, but also explain why you are pleased you decided to come to New South Wales and why you are hopeful about your future.

• With a partner, role-play a very clever policeman asking a settler if he or she has seen Ned Kelly in that area. Think about where Ned could be hiding, what the land around there is like and the crimes he could be wanted for. Decide if the settler really wants you to find Ned and check that his or her answers match what other people have said.

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Early se ttlem ent

Life in the new colony – 1

Life in the new colony was very difficult. There was very little food because the crops planted at Port Jackson had failed. Food was rationed and everyone was hungry and feared they would all die of starvation. They couldn’t hunt or fish as there were few muskets, boats or fishing lines available and, unlike the local Aboriginal Australians, they didn’t know what native plants they could or couldn’t eat.

Teac he r

The convicts in the colony were treated very harshly and punished brutally by being flogged for quite minor crimes or even hanged for more serious offences. Although there were a number of freed convicts in the colony, the first free settlers arrived in 1793. It was a brave move as the colony was such a dangerous place to live.

Supplies of candles, soap, food, equipment and other necessities were scarce and they were in constant danger of violence from drunken convicts as well as disease. There was also the possibility of conflict with some of the Indigenous people, particularly in less populated areas. The settlers were keen to use land, but they had to survive the intense heat, drought and their isolation from family, friends and even neighbours.

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was hard for them but when demand for beef r o e t s increased and the wool industry developed, many B r e overy rich. Eventually squatters of them becameo p u were allowed to buyk some of the land they used S or pay rent. These rich pastoralists often became

In November 1788, Governor Phillip decided to establish a colony 23 kilometres away on the Parramatta River where the soil was much better. 100 people, including 70 convicts, started clearing for farm land and constructing buildings at Rose Hill. It was an excellent decision because the wheat, barley, corn, oats and flax crops grew well and there was food at last.

very powerful and influential.

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Squatters

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A squatter is someone who uses land he or she doesn’t own for grazing livestock. In 1788, Governor Phillip had the power to grant land to settlers, soldiers and ex convicts, but they had to live on the land and cultivate it. He wanted farms located close to Sydney, but many people moved further out and squatted on the land. Life www.ricpublications.com.au

Bushrangers

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In the early years, most bushrangers were escaped convicts who lived in the bush and survived by stealing horses, money, food, guns and clothing.

Some of them became folk heroes, and, by way of the ‘bush telegraph’, people would warn them when the police were looking for them. After gold was discovered in the 1850s, more of the young men born in the bush joined the bushrangers and began to steal gold and other items. Eventually, many of the bushrangers were shot or caught and hanged by the police and so, by the 1880s, there were very few of them left.

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Early se ttlem e

Life in the new colony – 2

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Use the text on page 23 to answer the questions.

1. The crops at Port Jackson failed because: (b) the soil wasn’t suitable.

(a) it didn’t rain.

(c) the settlers were poor farmers.

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2. (a) How many years after settlement did the first free settlers arrive?

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(b) Describe some of the dangers they faced.

(c) Do you think they were wise to come to Australia? Give reasons for your answer.

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(b) Why did many of them become wealthy?

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4. (a) Why do you think convicts tried to escape?

(c) Why did the number of bushrangers increase after 1851?

In 1836, it became legal for squatters to graze livestock on land by paying the government 10 pounds rent a year.

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Primary Australian history

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Living then and now

Early se ttlem ent

By 1790, convicts had built a small house for Governor Phillip at Rose Hill, Parramatta.

Find out as much as you can about the early houses built in the colony and imagine what living in one would have been like. Compare it with living in your home today. Think about, for example, household conveniences like water and heating, jobs like cooking and cleaning, and lifestyle and entertainment.

r o e t s Bo r e Category p Now Then o u kre, wood, stove, camp electric or gas oven, microwave, campfi S barbecue oven

1. Complete the compare and contrast chart below.

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cooking

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2. Would you prefer to live now or then? he r o t r s super

The original Government House in Parramatta was replaced by a beautiful two storey Georgian building in 1799. It continued to be used as a residence and offices by governors of NSW until 1856.

It has since been restored and placed in the care of the National Trust. www.ricpublications.com.au

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25

The Macarthurs’ merino wool Early settlement

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about John and Elizabeth Macarthur and their role in establishing the Australian wool industry.

• Composes diary entries for Elizabeth Macarthur.

Worksheet information

Time line

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• John became a very influential and powerful man. He was a member of the NSW Legislative Council and a founder of the Bank of Australia and the wine industry.

• There is considerable debate about the Rum Rebellion on 26 January 1808, exactly 20 years after foundation. Governor William Bligh (of Bounty fame) considered John Macarthur to be the ‘arch-fiend’ who had incited the rebellion of the NSW Army Corp, led by Major Johnson. Military rule was in force in the colony until the arrival of Governor Macquarie. Bligh, who had been detained by the Corp, finally returned reluctantly to Britain, where he was promoted to admiral. Macarthur was exiled and Johnson arrested.

Macarthur’s recount of the situation was quite different. He accused Bligh of extraordinary conduct, oppression, tyranny, gross fraud, having total disregard for justice, seizing land with no pretext, arresting citizens unlawfully and threatening magistrates. But it was also true that the officers and men of the NSW Army Corps had a monopoly in the rum trade, which was the medium of exchange in the colony, and Bligh had imposed prohibition of spirits; which was not in their best interests.

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1788 Arrival of the First Fleet.

1790 The Macarthurs arrive with Second Fleet.

1790 Pemulwuy begins resistance campaign in Sydney area.

1791 Emancipists are given land in Parramatta area.

1793 Land granted to the Macarthurs at Parramatta (Elizabeth Farm).

1796 Macarthurs purchase their first merino sheep.

1797 Coal discovered at Newcastle, NSW. 1798 Bass and Flinders prove Van Diemen’s Land is an island.

1799 Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815).

Black Wars begin in Hawkesbury and Parramatta areas.

1801 John Macarthur sent to England for court martial.

1803 Camden Park land granted to Macarthurs.

• Both John and Elizabeth played very important roles in establishing the Australian wool industry. Elizabeth took charge of Elizabeth Farm when John was exiled and after he died, in 1834, until her death in 1850. She is recognised today at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute.

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First wool bale exported.

1808 Rum Rebellion.

1809 Lachlan Macquarie appointed Governor of NSW. 1813 Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth locate a route across the Blue Mountains.

1817 John Macarthur returns to Australia.

Bank of NSW is established.

1824 The Australian newspaper established.

1834 John Macarthur dies.

Battle of Pinjarra.

1835 Batman explores Yarra River and locates site for Melbourne.

1837 Queen Victoria begins her long reign.

1850 Elizabeth Macarthur dies.

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Answers Page 28 1. (c)

2. (a)

3. Answers should indicate the following: The wool produced by the Macarthurs was of high quality. There was demand for it in Europe for clothing because of the Napoleonic Wars. John Macarthur spent years in England and had a flair for publicity.

4. (a) South Africa

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

(b) He bought merinos because of the quality of their wool and because he thought they would survive in NSW’s hot climate. (c) The Macarthurs did not crossbreed their sheep with local sheep and they got some purebred merino sheep from the royal stud.

o c . che e r o t r s super 5. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Research information about sheep shearing in the Macarthurs’ time and shearing today.

Use this information to show similarities and differences using a compare and contrast chart.

• The crew of Captain William Bligh’s ship, Bounty, was involved in a mutiny. Find out about when, where and why it happened and brainstorm words and phrases to describe Bligh; then decide if you think he was a suitable man to be Governor of NSW • The Macarthurs travelled to Australia on the convict ship Scarborough. Research information about what life was like for the convicts on the ship and compile a list of possible reasons to explain why only 186 of the 259 convict men survived the journey.

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Early se ttl

The Macarthurs’ merino wool – 1

emen t

In 1793, John was granted land near Parramatta and used convict labour to set up Elizabeth Farm.

Three years later, John bought Spanish merino sheep from South Africa, believing they would be better suited to the hot climate than other breeds.

Unlike the other farmers who had imported merino sheep, Macarthur did not crossbreed his sheep with local sheep.

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John and Elizabeth Macarthur, who arrived in Australia with the Second Fleet in 1790, are remembered for their contribution to the Australian wool industry.

In 1801, Macarthur was involved in a duel and was sent back to England to be court martialled.

With the help of Lord Camden, the charges were dropped and he was given a large sheep station south of Sydney and some purebred merinos from the royal stud. Macarthur called this property Camden Park. The first bale of fine merino wool was sent to England in 1807. Fortunately, the demand for wool in Europe was high because of the Napoleonic Wars and the Macarthurs quickly After they married in 1788, John served with became Australia’s wealthiest family. the British army in Spain before being sent to Australia as an officer with the NSW Army Corp. But Macarthur was seldom far from trouble and Their journey to Australia was very long and became involved in the Rum Rebellion in 1808. difficult. Elizabeth had to take care of John and He resigned from the army so he couldn’t be their infant son, Edward, who both became very court-martialled again, but Governor Bligh exiled sick. Their tiny baby girl was born on the ship but him from NSW and he had to return to England.

Elizabeth took charge of the farm while he was she did not survive the voyage. away and managed it very well. John had a flair Governor Phillip was in charge of the colony at for publicity and over the next seven years in Port Jackson, but John was a very ambitious man England he established NSW’s reputation as a and had many arguments with him, often creating wool centre. a stir in the colony. John got on much better with Major Grose, who was a commanding officer in Two hundred years later, John and Elizabeth’s the NSW Army Corp. Grose appointed Macarthur descendents still own Camden Park and their to the position of paymaster at Parramatta, about legacy lives on. Australia produces very high a half a day’s journey away, and then also made quality woollen fibres and is the world’s largest wool-producing country. him Inspector of Public Works.

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Primary Australian history

27

Early s ettlem e

The Macarthurs’ merino wool – 2

nt

Use the text on page 27 to answer the questions.

Find the best answers.

1. Camden Park: (a) is at Parramatta.

2. Elizabeth Macarthur: (a) was a good farmer.

r o e t s B r e (c) is south of Sydney. (c) didn’t have children. o p ok u The best answer is S .

The best answer is . (b) returned to England.

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(b) belongs to Lord Camden.

3. Explain why the Macarthurs became so wealthy.

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C.Publ i cat i ons f o rr e vi e pu r posesonl y• 4. (a) Where did• John Macarthur get his fiw rst merino sheep?

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(b) Why did he buy merino sheep?

(c) Why was the Macarthurs’ merino wool better than other farmers’ wool?

. te o 5. Many people believe Elizabeth Macarthur was just as important as John . inc establishing the e Australian wool industry. c her r o st super Do you agree?

Explain your answer.

Governor William Bligh blamed John Macarthur for influencing the NSW Army Corp to rebel against him. They thought Bligh was a tyrant whose rash decisions were destroying the colony. Bligh had stopped them from trading rum, so the military takeover was later called the Rum Rebellion.

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Early s ettlem e

Elizabeth Macarthur’s diary

nt

Imagine what life in Australia was like for Elizabeth. Think about the things that happened and how she may have felt. Complete each diary entry by describing likely events and what she could have done and thought.

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1. 28 June 1790 I can see Port Jackson, but what a journey we’ve had.

2. 1793 John was granted land at Parramatta and we have built our first home here. John has called it …

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3. 26 Jan 1808 What a day! But John is very pleased. Major Johnson and the NSW Army Corps have finally rebelled and have taken over control from Governor Bligh; a violent, rash and tyrannical man.

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The Macarthurs’ first bail of wool was taken to England in 1807 by their son Edward, who was sent to explain his father’s version of the Rum Rebellion. Edward became an officer in the British army and returned to serve in Australia. He was later knighted. He died in 1872. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

29

Bounty migrants Early settlement Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the first Bounty migrants.

• Writes a plan for a letter using notes made from Internet research and discussion.

Worksheet information

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Discuss what daily life in both Britain and Australia was like in the middle of the 19th century so students understand that emigrating was a chance for a better life.

Teac he r

• Revise the process of note making using key words and phrases rather than full sentences.

• From the plan, students can prepare a draft of the letter to proofread and edit before writing a final copy, if required.

• Although free settlers had been emigrating to Australia since 1793, their numbers were not enough to cope with the demands of the expanding colony. Even by including the convict and emancipist (ex-convict) workforces, there were simply not enough people to do all the work necessary.

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1772 Canal building increases in Britain.

1779 A fully automatic weaving process is established in Britain.

1785 The power loom is invented in Britain.

1798 Bass and Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land.

1801 John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay. 1811 Luddite riots in Britain (1811–1815).

1817 Phillip Parker King explores coastline from Exmouth to Arnhem Land and North West Cape.

1825 Van Diemen’s Land separates from NSW. 1829 Western Australia is formed.

1830 Act passed in NSW establishing trial by jury.

Black Wars in Tasmania.

1836 South Australia is formed.

1838 Myall Creek massacre occurs.

1839 Colony of Port Phillip begins assisted passage of immigration.

1841 Sailing ship India, is lost at sea. Passengers rescued by French whaler, Roland.

1842 First sugar refinery is built in Australia.

The Native Police Corps is established.

1851 Victoria separates from NSW. 1856 Eight-hour day is established.

1859 Queensland separates from NSW. 1862 First viable sugar cane plantation established near Brisbane.

1867 Alfred Nobel produces dynamite.

1876 Windmills first built in Australia.

1891 The Great Crash.

Australian Labor Party is established.

• The people of Britain who were suffering from poor social conditions could not afford their tickets to a new life. The colonial government in Australia offered to help by paying a bounty to shipowners for each person they brought to the colony. As soon as the emigrants arrived, they found suitable work with pay and conditions they could only have dreamed of in Britain. They also had the opportunity to buy land.

• It became the responsibility of shipowners to advertise for emigrants and to look after them well during the long voyage. When their ships arrived in Australia, the owners were paid a bounty only for each person who was considered useful for the growing colony.

Realising this, shipowners chose their passengers carefully. They had to be in good health and have a trade or profession that would be valuable to the developing colony.

Government-assisted passage to Australia continued in some way until the 1970s.

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Primary Australian history

Answers Page 32 1. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Australia unemployment bounty shipowners Australia

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

2. (a) no (b) They had to meet criteria relating to age, health and occupation.

o c . che e r o t r s super 3. £38 + £15 + £10 + £5 + £10 +£10 = £88

4. To keep the passengers in good health so that a bounty would be paid for them.

5. To populate the new colony, but also to relieve Britain of the expense of looking after them and dealing with other problems associated with poverty, such as an increased crime rate.

Further exploration

• Write a report on the final voyage of the barque India. Include the ships which assisted the surviving passengers on their journey to Australia.

• Choose three professions mentioned on page 31 and explain why they were important for the developing colony.

• Research to find the population of Australia in 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950 and 2000. What do the figures tell you?

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Early se ttlem e

Bounty migrants – 1

nt

Teac he r

As the Australian colony expanded, more people were needed to do all the jobs that were being created. As there was still large amounts of unemployment and poverty in Britain, the government decided to pay shipowners to take poor people to Australia. In return, the shipowners would be paid a bounty for every fit and healthy person with an occupation who arrived in the colony.

r o e t s Bo r e Australia needs you! p ok u S

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Take a voyage to a new life full of opportunities for you and your family.

Are you fit, healthy and under 40?

Do you have a chosen trade?

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Australia

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Leave behind the life of dirt and grime and start again in the wide, open spaces of

. tdepended on the age and occupation of the emigrants. o Bounties received e c . cheBounty per head r e o t r s s r u e p Married man with trade or occupation and his wife ........................................................... £38

Child above 15 years ....................................................................................................................... £15 Child between 7 and 15 years ....................................................................................................... £10 Child up to 7 years ........................................................................................................................... £5 Unmarried farm servant or female domestic servant between 15 and 30 years .............. £19

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31

Early se ttlem e

Bounty migrants – 2

nt

Use the text on page 31 to answer the questions.

1. Complete the sentences.

There were plenty of jobs available in

1

, but in Britain there was a lot of

r o e t s B r e oo 2. (a) Could the shipowners recruit anyone to receive the bounty? p u k (b) Explain your answer.

S 2

to 5

for every suitable person who arrived in

.

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4

3

. The government paid a

3. How much bounty would a shipowner receive for a man, his wife and their children; three sons aged 17, 11 and 4 and twin daughters aged 9?

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Show how you worked out your answer.

4. Why do you think the job of the ship’s doctor would have been important?

. te o 5. Why do you think the government encouraged poor people to emigrate to Australia? c . che e r o t r s super

Seventeen people perished in the disaster that struck the barque, India, on her voyage to Australia.

The 176 people who were saved by the assistance of the French whaler, Roland, continued their journey on board the Grindlay.

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Early se ttlem ent

To a better life

When news reached Britain of Australia, ‘the land of opportunities’, many people made the choice to emigrate, knowing they would be unlikely to return. They would have felt sad about leaving their homeland, relatives and friends, but they wanted the chance of having a better life for themselves and their families in Australia. They did not dwell too much on the possible dangers of the long journey, such as shipwreck, disease and piracy.

r o e t s Bo r e pan Internet search engine to find outo (a) Type ‘barque India’ into what u k happened during Sthe voyage. Make brief notes.

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1. Imagine you have recently arrived in Australia, having left Britain on 4 June 1841 on board the barque ship India.

(b) In a group, discuss what life in Britain would have been like at the time and how different it would have been in Australia. Make brief notes. (c) Draft a plan of a letter to your grandparents in Britain. Use the questions in each section to help you.

What are you doing now? Where are you living? What is your new home like?

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What route did the ship take? What was the voyage like? Describe any exciting incidents.

How did you feel when you arrived in Australia? How different is it to the home you left behind?

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How do you feel about not returning to Britain for a long time—maybe never?

What positive things do you have to look forward to in the future?

More than a million people emigrated to Australia in the 19th century. Only a few people lost their lives in shipwrecks or through disease during the voyages.

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33

The mighty Blue Mountains Discoveries Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the crossing of the Blue Mountains.

• Writes an account of an historical event from an alternative point of view.

Worksheet information

Time line 1789

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First attempts by convicts and free settlers in New South Wales to cross the Blue Mountains.

1809 1811

Caterpillar plague in New South Wales devastates crops and farming land.

1813

Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth become the first Europeans to cross the Blue Mountains, reaching Mount Sugarloaf (later renamed Mount Blaxland).

Surveyor George Evans crosses the Blue Mountains, reaching the present town of Bathurst.

1814

An institution for Aboriginal Australians is established at Parramatta.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Napoleon I is defeated at Waterloo, ending the Napoleonic Wars.

Answers

1817

Page 36

John Oxley explores the Lachlan River.

1. The colony was desperate to find new grazing land as a caterpillar plague and drought had devastated its crops, livestock and land.

1818

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John Oxley explores the Macquarie River.

2. Teacher check

Shaka forms Zulu kingdom in South Africa.

Raffles founds Singapore.

1821

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Martial law is declared in Bathurst area.

1828 Charles Sturt explores the Darling River.

1829

3. (a) fact (b) opinion (c) opinion

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Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast become British West Africa.

1824

• The text used on page 35 is a fictional newspaper article for the first Australian newspaper, The Sydney Gazette. Discuss with students that this genre is considered to be a secondary source, although the journalist has reported some actual comments from Gregory Blaxland (these are direct quotes and are what Blaxland actually said).

Newspaper reports are supposed to remain objective, but it is clear that the journalist has included his/her own thoughts. (e.g. ‘Blaxland has every right to feel this way—he and his team have saved the colony.’) The comments from Blaxland are also subjective and focus on the hardships of the journey— also, one of the other members of the team have been interviewed for the article.

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A road across the Blue Mountains is built under the direction of engineer William Cox by order of Governor Macquarie.

1819

• One year after Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth’s successful expedition, Governor Macquarie ordered a road to be built across the Blue Mountains. This was achieved in approximately six months by a team of 30 convicts, under the direction of engineer William Cox. The finished road stretched all the way to Bathurst, covering a distance of about 160 kilometres.

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Severe drought in New South Wales devastates crops.

• Soon after the arrival of the First Fleet in Botany Bay, 1788, both convicts and free settlers made attempts to cross the forbidding Blue Mountains, located to the west of Sydney. The convicts believed that a city or beautiful paradise was located just beyond the mountains and wanted to try to reach it. All of these desperate people either died or were captured during their attempts. Many free settlers also tried to cross the range, as it was blocking the expansion of the fast-growing colony. Both official and unofficial expeditions were undertaken, but all failed. After 1813, the colony became more desperate to cross the mountains due to drought and a plague of caterpillars devastating the colony’s farming land and livestock.

Sturt and Macleay explore the Murray River.

1840 Paul Strzelecki explores Mount Kosciusko.

1844 Ludwig Leichhardt explores area from Brisbane to Port Essington.

1845

4. They could see lush grassland below them as far as the eye could see.

5. Teacher check

Further exploration

• In the activity on page 37, students have the opportunity to consider how one of the convict servants might have felt about the expedition. This activity could be extended by perhaps considering what the Aboriginal Australians indigenous to the Blue Mountains might have felt when they saw the explorers.

• Read and discuss some of the original journal entries of Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson.

(These can be found on the Internet.)

• Research to find out about some of the other explorers who tried to cross the Blue Mountains prior to 1813; e.g. George Bass.

• Use the Internet to research the Aboriginal Australians indigenous to the Blue Mountains.

Draw a map showing some of their sacred sites.

Charles Sturt leads expedition in search of an inland sea.

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Discov eries

The mighty Blue Mountains – 1

The Sydney Gazette

10 June 1813

Blue Mountains crossed at last!

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T

he drought that struck the colony four years ago, followed by the caterpillar plague, had a devastating effect on our crops, grazing land and livestock. Some believed everyone would starve to death! The best bet for finding new land was to the west. But, of course, there was a big problem—the Blue Mountains were in the way!

Since 1789, many have tried to cross the mountains, but all have failed, due to the deep valleys and sheer cliffs. But last month, farmer Gregory Blaxland became determined to find a way over.

He decided that instead of travelling through the valleys, as others before him had done, it would be less exhausting to climb the ridges between the Grose and Cox rivers.

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A trio of brave explorers has found a way over the Blue Mountains, discovering rich grazing land our growing colony of New South Wales desperately needs.

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Heroes—Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth—have discovered a path over the mighty Blue Mountains.

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campsites and other signs they were nearby.’

In addition, the explorers struggled constantly to find water. But despite all the hardships, they continued on. About two weeks later, they found themselves on top of a mountain, which they named Mount York.

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On 11 May, Blaxland set off with two landowners, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth, ‘From Mount York, we could see a grassy valley along with four convicts, four pack horses and five and a river’, says Blaxland. ‘So we descended into dogs. the valley and took a well-earned break! Then we ‘The trip was difficult from the start’, says continued across the valley and came to another # Blaxland. ‘And the higher we climbed, the worse mountain, which we named Mount Sugarloaf . We it became. We had to hack through thick scrub and climbed it and were astounded. There was lush were worried about falling into the steep gorges. grassland below us as far as the eye could see. By We only covered about three miles* a day. We were now, we had run out of food, so we headed for also afraid of being attacked by the native people†. home. It only took about five days. It’s great to be Although we never met any, we saw footprints, back—I feel on top of the world!’

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Blaxland has every right to feel this way—he and his team have saved the colony. Governor Macquarie is said to be already planning a road to be built along the explorers’ route and will reward Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth with land. * about 5 kilometres # Now known as Mount Blaxland.

†

Aboriginal Australians

Primary Australian history

35

Discov eries

The mighty Blue Mountains – 2 Use the text on page 35 to answer the questions.

1. Why was it so important to the colony of New South Wales that someone find a way across the Blue Mountains?

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Teac he r

r o e t s Bo r e p o u 2. What do you think would have been the biggest hardship on Blaxland’s expedition? k Give reasons.

S

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C.Publ i cat i ons (a) It took longer for the explorers to cross the Fact Opinion •f orr evi ew pur pos esonl y• Blue Mountains than it did to return home.

Opinion

(c) The convicts on Blaxland’s expedition must have been very helpful.

Opinion

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4. Why were the men astounded when they reached Mount Sugarloaf?

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The Blue Mountains have been home to Aboriginal Australians for tens of thousands of years and include some of the traditional lands of the Gundungarra and Darug people.

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Discov eries

Into the unknown Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth all kept journals about their expedition.

These help us understand how they felt during their crossing of the Blue Mountains. However, little is known about the four convicts who went with them and had to endure the same hardships.

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1. Why might this be?

one day, you are told you are going on Blaxland’s expedition—you have no choice! You have no idea what to expect or how you will be treated.

2. As notes, write your thoughts and feelings about each of these things. You can use the text to help you.

Before the expedition

During the expedition

After the expedition

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The Australian bush

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Being told you are going on the expedition

The best thing(s)

Seeing Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth receive a reward

3. Use your notes to write a journal entry about the completed expedition.

The Blue Mountains were so named because they appear blue when viewed from a distance. This is caused by the oil from the large number of Eucalyptus trees there.

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37

Edward Hargraves discovers gold Discoveries Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Writes a letter pleading for justice from the point of view of one of Edward Hargraves’ companions, John Lister.

• Role-plays a meeting between Hargraves and Lister with a partner.

Time line

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• Few official records were kept during the gold rushes in Australia. A lot of information about the time was found in stories passed down orally from generation to generation.

Before the 1840s, there were many reports of gold discoveries in Australia; however, it is believed these were kept a secret as landowners did not want to lose their cheap labour to the goldfields.

The situation had changed by the 1840s, as Britain feared the French or Russians could invade the colony as they had large fleets in the area at that time. As the Crimean War was looming, a declaration of war between Russia and England would make Australia a target. Men were also leaving the colonies in droves to seek their fortune at the Californian gold rush in the USA.

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1797 Coal is discovered at Newcastle, NSW. 1814 Convicts employed to cut a road to Bathurst discover gold, but are forced into silence by flogging.

1815 On the orders of Governor Lachlan Macquarie, Bathurst is founded and becomes the first inland town in Australia.

1823 Australia’s first officially recorded gold find—assistant surveyor, James McBrian, discovers gold in the Fish River, east of Bathurst, New South Wales.

1848 Californian gold rush (1848–1863).

Lead is discovered in bed of Murchison River.

1851 A gold nugget, worth £35, is found in the Bathurst district and brought to Sydney.

First blood spilled over the issue of slavery in America.

1852 Second Burma War begins—The British capture Rangoon.

1853 £1000 each is granted to John Lister and William and James Tom after a court hearing. The men continue to be bitter, especially after Hargraves publishes a book giving an altered account of the discovery.

Crimean War (1853–1856)

• The frenzy of prospectors at the Ophir goldfields left it quickly stripped of its surface gold and diggers began searching for more elsewhere.

• The text written on page 39 is a series of fictional journal entries. Discuss with the students that this genre (if the journal was authentic) is a primary source. (Quotes from Edward Hargraves’ actual writings can be found on the Internet.) Discuss how a primary source of John Lister’s accounts of events may vary greatly from this document.

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1. (a) England (b) months, gold (c) search/look 2. Similar landscape and rocks to Californian goldfields.

3. £10 000; Appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands of the Goldfields 4. Answers will vary

Eureka Stockade 1859 Copper is discovered in NSW. 1867 Diamonds are discovered at Hope Creek, South Africa.

1869 Welcome Stranger gold nugget is found in Victoria.

1870 Lister and the Tom brothers continue to campaign to seek justice through the press and by petition.

1886 Gold is discovered in the Transvaal, South Africa.

1890 Legislative Assembly agrees that ‘Messrs Tom and Lister were undoubtedly the first discoverers of gold obtained in Australia in payable quantity’.

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

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1854

• For students interested to discover if John Lister and the Tom brothers ever found justice, read the adjacent time line to the class.

5. Wanted to be awarded the £10 000 from the government (and become famous).

6. (a) The men wanted to claim as much gold as possible for themselves first. (b) Answers will vary

o c . che e r o t r s super Further exploration

• Use the Internet and library to discover how Edward Hargraves spent the 40 years of his life after the Bathurst discovery.

• On a blank map of Australia, record the names of the most successful goldfields during the gold rush. Circle the ones which are still working today.

• Create a chart which compares how gold was found in the 1800s compared to how it is excavated today. Include the tools and machinery used.

1893 Gold is discovered in Kalgoorlie.

1905 Australia’s population reaches four million.

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Discov eries

Edward Hargraves discovers gold – 1

Read the fictitious journal entries of Edward Hargraves—the Englishman known to have started the Australian gold rushes.

1850

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January 1851

Sydney: The Inspector–General has no ambition! I informed him of my plan to find gold and his reply was most unfavourable. I am now more determined to headd forth! John Lister (a chap who has already seen goldd in Bathurst) will guide me west of Sydney through the Blue Mountains. If my suspicions are correct, I will soon be rewarded the £10 000 for discovering a payable goldfield! How glorious it will be to live how I wish to and to be forever remembered. We leave tomorrow!

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ng California: My hopes have been dashed! After 12 long er, months, my team and I head home empty handed. However, ed I do possess great wisdom: In California, I have witnessed goldfields with landscapes and rocks that are very similar to ll those at home. When I return to New South Wales, I will begin my search there for gold.

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February 1851

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Bathurst: What joy! Lister and the rest of our team, James and William Tom, have been panning in the creek and in my possession are brilliant specs of gold! Tomorrow, I will teach them to use the cradle so I will have enough gold to take back to Sydney to prove my discovery.

. teLister and the Tom brothers have sent word pleading with o Sydney: Although me to stay silent, I am c . bursting with news of myc findings! News of my discovery at Bathurst has been printed in the ‘Sydney e h r Morning Herald’ (thanks to thee letter I sent) and everyone is talking of nothing else but gold, gold, o t r s s r ediscovered, ‘Ophir’. gold! I have named the magnificent goldfiu eldp I have March 1851

May 1851 Sydney: The government has declared a gold discovery at last and I have been rewarded the £10 000!

At least 300 men have abandoned their jobs—and some their families—and are right now battling the rugged Blue Mountains. They head towards Ophir hungry for riches. I have been appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands of the Goldfields. A wonderful and well-deserved title for me!

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39

Discov eries

Edward Hargraves discovers gold – 2 Use the text on page 39 to answer the questions.

1. Complete the sentences. but lived in Australia.

(a) Hargraves was born in

r o e t s Bo r e p ok (c) The Inspector-General did not encourage Hargraves to u S 2. Explain why Hargraves believed New South Wales contained gold. (b) Hargraves and his team spent 12

in California searching for

3. List the two ways Hargraves was rewarded for his discovery.

•

for gold.

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but were unsuccessful.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 4. Circle words which best describe Edward Hargraves.

•f orr e vi ew pur p osesonl y• Clever Ambitious Lazy Hardworking Unfair

Selfish

Compassionate

Greedy

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•

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5. Why do you think Hargraves sent a letter to the Sydney Morning Herald about his discovery?

. te o c 6. (a) Why do you think Lister and the Tom brothers wanted Hargraves to . cheat the Ophir site? e stay silent about the gold discovery r o r st super (b) Do you think Hargraves shared his fortune with his companions?

Explain:

Once word had spread of a gold rush at Bathurst, NSW, prospectors began arriving from China, America, the British Isles and Europe. Over 2000 mining licences were given for the Ophir goldfields.

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Discov eries

Claiming a stake

John Lister was the man who guided Edward Hargraves to the site of the first gold rush in Australia.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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1. Reread the text on page 39 and make notes about reasons why you think John Lister was treated fairly or unfairly by Hargraves.

2. It is May 1851 and hundreds of men have arrived at Ophir to begin prospecting for gold. Imagine you are John Lister. Write a passionate letter to the Inspector-General in Sydney explaining the how you feel about your situation.

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3. In pairs, role-play a scenario where John Lister and Edward Hargraves cross paths in Sydney a few months after the gold rush has begun. Rehearse your role-play and present it to another group or the class.

At the time Edward Hargraves was awarded £10 000 ($20 000) from the government for his discovery, the average wage was 30–40 shillings (about 30–40 cents) per week. www.ricpublications.com.au

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41

Coal River, NSW Discoveries

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Place dates and events in chronological order on a time line.

Worksheet information

1770

Time line

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Captain Cook marks islet at mouth of Hunter River on map. (Nobby’s Island) 1797

The penal settlement at Coal River is moved to Port Macquarie.

1823 Newcastle declared a free town. Building of hospitals, stores and a church begin transition of Newcastle from a penal area to a civil settlement.

1831 Coal mining changes hands from government to private enterprise mining.

1843

• The locations of the historic site of the first convict coal mines at Newcastle have been researched and discovered. Enter: ‘Drilling into the convict coal mines of Newcastle Australia’ into YouTube™ <www.youtube.com> and watch as huge machines drill into the side of a road to discover and view the inside of the historic coal mines of Newcastle.

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The Australian mining industry is born when coal is discovered and extracted at Newcastle on the NSW north coast.

1822

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• The mining of coal at Coal River was a very significant discovery as it gave the new colony of Sydney Cove its first ever profit. It became the birthplace of the Australian coal mining industry and, as profits were used to establish other Australian colonies, the start of Australia’s growing economy. Being the largest exporter of coal in the world, Newcastle coal continues to boost the economy.

• This report is a secondary historical source. Primary sources of that time would include newspaper articles reporting the discovery of coal, as well as John Shortland’s sketches of the harbour and records of coal in the cliffs of Coal River.

• To read historical quotes about the birth of the city of Newcastle visit the website: <http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover_newcastle/visit_our_libraries/birth_of_ newcastle>.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

Answers Page 44

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The first gold rush in Australia.

1881

Coal production in the Newcastle region reaches 1.3 million tonnes.

1883 Mount Kembla coal mine is opened.

1885

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Unique quality of fingerprints is realised.

1891

Rudolph Diesel creates diesel fuel.

1896

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3. (a) export (b) mutiny (c) breakwater

5. The profit from coal was used to build and run Sydney and, in time, the other Australian colonies.

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First Olympic Games of the modern era are held.

1897

Boer War (1899-1902) Boxer Rebellion occurs in China.

1902

2. It took two years.

4. Answers may include: (a) How far north of Sydney is Newcastle? (b) How old was Lt Charles Menzies when he established a penal colony at Coal River? (c) What did convicts use to transport coal to ships in the early 1800s?

Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway begins.

1892

Balmain colliery in Sydney is opened.

1899

1. (a) false (b) true (c) false (d) true (e) true

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First coal mine is opened at Redbank, near Ipswich, Queensland.

1851

Explosion at Mount Kembla mine kills 96 people.

1907

Monongah mine disaster occurs in the United States and 362 people are killed.

1913 Senghenydd pit disaster occurs in south Wales and 436 people are killed.

Further exploration

• Write a letter from the point of view of a convict mining coal in Newcastle under the command of Lt Charles Menzies.

• Imagine you are an Aboriginal Australian returning to the mouth of the Hunter River for a communal gathering. You arrive to discover an enormous object made of wood floating in the harbour and men in strange garments traipsing all over. With a partner, role-play dialogue between you and another Aboriginal Australian about what you see and how you feel about it.

• Create a table to compare the process of mining coal in the early 1800s to today. Include the different machinery used.

1915 Opal found at Coober Pedy.

1923 Mount Isa is established when silver and lead is discovered in the Cloncurry field.

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Coal River, NSW – 1

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Before it was accidentally discovered by English settlers, the area 160 km north of Sydney, around present-day Newcastle, was a place of communal gatherings by the Awabakal and Worimi Aboriginal people. A major campsite could be found at the mouth of the river.

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Teac he r

Read the report about Coal River (known today as the Hunter River) in New South Wales and Australia’s first export product—coal.

As both escaped convicts and freemen were travelling to the Hunter area for coal, it was decided that a coal mining camp should be established there. In 1801, King’s Town was set up, but was abandoned later, after a mutiny.

Three years later, 21-year-old Lieutenant Charles Menzies was sent to set up a penal colony in the area now named Newcastle. Sydney’s worst convicts were sent to Newcastle as punishment.

They dug for coal in the surrounding cliffs and built a breakwater to create a port so ships could dock and collect the large amounts of coal mined.

Often with legs in irons, the convicts worked from sunrise to sunset and delivered the coal to the ships in wheelbarrows.

first recorded discovery of coal in Australia.

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Five years later, a group of fisherman came upon the river while sheltering from bad weather. The men collected samples of coal from its cliffs and returned to Sydney to show their findings.

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C.Publ i cat i ons In 1791, eight escaped convicts, including •f orr e v e pur posesonl y• William Bryant, discovered coal ini thew area—the

o c . che e r o t r s super

In 1797, Lieutenant John Shortland, who was searching for escaped convicts, became the first European to explore the area surrounding ‘Coal River’. He renamed it the Hunter River, although it continued to be called Coal River for some time.

Shortland also sketched the harbour and made records of the large quantities of coal he could see in the cliffs.

The large profits made from Newcastle’s coal would now finance the building and running of the colony at Sydney Cove. In later years, the profits from coal would also help finance the establishment and running of the other Australian colonies.

Today, Newcastle is the second largest city in For two years, ships sailed along the Hunter River New South Wales and more coal is exported from to gather coal and take it back to Sydney. In 1799, the area than anywhere else in the world. they had collected enough coal for a shipload to be sent to India. This became Australia’s first recorded export. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Discov eries

Coal River, NSW – 2 Use the text on page 43 to answer the questions.

1. Answer as true or false. (a) William Bryant was the first person to ever see the Hunter River. (b) Coal River was renamed the Hunter River by John Shortland.

r o e t s r eby convicts. Boo (d) The port of Newcastle wasp created u k (e) Coal was gathered S from the banks of Coal River.

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(c) Australia’s first export of coal was shipped to England.

2. How many years did it take to gather enough coal to export the first shipload?

3. Find the word in the text which matches the definition. (a) To send to other countries for sale or exchange

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons (c) A barrier which breaks the force of waves •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 4. Write a question for these answers. (b) A rebellion against authority

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(b) 21 years old

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(a) 160 km

o c . che e r o 5. Why was the discovery of coal in Newcastle so important to New South Wales and the rest of t r s s r u e p the country? (c) Wheelbarrows

In 1770, Captain Cook, sailing about 4 kilometres offshore, made a mark on his map of a rocky islet at the mouth of a river. This islet is now known as Nobby’s Head and is located at the mouth of the Hunter River, Newcastle.

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Discov eries

Coal River time line

Use the text on page 43 to add dates and key facts to complete the time line about Coal River and the mining of coal in Newcastle.

r o e t s Bo r e p okconvict William Bryant First known discovery of coal by the escaped u S and seven others.

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Prior to European settlement

1796

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Time line

Lt John Shortland is the first European to explore the Hunter area.

He renames Coal River the Hunter River.

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1804

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1799

King’s Town, a coal mining camp, was established but later abandoned after a mutiny.

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Today

In 1800, 4000 tonnes of coal was shipped from Newcastle. By 1900, the town’s coal exports reached 3.5 millions tonnes and today, about 86 million tonnes of coal is exported.

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45

The shearers’ strike Progress

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Compares and contrasts a shearer’s life to a pastoralist’s life.

• Writes dialogue between a union leader and a pastoralist.

Time line

Worksheet information

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Teac he r

• By the end of the 19th century, strikes were significant in the rise of unionism. Although the shearing strikes in the 1890s were unsuccessful, the government began to realise the strength of unions. A merger of unions formed the Australian Workers’ Union and also played a part in the beginning of the Australian Labor Party.

• Since the invention of the Wolseley mechanical sheers, little has changed in the way sheep are shorn except that the comb is now wider. Today, young men are reluctant to take shearing on as a profession as it is so physically demanding.

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1788 Sheep are first brought to Australia with the First Fleet.

1797 Waterhouse and Kent import Spanish merino sheep from South Africa.

1803 Sheep are shipped to Tasmania.

1807 Reverend Samuel Marsden returns to England with wool from the colony.

1829 Sheep are shipped to Western Australia.

1834 Merino sheep are brought to Port Phillip district.

1836 South Australia Company employs women as shearers.

1843 Drought kills more than 200 000 sheep.

1866 The shearing table is invented.

1868 A shearing machine is patented.

1877 Wolseley and Savage patent a shearing and rope drive machine.

1882 A sheep is completely machine-sheared for the first time.

1886 Australasian Shearers Union is founded.

1888 Tom Roberts paints the famous artwork Shearing the rams.

Dunlop Station, NSW, is the first large machine shed with 40 machine stands.

1889 The Worker, a newspaper by the Australian Labour Federation, was formed.

1891 The Queensland shearers’ strike. Ends when unions can no longer afford to support the camps.

1893 New Zealand gives women the vote.

1894 Second shearers’ strike. Unionists defeated again.

1895 Australia suffers a severe drought (1895–1903). Sheep numbers drop by half.

1925 In Western Australia, the ‘Mad Eight’ shearing team shear 2000 sheep in eight hours.

1939 British government agrees to buy the entire Australian wool supply for the duration of the war (1939–1945).

1956 Shearers in Queensland win a ten month strike against reduced shearing rates.

• As wool was the dominant export of Australia of the time, the 1891 shearers’ strike had a great effect on the Queensland economy. It also helped to shape Australia’s culture.

Governments were criticised for the support they gave to employers over employees and unions were formed to fight for the workers.

• A letter is a primary source of information revealing details about the time in history it was written. Much information can be gathered by reading letters from the past.

• If students are interested to see if the shearers’ strike was successful, read aloud the relevant parts of the adjacent time line.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

Answers

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Primary Australian history

1. (c)

2. (a)

3. The Wolseley shearing machine.

4. They walked.

5. To stop farmers being able to decide on the price per sheep shorn and so unions could help protect the shearers’ wages.

6. (a) How many shearers were at the camp in Barcaldine?

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(b) Where were the union leaders taken to once arrested?

7. (a) Possible answers: upset, frustrated, angry etc. (b) ‘Of course, we do our best to get in their way!’

Further exploration

o c . che e r o t r s super

• Find and read poems about this time in history and shearing life; for example: ‘Freedom on the wallaby’ by Henry Lawson and ‘Waltzing Matilda’ by Banjo Patterson. Discuss their meaning.

• Sing the song ‘Click goes the shears’ and discuss the stanza which describes how a sheep is shorn.

• Find out more about the life of a shearer and the shearing profession by visiting the following websites: – http://www.jondaryanwoolshed.com – http://www.shearoutback.com.au

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Progr e

The shearers’ strike – 1

ss

Read the letter written by a shearer from Queensland to his family back in England.

April 1891 Dear Mum and Dad

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

or Things have changed so much since my last letter. For re such a long time the wool industry was booming over here e in Queensland. Of course, it’s us shearers who do the o backbreaking, stinking hot work and the farmers who They think they’re royalty living in these enormous town houses while we sweat like pigs in their woolsheds!

Some of the sheds even have this new ‘Wolseley shearing

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send the fleece to England and get rich on the profits!

machine. It took me a while to get the hang of it but now that I use the

mechanical shears instead of the blade, I’ve upped my record from 255 to 267 sheep a day—second fastest in the gang!

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There’s been some bitter fighting between shearing gangs and the station owners over our wages. We could walk the bush for a week to a station and find out the cocky* is only paying pittance a head! They think that because it’s their shed, they can pay us whatever they feel like!

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Anyway, our gang and a heap of others have come together and joined the Shearers’ Union.

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The union leaders are fighting for a set price per sheep shorn. We’ve been on strike for four months now. I’m living in a tent at a striking workers’ camp in Barcaldine with about 4000 other shearers. We get our daily rations and do drills (bit like the army). The police

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are always watching. Some of the union leaders who stood up to the government have been

o c . che e r o t r s super

taken away to St Helena’s Island. Poor blokes—they just wanted a fair go for us shearers.

Not every shearer is striking though. Some aren’t fussed about joining a union. The police or army pick them up at the train station and escort them to the sheds to work. Of course, we do our best to get in their way!

This strike must be getting through to the government though ‘cause it says in today’s ‘The Worker’* that the shearers’ strike is starting to cripple Queensland’. Hopefully, when I write next we will have won this wage war and I will be shearing again.

Tom xx

*cocky – a farmer/station owner *The Worker – a political newspaper of the time

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47

Progr e

The shearers’ strike – 2

ss

Use the text on page 47 to answer the questions.

Tick the shears with the correct answer.

1. Tom is a: (a) union leader.

(b) farmer.

(c) shearer.

r o e t s B(c)o r e (a) growing. (b) steady. failing. p ok u 3. What invention helped Tom increase his record of sheep shorn in one day?

S

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2. Before the strike, the wool industry in Queensland was:

4. How did shearers travel from one station to the next in the 1890s?

5. Explain why the shearers went on strike in Queensland in 1891.

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6. Write a question for these answers.

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(b) St Helena’s Island.

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(a) About 4000.

. tthe striking shearers felt about the shearers still working?o 7. (a) How do you thinke c . che e r o r st super (b) Copy the line in the text that tells you this.

In 1788, 29 sheep survived the long voyage arriving in Sydney on the First Fleet. Once shorn, each sheep gave only 500 grams of wool.

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Finding a solution

ss

1. In your group, make notes comparing the life of a shearer to a pastoralist (farmer) in the 1890s.

Pastoralist

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Shearer

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Union leader: Farmer:

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Union leader:

Farmer:

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Union leader:

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2. Imagine a leader of the Shearers’ Union and an owner of a large sheep station meet to discuss the strike. Write the dialogue between the two men below.

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Farmer:

During World War II, the British Government wanted to continue receiving all of Australia’s wool and so shearers did not have to volunteer to go to war. Many didn’t go.

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49

Beasts of burden Progress Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the role of animals in the history of transport in Australia.

• Creates an information poster.

Time line 1788 Arrival of the First Fleet.

1789

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

• Moving people and food around the area of Port Jackson led to the growth of the local transport industry. Waterways were used wherever possible as they presented an immediate, natural course along which people and goods could be transported. But where travel over land was desirable, draught animals were needed.

1829

• The team of bullocks pulling a cart were arranged in pairs. The lead pair were the most experienced, whilst the polers (at the back, harnessed to the pole) were the strongest.

Bullocks are used in Charles Sturt’s expedition.

1853

Cobb and Co is established.

1854

First steam railway is opened in Australia between Flinders Street in Melbourne and Port Melbourne.

1860

Three cameleers, with 26 camels, accompany Burke and Wills on their expedition.

• Although a bullock team could only travel about 8 to 16 kilometres per day, compared to twice that distance with a horse and cart, they were better for long distance trips than horses. The bullocks would feed off the land but horses had to be provided with feed, which not only cost money but also took up room in the cart.

• The first camel to arrive in Australia was the sole survivor of a group of camels shipped from the Canary Islands (north-west of the African continent). Later that year, 1840, two more camels reached Australia. In the 1860s, the camels were arriving by the hundreds due to the increasing exploration of the interior for which camels were better suited than horses and bullocks. Thomas Elder established the Beltana Stud and the camels reared in his stud were healthier than those brought over directly from Africa, India and Pakistan— but also more expensive.

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A team of 42 bullocks haul two and a half tonnes of wool over the Gap in southern Queensland.

1866

• A bullock is a strong type of bull which can be trained to pull loads and respond to commands. The drays they pulled were strongly built to accommodate large, often very heavy, loads.

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Rose Hill Packet, a boat, is built to carry stores along Parramatta River to Rose Hill.

Sir Thomas Elder imports 120 camels from Pakistan.

1870 Building of Overland Telegraph Line begins.

• As useful animals in the harsh outback environment, the camels enjoyed a golden era until the introduction of the motor vehicle in the 1920s. Their value dropped rapidly and they were either destroyed as pests or released into the outback where they became feral.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

1912

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26 bullocks pull 12 tonnes of wool a distance of 298 kilometres.

Building of transcontinental railway line across the Nullarbor Plain begins.

1924

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Answers Page 52

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1898

1. (a) horse and bullock (b) horse—passenger transport and light draught work; bullock—heavy draught work 2. The distance between settlements became too far to travel on foot, the animals could carry heavier loads (they could also forge a track through the bush).

o c . che e r o t r s super

Cobb and Co’s last service from Surat to Yeulba is closed down.

3. They are used to and are adapted to cope with dry conditions.

4. The tracks they forged linking settlements and communities would have been used to build the first roads.

5. (a) true (b) false (c) false (d) true

Further exploration • Create a time line to illustrate the development of boat and ship building in Australia in the first century of settlement.

• Create an illustrated time line to present the history of Cobb and Co. • Write a report on the building of either the Overland Telegraph Line between Adelaide and Darwin or the transcontinental railway line across the Nullarbor.

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Beasts of burden – 1

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In the early days of the new colony, the distances between settlements were small and people were able to walk everywhere. But as the colony expanded, draught animals were needed to pull carts for transporting people and goods. desert countries of the Northern Hemisphere.

From 1860 onwards they were used for work, controlled by camel men from Afghanistan. Such cameleers worked 26 camels as they trekked with Burke and Wills on their ill-fated 1860 expedition to become the first Europeans to cross the continent from south to north.

Bullocks and horses were brought to the colony from India and South Africa. Different types of drays or carts were developed for different needs. By 1800, horsedrawn carts were used for passenger transport in Port Jackson while bullock wagons were used for heavier loads. From 1828, post was delivered on horseback or in horsedrawn coaches.

From 1870 to 1872, packs of camels carried all the equipment needed to build the Overland Telegraph Line between Adelaide and Darwin, and were used again between 1912 and 1917, for the building of the transcontinental railway line across the Nullarbor.

on journeys in the tough terrain before roads were built. The strong, patient and sure-footed beasts transported settlers and their belongings to districts outside the town. As outlying areas were settled, the bullocks were used to transport goods such as wool and grain from the farming areas to the markets and return with supplies from the town. In 1829, bullocks were used to carry food and equipment on Charles Sturt’s exploration of the rivers of New South Wales.

the development of the nation will always be remembered.

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To begin with, animals were not available in the colony to do this and so teams of convicts were used. Chained together, the convicts hauled loads such as crops, wool, timber and stone piled high onto two-wheeled carts. Even when draught animals became available, convicts were still used for transporting some goods.

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C.Pub l i cat o ns Although thei advent of the steam train and motorised vehicles led to the decline in the use • f o r r e v i e w p u r ose onl yrole•they played in The bullock wagons were extremely valuable ofp animals fors transport, the

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Camels have also played an important part in Australia’s history, particularly in opening up the dry interior where the harsh conditions proved too much for even the tough bullock teams. The camels, which were brought to Australia in the 1840s, came from www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

51

Progr e

Beasts of burden – 2

ss

Use the text on page 51 to answer the questions.

1. (a) Which two animals were first introduced to the colony for transport?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 2. Why was it important for animals to be used as transport in the colony?

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(b) Describe the type of work done by each animal.

3. Why do you think the camels were able to cope with the harsh the conditions in central Australia?

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4. How would the animals have helped in the development of road networks in the new colony?

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o c . e 5. Answer as true or false. c her r o t s su (a) Convicts were sometimes used in place of draught r peanimals. (b) Horses were used for pulling the heaviest loads. (c) Bullocks were clumsy and difficult to control. (d) Camels were vital to the development of the interior.

In 1853, the American Telegraph Line of coaches, drawn by teams of horses, began its 70-year history, providing transport between Melbourne and the Victorian goldfields. This company is better known as Cobb and Co. 52

Primary Australian history

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Progr e

Camel facts

ss

1. (a) Find information about camels, their uses around the world and the history of their relationship with humans. (b) Make notes (keywords and phrases) in the table.

Dromedary

Diet

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Countries found

Bactrian

Habitat

Adaptation to heat and hydration

Behaviour

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Past uses

Current uses

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C.Publ i cat i ons Bodyf • orr evi ew pur posesonl y• features

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Other interesting facts

2. Present your information as an illustrated poster.

The Ghan, a train, which now travels between Adelaide and Darwin, is named after the Afghan cameleers and their beasts which, for 40 years, connected the railhead at Oodnadatta in South Australia with central Australia until the rail line was extended to Alice Springs in 1929. www.ricpublications.com.au

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53

Federation A new nation

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about Federation.

• Researches, draws and evaluates the Australian flag.

Worksheet information

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• There were many issues involved with Federation, including a fear of France and Germany claiming territory, concern of domination by the more populous states, loss of revenue by states that imposed tariffs, communication services and the location of federal parliament. The first parliament sat in Melbourne on 9 May 1901 and met there until Parliament House, in Canberra, was opened in 1927.

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1788 NSW colony is founded.

1846 The need for a federal authority is first suggested.

1824 ‘Australia’ is officially adopted as the name for the country.

1825 Van Diemen’s Land is founded.

1829 Swan River Colony is founded.

1832 Swan River Colony is renamed as Western Australia.

1836 South Australia is founded.

1840 New Zealand is proclaimed as a separate colony.

1851 Victoria is founded.

1859 Queensland is founded.

Van Diemen’s Land is renamed as Tasmania.

1889 Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1898 Federation referenda return; ‘yes’ votes in Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria, but not in NSW and Queensland.

1899 ‘Yes’ votes are returned from referenda in all colonies except WA. 1900 WA votes to join the Federation.

Australian constitution ratified by British Parliament.

1901 Federation and first parliament.

1902 The Franchise Act gives voting rights to most women.

It excludes Indigenous Australians, and people of Asian, African and Pacific Island heritage.

1903 The Defence Act gives the Commonwealth responsibility for the Australian Army.

1911 The Royal Australian Navy is established.

The Northern Territory is transferred from South Australia to the Commonwealth.

1913 The foundation stone is laid for the national capital, Canberra.

1927 First parliament in Canberra.

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• At a meeting in Melbourne in 1890, initiated by the Premier of NSW, Sir Henry Parkes, the idea of federation was agreed to in principle by the six Australian states, Fiji and New Zealand. A constitution was drafted a year later at a federation convention held in Sydney.

The final draft was finally approved by only five states and taken to London in 1900 to be ratified by the British Parliament. Western Australia joined later that year.

• Sarah’s letter is a primary source of information. This recount of events is her personal view and would not necessarily be the same as that of another spectator. Students should understand the difference between primary and secondary sources and that the way in which history is remembered can be influenced by the position taken by the person or people recording it.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

Answers Page 56

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Primary Australian history

2. (a) No (b) They were the last to vote to join.

3. (a) There was a storm with thunder, lightning and heavy rain. (b) It was held outside and people may not have wanted to go and watch it in the rain. (c) The rain stopped and the sun came out.

4. It was the beginning of a new century and that was an appropriate time for the beginning of a new nation.

5. (a)–(b) Teacher check

Further exploration • Design a new Australian flag.

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1. (a) They asked people to vote in referenda. (b) Victoria (c) There were lots of taxes in Victoria they wanted to remove.

• When roads and railways were developed and the telegraph line was established in 1872, travel and communication became easier in Australia and the colonies were not so isolated. Work with a small group to produce a wall chart about the history of either a major road, a railway line or the telegraph line.

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• Write a letter to Sarah from her cousin in Britain. Comment on what she told you and ask her some questions so you understand more about what happened on 1 January 1901.

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A new

Federation – 1

natio n

5 January 1901 My dear cousin What a time we’ve been having here in Sydney and what a way to begin a new century! I’ve never

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seen anything like it before and I doubt I ever will again. They expected the celebration on 1 January 1901 to be the ‘greatest demonstration held under the Southern Cross’, and I’m sure that it was.

There has been so much discussion here for years about the states joining together and it has

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finally happened. In NSW, we had a vote in 1898 and again in 1899. Queensland’s vote was the

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closest, followed by NSW and in Victoria almost everyone voted for federation. Western Australia didn’t vote to join until after the British Parliament and Queen Victoria had already approved our constitution.

I know old Uncle Jack will be very happy and so will Aunt Mary. His farm in New South Wales is close to the Victorian border and every time he had to move stock across the border to be sold, he had to pay tax. The cunning old fox used to tell our cousins to find a quiet part of the river and swim them across. Aunt Mary was always terrified they would be caught but she often travelled into

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NSW herself to avoid paying Victorian tax on the tea, tobacco and clothes she bought.

I must admit that, at one stage, I thought it was going to be a total failure. We celebrated the new year in style with bells, whistles and boat sirens, but just as we were going to bed there was an amazing storm; thunder and lightning and then it poured. In the morning, the sky was grey and it was drizzling. We considered just staying home, but thank heavens we didn’t.

By the time the five-mile* long procession started at 10.30 am, it was hot and sticky. It travelled

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towards Centennial Park with trade unionists in the lead, then came the fire brigade (their trucks glistening) while next were floats of every imaginable kind, troops marching proudly, and cars crammed with important people (1700 had been invited); our first Prime Minister, Edmund

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Barton, and our first Governor-General were escorted by a troop of lancers. The roads were lined

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with more than 250 000 people, all making a huge din as the procession passed through specially constructed arches representing such things as coal, wood and countries like France and America. There were flags, banners, Japanese lanterns and even oil paintings everywhere.

Federation was proclaimed in Centennial Park and about 10 000 voices joined in singing ‘Advance Australia Fair’. It was absolutely wonderful, I feel so proud to be an Australian. How I wish you could have shared it with me.

Your loving cousin Sarah * eight-kilometre

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55

A new

Federation – 2

natio

n

Answer the questions about the text on page 55.

1. (a) How was it decided if the people in each state wanted to join Federation?

(b) In which state were most of the people keen to join Federation?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok 2. (a) Do you think the peopleu of Western Australia were keen to join Federation?

S (b) Explain why you think this.

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(c) Why do you think federation was so popular in this state?

3. (a) What happened in the early hours of 1 January 1901?

(b) Why do you think this would have been a problem?

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C.Publ i cat i ons (c) Why wasn’t it a problem?

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4. Why do you think 1 January 1901 was chosen as the date for declaration of Federation?

o c . che e r o t r s super (b) Describe the procession.

5. (a) What would you have most wanted to see in the procession?

New Zealand was part of NSW from 1788 to 1840, when it was proclaimed a separate colony. Like Fiji, New Zealand was invited to join federation in 1901, but decided not to.

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A new

Australia’s flag

natio n

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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1. Draw and colour the Australian flag.

2. Find out and then explain the significance of the different features of the flag.

Feature

Significance

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Like

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Dislike

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3. Work in a small group to discuss what you like or dislike about the flag and make some suggestions to improve it. Complete the chart below.

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Suggestions

The flag flown at the Federation ceremonies was the Union Jack. Australia didn’t have its own flag until a design was chosen in 1901 from about 33 000 competition entries. www.ricpublications.com.au

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57

Changes A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about Australia after Federation.

• Calculates using the imperial monetary system.

Worksheet information

Time line

• Students will need some understanding of the difficulties of living in a society where there was little currency and how, as a consequence, people traded goods including rum and tobacco.

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• After considerable debate, Australia changed its currency from the imperial to the decimal system in 1966. The aim of the worksheet on page 61 is to demonstrate why this change was deemed necessary. Before starting the activity students will need to understand that the symbol used for pence was ‘d’. When Britain moved to the decimal system in 1971, pounds and pence were retained but the symbol for pence was changed from ‘d’ to ‘p’.

Some students will need assistance to complete the worksheet and others will find it difficult to do all the examples in one session. £ s d • A suitable follow-up activity would be to demonstrate 2 6 4 adding pounds, shillings and pence in three columns 1 7 6 with carrying; for example: 2 10 5 • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found 6 4 15 on page 109.

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1813 Stamped ‘holey dollars’ and ‘dumps’ produced.

1825 British currency made official.

1901 Postmaster-General’s department established.

Australian Government made responsible for banking and currency.

1910 Australian Notes Act passed.

Australian silver coins issued.

1912 Australian Coat of Arms granted.

Commonwealth Savings Bank is established.

1913 First Australian bank note issued.

1914 First airmail from Melbourne to Sydney.

1919 First airmail from Britain to Australia.

1923 Vegemite™ is first produced.

1927 First commemorative stamp issued for the opening of Parliament House.

1928 John Flynn starts the Royal Flying Doctor Service at Cloncurry.

1948 Holden launches the first Australian designed and manufactured motor car.

1949 Construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme begins.

1951 The School of the Air begins broadcasting.

1956 The first television broadcast is aired.

1966 Decimal currency is introduced.

1984 ‘Advance Australia Fair’ declared the nation’s anthem.

1988 New Parliament House is opened in Canberra.

1993 Native Title Act is passed.

2000 GST is introduced.

Answers Page 60

1. (a) Australia Postage (b) A kangaroo on a map of Australia. (c) 1913

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Primary Australian history

3. (a) 10 shillings (b) There wasn’t a suitable entry in the competition they organised.

4. (a) 1912 (b) 1913 (c) 1966

5. It was difficult to plan and organise these services and each state had its own.

6. (a) It was decided to officially adopt the British currency.

(b) Airmail services were established between Britain and Australia.

Page 61 1. (a) 11d

(b) 10d

(c) 1s.2d

2. (a) 3d

(b) 6d

(c) 1d

3. (a) 15d

(b) 13d

(c) 22d

4. (a) 1s.4d

(b) 1s.1d

(c) 1s.8d

5. (a) 1s. 2d

(b) 20d

(c) 23d

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2. It was issued to commemorate the opening of Parliament House, Canberra.

o c . che e r o t r s super 6. (a) 15s

(b) 16s

(c) £1.1s

7. (a) 8s

(b) 1s

(c) 18s

8. (a) 25s

(b) 23s

(c) 35s

9. (a) 30s

(b) £1.1s

10. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Draw the Australian Coat of Arms and write a brief explanation of what it represents and where you could see it used today.

• Research the currencies of other countries to make a wall chart. Indicate any currencies that do not have a decimal system.

• Write a very simple maths problem for others to solve using ‘holey dollars’ (worth 5 shillings) and ‘dumps’ (worth 15 pence). Remember; 12 pence equals 1 shilling and 20 shillings equal 1 pound.

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A new

Changes – 1

natio n

There were important changes to be made in Australia after Federation. The Commonwealth Government had to take over many of the states’ responsibilities, but needed some time to do this. They had to decide how some things would change, tell people about the changes and organise and run them. Not all the states were happy about some of the changes and people didn’t always cooperate. The states wanted to get a fair deal and they were sometimes quite jealous of each other.

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Postal system r o e t s B r Australia’s fio rst Postmaster-General was e p ok He was responsible appointed at Federation. u for telegraphs, telephones and mail. Because S the states already had separate postage

Currency The Commonwealth Government had to organise some new currency for Australia.

Currency had been a problem since Governor Phillip arrived with the First Feet. The British currency he brought with him was spent on food after the crops failed. Coins from other countries or rum and tobacco became the colonies’ currency. Spanish silver dollars were even cut into pieces of eight and used.

In 1825, it was decided to officially adopt the British currency—but there wasn’t enough! Mints established in Sydney (1855), Melbourne (1872) and Perth (1899) produced official gold coins for those states. Private banks produced notes which were still used by the states after Federation. In 1910, Australia’s first official silver coins were produced in London, followed by bronze pennies and halfpennies the next year.

systems, Australians didn’t all get the same postal rates until 1911, when postcards and letter cards cost one penny.

In 1913, the first stamps with the words ‘Australia postage’ printed on them were issued. They included a picture of a kangaroo on a map of Australia.

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C.Publ i cat i ons Australia’s firsts commemorative stamp was •f orr evi ew pur p o s e o n l y • issued in 1927, to mark the opening of

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Australia’s Coat of Arms was granted by King George V in 1912 and was used on Australia’s first currency note (worth 10 shillings) in 1913 and on every note until 1966. Amounts ranging from 1 to 1000 pounds were issued as notes between 1913 and 1915. www.ricpublications.com.au

By 1914, airmail services were established between Melbourne and Sydney and between Britain and Australia by 1919.

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After parliament passed the Australian Notes Act in 1910, work could begin on designing Australia’s currency notes. None of the designs entered in the competition held were accepted, so Britain was asked to help them.

Parliament House in Canberra.

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59

A new

Changes – 2

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n

Answer the questions about the text on page 59.

1. (a) What was written on the first Australian stamp?

r o e t s Bo r e (c) When was it first issued? p ok u 2. Why was a special stamp Sissued in 1927?

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(b) What illustration was on it?

3. (a) How much was Australia’s first currency note worth? (b) Why was Britain asked by Australia to help design its currency notes?

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C.Publ i cat i ons f o rr ev i e wcurrency pur posesonl y• (c) When did • it stop being placed on every note?

4. (a) When was Australia granted its Coat of Arms? (b) When was it first put on a currency note?

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5. Why didn’t the Commonwealth Government start organising and running all of the country’s until 1911?

. teimportant? o 6. Why are following dates c . che e (a) 1825 r o t r s super (b) 1919

Governor Macquarie had NSW’s first coins made by cutting the centres out of Spanish coins to stop them being taken away on ships. The coins were called ‘holey dollars’, worth 5 shillings, and the middles were called ‘dumps’, worth 15 pence. They were stamped with their values.

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A new

Pounds, shillings and pence

natio n

Australia’s currency from Federation was based on the British system of pounds, shillings and pence. In 1966, it was changed to a decimal system, similar to Europe and America’s, because it was so difficult. Have a go and see what you think! You may like to work with a partner.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok+ 7d = 1s . d (b) 5d + 5d = d (c) 7d u S d (b) 1s – 6d = d (c) 1s – 11d = Pennies and shillings

There were 12 pennies or pence (d) in a shilling (s). So 12d = 1s

2. (a) 1s - 9d =

d d

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1. (a) 7d + 4d =

3. (a) 1s . 3d =

d

(b) 1s . 1d =

d

(c) 1s .10d =

d

4. (a) 16d = 1s.

d

(b) 13d = 1s.

d

(c) 20d = 1s .

d

5. Which is greater:

(b) 1s. 5d or 20d? (c) 1s.10d or 23d? © R. I .

C .Publ i cat i o ns •f orr evi ew pu r p osesonl y• Shillings and pounds

(a) 1s.2d or 12d?

6. (a) 10s + 5s =

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s

7. (a) £1 – 12s=

. te 9. Which is greater:

8. (a) £1. 5s =

(a) £1. 5s or 30s?

s

(b) 8s + 8s =

s

(c) 10s + 11s = £1.

s

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s

(b) £1. 3s =

s

s

(c) £1 – 2s =

s

(b) £1 – 19s =

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There were 20 shillings in a pound. So 20s = £1

s

(c) £1. 15s =

10. How hard was that? Do you think the change to decimals was: a fantastic idea?

okay?

unnecessary?

The ‘Travelling Post Office’, attached to trains, was introduced in Victoria in 1865. Mail delivery to country areas was faster because mail was sorted on the train. Other states copied this idea during the 1870s. The last travelling post office stopped working in 1985. www.ricpublications.com.au

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61

World War I—In Gallipoli A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about World War I and Gallipoli written from a soldier’s point of view.

• Reads text and answers questions about the war effort on the homefront.

Worksheet information

Time line 1914

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated, triggering the Great War.

The volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF) is formed.

ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli (25 April).

Troops are evacuated from Gallipoli in December.

1916

Australian forces fight at the Western Front: Somme, Fromelles, Pozieres.

The first referendum on conscription is rejected.

1917

Battles at Bullecourt, Messines, Ypres and Passchendaele.

• World War I was the first conflict that Australia was involved in as a whole nation, occurring 14 years after Federation. The manner by which Australian soldiers conducted themselves during the war proved that Australia ‘measured up’ as a nation. As for many other nations, this war was the most costly in terms of deaths and casualties. Over 400 000 people enlisted from a population of fewer than 5 000 000. Of these, 60 000 were killed and more than 150 000 wounded, gassed or captured by the enemy.

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1915

• Discuss the meaning of words and phrases used in Jack’s letter (page 63) and his mother’s letter (page 65) that may be unfamiliar with the students; e.g. calling parents ‘mother’ and ‘father’, comrades, bayoneted, chaps, yards (one yard is equivalent to 90 cm), trenches, field phone, telegram, vests, mufflers (like a ‘beanie’), enlist.

• Enlistment was voluntary and many recruiting campaigns encouraged those eligible to enlist. There were people who opposed the war and did not choose to enlist. Some of these men were frowned on and received white feathers as a sign of cowardice. It is interesting to note that two referendums were held to make enlistment compulsory, one in 1916 and the other in 1917. Both were defeated by narrow margins.

• The main way women could assist in the war was by charity work, although many wished to take a more active role. The number of women’s organisations or membership numbers of organisations increased during the war. Some of these included the Australian Red Cross, the Country Women’s Association, the Australian Comforts Fund, the Australian Women’s Service Corps and the Women’s Peace Army.

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The Commonwealth War Graves is established.

The second referendum on conscription is rejected.

Armistice is signed to end fighting at 11am, 11 November.

• The fighting ceased in World War I at 11.00 am, 11/11/1918, when Germany agreed to an armistice. This was later to become the date and hour Remembrance Day ceremonies held each year.

1919

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

The Treaty of Versailles is signed, officially ending hostilities between nations.

1927

1941

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The Menin Gate memorial to soldiers who fought and died for the British Empire but who have no known grave, is opened.

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The Australian War Memorial, Canberra, is completed.

Answers Page 64 1. Four years 2. Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3. Turkey 4. Many of those that were wounded died slow and painful deaths from infection.

5. Teacher check 6. Possible answers: fear of being killed, severe heat, terrible smell of the dead, tiredness, sleeping propped up, living in water-filled trenches, hunger.

7. Answer should indicate that despite the terrible conditions, the troops ‘stuck together’ which gave them the strength to cope.

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1918

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1. By telegram.

2. News that he and his comrades were ’sticking together’.

3. Teacher check 4. (a) 43 (b) He wasn’t able to enlist before if he was 40 and people who are 45 or older are too old, so he must be 43.

5. Be 18 years and be a nurse.

Further exploration • Find out about the events that led to World War I. • Write a recount of the life of John Simpson, who, with the help of donkeys, fetched the wounded or dead lying in the battlefields of Gallipoli.

• Research to find out other countries or regions Australians fought in during World War I and the conditions they had to endure. (Belgium, France and the Middle East.)

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A new

World War I—In Gallipoli – 1

natio n

World War I, also known as the Great War, was fought almost 100 years ago, from 1914–1918. It was during this war, that Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) troops, played a very important part in the military campaign at Gallipoli (Turkey). The troops (the ‘Anzacs’) coped with terrible conditions over several months and courageously ‘stuck together’ and continued to fight. This attitude became known as the ‘Spirit of the Anzacs’.

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This is a letter from an Anzac at Gallipoli to his family.

7 June 1915

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Dearest Mother, Father and Sister

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I hope this letter finds you all in good health. I cannot say I am in excellent health, but I am alive. Many of my comrades are not. Some have been shot, bayoneted or killed by cannon fire by the deadly accurate Turks and, fortunately, died instantly. Others have died more lingering deaths from gaping wounds becoming infected—it is difficult to treat the wounded.

They are forced to lie on the battlefield in agony in the heat and the dirt until it is safe to fetch them. The smell of the dead bodies is something awful and the flies and fleas are almost unbearable. It is said that by October the beastly cold sets in, followed by snow and ice.

My home is a trench dug in the side of a steep, rocky hill. In fact, the entire area is covered with steep cliffs. The Turks have the top positions and it is hard to hide from them. When it rains, the trench fills with water. We catch moments of sleep propped up on the side or lying in the water.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •days f or ev ewonep po e sonl yup•high, nearer My job two agor was to i relieve of u ther chaps ats the observation post

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the Turks. An underground tunnel leads to it—the diggers did a remarkable job. The Turks were only 20 yards away, so close you could hear their mutterings. We had to observe them and report any movement. Luckily, the field phone line hadn’t been cut. Otherwise, a runner would have had to go to the command post, which takes ages and means ducking bullets inbetween trenches. Like in a submarine, we use a periscope to look at the Turks. You have to be careful because they shoot at the periscope and the glass at the top can shatter and hit you in the face.

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As yet, I have not had to ‘go over the top’. That means climbing out of the trenches closest to the enemy in a big wave of men and charging towards them, with rifles firing. So far, I have only fired from a trench. Once, a Turkish explosive shell burst just outside our trench. It killed five chaps at the end closest to it and knocked the ‘stuffing’ out of the rest of us.

Although the conditions are dreadful, and we have seen terrible sights of dying and dead men and are hungry, hot, tired and scared of what might happen, we give each other strength. We will stick together and do the best we can to fight this war. Please take strength in this thought.

I remain your loving son and brother, Jack.

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63

A new

World War I—In Gallipoli – 2

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n

Answer the questions about the text on page 63.

1. For how many years did World War I last?

2. What do the letters in the word ‘ANZAC’ stand for?

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r o e t s Bo r e 3. In which country were the Anzacs pfighting? ok u S 4. Why did Jack think his friends that were killed instantly were lucky?

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5. Explain what Jack had to do and what he had to be careful of at the observation post.

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6. List five hardships, that you haven’t already written about, that Jack had to cope with at Gallipoli.

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7. Explain how the ‘Spirit of the Anzacs’ helped Jack to cope at Gallipoli.

Some captured Turkish soldiers were full of admiration for the way in which the ANZAC and other Allied forces fought at Gallipoli and how accurate they were at shooting.

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A new

World War I—At home

natio n

While Australian troops were fighting the war overseas, Australian men, women and children were doing what they could towards the war effort at home.

The letter below is the mother’s reply to her son’s letter on page 63. In it she mentions some of the things people at the homefront were doing to help.

r o e t s Bo r e p oglad you are alive. We live We have all read youru letter many times and fear for your safety but are k in fear that a knockS on the door will be someone with a telegram to inform us you have been killed.

But we will take strength in knowing you and your comrades ‘will stick together’ (as you wrote). Just 25 July 1915

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Teac he r

Our dearest Jack

remember that we are so very proud of you.

There are so many things we are all doing throughout each day to fill our minds with other thoughts.

The house is often filled with women. We knit socks, vests, mittens and mufflers, and sew rabbit skin vests and shirts for the Australian Comforts Fund. Some women are working in the jobs of men who have enlisted. This is mainly in the food, clothing and printing areas of the workforce.

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Your father is working hard at the bank. Several of the younger men have enlisted. He is thinking about enlisting now that the age has been raised from 40 years to 45 years. Like you, your sister wants to enlist when she is 18, but only nurses are allowed to be involved. However, she is helping out with the Comforts Fund.

Take care, my son, and write soon. We are all thinking of you.

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Answer these questions about the letter on a separate sheet of paper.

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Your loving mother, father and sister.

. teparents and sister cope with Jack being at war? o 2. What helped Jack’s c . c e 3. Briefly explain what Jack’s mother is doing to help the war effort. h r e o r st su 4. (a) What is the most likely age of Jack’s father? per 1. How did loved ones find out about family members killed in the war?

(i) 40 years

(ii) 43

(iii) 46

(b) Why did you choose that answer?

5. What two things will allow Jack’s sister to be able to enlist?

Schoolchildren helped in the war effort by raising money doing odd jobs such as digging gardens and cleaning chimneys. They also attended ‘Welcome home’ ceremonies for soldiers returning home and for victories. www.ricpublications.com.au

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65

The Depression A new nation Indicators • Reads and answers questions about the Great Depression.

• Plans meals using foods which could be produced at home.

Worksheet information

Time line 1918 End of World War I. 1927

1928

Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first flight from the United States to Australia.

Bert Hinkler makes the first successful flight from Britain to Australia.

1929

The Great Depression hits Australia.

1930

Don Bradman scores a record 452 not out in one cricket innings.

• There was little welfare assistance available to Australian families and a considerable number suffered a great deal. There were long dole queues and many men became frustrated and depressed because they couldn’t provide for their families. However, it was also a time when people helped others by fundraising and providing mutual support.

People were encouraged to be self-supportive to grow their own fruit and vegetables and to preserve them to be eaten throughout the year.

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Wall Street crashes.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Even before the Wall Street Crash on 24 October 1929 (Black Tuesday), unemployment in Australia was about 10 per cent. It doubled after the crash and peaked at 29% in 1932.

A number of factors contributed to this massive decrease in employment opportunities: There was a worldwide fall in demand for exports because countries didn’t have the money to spend. This affected government spending in Australia, with major projects being abandoned along with a significant fall in the housing industry. Australia was particularly vulnerable to the worldwide depression because of its reliance on exports of its primary produce.

• Students may like to work in small groups to complete the activity on page 69. They should be encouraged to consider how to provide, for example, flour for bread, a hot drink (perhaps a herbal tea) and a sweetener (perhaps honey).

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

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Phar Lap wins the Melbourne Cup.

Amy Johnson flies solo from Britain to Australia.

Answers Page 68

1931

Sir Douglas Mawson charts 6400 kilometres of Antarctic coastline and claims 42% of the continent for Australia.

1. People thought immigrants would take their jobs because they would work for less pay.

1932

3. Australia was very dependent on the meat, wool and wheat it exported.

Australian unemployment at 29%.

4.–6. Teacher check

2. (a) The price fell.

(b) People lost their jobs.

Further exploration

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1934

A photograph of the alleged Loch Ness Monster is taken.

1936

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The last thylacine (Tasmanian tiger) dies.

1937

The radio series Dad and Dave begins.

1939 World War II begins.

The first flight is made by an Australian-made warplane, a Wirraway.

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Sydney Harbour Bridge is opened.

• Make a list of all the ways people during the depression were able to make use of types of farm animals.

• During the depression, people recycled used goods and items because they had to. There was no other choice and they needed to became very good at using their imagination.

Work in a small group to design and make shoes using only recycled materials. Evaluate your shoes using these questions: How strong are they? Could they be worn in the rain?

Are they comfortable? How long would they last?

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• Find out how people made flour at home and how they used it to make bread. Show the steps of the procedure on a wall chart.

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A new

The Depression – 1

natio n

The years between 1929 and 1932 were a very sad time for people in Australia and around the world. It was called the ‘Great Depression’. There were very few jobs available and many people who wanted to work couldn’t find any. Lots of them left the cities and went to the country where they wandered around looking for jobs. By 1932, almost one-third of the population was unemployed. Many couldn’t pay rent and families were evicted from their homes.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

There was very little money for dole and welfare payments and angry people blamed the government. Relief work programs were set up to provide jobs, like building roads, but they couldn’t employ everyone and pay was poor.

Immigrant workers were unpopular because they worked for less pay and people thought they were taking their jobs. There was a lot of unhappiness. People didn’t understand how what had happened overseas could have changed their lives so much.

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In October 1929, the price of shares in the stock market in America fell. People panicked and tried to sell their shares but no-one wanted to buy them and they became almost worthless. Millions of dollars were lost in what was called the ‘Wall Street crash’. Not a lot of people actually owned shares, but it meant that many businesses lost all their money and had to close, meaning people lost their jobs. Construction projects stopped so raw materials were no longer needed. There was very little international trade because countries didn’t have the money to buy goods. This was terrible for Australia because it depended on selling its wheat, meat and wool overseas. Australia was affected more than most other countries.

possible was recycled and pieces of cardboard were often put inside shoes to cover holes in the soles and to make them last longer.

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Many fathers were away working and mothers took any extra cooking, cleaning or washing and ironing they could get to help their families.

Some men were bored and unhappy and started drinking; some even became criminals. Many children had to leave school early to work and Life was really hard for families. There was little others were sent to live with relatives when their money to buy things and people depended on the parents couldn’t afford to feed them. fruit and vegetables they could grow, on chickens for eggs and meat, and on cows for milk, cream, After 1932, Australia slowly recovered from butter and cheese. Women made clothes for their the depression as world meat and wool prices families out of any material they could get hold increased. However, people who lived through it of and not a lot of children had shoes. Everything never forgot it. www.ricpublications.com.au

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67

A new

The Depression – 2

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n

Answer the questions about the text on page 67.

1. Why were immigrants unpopular during the Great Depression?

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r o e t s Btoo r e 2. (a) What happened to the price of shares when no-one wanted buy them? p ok u (b) What happened to jobs when a business collapsed?

S

3. Explain why Australia was affected more than other countries by the depression.

4. What happened to some children during the depression?

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5. Explain what life was like for some people during the depression.

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o c . c e 6. Why do you think people who lived through the Great Depression never forgot what it was like? he r o t r s super

The steep, winding road up Mount Wellington in Hobart was a project organised by the government to provide jobs during the depression.

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A new

Depression menu

natio n

Think about what it would have been like trying to feed a family during the depression. Imagine you haven’t got any money to buy food and can only eat what you can grow, catch or collect. You live on a farm and can get food from the animals you keep. Of course, you know how to prepare all the food.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

1. Make a list of the foods you would be able to use. Would you be able to make bread?

2. In real life, plan your meals for a day using only food and drink you can get without spending money. Try to make your meals interesting and make sure they are healthy and would be suitable for a family to eat day after day. (You may think of more foods you can add to the box above as you work.)

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Breakfast

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Lunch

Afternoon tea Dinner

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Morning tea

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3. If you did have some money, what would you buy to add to your menu and make your life easier?

Many schools provided free soup and bread for children during the depression and communities raised money to help people. Concerts were held on Bondi Beach to collect money for the ‘vegetable fund’.

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69

World War II—Australia under attack A new nation

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Gives his/her point of view about what should happen to an historical site.

Time line 1936 Spanish Civil War begins.

1939 World War II begins.

1940

• Once Japan entered World War II, northern Australia became a target for attacks.

However, prior to the first air raid on Darwin, most Australians, including military authorities, did not believe it would happen. As a result, Australia was largely undefended.

But Darwin in particular was a threat to the Japanese—it was being used as an Allied military base and transit point for Java and Timor, which the Japanese wished to capture.

• By September 1943, the Japanese had conducted 97 air raids on northern Australia. By far the worst was the first air raid on Darwin. The raid caused great panic in the city and civilians and some military officers escaped as soon as they could.

Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) in action in North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

1941

Japan enters World War II as a German ally.

Tobruk falls to Australian forces.

Australian troops in action in Malaya.

HMAS Sydney missing, believed sunk.

1942

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Spanish Civil War ends.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

• As well as air raids, the Japanese attacked by sea. In the months following the attacks on Sydney Harbour by midget submarines in May 1942, merchant ships and a hospital ship were attacked in Australian waters, causing the loss of hundreds of lives.

• The texts used on page 71 are fictional eyewitness accounts, based on factual information. In particular, the events related by the fictional sailor on HMAS Kuttabul are based on the experiences of a sailor who slept through the beginning of the attacks.

In fact, most of the 21 men who died on HMAS Kuttabul drowned in their hammocks.

Discuss with students how eyewitness accounts are primary sources and will contain subjective comments about events, along with important factual information. In the activity on page 73, students can read the text individually or as a class and discuss how they feel about war and what they think should be done with the midget submarine. They can then complete the questions individually and discuss their opinions with a partner.

These can be reported to the class and/or used as the basis for a formal debate.

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(19 February)

First Japanese air raid on Australia takes place in Darwin, killing 280 people. 63 more air raids would follow.

(3 March)

Japanese air raid on Broome, WA (killing 70 people), then Wyndham.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

(31 May)

Three Japanese midget submarines attack Sydney Harbour, sinking the HMAS Kuttabul and killing 21 sailors.

Answers

Japanese submarine fires shells at Sydney and Newcastle.

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(25 July)

The first of three Japanese air raids on Townsville occurs.

(30 July)

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Japanese air raid on Port Hedland, WA.

Japanese land on New Guinea.

Singapore falls to Japanese troops.

Battle of the Coral Sea. Battle of Milne Bay.

1. Eight ships were sunk and 10 damaged; parts of the town were destroyed; the military airfield was attacked and around 243 people were killed.

2. Feb. 1942:

The first Japanese air raid on Australia occurred.

March 1942:

The Japanese bombed Broome.

May 1942:

Three Japanese midget submarines attacked Sydney Harbour.

June 1942:

A Japanese submarine fired shells at Sydney and Newcastle.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Australia forces hold back Japanese troops on the Kokoda Track, New Guinea.

Nov. 1943:

The last Japanese air raid on Darwin occurred.

3. Teacher check

4. Australia was attacked for the first time.

5. Answers will vary, but may include the following: Both attacks took place in a harbour; they both had to dodge shrapnel; they were both taken by surprise.

6. (a) 3

1943

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(7 June)

Page 72

(b) 64

(c) 21

(20/21 May)

Japanese air raid on Exmouth Gulf, WA.

Further exploration

(November)

Japanese air raids on Darwin end.

• Research to find out what evidence of the Japanese air raids is left in Darwin today (e.g. memorials).

1945

• Write eyewitness accounts based on other Japanese air raids on Australia.

World War II ends.

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Primary Australian history

• Create a map of Sydney Harbour in 1942, showing prominent landmarks, the position of Allied vessels and the routes taken by the Japanese submarines.

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A new

World War II—Australia under attack – 1

natio n

World War II began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. When Britain declared war on Germany, Australia joined the Allied forces, sending soldiers to fight overseas. Then Japan joined the war as a German ally in 1941 and Australia was attacked …

Attacks by sea

Teac he r

‘I was working in Darwin as a wharfie when the Japanese air raid occurred—the first and most disastrous attack on Australia. The date is etched in my memory: 19 February 1942.

Darwin was a military base then. There were 47 naval and merchant ships in the harbour.

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‘In May 1942, I was a sailor in the Australian r o e t s navy when three Japanese midget submarines B r e ooHarbour. The submarines’ attacked Sydney p u kAmerican warship USS main target was the Attacks by air S Chicago. On the night of 31 May, I was on HMAS Kuttabul, an old ferry moored in the harbour near Chicago. I was asleep when the first submarine reached the harbour. It got tangled in an anti-torpedo net and the trapped Japanese crew blew up the submarine. A second submarine was then seen by Chicago’s crew. They opened fire but didn’t hit it.

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C.Pub l i cat i ons ‘About midnight, unaware of the drama, I was on s thee deck of n Kuttabul on my way to •f orr evi ew pur p o s o l y • watch duty when the second submarine fired

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a torpedo at Chicago. But it missed and hit us!

The explosion lifted Kuttabul out of the water.

The noise was deafening and shrapnel was flying about so I dropped to the floor. Then the ferry began to sink. I had to jump overboard.

Nineteen Australian and 2 British sailors died on Kuttabul that night. The third submarine was sunk by Allied forces before it did any damage.’

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‘The air raid took us all by surprise. I had just finished work for the day when I heard an air raid siren, followed by the drone of aeroplanes. I looked up and was horrified to see the sky filled with Japanese bombers and fighter planes. I later found out there were 188 of them. People began screaming, shouting and running, trying to dodge shrapnel. The bombs were exploding all around me. This was the first wave of bombers and it sank eight ships and damaged 10 others. Parts of the town were destroyed too. Soon after, a second wave of bombers attacked Darwin’s military airfield. Together, the two waves killed about 243 people. There would be another 63 Japanese air raids on Darwin. They ended in November 1943.’

o c . che e r o t r s In June 1942, a Japanese submarine also fired supe r shells at Sydney and Newcastle.

No-one was killed.

In March 1942, the Japanese also bombed Broome (WA) killing 70 people. There were also raids on Wyndham, Port Hedland and Exmouth (WA) and Townsville (Qld).

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71

A new

World War II—Australia under attack – 2

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n

Use the text on page 71 to answer the questions.

1. Describe the outcome of the first Japanese air raid on Darwin.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. Complete the time line.

March 1942

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Teac he r

Feb. 1942

May 1942

June 1942 Nov. 1943

3. Explain how you think you would have felt if you had been on board HMAS Kuttabul when it was torpedoed.

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4. What consequence did Japan becoming a German ally have on Australia?

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5. List two similarities between the two writers’ experiences.

o c . che e r o t r s super 6. Complete these number facts. (a)

midget submarines attacked Sydney Harbour.

(b) A total of (c)

Japanese air raids took place in Darwin. sailors were killed on Kuttabul.

The Japanese conducted air raids on Darwin because it was used as a base for sending troops and aircraft to the islands of Java and Timor, which the Japanese wished to capture.

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A new

The spoils of war

natio n

Two of the midget submarines which attacked Sydney Harbour in 1942 were recovered soon afterwards. The front section of one and the back section of the other were put together to make one submarine. This was displayed to raise funds for the Australian navy and merchant navy sailors.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

The four Japanese crew who died on the submarines were given a military funeral in Sydney. The admiral who was in charge of Sydney Harbour’s defences believed it was important to honour and respect these brave men who had given their lives for their country. However, many Australians at the time did not agree.

The fate of the submarine which had torpedoed the Kuttabul remained a mystery until it was discovered wrecked, in November 2006 by scuba divers. The wreck is now protected as a heritage site and war grave. Memorial services and ceremonies have been held in honour of the crew who died on board.

1. Some people think that the wreck of this submarine should be raised and displayed in a museum. Write two arguments for and against this idea. Use the information above and the text on page 71 to help you.

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2. Explain what you think should be done with the submarine and why. Discuss your ideas with a partner.

Before the Japanese launched their midget submarines, they sent a plane to fly over Sydney Harbour to bring back information about any Allied ships that were anchored there. However, although the plane flew as low as 30 metres, no-one spotted it! www.ricpublications.com.au

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73

The $5 faces People and politics Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence.

• Considers present-day Australians who might be chosen to appear on a banknote.

Worksheet information

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Before students complete page 77, discuss ways in which the survey can be carried out and choose the method which best suits the class.

• Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence appear on the special centenary of federation issue of the $5 note. Notes of the lowest denomination generally have images of symbols of state.

1815 Henry Parkes born.

1825

• The regular $5 note has the face of HRH Queen Elizabeth II on the front and an image of Parliament House, Canberra, on the reverse.

1839

Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence move to Australia.

1842

Henry Parkes publishes his first book of verse, Stolen moments.

• He turned his attention to poetry and politics. He worked hard and became a recognised figure in society.

1854

Catherine Helen Spence’s first novel published.

• In 1866, he formed a coalition in New South Wales with the Premier, James Martin.

1856

Catherine Helen Spence’s second novel published.

Henry Parkes becomes a minister for the first time.

Henry Parkes’ first term as Premier of NSW. 1877

• Catherine Helen Spence’s first impression of Australia was not a favourable one. She is reported to have said that it made her feel ‘inclined to go and cut my throat’. After seven months growing wheat on a 32 ha farm in South Australia, the family happily moved to Adelaide when Spence’s father became the town clerk.

• Spence’s talent for writing and her insatiable appetite for knowledge led her to writing books and a career in journalism.

Henry Parkes knighted.

Henry Parkes’ second term as Premier of NSW. 1878

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Sir Henry Parkes’ third term as Premier of NSW. ‘Advance Australia Fair’ first played and sung in Sydney.

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1889 Sir Henry Parkes’ fifth term as Premier of NSW.

Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1896 Sir Henry Parkes dies.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

Answers Page 76

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Sir Henry Parkes’ fourth term as Premier of NSW.

Centennial Park in Sydney is created.

• Rejecting two marriage proposals, Spence chose to dedicate her life to raising awareness of the plight of many women and children and doing what she could to improve their lives.

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1872

1888

• His first speech in support of Federation was in March 1867 at the Inter-colonial Conference. After his speech, delegates from the conference called for the establishment of a federal council.

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1866

1887

• Although achieving great success in his political career, the private and financial life of Sir Henry Parkes was besieged with difficulties. Before emigrating to Australia, he moved around Britain as his father searched for work to support his large family. Henry Parkes sought work as a labourer and also began a business which failed. He moved to Australia as a bounty migrant in 1839. He tried a number of jobs and opened his own business but, by 1850, he was in financial difficulty.

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Catherine Helen Spence born.

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Sketch a portrait of Sir Henry Parkes or Catherine Helen Spence in the centre of an A3 sheet of paper. Frame the sketch with facts about the person.

• Study all the images of the $5 note. Produce a $5 note poster with sketches of each image and important information about each one.

• Research the history and current use of Sydney’s Centennial Park. Design and produce an information flyer including a map and places of interest within the park.

1897 Catherine Helen Spence becomes first female candidate to stand for federal election.

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The $5 faces – 1

People a nd po li

tics

Each person depicted on an Australian banknote has contributed, in some way, to the development of the nation. Sir Henry Parkes appeared on the front, and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse, of the special centenary of Federation $5 note issued on 1 January 2001.

Sir Henry Parkes

Catherine Helen Spence

r o e t s BHelen r Catherine Spence was born in Scotland e o p o in 1825 and moved to Australia with her u parents and siblingsk in 1839. She knew from S a young age that she wanted to write and in Grand old woman of Australia

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Teac he r

Father of Federation

1854 her first novel was published.

She became Australia’s first professional female journalist, reporting regularly for the Adelaide Register and occasionally for other South Australian newspapers.

Sir Henry Parkes was born in England in 1815.

He and his wife moved to Australia in 1839, Catherine Helen Spence was a tireless social where Parkes began a successful political and political campaigner and, as a popular public speaker, she travelled the world giving career for which he was knighted in 1877. many lectures and speeches to full capacity He was involved in developing policy on a crowds. number of important social issues, including health and education, and played a major role Through her efforts, South Australia became in ending the transportation of convicts to the first state in the world to give women the right to vote and to stand for a seat in Australia. federal parliament. In 1897, she became the Sir Henry Parkes was an excellent, flamboyant first female political candidate in Australia speaker who always aimed to convince an to stand for federal election, audience that he was the man who should be although her attempt was listened to, believed in and voted for. His most unsuccessful. memorable speech is the Tenterfield Oration, delivered in October 1889, in which he pledged Catherine Helen Spence died in 1910, leaving his full support for Australian Federation. her autobiography Centennial Park is the legacy left to the people uncompleted. A statue of Sydney by Sir Henry Parkes. It is fitting that honouring her contribution this is where the Federation celebrations were to public life was erected held on 1 January 1901, almost five years after in Adelaide’s Light the death of the Father of Federation.

Square in 1986.

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75

People a nd po li

The $5 faces – 2

tics

Use the text on page 75 to answer the questions.

1. Complete the table for Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence.

Sir Henry Parkes

Catherine Helen Spence

r o e t s Bo r e ok Year moved to Australia p u Home city S Year of birth

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Place of birth

Key issues fought for

Other issues fought for

Also known as …

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2. At the time Sir Henry Parkesc and Catherine Helen Spence were alive, e politicians were unpaid. h r edor Considering this, what sort of people you think they mightt obeen? shave s uper Year of death

Sir Henry Parkes was Premier of New South Wales five times between 1872 and 1891. He was once described as, ‘the most commanding figure in Australian politics’.

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People a nd po li

Today’s $5 faces

tics

The people whose faces appear on Australian banknotes have been chosen because they represent, in some way, the life and history of the nation.

There are many people alive today who could be chosen for this honour.

1. In a group, choose four people alive today who you believe should be on a banknote. State briefly your reason for choosing each person.

r o e t Reason s B r e oo p u k S

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Name

2. (a) Conduct a survey in your class to find out which two people should go on the special banknote. Draw their images below.

Front of note

Reverse of note

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(b) What other images, relating to each person, would you include on each side of the note?

Front of note Reverse of note . te o c . che e r o t r s super

3. Using a sheet of A4 paper, sketch the front and reverse images of your special banknote.

When she delivered a sermon to an Adelaide congregation in 1878, Catherine Helen Spence became South Australia’s first female preacher. www.ricpublications.com.au

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77

John Howard People and politics Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about John Howard, the 25th Prime Minister of Australia.

• Completes a time line showing the names of Australian Prime Ministers and the dates they served.

Time line 1939–1941 Robert Menzies is Prime Minister.

1939

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

• In Australia, the Prime Minister is the head of government. He or she holds office by commission of the Governor-General, who represents the Queen (the head of state). The Prime Minister is also the leader of the political party with majority support in the House of Representatives.

• Useful websites that will help students to complete the time line on page 81 include:

1949–1966

Menzies is Prime Minister again.

<http://www.pm.gov.au/past_pm/index.cfm>

<http://www.nma.gov.au/educational/school_resources/websites_and_interactives/ primeministers/>

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John Winston Howard is born.

1971

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

Howard marries Alison Janette Parker.

Answers

1974

Page 80

Howard enters parliament, winning the federal seat of Bennelong.

(b) three older brothers

1975

Howard made Minister of Business and Consumer Affairs.

(e) walking, golf, watching rugby and cricket

2. (a) John Howard is Australia’s second longest serving Prime Minister. (b) John Howard was Prime Minister for eleven years.

Howard elected Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party.

Howard becomes Deputy Leader of Opposition.

4. Teacher check

1985

Page 81

Howard elected Leader of the Opposition.

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1901–03 Sir Edmund Barton 1903–04 Alfred Deakin

Howard loses Liberal leadership.

1995

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Howard becomes leader once again.

1996

Howard becomes Prime Minister.

2007

(c) John Howard beat Kim Beazley’s party twice to remain as Prime Minister.

3. Prime Minister/minister/Treasurer/Leader of the Liberal Party/Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party/Leader of the Opposition

1983

1989

(d) debating, rugby and cricket

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Howard becomes Treasurer.

1982

(c) Earlwood Primary School

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1977

1. (a) 26 July 1939

1904 Chris Watson

1904–05 Sir George Reid

1905–08 Alfred Deakin

1908–09 Andrew Fisher

1909–10 Alfred Deakin

1910–13 Andrew Fisher 1913–14 Joseph Cook

1914–15 Andrew Fisher

1915–23 Billy Hughes

1923–29 Stanley Bruce

o c . che e r o t r s super

Howard fails to win fifth term as Prime Minister and loses the federal seat of Bennelong.

1929–32 James Scullin

1932–39 Joseph Lyons

1939–41 Robert Menzies

1941 Arthur Fadden

1945 Frank Forde

1945–49 Ben Chifley

1939 Sir Earle Page

1941–45 John Curtin

1949–66 Sir Robert Menzies

1966–67 Harold Holt

1967–68 John McEwen 1968–71 John Gorton

1971–72 William McMahon

1972–75 Gough Whitlam 1975–83 Malcolm Fraser

1983–91 Bob Hawke

1991–96 Paul Keating

1996–2007 John Howard

2007–present Kevin Rudd

Further exploration • Research information about another Australian Prime Minister and write a report about him. Share with the class.

• Browse through a website such as: <http://www.pm.gov.au/kids/index.cfm> which is specifically set up for children and contains personal photographs and facts about the current Prime Minister and information about Parliament House.

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Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

John Howard – 1

tics

John Winston Howard was the 25th person to become the Prime Minister of Australia, leading the Liberal Party. After Sir Robert Menzies, who helped form the Liberal Party, John Howard is the longest serving Australian Prime Minister. Menzies served for more than 18 years from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966. Howard was Prime Minister from 1996 to 2007.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

The youngest of four boys, Howard was born on 26 July 1939. He grew up in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood. As a young boy, Howard worked in petrol stations run by his father and grandfather.

His father died when he was 16, leaving his mother to bring up John and his brothers. He went to Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys’ High School. In secondary school, he was a member of the debating, rugby and cricket teams. When he left school, Howard studied law and became a solicitor.

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In 1971, John Howard married Janette Parker.

They have three adult children, Melanie, Tim and Richard, and a grandchild. When Howard was Prime Minister, he enjoyed a daily walk, playing He stood for a fifth term in 2007 but was beaten golf and watching cricket, rugby league and by the Labor Party, led by Kevin Rudd.

AFL. During his time as Prime Minister, John Howard Howard first entered parliament in 1974 when had to make important decisions about many he won the federal seat of Bennelong in Sydney. matters. Some of the Australian people agreed When the Liberal Party won the 1975 election, with his decisions, while disagreeing with others.

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Howard was first made a minister and later had Some of these were: the important job of Treasurer.

• cutting the amount of money the government spent in many areas so the government would After winning and then losing the position of not owe money Leader of the Liberal Party, Howard was once again voted the leader in 1995. He became • introducing a new tax called the Goods and Prime Minister after the Labor Party, led by Paul Services Tax (GST) Keating, was beaten at the 1996 election. Howard won a second and third term as Prime Minister • sending a peacekeeping force to help the people of East Timor gain independence from in 1998 and 2001 when Kim Beazley was the Indonesia Leader of the Opposition. In 2004, Howard won a fourth term when Mark Latham was Leader of • sending army and navy troops to Iraq to help the Opposition. with the invasion of Iraq. www.ricpublications.com.au

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79

John Howard – 2

People a nd po li

tics

Answer the questions about the text on page 79.

1. Answer these personal facts about John Howard. (a) When was he born? (b) How many brothers/sisters does he have?

r o e t s Bo r e (d) Hobbies at high school? p ok u (e) Hobbies as an adult?

S

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Teac he r

(c) Name of his primary school?

2. Rewrite these sentences so they are true. (a) John Howard is Australia’s longest serving Prime Minister.

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(b) John Howard was Prime Minister for eighteen years.

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3. List three titles John Howard had as a member of parliament.

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(c) John Howard’s party beat Paul Keating’s party twice to remain as Prime Minister.

o c . c e r 4. In your own words, explain twoh decisions Howard had to make o as Prime Minister. er t s s r upe • •

Part of the regular duties of a Prime Minister is to debate issues in Parliament, do radio and TV interviews, attend events and meetings and make speeches.

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Prime Ministers of Australia

People a nd po li

tics

Complete this table of the 26 Prime Ministers Australia has had to date. You will notice some have been Prime Minister more than once. You need to fill in the missing dates or names. Use the library or websites your teacher will give you to find the information.

1901–1903

1949–1966

r o e t s Bo r e p Stanley Bruce ok Harold Holt u S 1929–1932 1967–1968

Sir Edmund Barton

Billy Hughes

Chris Watson 1904–1905 Joseph Lyons 1939

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Teac he r

1903–1904

John Gorton 1971–1972

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1908–1909

Alfred Deakin

Gough Whitlam

1941

1975–1983

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Alfred Deakin

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1910–1913

Joseph Cook

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Robert Menzies

Robert Hawke o c . che 1945 e 1991–1996 r o r st super John Curtin

1914–1915 Ben Chifley Three Prime Ministers have died while in office. Joseph Lyons and John Curtin both died of natural causes. Harold Holt went missing while swimming in rough sea and is presumed to have drowned. www.ricpublications.com.au

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John Howard 2007–present

Primary Australian history

81

Nuclear testing People and politics Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Creates an information leaflet about nuclear tests in Australia.

Worksheet information

Time line 1952

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Britain also conducted nuclear weapons tests at Malden Island in the Pacific and Christmas Island (before it became an Australian territory.) In addition, it conducted tests in Nevada in cooperation with the USA between 1962 and 1991.

(3 October) Britain explodes its first nuclear bomb in the Montebello Islands, off the WA coast.

• The USA conducted nuclear testing at Christmas Island in 1962 after it became an Australian territory.

1953

• In total, the British exploded 12 major nuclear bombs in Australia. The codenames for the British nuclear tests in Australia were:

Teac he r

Operation Hurricane

1952

Montebello Islands

1956

Operation Totem

1953

Emu Field

(16 May/19 June) Britain explodes two nuclear devices at the Montebello Islands.

Operation Mosaic

1956

Montebello Islands

Operation Buffalo

1956

Maralinga

Operation Antler

1957

Maralinga

(27 September/4, 11, 22 October) Britain explodes four nuclear devices at Maralinga, SA. 1957

(14 and 25 September/9 October) Britain explodes three nuclear devices at Maralinga.

(15 and 31 May/19 June) Britain explodes three nuclear devices on Malden Island.

1960

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Britain conducts the first of its minor nuclear weapons tests involving plutonium, uranium and beryllium at Maralinga. Further tests would be conducted here until 1963.

France begins nuclear testing in the South Pacific.

1968

• Britain organised a clean-up operation at Maralinga in 1967, (Operation Brumby), which had little effect. After the clean-up, the site was officially closed. In 1984, the Australian government established a Royal Commission to investigate the safety standards observed during the British nuclear tests and the disposal of toxic waste, focusing on Maralinga. It was found that significant radiation hazards still existed at Maralinga. In 2000, after a lengthy clean up, the site was finally declared clean and safe for use by its traditional Aboriginal owners.

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• Many victims of the British nuclear tests in Australia are still seeking compensation today.

• The text used on page 83 is a report—a secondary source. Explain to the students that because the nuclear tests in Australia were so secretive, it is difficult to locate some facts about them. In the activity on page 85, the tests can be discussed as a class before the students complete the activity individually or in pairs. Resource materials will be required. Ensure the students write notes in their plans. They should also use short sentences and eye-catching artwork in their leaflets to entice a member of the general public to read them. Once completed, the leaflets can be compared and common features noted.

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(28 April/22 August/2, 11, 23 September) Britain explodes five nuclear devices on Christmas Island.

1966

Operations Kitten, Tims, Rats and Vixen were codenames for minor trials involving plutonium, uranium and beryllium conducted at Maralinga up until 1963.

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(8 November) Britain explodes a nuclear device on Christmas Island.

1958

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT) opens for signatures.

Answers

1974

1. 1952 1953 1956 1956 1957 1960–1963

India conducts underground nuclear test.

1992

France stops nuclear testing in the South Pacific.

1995

Page 84

France resumes nuclear testing in the South Pacific.

2. Teacher check

2006

3. (a) false

India and United States sign a nuclear agreement.

2007

Montebello islands Emu Field Montebello islands Maralinga Maralinga Maralinga

(b) true

(c) true

Britain’s first nuclear bomb detonated Two nuclear devices exploded Further nuclear tests First lot of seven nuclear devices tested Second lot of seven nuclear devices tested Minor tests

(d) true

Further exploration • Read eyewitness accounts of the British nuclear tests in Australia.

India and Pakistan sign an agreement to reduce the risk of nuclear war between the two nations.

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(15 and 27 October) Britain explodes two nuclear devices at Emu Field, SA.

Primary Australian history

• Research to write fact files about the Montebello Islands, Emu Field and Maralinga today.

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People a nd po li

Nuclear testing – 1

tics

In the 1950s and 1960s, Britain conducted nuclear weapons tests on Australian soil—at Emu Field, Maralinga and the Montebello Islands. Britain, along with the USA and the Soviet Union, had begun developing its own nuclear weapons in the 1940s. Australia seemed like a good place for testing the weapons as many parts of it were sparsely populated.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok • Australia was part u of the British Empire, so most Australians S felt loyal to Britain, the ‘motherland’. The Australian Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, also hoped that hosting the tests would encourage Britain to help Australia in times of war.

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Teac he r

The reasons Why would the Australian Government allow such a thing to happen? Some of the reasons were:

• The exact nature of the tests were kept secret by the British Government.

• No-one fully understood the devastating environmental and health problems that the radiation from nuclear explosions could cause—although it was known that it was harmful to people’s health.

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The tests • In October 1952, the British detonated their first nuclear bomb from a ship near the Montebello Islands off the northern coast of WA. Further nuclear tests occurred here in 1956.

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• In October 1953, two nuclear devices were exploded at Emu Field in the Great Victoria Desert in SA.

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• In 1956 and 1957, a total of seven nuclear devices were exploded at Maralinga, in southwestern South Australia. There were also hundreds of minor tests conducted here between 1960 and 1963.

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The outcomes • The tests exposed British, Australian and New Zealand military personnel (who were wearing little or no protective gear) to dangerous radioactive fallout. Thousands of people who lived near or downwind of the test sites (including Aboriginal people living in remote areas) were also exposed to radioactivity. Many of these people have since suffered from terrible health problems such as cancer.

• The tests poisoned the soil at the test sites. There have been ‘clean-ups’ at Maralinga and Emu Field to remove or bury the soil. In 2000, Maralinga was declared to be clean and safe for its traditional owners to live in.

• An unknown amount of radioactive waste from the testing near the Montebello Islands was dumped in the sea. It is not clear what effect this has had on the environment.

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83

People a nd po li

Nuclear testing – 2

tics

Use the text on page 83 to answer the questions.

1. Complete the table about British nuclear weapons testing in Australia.

Year

Location

1956

r o e t s Bo r Emu e Field p ok u S Further nuclear tests

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Teac he r

1952

Details of tests

First lot of seven nuclear devices tested Maralinga

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C.Publ i cat i ons 2. If you had been the Australian Prime Minister in the 1950s, •allowed f or r ev i ew pplace? ur posesonl y• would you have nuclear testing to take 1960–1963

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Give reasons.

o c . e 3. Answer as true or false. c her r o t s su er (a) The British Government was open about thep nature of the tests it wanted to conduct in Australia. (b) Australia felt loyalty to Britain in the 1950s. (c) Radioactive fallout can cause cancer. (d) It is considered safe to live in Maralinga today.

The nuclear tests held by Britain in Australia were so secretive, they had codenames. Some of these were Operation Hurricane and Operation Antler.

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People a nd po li

Have your say

tics

In 1952, the Australian public were told that nuclear tests by the British would be taking place. However, the exact details of the tests were kept secret. People were also not fully aware of the outcomes of nuclear testing.

1. Imagine you can travel back in time to Australia in the early 1950s. You decide to hand out a four-page leaflet to the public to warn them about the British tests. Your aim is to encourage people to protest. Plan your leaflet in note form in the space below. You can use page 83 of this book as well as the Internet or other resources, to help you.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok Page 1: Cover pageu Page 3: Information S

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Define radioactive fallout. List some of the problems it can cause. Sketch a simple drawing of a nuclear explosion.

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List images and words you wish to use that will grab people’s attention and make them want to read on.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Page 4: Appeal

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Page 2: Information

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Explain what the British are planning to do. Show the Write what you think the public should do to try and locations on a map. stop the testings. List any images you wish to use.

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Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies agreed to the British nuclear tests in Australia in 1951, but the Australian public weren’t informed until the following year. www.ricpublications.com.au

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85

Sydney’s icons Modern Australia Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Writes an exaggerated account of an event.

Time line 1815

Worksheet information

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • When reading the text, students may be encouraged to think:

Francis Greenway proposes building a bridge from the northern to the southern shore of Sydney Harbour.

1836

1883

– how the opera house might have been viewed by most people. Would everyone be likely to attend performances there? Did people appreciate having a building site on the harbourside for such a long time?

Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, is opened to the public.

1889

Eiffel Tower built for the International Exhibition of Paris.

1922

Worldwide tenders for the Sydney Harbour Bridge are invited.

Construction of the bridge begins.

Page 88

1. (a) Sydney

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, is opened to the public.

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3. Teacher check 4. building the roof, cost

Construction of the Sydney Opera House begins.

Utzon resigns from the building project.

Sydney Opera House is opened.

1981

o c . che e r o t r s super

The Beehive, Wellington, New Zealand is completed.

Primary Australian history

5. Teacher check

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(b) 41

Danish architect, Jorn Utzon, wins the design competition for the Sydney Opera House.

86

(b) Port Jackson 2. (a) Harbour Bridge

1957

1973

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

Answers

1937

1966

– a media version would offer a more descriptive, sensational account of the incident and the effect it had on the officials and the crowd,

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Sydney Harbour Bridge is opened to the public.

1958

– an official version would include facts about who de Groot was and why he interrupted the ceremony,

In comparing their work, students will appreciate the importance of looking at a number of sources to obtain a more accurate account of an event.

Empire State Building, New York City, is opened.

1932

• For the student activity on page 89, it is important that the students deliberately exaggerate their writing to emphasise how different accounts of the same event can be varied; for example:

– spectators’ versions would vary depending on how close each person was to the action, who the audience was and how prone to exaggeration the storyteller was.

1924

1931

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Arc de Triomphe in Paris is completed.

– how the bridge would have made a difference to the lives of the people of Sydney, connecting the northern and southern shores of the harbour and providing so many people with work during the years of the Depression.

Further exploration

• Research the convict past of Sir Francis Greenway, the architect who first proposed building a bridge across Sydney Harbour.

• Sydney Opera House is located on Bennelong Point, the site of the city’s old bus station.

Who was Bennelong and why was the site named after him?

• The Royal Botanic Gardens, next to the Sydney Opera House, overlook Farm Cove.

Research the significance of this name and former use of the land on which the gardens now stand.

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Modern Austr alia

Sydney’s icons – 1

Climbing the bridge to take in the spectacular views of the harbour and surrounding area has become a very popular attraction in Sydney. Since 1998, people have been allowed to make the climb in organised groups. At the top, the amazing view is worth the effort of the tough climb.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Sydney Harbour Bridge Often referred to as the ‘Coathanger’, Sydney Harbour Bridge took 1400 men eight years to build. It cost twice as much as originally expected and also took the lives of 16 men. Finally, with great pomp and ceremony, the magnificent arch was ready to be opened to the public in March, 1932. But things did not go quite as smoothly as planned.

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Teac he r

Two of the most recognised built features of the Australian landscape are both situated in the city which developed from the country’s first settlement, Port Jackson, over 200 years ago.

Sydney Opera House

A ship in full sail was the image Danish architect, Jorn Utzon, had in mind when he entered his unusual design for the Sydney Opera House. The international popularity of the building disguises the serious problems that occurred during its 15 years of construction.

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The difficulty of building the roof was a major cause for concern but far greater than this was the cost which spiralled out of control. The situation became so bad that Utzon resigned from the project in 1966. The Opera House was finally completed in 1973 and officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in October of the same year.

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Jack Lang, Premier of New South Wales, was due to cut the ribbon and officially declare the bridge open. As he prepared himself for the task, a man on horseback dressed in military uniform came swiftly forward and slashed the ribbon with his sword. Francis de Groot was arrested for the incident and the ribbon retied so the ceremony could continue without further incident.

o c . che e The problems r encountered in the construction o t r s most famous buildings have faded supe of Australia’s r Most people use the bridge for crossing the with the passing of time and Australians will harbour, but there have been other ideas for its use. During the Second World War, a number of aircraft were flown under the bridge in spectacular displays. In one show, a pilot changed the flight path of his aircraft just in time to fly over the bridge. www.ricpublications.com.au

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always be proud of the country’s two landmark constructions.

Primary Australian history

87

Modern Austr alia

Sydney’s icons – 2 Use the text on page 87 to answer the questions.

1. (a) In which city are the Harbour Bridge and Opera House situated?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u (b) How many years apart Swere the opening ceremonies for each? Circle the answer. (b) What was the former name of this city?

45

31

55

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Teac he r

2. (a) Which of the two Australian icons was built first?

41

35

3. Write one fact and one opinion about each construction.

Opera House

Opinion

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4. What were the two main problems with the construction of the Opera House?

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Harbour Bridge

Fact

51

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5. If you were given the chance to climb the bridge or to fly in an aircraft under it, which would you choose? Give reasons for your answer.

I would choose:

• Sydney Harbour Bridge is the widest long-span bridge in the world.

• There are over one million tiles on the roof of Sydney Opera House.

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Modern Austr alia

The grand opening The startling event that occurred as Jack Lang was about to cut the ribbon at the official opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge would have been recorded in a number of ways including: • an official version

• a media version

• spectators’ versions.

r o e t s Bo r e p on the bridge when Francis de Groot ok 1. Imagine you were a spectator u rode up on his horse.

Describe the event to make it sound as S exciting and interesting as possible.

What was going on around you before the event occurred?

What was the atmosphere like?

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Teac he r

How an event is recorded affects how it is viewed in future years.

For this reason, it is important to study different versions of the same event when finding out what happened in the past.

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Describe the event and how people reacted to it.

. te o Similarities Differences c . che e r o t r s super

2. Compare your version of the event with that of a partner.

Write the similarities and differences between the two versions.

Australian comedian Paul Hogan was once a painter on the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

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89

NAIDOC Week Modern Australia

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Analyses and compares two pieces of music.

Worksheet information

Time line 1840

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Treaty of Waitangi signed. (New Zealand) 1924

Australian Aborigines League formed by William Cooper.

Governor-General of New Zealand, Lord Bledisloe, gave Treaty House at Waitangi to the New Zealand people.

• The text on page 91 is a diary entry. Discuss with students that diary entries can be primary or secondary sources, but, in this case, the entry is a secondary resource as the writer did not experience any of the historical events mentioned.

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Australian Aborigines Progressive Association (AAPA) formed in Sydney.

1932

• NAIDOC week (held in the first full week of July each year) evolved as the result of a long history of Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander efforts to bring issues of concern to the attention of governments and the general public. Several attempts have been made by the Aboriginal community to raise awareness of the struggle of their people, such as the Australian Aborigines Progressive Association (AAPA) in 1924 and the Australian Aborigines League in 1932; a call for the representation of Aboriginals in Parliament in 1935/7; the suggestion that a day of mourning be held on Australia Day to stir the conscience of non-Aboriginal Australia in 1937 and a call for new policies for Aboriginal affairs, citizenship status and rights to land.

(26 January) First ‘Day of Mourning’ held for Aboriginal Australians.

• Tracks of traditional and contemporary Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander music can be legally sampled on the Internet. The chosen tracks should be instrumental and contrast in some way (e.g. one traditional track and one contemporary track; one slow track and one faster track). Traditional instruments that are used in the tracks, such as the didgeridoo, can be discussed before the students begin the activity. Introduce the activity by reading through the worksheet and then have the students listen to the tracks once without writing or drawing anything. The students may like to close their eyes to help them concentrate on the music. Each track can be then played again, allowing the students time to write/draw about each one. When the students have completed the worksheet, teachers could reveal what each track was about, if relevant. The students could share their answers within a small group or with the class, noting similarities and differences between different students’ impressions of the two pieces.

1940

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

1934

First Waitangi Day celebrations (6 February).

1935/7

Petition presented to Australian Federal Government to ask for Aboriginal representation in parliament—but no response is given.

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‘Aboriginal Sunday’ observed by some Australian churches.

Answers

Centennial of signing the Treaty of Waitangi.

Page 92

1957

1967

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National Aborigines Day Observance Committee (NADOC) formed.

2. 1938

Referendum held to decide to include Aboriginal Australians in census.

1971

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1. Answers should include two of the following: poor living conditions, land rights, the fact they were not considered to be Australian citizens and lack of Aboriginal representation in parliament.

1940

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1938

First ‘Day of mourning’ held for Aboriginal Australians.

The Sunday before the Australia Day weekend became known as ‘Aboriginal Sunday’.

o c . che e r o t r s super 1970s

Aboriginal Sunday became National Aborigines Week.

1988

‘NADOC’ becomes ‘NAIDOC’ to include Torres Strait Islanders.

United Nations’ International Year for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination.

3. Teacher check

1972

4. Teacher check

Federal Department of Aboriginal Affairs established.

Further exploration

1975

• Paint the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags and display.

Aboriginal Sunday becomes National Aborigines’ Week.

• Design a NAIDOC poster, using words and images you feel are appropriate.

1988

• Invite Aboriginal Australian or Torres Strait Islander elders or parents to talk about their lives or tell traditional stories.

‘NADOC’ becomes ‘NAIDOC’ to acknowledge Torres Strait Islanders. mid-1990s—2005 ATSIC assumes control of NAIDOC Week.

2008 Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

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Modern Austr alia

NAIDOC Week – 1

Last week, my school celebrated NAIDOC Week. I knew it was held every year during June or July and was about celebrating Indigenous culture, but I learn a lot more about it during the week.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Then, in 1937, a group of people led by a man named William Cooper presented a petition to the federal government, which asked for Aboriginal representation in federal parliament. It had taken Cooper years to gather the signatures on the petition. (He must have been busy—there were about 2000 of them!). But the government did nothing, so Cooper decided to try something else. Along with a man named William Ferguson, he planned a ‘Day of Mourning’ to be held on 26 January—Australia Day—1938. The men chose this day because it was the 150th anniversary of British settlement of Australia. They hoped it would make non-Aboriginal Australians think about how Aboriginal people might have suffered since 1788.

About 1000 Aboriginal people went to a conference on the day. Afterwards, the National Missionary Council of Australia helped to promote the day as an annual event and, in 1940, the Sunday before the Australia Day weekend (later the first Sunday in July) became known as ‘Aboriginal Sunday’.

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‘NAIDOC’ originally stood for ‘National Aboriginal and Islanders Day Observance Committee’. It has a long history! In the 1920s and 1930s, there were lots of attempts by Aboriginal Australians to raise awareness of the problems suffered by their people—like poor living conditions, their lack of rights concerning land and the fact they were not considered to be Australian citizens! Two organisations that drew attention to issues like these were the Australian Aborigines Progressive Association and the Australian Aborigines League.

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C.Publ i cat i on sCooper William NADOC (National Aborigines Day Observance •f orr evi ew pur pose shad on y•of federal and Committee) and thel support

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state governments, churches and Aboriginal organisations. In the 1970s, the committee changed Aboriginal Sunday to National Aborigines Week. In 1988, the committee became known as NAIDOC, to include Torres Strait Islanders.

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Now, ‘NAIDOC’ refers to the whole week of celebrations. Every year, a national focus city or town is chosen, along with a theme and awards for Indigenous achievers. NAIDOC is also celebrated in local communities so people can learn about Indigenous culture, history and achievers. Our school’s celebrations included lessons about Aboriginal music, dancing, painting and Dreamtime stories.

I think NAIDOC Week is really important. Not only is it fun, it also helps non-Aboriginal Australians to Soon afterwards, a committee was formed to have a better understanding of Aboriginal people promote Aboriginal Sunday. It was known as and their culture. www.ricpublications.com.au

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NAIDOC Week – 2

Modern Austr alia

Use the text on page 91 to answer the questions.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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1. Name two problems Aboriginal Australians were concerned about in the 1920s and 1930s.

2. Complete the time line.

• 1938

• 1940

• 1970s

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• 1988

3. Mention something not included in the text that your school could do to celebrate NAIDOC Week.

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o c 4. Do you think it was a good c idea for Cooper and Ferguson to have chosen. e her r Australia Day as the Day of Mourning?

Why/Why not? o st super

Past NAIDOC Award winners have included actor Deborah Mailman, boxer Anthony Mundine, footballer Nicky Winmar, entertainer Ernie Dingo and Olympic hurdler Kyle Vander-Kuyp.

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NAIDOC Week – 3

Listen to two pieces of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander music and complete the questions below.

Piece 1

Piece 2

Overall tempo (speed):

Overall tempo (speed):

fast medium slow r o e t s WhichB r Which instruments can you hear? instruments e oo can you hear? p u k S fast

slow

Write three words to describe how the music makes you feel.

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medium

Write three words to describe how the music makes you feel.

How would youn move © R. I .

C.Publ i ca t i o sto this music?

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Draw what you pictured in your mind while listening to the music.

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Draw what you pictured in your mind while listening to the music.

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How would you move to this music?

o c . che e r o t r s it. s Which piece of music did you prefer?

Say your preferred uwhy pe

Each year, a committee made up solely or mainly of Indigenous Australians decides on the national focus city, theme and award winners for NAIDOC Week. www.ricpublications.com.au

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93

Australian sporting greats Modern Australia Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about famous Australian sportspeople and sporting teams.

1858

Time line

• Completes a report about an international sporting champion or team.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

Australian Rules Football is first played in Melbourne.

Melbourne Football Club is established.

1868 1877

Australian Rule’s first league, the Victorian Football Association (VFA), is formed.

1879

The first intercolonial football match is played between Victoria and South Australia.

1882

The Australian cricket team beats England for the first time on English soil (the Ashes).

1896

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Aboriginal Australian cricket team tours England.

• Considering Australia’s population of just over 21 000 000, it has achieved a remarkable success in a wide variety of sports. This fact is reflected in the achievements at Olympic and Commonwealth Games. For example, in recent times Australia ranked fourth in the medal tally at the Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004 Olympic Games, behind the countries of China, Russia and USA, which have enormous populations. At the Melbourne 1956 Olympic Games, Australia was ranked third. It has also done very well, considering its population, in most other Olympic Games. In the Commonwealth Games, Australia has been ranked first for 11 of the 18 competitions held so far.

• Historically, Australia has had the most success at Olympic Games in the sports of swimming, field hockey, cycling, rowing, equestrian and shooting.

• Until recently, Australia has had many tennis champions, particularly in the 1960s to the early 1980s. Of note, Rod Laver achieved two tennis Grand Slams (winning each of the Grand Slam tournaments in a calendar year) in 1962 and 1969, the only man to have done so, as did Margaret Smith Court in 1970, one of three women to have done so, in a calendar year.

Australia wins the Bledisloe Cup for the first time.

• The subject of the report on page 97 could be an individual past or present international sporting champion or an individual member of a sporting team of a particular era. Some categories may not be able to be completed; e.g. nickname. The activity could be partly completed at home and school, using resources such as the Internet, nonfiction material from school and public libraries and interviewing parents, older siblings etc. Students should choose different subjects for their reports so they can be shared orally and displayed to provide students with a wide variety of Australian sporting greats.

1938

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

Sydney hosts British Empire (Commonwealth) Games.

Answers

1948

Page 96

1924

VFL introduce the Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player of the season.

1934

Don Bradman captains the ‘Invincibles’ cricket team.

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1956

Melbourne hosts Olympic Games.

1962 1982

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Brisbane hosts Commonwealth Games.

1987

3. Cricket (yellow) – (b), (c), (l)

Victorian Football League (VFL) is renamed Australian Football League (AFL).

1991

Tennis (red) – (e), (h), (j), (k)

Swimming (green) – (a), (d), (f) Netball (blue) – (g), (i)

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Australia wins the Cricket World Cup for the first time.

1990

1. Answers should include: climate makes sport popular, higher amount of competitors/ spectators than many countries, wide range of individual and team champions 2. Teacher check

Perth hosts Commonwealth Games.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Victorian Football League (VFL) is established.

Australia wins the Rugby World Cup for the first time.

4. Teacher check

Further exploration

• ‘Aussie Rules’ is a uniquely Australian game. Find out how it originated and the similarities and differences it has with the other Australian football codes of soccer, rugby league and rugby union.

• Brainstorm to list the names of past and present Australian sporting champions in a variety of sports. Write each name on card along with their sport and display on a ‘Wall of fame’.

2000 Sydney hosts Olympic Games.

2006 Melbourne hosts Commonwealth Games.

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Australian sporting greats – 1

Modern Austr alia

Australia’s generally sunny climate is one reason why sport is very popular in Australia. The amount of Australians who compete in and/or watch sport is much higher than many other countries. Australia has many past and present international sporting champions in a wide range of individual and team sports.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Read the text below about some of the achievements of Australia’s famous international sporting Individual sports include swimming, diving, surfing, boxing, tennis, golf, squash, Formula One motor racing, 500 cc motorcycle racing, triathlon, athletics, cycling, shooting and horse racing.

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Team sports include the following national teams: men’s and women’s cricket, field hockey, water polo, basketball and wheelchair basketball; men’s rugby league and rugby union; women’s netball and softball; and various team events in men’s and women’s rowing and sailing. teams and individuals.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons Cricket is one of the longest played sports in Australia and oner that both men’sp and •f or ev i ew ur posesonl y• Cricket

women’s teams have had lots of success in.

A men’s team in 1948 was nicknamed the ‘Invincibles’. It was the first to win an entire test cricket series without losing a match. Sir Donald Bradman, a cricketing legend, was the captain. When he retired, his batting average was almost 100 runs!

Netball

grand slam tennis tournament. Famous tennis players include Margaret Smith Court, Rod Laver, Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Ken Rosewall, John Newcombe, Pat Rafter and Lleyton Hewitt. Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde teamed up as the ‘Woodies’ to win the most doubles titles as a pair.

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have been in swimming events. Famous male swimmers include Ian Thorpe, Murray Rose, Kieren Perkins, Michael Wenden, John Konrads and Grant Hackett. Famous female swimmers include Dawn Fraser, Shane Gould, Lorraine Crapp, Susie O’Neill, Leisle Jones, Petria Thomas and Lisbeth Lenton.

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Netball is the most popular female sport in Australia (though males increasingly enjoy the game) and national teams have had great success. Australia has won nine of the 12 World Netball Championships held so far and two gold medals in the three Commonwealth Games in which the sport has been played.

o c .

Australia has always c been very competitive e hermedals Tennisst r in swimming. Most of Australia’s o sGames r is one of four nations to host a pe Australia in the Olympic and Commonwealth u

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95

Australian sporting greats – 2

Modern Austr alia

Answer the questions about the text on page 95.

1. List three facts about Australian sport from the first paragraph.

•

r o e t s Bo r e 2. In each box, write six sports that pAustralia excels at. ok u Individual Team sport Ssport •

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•

3. Read the keywords and phrases about facts on four sports in which Australian is successful.

Shade or highlight each box according to the sporting code.

© RTennis .

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C.Publ i cat i ons Netball Swimming •f orr evred i ew pur pgreen osesonl yblue•

Cricket yellow

(b) Bradman’s batting average (c) champion team the almost 100 ‘Invincibles’

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(d) Murray Rose and Dawn (e) champion team the Fraser are past champions ‘Woodies’ (g) won nine out of 12 world championships

(f) Leisle Jones is a recent champion

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(a) most Olympic and Commonwealth medals

(h) Margaret Smith Court and (i) most popular female sport Ken Rosewall are past champions (k) one of four nations to host (l) one of the longest played a grand slam event sports

. te o c (j) Lleyton Hewitt is a recent . che e champion r o t r s sup ether 4. Explain which sporting fact you enjoyed reading about most.

Australia is one of only four nations to have competed in every modern Summer Olympic Games and one of six to have competed in every Commonwealth Games. Australia has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice and the Commonwealth Games four times.

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Modern Austr alia

Australian sporting greats – Report

Complete this table with information about an Australian international sporting champion or team member. Use your notes to write a report. Display your report with other class members’ reports.

Champion’s name: Nickname: Date of birth:

Sport:

Sporting achievements:

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Place of birth:

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Hobbies:

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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Hero: Australia is the only country to have four professional football codes. They are Australian Rules (‘Aussie Rules’), soccer, rugby league and rugby union.

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97

Earth Hour Modern Australia

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Completes a ‘Time capsule record sheet’ about the current year.

Worksheet information

Time line 2007 Year of the surf lifesaver

• Earth Hour was held in Sydney, New South Wales, on 31 March 2007. The main purpose of the event was to show that by switching off unnecessary lights the amount of electricity used is reduced, meaning less coal needs to be burned resulting in less greenhouse gas emissions. It is believed that greenhouse gases are a cause of global warming.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

25 February

Australian animated film Happy feet wins an Academy Award.

6 March

Federal government approves sale of national airline Qantas.

Teac he r

Storms hit Esperance, WA. Natural disaster area declared.

• More information, plus posters and pamphlets advertising Earth Hour, can be found at <www.earthhour.org>.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 114.

18 March

75th anniversary of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

7 July

Live Earth concert held in Sydney to promote action about climate change.

1. poster, newspaper article, diary entry

24 August

Outbreak of horse flu in News South Wales.

3. Hour, lights, Earth/planet

Australia ratifies Kyoto Protocol on climate change.

Heavy rains cause flooding across Queensland. Some areas are declared Natural Disaster Zones.

Earth Hour is held at 8pm in various cities around the world.

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2. (a) True

(b) False

(c) True

(d) True

(e) False

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Federal election held. Kevin Rudd becomes Prime Minister of Australia.

2008 January

Page 100

Primary Australian history

(b) Where did the girl put the three documents?

5. (a) Answers will vary (b) Teacher check

Further exploration

• Students imagine that the time capsule has been opened ten thousand years in the future.

What information would it give to the people who discovered it?

For example: people wrote on paper with ink, electricity used for light, helicopters existed etc.

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3 December

Answers

4. (a) At what time could the people of Sydney turn their lights back on?

2–9 September Australia hosts APEC Summit.

24 November

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4 January

• A poster, newspaper article about an event and a diary entry are all primary sources.

If such documents were authentic and were unearthed in a time capsule by future generations, they would give very specific clues about the year 2007—the main clue being that global warming was an environmental concern at that time.

• Search the Internet for photographs of Sydney during Earth Hour.

Enter the key words: ‘Sydney Earth Hour’ into an image search.

• Find out if your school has ever buried a time capsule. What was placed in it? When will it be unearthed?

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Modern Austr alia

Earth Hour – 1 Read the three documents that a young girl from Sydney has put in to her time capsule in the year 2007.

Saturday March 31 2007

60uperstoreBook Dear diary,

Teac he r

7.30 PM - 8.30 PM

SATURDAY 31 MARCH

Switch off your lights and switch on to send a powerful message.

A lot of people in Sydney have turned off their lights for one hour, from 7.30 - 8.30 pm. Not just families but offices, shops, restaurants—everyone!

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S EARTH HOUR

I’m writing to you by candle light. No … there hasn’t been a power cut. It is Earth Hour.

Our street looks so dark and I can hear a helicopter!

They must be filming so we can see on the news tomorrow how dark Sydney looks.

Earth Hour is a great idea because we need to take better care of our planet! If we don’t, I think the Earth might keep warming up and all the ice could melt. Where will the polar bears and penguins live then?

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Show that our small actions can make a difference to global warming.

Night

:)

Sunday 1 April 2007

.

THE DARKEST HOUR! t e

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The Sydney Morning Herald o c . che e r o t r s super

Last night at 7.30 pm, Australia’s largest city plunged into darkness for one hour. It was the world’s first attempt at a city-wide blackout to raise community awareness about global warming.

Thousands of home owners and businesses, including Woolworths and the Commonwealth Bank, switched off their lights.

The hour long blackout shows that simple steps can help us to care for our planet.

Plans to repeat Earth Hour next year are already under way.

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99

Modern Austr alia

Earth Hour – 2 Use the text on page 99 to answer the questions.

1. List the three types of documents the girl has put into her time capsule.

• •

r o e t s Bo r e 2. Answer as true of false. p ok u (a) Earth Hour was held in Sydney.

S (b) For one hour, people turned off their televisions.

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•

(c) Some banks participated in Earth Hour. (d) The girl thinks it is important to care for the Earth. (e) Earth Hour will not be held again.

3. Fill in the missing words.

The organisers of Earth

wanted people to recognise that small steps,

© R. I .

C.Pu i ca t i o ns ,b canl help care for the 4. Write a question these answers.

•forf o rr evi ew pur posesonl y• such as switching off

.

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(b) Into a time capsule.

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(a) At 8.30 pm.

o c . che e r o t r s su r pe 5. (a) How long do you think people should wait before a time capsule is opened?

years.

(b) Why do you think it would it be interesting to read items stored in a time capsule?

During Earth Hour, lights were switched off at the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Sydney Opera House, Luna Park and Taronga Zoo.

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Modern Austr alia

The time capsule

When people place letters, photographs, newspaper clippings and other memorabilia in a container and then bury it, they are often creating a time capsule. Ceremonies are often held when time capsules are buried and, many years later, when they are dug up. Opening a time capsule and looking at its contents gives clues about what life was like in the past.

r o e t s BoDate: r e p o u k Where do you live?

S

Fill out the following time capsule record sheet about today.

Name of school:

Who is your teacher?

Who are your friends?

A popular movie of today:

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Name:

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons A popular TV show of today: • f o r r e v i e w p u r p o s e s o n l y • What can you buy with $1?

A popular song of today:

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Describe something that has been in the news lately.

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How much does a litre of petrol cost?

. te problems are people worried about?

Which environmental o c . che e r o t r s super Write a message to the students of the future.

In 1977, the Voyager spacecraft’s time capsules were launched into outer space with a recording of messages in 55 different languages. Will they be opened by extraterrestrial life? www.ricpublications.com.au

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101

Aborigina l

Quiz questions

pages 2–5

Austra lians

1. Aboriginal Australians: (a) stayed in one area. (b) adapted to their environment. (c) grew crops.

2. Which item is not bush tucker? (a) eggs (b) clubs (c) nuts

r o e t s Bo r e p ok 4. A hunter could tell the u size of an animal by: Swas. (b) spacing between the back legs. (a) how fresh its track

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3. Who was most knowledgeable about bush medicine? (a) older women (b) older men (c) men and women

(c) the depth of the track.

5. What would be an item women would not gather? (a) wallaby (b) shellfish (c) witchetty grubs

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons illiam Dampier :l Hy ero o• •f orr evi ew pur pWo seson r villa

i n?

pages 6–9

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1. How many times did William Dampier sail around the world? (a) two (b) one (c) three

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Quiz questions

2. What is the name of the group of islands, east of New Guinea, which Dampier charted? (a) Bismarck Islands (b) Dampier Islands (c) Strait Islands

. te o c 3. Who used Dampier’s natural history notes and sketches? . c e he (a) James Cook (b) Daniel Defoe (c) Charles Darwin r o t r s s r u e p 4. Who did Dampier throw into jail during a voyage to Australia? (a) Horatio Nelson

(b) George Fisher

(c) Jonathan Swift

5. Dampier often raided the ships of which nation? (a) Spain (b) England (c) France

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Quiz questions

The Fir pages 10–13

st Fle et

1. How long did the voyage of the First Fleet take? (a) 2 years (b) 9 months (c) 3 weeks 2. Where was the original destination of the First Fleet? (a) Norfolk Island (b) Port Jackson (c) Botany Bay

r o e t s Bo r e pof the Port Jackson settlement? ok 4. Who was the governor u SKing (b) James Cook (c) Arthur Phillip (a) Philip Gidley

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3. Which word best describes the soil around Port Jackson? (a) poor (b) fertile (c) rich

5. What was the name of the Second Fleet’s supply ship? (a) Sirius (b) Justinian (c) Lady Juliana

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C.Publ i cat i ons Con• victs a •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y t wo

rk

pages 14–17

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1. Increased unemployment in Britain was caused by the: (a) Industrial Revolution. (b) Agricultural Revolution.

(c) French Revolution.

2. The British government could no longer transport convicts to: (a) Africa. (b) America. (c) India.

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Quiz questions

o c (c) chain gangs. . che e r o t to free settlers.

4. Some male convicts were r s s r u e p (a) married (b) assigned (c) flogged 3. Prisoners working outdoors worked in: (a) chain mail. (b) chain stores.

5. When free, some convicts could not return to Britain. This was known as a pardon. (a) absolute (b) free (c) conditional

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103

Quiz questions

Yagan an d his p eo

pages 18–21

ple

1. The Swan River Colony was established in: (a) 1795. (b) 1729. (c) 1829.

2. The settlers thought Yagan’s people had no right to claim land because: (a) they killed their animals. (b) they hunted and gathered. (c) they didn’t fence off land and use it for farming.

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3. Real conflict began between the colonists and Yagan’s people when one of his family members was killed while: (a) raiding a potato patch. (b) killing a settler. (c) killing a sheep.

4. In which year was Yagan shot and killed? (a) 1833 (b) 1829 (c) 1729

5. After how many years was Yagan’s head returned from England to be buried? (a) 50 years (b) more than 150 years (c) about 100 years

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons Life in the •f orr evi ew pur poses onl y • new colo

Quiz questions

pages 22–25

2. Many of the bushrangers were: (a) escaped convicts. (b) very evil.

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1. Convicts in the new colony were treated: (a) very well. (b) harshly. (c) well.

(c) hated by everyone.

o c (c) free settlers came. . che e r o t r s s r u e p (b) destroyed land. (c) used land they didn’t own.

3. The number of bushrangers increased when: (a) more convicts came. (b) gold was discovered.

4. Squatters: (a) owned their land.

5. The ‘bush telegraph’ was the name given to: (a) a telephone. (b) information passed on by people.

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ny

(c) a tree.

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The Macarthu r

Quiz questions

pages 26–29

s’ meri no w o

1. The Macarthurs arrived with the: (a) First Fleet. (b) Second Fleet.

(c) Third Fleet.

2. Elizabeth Farm was: (a) their first farm. (b) at Camden Park.

(c) where John was exiled.

ol

r o e t s (c) he didn’t support Bligh.

B r e oo p 4. Bligh was: u k (a) a kind man.S (b) arrested by the army. (c) liked by the army.

5. During the Rum Rebellion, Macarthur: (a) helped Bligh. (b) was blamed by Bligh.

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3. Macarthur was exiled because: (a) he sold rum. (b) he was very rich.

(c) was not involved.

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C.Publ i cat i ons Bou• nty mi •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y gran

ts

pages 30–33

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1. Who received the bounty from the government? (a) migrants (b) landowners (c) shipowners 2. The maximum age for a migrant was: (a) 40 years. (b) 45 years.

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(c) 35 years.

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o c . che e r o 4. The barque ship India was helped by a whaler from which country? t r s s r u e p (a) Britain (b) Spain (c) France 3. A female domestic servant provided a bounty of: (a) £15. (b) £19. (c) £30.

5. About how many people emigrated to Australia from Britain in the 19th century? (a) 1 000 000 (b) 100 000 (c) 10 000 000

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105

Quiz questions

The mighty B lue Mo pages 34–37

untai ns

1. In which year did Gregory Blaxland lead an expedition to cross the Blue Mountains? (a) 1789 (b) 1813 (c) 1850 2. In which direction from Sydney are the Blue Mountains? (a) north (b) south (c) west

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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3. Who were the other explorers who went on Blaxland’s expedition? (a) Gregory and Wentworth (b) Lawson and Wentworth (c) Charles and Wentworth

4. Who was Governor of New South Wales at the time of Blaxland’s expedition to cross the Blue Mountains? (a) Macquarie (b) William (c) Cox 5. What kind of plague devastated New South Wales crops in 1811? (a) grasshopper (b) bird (c) caterpillar

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C.Publ i cat i ons Edward Hargrave sl dy isco• •f orr evi ew pur p oseson vers g

old

pages 38–41

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1. The first gold rush in Australia occurred in: (a) 1850. (b) 1851. (c) 1852.

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2. The amount of money awarded to Edward Hargraves for his discovery was: (a) £100. (b) £1000. (c) £10 000.

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o c . che e r o t 4. In which direction is Bathurst fromr Sydney? s s r u e p (a) west (b) south (c) east

3. Where had Hargraves been prospecting before making his discovery at Bathurst? (a) California (b) Victoria (c) Alaska

5. The goldfield at Bathurst was renamed: (a) Osiris (b) Ophir

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(c) Opal

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Quiz questions

Coal Ri ver, N SW

pages 42–45

1. How far north is Newcastle from Sydney? (a) 16 km (b) 160 km

(c) 1600 km

2. Name the escaped convict who made the first known discovery of coal. (a) John Shortland (b) Charles Menzies (c) William Bryant

r o e t s (c)B Hunter River r e oo p 4. In which year wasu Australia’s first ever export shipped? k S (b) 1799 (a) 1791 (c) 1801

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3. What did John Shortland rename Coal River? (a) King’s River (b) Newcastle River

5. In which year was a penal colony established in the Hunter area? (a) 1804 (b) 1844 (c) 1904

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C.Publ i cat i ons Tl hy e sh• earers •f orr evi ew pur poseson ’ str

Quiz questions

i ke

pages 46–49

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1. During which year was the first shearers strike in Queensland? (a) 1881 (b) 1891 (c) 1901

2. At the time, where was wool shorn in Queensland time shipped to? (a) New South Wales (b) India (c) Britain

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o c . che e r o 4. The shearers went on strike:r t s s r u e p (a) because they wanted to live in town houses. (b) to get more shearing machines.

3. About how many shearers gathered at the Barcaldine strikers’ camp? (a) 4000 (b) 40 000 (c) 400 000

(c) for a set wage per head of sheep shorn.

5. A Queensland newspaper from the 1890s was titled: (a) The Shearer. (b) The Worker. (c) The Farmer.

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Quiz questions

Beasts of bur de n

pages 50––53

1. How were carts powered before draught animals arrived in the colony? (a) wind power (b) water power (c) hauled by convicts 2. Draught animals were brought to the country from: (a) India. (b) Iran. (c) Iraq.

r o e t s Bo r e p okTelegraph LIne 4. Between 1870 and 1872, camels carried equipment for the Overland u between Adelaide and: S (a) Brisbane.

(b) Perth.

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3. Bullocks were used on whose exploration of New South Wales rivers? (a) Augustus Gregory (b) Charles Sturt (c) Ludwig Leichhardt

(c) Darwin.

5. When was the transcontinental railway line across the Nullarbor built? (a) 1912–1917 (b) 1871–1891 (c) 1891–1901

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y Fe• derat i pages 54–57

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1. Federation was proclaimed in: (a) Parramatta. (b) Centennial Park.

(c) Canberra.

2. During the federation ceremony, the weather was: (a) hot. (b) wet. (c) drizzling.

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o c (c) into Victoria. . che e r o 4. In which state was federation the r most popular? r t s s u e p (a) NSW (b) Western Australia (c) Victoria 3. Tax had to be paid to move stock: (a) out of NSW. (b) into NSW.

5. Edmund Barton was: (a) Prime Minister. (b) Governor-General.

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(c) Sarah’s uncle.

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Quiz questions

C han ges

pages 58–61

1. Which animal was printed on the Commonwealth of Australia’s first postage stamp? (a) kangaroo (b) kookaburra (c) koala 2. The Commonwealth’s first coins were made in: (a) Australia. (b) Spain.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u 4. The first official SCommonwealth money was the: (c) Britain.

(a) holey dollar.

(b) Spanish silver.

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3. Which postal service was established between Melbourne and Sydney in 1914? (a) Travelling Post Office (b) airmail (c) telephone

(c) silver coins.

5. The Commonwealth of Australia’s first currency note was designed in: (a) Britain. (b) Australia. (c) Spain.

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C.Publ i cat i ons World War •f orr evi ew pur poseso nl y• I: In Ga llip pages 62–65

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1. World War I occurred between: (a) 1914–1918. (b) 1915–1918.

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Quiz questions

(c) 1914–1915.

2. Which word(s) best describe(s) the ‘Spirit of the Anzacs’? (a) courage (b) sticking together (c) trying hard

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o c . che e r o 4. How did Jack get to the observation post? t r s s r u e p (a) by the trenches (b) by ducking bullets (c) by a tunnel

3. Why was it hard to hide from the Turks? (a) they were higher (b) they knew all the hiding places (c) there were too many Anzacs

5. What is something Jack would not think was a hardship? (a) sleeping in a trench (b) the field phone working (c) flies and fleas

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Quiz questions

The De press i

pages 66–69

on

1. The government helped some people during the depression by: (a) paying them well. (b) providing jobs. (c) giving out houses.

2. The Wall Street crash happened in: (a) Sydney. (b) London.

(c) New York.

r o e t s (c) businesses collapsed.

Bo r e p ok 4. The depression startedu in: S (b) 1929. (a) 1932. (c) 1927.

5. The depression was worse in Australia because: (a) less goods were exported. (b) it is a dry country.

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3. There were few jobs because: (a) employees weren’t wanted. (b) everyone was working.

(c) people were sad.

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C.Publ i cat i ons WW II: Austra lial unde• •f orr evi ew pur po seson y r atta pages 70–73

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1. In which year did the first Japanese air raid on Darwin occur? (a) 1939 (b) 1942 (c) 1945 2. Which boat did the Japanese sink in Sydney Harbour in 1942? (a) HMAS Kuttabul (b) USS Chicago (c) HMAS Sydney

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o c . che e r o 4. What happened to the first Japanese submarine during the attack on Sydney t r s s r u e p Harbour?

3. What did the second wave of Japanese bombers attack during the first air raid on Darwin? (a) the wharf (b) the military airfield (c) the town itself

(a) It never made it into the harbour. (c) It got tangled in an anti-torpedo net.

(b) It was torpedoed.

5. Which of these Australian towns were attacked by Japanese bombers during World War II? (a) Broome and Townsville (b) Newcastle and Broome (c) Townsville and Newcastle

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Quiz questions

The $5 pages 74–77

1. Sir Henry Parkes was a supporter of: (a) transportation. (b) Federation.

face s

(c) celebration.

2. The legacy left by Sir Henry Parkes to the people of Sydney was: (a) Celebration Park. (b) Hyde Park. (c) Centennial Park.

o e t s (c)r dentist.

Bo r e p ok 4. In which year didu Spence stand for a seat in federal parliament?

S(b) 189 (c) 1789 (a) 1879

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3. Catherine Helen Spence was a: (a) journalist. (b) doctor.

5. What was the name given to Sir Henry Parkes’ federation speech? (a) Transportation Oration (b) Federation Oration (c) Tenterfield Oration

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C.Publ i cat i ons John H •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• owa

Quiz questions

rd

pages 78–81

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Australian Prime Minister.

1. John Winston Howard was the (a) 18th (b) 25th (c) 21st 2. Which political party does he belong to? (a) Labor (b) National (c) Liberal

o c . c e he r 4. In which year did Howard first become Prime Minister? o t r s up er (a) 1996 (b) 1974 s (c) 1995 3. Who was Prime Minister for longer than John Howard? (a) Kim Beazley (b) Robert Menzies (c) Paul Keating

5. How many elections was John Howard involved in when Prime Minister? (a) five (b) one (c) three

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Quiz questions

Nuclea r test i ng

pages 82–85

1. Emu Field, Maralinga and which other Australian location were used for British nuclear tests? (a) northern WA (b) Adelaide (c) Montebello Islands 2. In which year did Britain detonate its first nuclear bomb in Australia? (a) 1960 (b) 1952 (c) 1957

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 4. Who was Prime Minister of Australia at the time of the British nuclear tests? (a) John Howard

(b) Robert Menzies

5. In which state is Emu Field found? (a) South Australia (b) Western Australia

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3. Approximately how many people were affected by radioactivity from the nuclear tests conducted in Australia? (a) dozens (b) hundreds (c) thousands

(c) Bob Hawke

(c) Victoria

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C.Publ i cat i ons Sl yy •f orr evi ew pur poseson dney• ’s ico

Quiz questions

ns

pages 86–89

2. In which year was the Harbour Bridge opened? (a) 1923 (b) 1932 (c) 1933

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1. In which city can Australia’s famous bridge and opera house be found? (a) Canberra (b) Melbourne (c) Sydney

o c . che e r o 4. What was the nationality of the architect who designed the Opera House? t r s s r u e p (a) Danish (b) British (c) Australian 3. Which New South Wales Premier officially opened the Harbour Bridge? (a) Henry Parkes (b) Morris Iemma (c) Jack Lang

5. In which year was the Opera House opened? (a) 1873 (b) 1973 (c) 1978

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Quiz questions

NAIDO C We ek

pages 90–93

1. NAIDOC stands for National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance (a) Celebration (b) Cooperation (c) Committee

.

2. NAIDOC Week is held every year in which months? (a) June or July (b) July or August (c) August or September

r o e t s Bo r e p ok as: 4. In 1940, the Sunday before the Australia Day weekend was known u S (b) Islander Sunday. (c) Super Sunday. (a) Aboriginal Sunday.

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3. 26 January 1938 was chosen by Aboriginal activists as the Day of: (a) NAIDOC. (b) Mourning. (c) Happiness.

5. During NAIDOC Week, people learn about Aboriginal culture, achievements and: (a) painting. (b) history. (c) dancing.

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Quiz questions

ts

pages 94–97

2. Which is not an individual sport? (a) golf (b) surfing

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1. One reason sport is popular in Australia is because it has: (a) lots of champions. (b) a sunny climate. (c) only a few people competing.

(c) hockey

o c (c) water. polo che e r o 4. In which sport has Australia won the most Olympic and Commonwealth Games medals? t r s s r u e p (a) netball (b) cycling (c) swimming

3. Which is not a team sport? (a) horse racing (b) softball

5. The sport which is one of Australia’s longest played is: (a) tennis. (b) cricket. (c) netball.

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Earth Ho

pages 98–101

1. Earth Hour was held in: (a) Sydney. (b) Melbourne.

(c) Adelaide.

2. Earth Hour began on the 31 March 2007 at: (a) 7.30 am. (b) Midday.

(c) 7.30 pm.

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r o e t s (c)B fridge. r e oo p 4. Earth Hour hoped to raise awareness about: u k (a) global warming. S (b) saving water. (c) endangered species.

5. The girl put the three documents: (a) in her school bag. (b) in a time capsule.

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3. During Earth Hour, people turned off their: (a) television. (b) lights.

(c) in the letterbox.

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Primary Australia n history

Quiz answers Aboriginal Australians ..................... 102 1. (b) adapted to their environment 2. (b) clubs 3. (a) older women 4. (c) the depth of the track 5. (a) wallaby

The $5 faces ................................... 111 1. (b) federation 2. (c) Centennial Park 3. (a) journalist 4. (b) 1897 5. (c) Tenterfield Oration

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William Dampier: Hero or villain? ... 102 1. (c) three 2. (a) Bismarck Islands 3. (c) Charles Darwin 4. (b) George Fisher 5. (a) Spain

Convicts at work ............................. 103 1. (a) Industrial Revolution 2. (b) America 3. (c) chain gangs 4. (b) assigned 5. (c) conditional

Coal River, NSW .............................. 107 1. (b) 160 km 2. (c) William Bryant 3. (c) Hunter River 4. (b) 1799 5. (a) 1804 The shearers’ strike ........................ 107 1. (b) 1891 2. (c) Britain 3. (a) 4000 4. (c) for a set wage per head of sheep shorn 5. (c) The Worker

Beasts of burden ............................ 108 1. (c) hauled by convicts 2. (a) India 3. (b) Charles Sturt 4. (c) Darwin 5. (a) 1912–1917

John Howard ................................... 111 1. (b) 25th 2. (c) Liberal 3. (b) Robert Menzies 4. (a) 1996 5. (a) five Nuclear testing .............................. 112 1. (c) Montebello Islands 2. (b) 1952 3. (c) thousands 4. (b) Robert Menzies 5. (a) South Australia

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The First Fleet ................................. 103 1. (b) 9 months 2. (c) Botany Bay 3. (a) poor 4. (c) Arthur Phillip 5. (b) Justinian

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Edward Hargraves discovers gold ................................ 106 1. (b) 1851 2. (c) £10 000 3. (a) California 4. (a) west 5. (b) Ophir

– Boo kD

Sydney’s icons ................................ 112 1. (c) Sydney 2. (b) 1932 3. (c.) Jack Lang 4. (a) Danish 5. (b) 1973

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Life in the new colony .................... 104 1. (b) harshly 2. (a) escaped convicts 3. (b) gold was discovered 4. (c) used land they didn’t own 5. (b) information passed on by people

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The Macarthurs’ merino wool ......... 105 1. (b) Second Fleet 2. (a) their first farm 3. (c) he didn’t support Bligh 4. (b) arrested by the army 5. (b) was blamed by Bligh

Changes .......................................... 109 1. (a) kangaroo 2. (c) Britain 3. (b) airmail 4. (c) silver coins 5. (a) Britain

Australian sporting greats .............. 113 1. (b) a sunny climate 2. (c) hockey 3. (a) horse racing 4. (c) swimming 5. (b) cricket Earth Hour ....................................... 114 1. (a) Sydney 2. (c) 7.30 pm 3. (b) lights 4. (a) global warming 5. (b) in a time capsule

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Bounty migrants ............................. 105 1. (c) shipowners 2. (a) 40 years 3. (b) £19 4. (c) France 5. (a) 1 000 000

The mighty Blue Mountains ............ 106 1. (b) 1813 2. (c) west 3. (b) Lawson and Wentworth 4. (a) Macquarie 5. (c) caterpillar

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Federation ....................................... 108 1. (b) Centennial Park 2. (a) hot 3. (c) into Victoria 4. (c) Victoria 5. (a) Prime Minister

NAIDOC Week .................................. 113 1. (c) Committee 2. (a) June or July 3. (b) Mourning 4. (a) Aboriginal Sunday 5. (b) history

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Yagan and his people ...................... 104 1. (c) 1829 2. (c) they didn’t fence off land and use it for farming 3. (a) raiding a potato patch 4. (a) 1833 5. (b) more than 150 years

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WW I: In Gallipoli ............................. 109 1. (a) 1914–1918 2. (b) sticking together 3. (a) they were higher 4. (c) by a tunnel 5. (b) the field phone working The Depression ............................... 110 1. (b) providing jobs 2. (c) New York 3. (c) business collapsed 4. (b) 1929 5. (a) less goods were exported WW II: Australia under attack .......... 110 1. (b) 1942 2. (a) HMAS Kuttabul 3. (b) the military airfield 4. (c) It got tangled in an anti-torpedo net 5. (a) Broome and Townsville

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