Australia on the Map: 1606 - 2006: Ages 11+

RIC-6426 4.9/346

AUSTRALIA ON THE MAP (1606–2006) (Ages 11+)

Published by R.I.C. Publications® 2006 Copyright© R.I.C. Publications® 2006

This master may only be reproduced by the original purchaser for use with their class(es). The publisher prohibits the loaning or onselling of this master for the purposes of reproduction.

ISBN 1 74126 359 X

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RIC–6426

Additional titles available in this series: AUSTRALIA ON THE MAP (1606–2006)

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(Ages 8–10)

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Internet websites

In some cases, websites or specific URLs may be recommended. While these are checked and rechecked at the time of publication, the publisher has no control over any subsequent changes which may be made to webpages.

It is strongly recommended that the class teacher checks all URLs before allowing students to access them.

View all pages online PO Box 332 Greenwood Western Australia 6924

Website: www.ricgroup.com.au Email: mail@ricgroup.com.au

Australia on the map Foreword The four sections are: The beginning The Dutch The French The British Australia on the map is a comprehensive resource to complement the learning program and take it beyond the celebrations of 2006.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u Contents S

Teachers notes .................................................................. iv – v Time line .................................................................................vi Map of the world..................................................................... vii Map of Australia..................................................................... viii The beginning

1–18

Personal teachers notes ........................................................... 2 Teachers notes ........................................................................ 3 Past land bridges ..................................................................... 4 Aboriginal Australians and the Macassan people ....................... 5 Aboriginal migration ............................................................6–7 The Macassan people and trade ...........................................8–9 The Chinese, Portuguese and Spanish..................................... 10 The Chinese and Portuguese ............................................11–12 The Spanish ....................................................................13–14 Map of the world.................................................................... 15 Ships to 1606 ........................................................................ 16 Quiz – The beginning ............................................................. 17 The beginning – Answers ....................................................... 18

Other titles in this series: Australia on the map – Ages 8–10

The French

45–66

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The Australia on the map books have been written in cooperation with the Australia on the Map Committee to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the first recorded European discovery of Australia.

They explore the arrival of Australia’s first inhabitants before the disappearance of the land bridges and acknowledge the achievements of the many explorers and mariners from different European nations. Each book is divided into four sections, with curriculum-linked activities from the learning areas of English and Society and Environment.

Personal teachers notes ......................................................... 46 Teachers notes ...................................................................... 47 Fascinating facts ..............................................................48–49 The great south land .............................................................. 50 Missing at sea – La Perouse................................................... 51 Mapping d’Entrecasteaux’s journey ......................................... 52 Scurvy – Internet challenge .................................................... 53 The Baudin expedition ......................................................54–55 The encounter – Flinders and Baudin ...................................... 56 The naturalists ..................................................................... 57 The Freycinet expedition ...................................................58–59 A mystery solved! .................................................................. 60 The Géographe ...................................................................... 61 Map summary of French exploration of Australia ...................... 62 Map summary of French exploration routes of Australia ............ 63 Quiz – The French............................................................64–65 The French – Answers ........................................................... 66

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The Dutch

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19– 44

Personal teachers notes ......................................................... 20 Teachers notes ...................................................................... 21 Fascinating facts ..............................................................22–23 Willem Jansz ...................................................................24–25 Dirk Hartog ......................................................................26–27 Jan Carstensz ..................................................................28–29 Pieter Nuyts ........................................................................... 30 Francisco Pelsaert............................................................31–33 The story of Abel Tasman .................................................34–37 Willem de Vlamingh .........................................................38–39 Map summary of Dutch exploration routes of Australia ............. 40 Map of Dutch exploration and accidental contact routes of Australia in the 17th century ..................................... 41 The Duyfken .......................................................................... 42 Quiz – The Dutch ................................................................... 43 The Dutch – Answers ............................................................. 44

The British

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67–90

Personal teachers notes ......................................................... 68 Teachers notes ...................................................................... 69 Fascinating facts ..............................................................70–71 William Dampier ..............................................................72–73 James Cook ....................................................................74–75 The Endeavour ............................................................... 76–77 Navigators, botanists and astronomers .................................. 78 George Vancouver and Tobias Furneaux................................... 79 George Bass and Matthew Flinders ...................................80–81 Matthew Flinders and the Investigator ...............................82–83 James Grant and John Murray ................................................ 84 Phillip Parker King .................................................................. 85 Map summary of British exploration of Australia ....................... 86 Maps of British exploration routes of Australia .......................... 87 HMS Investigator.................................................................... 88 Quiz – The British .................................................................. 89 The British – Answers ............................................................ 90

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Australia on the map

Australia on the map Teachers notes Teachers notes

It is vital that students have an awareness of their country’s history to give them an understanding of how their society has developed.

This leads to an appreciation of the different cultures that make up the national population. The Australia on the map series emphasises the importance of the roles played by different nations in the discovery of Australia.

Contain: • background information on each nation, and the reasons for its involvement in Pacific exploration. In ‘The beginning’, the migration of Australia’s original inhabitants and early European exploration in the area are explained, • time line of the nation’s major explorers and the ships involved in the discovery and exploration of Australia, • additional activities to extend learning opportunities.

The book may be used to give an overview of those involved in the discovery and mapping of Australia or as a springboard for a more indepth project. There are many resources available in libraries and on the Internet for students to gain a greater knowledge and understanding of the life and times of the explorers.

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The front pages include three generic pages, which are useful resources for a study of the exploration of Australia.

Map of the world

This shows the location of each relevant nation in relation to the position of Australia. Students can clearly see the magnitude of the voyages undertaken by early explorers.

Map of Australia

Students can use this to map the areas explored by individuals or groups of explorers.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Time line

This shows the chronology of European exploration from 1606 to 1826.

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Each section includes: • page for personal teachers notes • teachers notes • fascinating facts • student activity pages • map summary pages • outline of a ship of the time • quiz questions • answers

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Fascinating facts

Contain: • additional information for students, • suggestions for further research to supplement learning in the area, • time line and summary of the nation’s involvement in the discovery and planning of Australia.

Page for personal teachers notes

Space for the teacher to record ideas for planning, organisation, resources and extension activities.

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Australia on the map Teachers notes Two map summary pages

Contain: • information on the nation’s major explorers and their voyages, in chronological order, • activities to consolidate learning and enhance knowledge and understanding.

Contain a: • map of the nation’s exploration routes of Australia, indicating coastlines charted, • map summarising the nation’s exploration of Australia.

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Student activity pages

Outline of a ship of the time

Contains: a picture of a contemporary ship for students to colour or use as a basis to make a model.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Quiz questions

Contains: 25 quiz questions to be administered in any format chosen by the teacher.

Answers

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Contains: the answers to student pages and the quiz (included at the end of each section).

(Sample student page)

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State

English

SOSE

NSW

RS3.5, RS3.6, WS3.9

CCS3.1

WA

R4.1, W4.1, W4.2, W4.4

ICP4.2, ICP4.3, ICP4.4, TCC4.1, TCC4.2

Vic.

ENRE0401, ENRE0404, ENWR0401, ENWR0404

SOHI0402, SOGE0401

SA

3.3, 3.8,4.4, 4.11

3.3, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4

Qld

Refer to curriculum documents on http://www.qsa.qld.edu.au

TCC4.3

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Australia on the map

Australia on the map – Time line Year

Explorer

Ship

Area

Willem Jansz

Duyfken

west coast of Cape York Peninsula

1616

Dirk Hartog

Eendracht

Shark Bay

1618

Haevik Claeszoon

Zeewolf

North West Cape

Leenaert Jacobsz

Mauritius

North West Cape

1619

Frederick de Houtman

Dordrecht (with Amsterdam)

Swan River region and Houtman Abrolhos

1622

Unknown

Leeuwin

Cape Leeuwin

1623

Jan Carstensz

Pera (with Arnhem)

Arnhem Land

1627

François Thijssen Pieter Nuyts

Gulden Zeepaert

Cape Leeuwin to Ceduna Nuyts Land, Nuyts Archipelago

1628

Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt

Vianen

north coast of Western Australia

1629

Francisco Pelsaert

Batavia

wrecked on Abrolhos Islands

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1642–1644 Abel Tasman 1696

Willem de Vlamingh

1688–1699 William Dampier 1768

Louis Antoine de Bougainville

Heemskerck, Zeehaen (1642) Tasmania and New Zealand Limmen, Zeemeeuw, Bracq (1644)

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1606

Geelvinck, Nyptangh, Weseltje

Rottnest Island, Swan River, Dirk Hartog Island

Cygnet, Roebuck

Cape Leveque, King Sound, Buccaneer Archipelago, Shark Bay to Roebuck Bay

Boudeuse, Etoile

prevented from reaching north-eastern shore of Australia by the Great Barrier Reef

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1768–1771 James Cook

Endeavour

New Zealand, east coast Australia, Point Hicks to Possession Island

François de Saint Alouarn

Gros Ventre

Kerguelen Island to Cape Leeuwin and Shark Bay

1773

Tobias Furneaux

Adventure

south and east coasts of Tasmania

1791

George Vancouver

Discovery

King George Sound south-west Western Australia

Recherche (with Espérance)

south Western Australia

George Bass Matthew Flinders

Tom Thumb I

Botany Bay Georges River

George Bass Matthew Flinders

Tom Thumb II

Port Kembla Lake Illawarra

George Bass

open whaleboat

from Port Hicks to Western Port Bay on south-east coast

Norfolk

complete Tasmanian coastline

Lady Nelson

first west–east passage through Bass Strait

Géographe, Naturaliste and Casuarina

Western Australian coastline

Lady Nelson

Port Phillip Bay

1801–1803 Matthew Flinders

Investigator

complete Australian coastline

Matthew Flinders

Investigator

encounter with Nicolas Baudin in Géographe, SA

1817–1820 Louis de Freycinet

Uranie

Shark Bay

1817–1822 Phillip Parker King

Mermaid, Bathurst

north-western Australia

Astrolabe

King George Sound

1791–1794 Bruni d’Entrecasteaux

1796 1797 1798 1800 1800–1804 1801

1802

1826

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1795

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George Bass Matthew Flinders James Grant

Nicolas Baudin, Jacques Hamelin, Louis de Freycinet John Murray

Dumont d’Urville

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1772

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vi Australia on the map

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Map of the world

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Australia on the map

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Map of Australia

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r o e t THE s Bo r e p ok u S BEGINNING

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Portuguese caravel

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Chinese junk

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Australia on the map

Personal teachers notes

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List of resources:

Useful websites:

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Extension activities:

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2 Australia on the map

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The beginning

Teachers notes

Introduction

Additional activities

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• Write a factual report about the trepang (or sea cucumber). Include:

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ith a large proportion of the Earth’s sea water in polar icecaps, the sea level during the last ice age was possibly up to 130 metres lower than it is today. The world’s continents were shaped differently with Australia, it is believed, joined to Papua New Guinea, and Tasmania part of the mainland. Prehistorians believe Australia’s first indigenous population travelled here from South-East Asia during this ice age, about 40 000 years ago, since more of Indonesia’s islands were exposed above water at that time. Aboriginal people ‘island-hopped’, walking until they were forced to use rafts or canoes to travel the last leg of their journey to the north-west of Australia. This migration would have taken place over a lengthy time, with the people stopping to fish, hunt and gather other foods. About 10 000 years ago, the temperature began to increase, causing the ice sheets to melt, the sea level to rise, and land bridges to disappear.

– what it looks like (include a picture) – where it is found – what it was used for by the Chinese – its protective mechanisms against predators • What type of tools do you think the Aboriginal people used before the Macassans arrived with their resources to trade? Draw two. How did their tools change once they were able to trade with the Macassans?

Draw two tools they might have used after trading.

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• In a group, discuss some of the disadvantages of trading goods for other goods. What difficulties might arise? Could there be conflict between the two parties over the value of certain goods?

The Macassans are Indonesians from Macassar in the southern island of Sulawesi in Java. Travelling in fleets of boats called praus, they exchanged goods with Aboriginal Australians so they could fish the surrounding waters for trepang. Evidence of this trade appears in Aboriginal rock and bark paintings, songs and oral history. Macassan words in Aboriginal languages (such as ‘Balanda’ for white person) and the introduction of dugout canoes and items such as tobacco and knives also mark the Indonesian influence. Macassans are also thought to be responsible for the introduction of tamarind trees, as well as—some 4000 years ago—the Australian icon, the dingo.

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• Role-play the trading of goods between the Aboriginal people and the Macassan people. Choose goods mentioned in the activity pages.

• When was the last ice age? Use the Internet to find out three facts about the ice age. Which species is said to have become extinct during the ice age? Write a report on your findings.

• Write a list of the sea voyages made by the Chinese in the 1400s.

• Write a biography of a major Portuguese explorer.

• Create a collage that represents the country of Spain today.

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Some historians believe that Chinese and Portuguese explorers may have visited Australia long before the Dutch made the first recorded visit in 1606. It is known that Chinese ships journeyed into the Indian Ocean between the 13th and 15th centuries and that the Portuguese were frequent visitors to South-East Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.

In addition, a set of maps drawn in the mid-1500s, believed to have been based on Portuguese maps and journals, show a large island with possible similarities to Australia.

Time line

50 000 BC – Last ice age. Australia linked to New Guinea and Tasmania – Migration between islands

10 000 BC – Temperature rises, ice melts, seas rise, land bridges disappear

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In 1606, Spanish explorer Luis Vaez de Torres discovered the sea passage, or strait, between Australia and New Guinea. However, his discovery was kept a secret from other European nations until 1762.

The sea passage then became known as Torres Strait.

~ 1400 AD – Chinese exploration into Indian Ocean 1488 AD – First European expedition to sail around Cape of Good Hope 1494 AD – Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain

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1497 AD – Portuguese discover sea route to Asia 1511 AD – Portuguese take control of Indonesian spice trade

1530–1570 AD – Dieppe map drawn in France 1606 AD – Torres Strait discovered

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Australia on the map

THE BEGINNING

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Past land bridges

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he sea level during the last ice age was up to 130 metres lower than it is today. With a large proportion of the earth’s sea water in polar icecaps, the world’s continents were shaped differently. More land was exposed, allowing people to ‘island-hop’ across the natural land bridges.

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1. Complete the sentences by studying the map.

Approximately 50 000 years ago, Australia was connected to 2

1

and

as they were all part of the

Many Indonesian islands were connected by the

.

3

.

4

2. On the Map of the world on page 15, shade the area around Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia as it may have looked 50 000 years ago.

3. Research on the Internet to learn about another land bridge of the Pleistocene period, the Bering Land Bridge.

Complete this sentence.

During the last ice age, the Bering Land Bridge across the continents of

2

1

Strait connected the

and

.

3

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THE BEGINNING

Aboriginal Australians and the Macassan people

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boriginal people used simple types of watercraft, such as rafts and canoes, to cross stretches of water between the islands in the north to reach the southern continent.

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Use charcoal to sketch a picture of a group of Aboriginal people on their rafts travelling on the ocean. You may like to do a draft in pencil first.

With the arrival of the Macassan people in Arnhem Land, Aboriginal Australians, such as the Yolngu people, changed their way of hunting food from mainly landbased to include sea-based hunting and fishing. The Aboriginal people had previously used traditional bark canoes, which were not seaworthy.

But with the introduction of dugout canoes, Aboriginal people could now hunt and fish for trepang, turtles and dugongs.

The trepang (sea cucumber) is a delicacy in China and is highly sought after

or dredging. The trepang was placed in boiling water then dried and smoked.

Smoking preserved its delicacy for the long journey back to Macassar and, eventually, China.

How does a trepang protect itself from an attacker? Find out the special mechanisms a sea cucumber has that can stop a predator from collecting it off the sea floor.

Write a descriptive account that tells the story of an Aboriginal child witnessing the changes that occurred during the end of the last ice age.

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Others found themselves in the great south lands by accident as strong winds took them off course and deposited them on the Australian coast.

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It is believed that the ice age ended quite quickly. As sea levels rose, there was much flooding. Aboriginal legends speak of tsunamis and fish falling from the sky.

Although the time when Aboriginal people first began arriving in the northern part of Australia is not known exactly, researchers have reportedly discovered an Aboriginal painting in a cave, near Kakadu in the Northern Territory, that is possibly 60 000 years old.

If the date is accurate, this painting could be the oldest example of art known to humanity!

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C.Publ i cat i ons Aboriginal Australians believe that theirw civilisation •f orr evi e pubegan r pinoAustralia sesonl y•

Look in the library for books that tell a Dreamtime story.

Read the story to a student in a younger class.

Write a brief newspaper article that reports this discovery. Include a ‘photograph’ of the find.

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during a time known as the Dreamtime (or, sometimes, the Dreaming). The Dreamtime explains how the universe came to be and how humans and animals were created.

The oldest skeleton ever found in Australia is that of an Aboriginal man, bearing traces of ceremonial ochre. The age of this skeleton, found in 1974, has been put at between 43 000 and 63 000 years old.

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Discuss with a partner why a dugout canoe is seaworthy but a bark canoe is not.

What is a dugong? Use the Internet or resource centre to write a brief fact file about the dugong. Draw and colour a dugong.

The trepang (sea cucumber) lie motionless on the sea floor. Low tides expose them. The Aboriginal and Macassan people fished for trepang by hand, diving, spearing

As the Earth’s temperature began to increase at the end of the last ice age, and the ice sheets melted, the sea level rose. Tasmania became an island. From that time on, the Tasmanian Aborigines were geographically isolated.

Use the resource centre and Internet to find out more about the Tasmanian Aboriginal people. Why did their population rapidly decrease in the 1800s?

Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the word ‘ochre’.

Use the Internet to find another important archeological discovery in Australia’s history. Find the location of the dig on a map.

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Australia on the map

THE BEGINNING

Aboriginal migration – 1

End of the ice age r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

About 10 000 years ago, the Earth’s temperature began to increase, causing the southern and northern ice sheets to melt. The sea level rose, flooding low-lying areas and making Australia an island. With such a rise in the amount of water, many environmental changes occurred. Coastlines altered, new beaches were created and dried-up lakes were once again filled with water.

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Arnhem Land (Northern Territory), the Kimberley region (northern Western Australia) and Cape York Peninsula (Northern Queensland) would have been the most accessible locations. These first settlers probably lived by the coast, fishing, until the population grew enough for small groups to travel inland.

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uring the last ice age, a lot of ocean water was held in the form of large polar icecaps. With less free The Aborigines adapted to these changes in the water in the oceans, the level of the sea was lower than environment. They lived off the land and the sea, it is today. manufacturing weapons and implements to hunt and fish At that time, the world’s continents were shaped differently. with.

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C.Publ i cat i ons It is believed that Australia was once joined to Papua New History •f opartrofr e vi e wp ur posesonl y• Guinea and Tasmania was Australia’s mainland Unlike other cultures, there are no written records until about only 12 000 years ago.

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of Aboriginal Australian history. Instead, history has Due to the sea being lower, people were able to walk been passed on through story telling, songs and dance. across natural land bridges from one continent to Some history can be determined by archeological finds. another.

Archeology is the study of human societies of the past Prehistorians believe Australia’s first indigenous using remains such as bones and stone artefacts. Some population travelled here from South-East Asia during important archeological discoveries in Australia include: this ice age, about 40 000 years ago. The sea level was Devil’s Lair (Western Australia) possibly about 100 metres lower than it is today, leaving more of Indonesia’s islands exposed as land. Aboriginal Archaeologists have used carbon dating to determine people ‘island-hopped’, walking from as far as India until Aboriginal people lived in this region some 38 000 years they were forced to make rafts or canoes to travel the last ago. leg of their journey to the north-west of Australia. These Koonalda Cave, Nullarbor Plain (South Australia) watercraft were most probably made of bamboo as it is a Rock engravings in the cave show Aboriginal habitation water-resistant, light material in good supply in Asia. that dates back some 24 000 years.

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This migration would have occurred over a long time and in waves, meaning that there wasn’t just one migration, but many. The Aboriginal people moved in bands, stopping for long periods in different places to fish, hunt and gather other foods. Some may not have actually wished to travel to Australia, but may have been caught in their watercraft by strong winds or monsoons and drifted towards the great south land.

Lake Mungo (New South Wales) The oldest skeleton found in Australia is that of an Aboriginal man, bearing traces of ceremonial ochre, found in 1974. The age of the skeleton has been put at between 43 000 and 63 000 years old.

6 Australia on the map

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THE BEGINNING

Aboriginal migration – 2 1. True or false? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

During the Ice Age, the sea level was lower because a lot of water had evaporated . ..........................

Tasmania was once part of Australia’s mainland. ..............................................................................

Bamboo was used to make watercraft because it was water resistant and easily available. ...............

It is believed that Aboriginal people have lived in Australia for about 12 000 years. .........................

Archaeologists use a process known as carbon dating to determine the age of artefacts. .................

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true true true true true

false false false false false

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2. Use a dictionary to help you explain how an anthropologist is different from an archaeologist.

3. With a partner, discuss some of the obstacles that Aboriginal people may have faced during their migration to Australia. Write about two.

Obstacle 1

Bones can be carbon dated to determine their age

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4. Stories, songs and dance are ways in which Aboriginal people learnt about their history. Write two ways you learn about your history

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5. Imagine 40 000 years have passed and scientists have just completed an archaeological dig on what was once your bedroom. Which object from your bedroom stood the test of time and what might an archaeologist of the future believe the artefact to have once been used for? Include a picture.

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Australia on the map

THE BEGINNING

The Macassan people and trade – 1 I

n the 1700s, Indonesian traders, such as fishermen from Macassar, sailed to Arnhem Land and the Kimberley (on the north coast of Australia) looking for Asian delicacies.

Macassar (now known as Ujung Pandang) is in the southwestern corner of the island of Sulawesi.

The Macassans fished near the Gulf of Carpentaria and ventured onto the northern part of Australia, which they called Marege, searching for delicacies. They set up camps and smokehouses to cook and dry the sea cucumbers and sharks’ fins they had caught. These items were much sought after by the Chinese.

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It is believed that the Aboriginal people from the north of Australia collected resources such as trepang (sea cucumbers), tortoise shell, turtle shell and pearl shell to trade with the Macassan fishermen. Trading would take place, and the trepang and shells would be traded for the Macassan’s dugout canoes, iron blades, spears, knives, axeheads and flint. Rice and tobacco were also traded As the Macassans only visited Australia at certain times with the Aboriginal people. of the year, usually between October and December, it is This contact with Asian people was recorded by the believed that the Aboriginal people did not feel threatened Aborigines in rock paintings and told about in Aboriginal by their presence. Some would join in and help the songs. In addition, some Asian words have been Macassans collect and cook the trepang, which was a incorporated into Aboriginal languages. long process of boiling, burying to remove the tough skin With the help of the south-easterly winds, the Macassan and finally smoking to preserve them.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• people would return home with their goods. Chinese Although differences in cultural beliefs and values may traders would make special trips to Sulawesi to trade their silk and tea for the delicacy, trepang.

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1. Draw lines to show which items were traded with which people. (a) turtle shell (b) axeheads (c) silk

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•

•

(d) dugout canoes • (e) tobacco

•

(f) tea

•

(g) pearl shell

•

(h) trepang

•

Traded by the …

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have caused conflicts between the Macassans and Aboriginal people, trading continued until Australian laws were passed to prevent it in 1906.

Traded to the …

o c . che e r o t r s super The Aboriginal people

The Aboriginal people

The Macassan people

The Macassan people

The Chinese

The Chinese

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THE BEGINNING

The Macassan people and trade – 2 2. Explain the main purpose of the Macassan people visiting the traditional Aboriginal people of Australia.

3. List three pieces of evidence that indicate Aboriginal people once traded goods with the Macassan people.

• •

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•

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A Macassan fisherman

flint

smokehouse

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4. What do you think the following terms mean? Write your answers and then check with a dictionary. Decide and shade how close you were to the correct answer.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons 5. With a partner, discuss why you think a law was passed by Australia to stop the trading between the Macassans and the Aboriginal people.

Write your ideas below.

• f or r e vi ew pur posesonl y• almost

spot on

way off

almost

spot on

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way off

6. Draw some of the items that were traded by the Aboriginals and Macassans. Choose two of your own to draw.

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turtle shell

spear

trepang (sea cucumber)

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Australia on the map

THE BEGINNING

The Chinese, Portuguese and Spanish Treaty of Tordesillas

I

n the 1400s there were many disputes between Spain and Portugal (the then two great European sea-exploring nations) over new lands that both were discovering.

In 1494, the two nations agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas.

This established an imaginary line on a map of the world, dividing it into two parts. Portugal was allowed to claim land to the east of the line and Spain could claim land to the west of the line.

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1494 The Treaty of Tordesillas is established between Portugal and Spain.

1497 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama becomes the first European to discover a sea route to Asia. Other Portuguese explorers will soon follow.

Africa Cape Verde Is.

1511 The Portuguese capture Melaka, a port city on the Malay Peninsula, and begin to take control of the Indonesian spice trade.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 1530–1570 •f orr evi ew pu r posesonl y• The Dieppe maps are drawn in France. Supposedly Portugal

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Africa North America Asia South America

Explorers’ ships

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based on Portuguese maps and journals, they show a huge island called ‘Jave la Grande’. Some people see a vague resemblance to the northern and eastern coasts of Australia.

Spain

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Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 46° 37’ W

1488 Portuguese explorer Bartholomew Dias leads the first European expedition to sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

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Teac he r

Below is part of a world map showing the approximate location of the imaginary line.

Use an atlas to help you tick the continents that each country could have claimed. One continent should have two ticks.

South America

1400s The largest Chinese explorations into the Indian Ocean take place. The most well-known explorer is Zheng He (Cheng Ho). There is a popular but unsupported belief that the Chinese may have landed on Australian soil.

1606 Spanish explorer Luiz Vaez de Torres discovers Torres Strait.

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Junks When the Chinese explored the oceans between the 13th and 15th centuries, they used a type of ship called a ‘junk’.

Some of the junks used by Zheng He, a Chinese explorer of the 1400s, may have been up to 150 metres long and 60 metres wide. They could carry at least 500 crew.

Caravels During the 1400s, great improvements in European ship design took place, creating faster vessels that were easier to manoeuvre. A common ship used by explorers during this time was the ‘caravel’, a small, light ship with three or four masts. The Portuguese caravel is particularly noted as being a major advance in ship design of the time.

Research to find more information about junks and caravels.

The Portuguese caravel was a major advance in ship design for its time

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THE BEGINNING

The Chinese and Portuguese – 1 I

n 1606, Dutchman Willem Jansz made the first recorded visit to the Australian mainland. However, some people believe it is possible that sailors from China and Portugal may have visited Australia long before this date.

The Chinese

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In 2002, British author Gavin Menzies published a bestselling book called 1421– the year China discovered the world. In it, he claims that two of Zheng’s vice-admirals landed on Australian shores in 1422 (one on the east coast and one on the west coast) and stayed for many months. Aboriginal oral accounts, shipwrecks found off the Australian coast and porcelain and ceramic artefacts found in Australia are among the pieces of ‘evidence’ Menzies cites to lend weight to his theory that the Chinese were early visitors to Australia. He also believes that maps showing land that appears to be Australia, drawn

by Europeans in the 15th and 16th centuries, were based on Zheng’s journeys. But all authoritative historians are sceptical of Menzies’s claims, saying there is no evidence of the Chinese having visited Australia. Perhaps one day there will be!

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It is possible, but certainly not proven, that the Chinese may have visited Australia in the 1400s. It is known that Chinese ships made many voyages into the Indian Ocean between the 13th and 15th centuries, looking for treasures and trading opportunities. One of the best-known Chinese explorers was Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho). His fleets, supposedly made up of enormous ships that could carry up to 1000 sailors, are said to have journeyed to places such as India, Arabia, Ceylon, Africa and Persia in the early 1400s. There is also speculation that he may have travelled as far south as New Guinea and South-East Asia.

Portuguese caravel

The Portuguese

In the 1400s and 1500s, the Portuguese were great sea explorers and traders. They were frequent visitors to South-East Asia and made their fortune there in the spice trade. It is known that they sailed as far south as the island of Timor, which is only 600 kilometres from the present city of Darwin.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons Some historians thinko then Portuguese may have been the •f orr evi ew pur p o ses l y• first Europeans to map the Australian coast. They believe

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that a set of maps drawn in France between 1530 and 1570 (known as the ‘Dieppe maps’) may have been based on Portuguese maps and journals. On the maps, a huge island to the south-east of Indonesia (called ‘Jave la Grande’) is shown. For some, the island has a vague resemblance to the northern and eastern coasts of Australia.

o c . che e r o t r s super Answer these questions.

1. Tick true or false.

(a) Zheng He’s ships were said to carry more than 1000 sailors.

true

false

(b) The Portuguese made their fortune from exploring the sea.

true

false

(c) Gavin Menzies believes the Chinese landed on the east and west coasts of Australia in 1422.

true

false

(d) The Dieppe maps may have been drawn in 1550.

true

false

(e) Aboriginal oral accounts are one piece of ‘evidence’ Menzies believes proves his belief that Chinese visited Australia.

true

false

Chinese junk

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THE BEGINNING

The Chinese and Portuguese – 2 2. Imagine you are a news reporter. You receive a phone call from a person who claims to have found three pieces of evidence that prove beyond a doubt that the Chinese (or the Portuguese) visited Australia before the Dutch. You grab your notebook, jot down some questions and hurry to the scene to interview the caller. (a) Complete the information in your notebook.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Who is the person? What is his/her age? What is his/her occupation?

1.

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What three pieces of evidence has he/she found?

2.

3.

Where and how did he/she find the evidence?

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(b) Use your notes to write up your news story. Include an eye-catching headline.

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C.Publ i cat i ons What is he/she planning to do with the evidence?

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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THE BEGINNING

The Spanish – 1 T

he Spanish rivalled the Portuguese in sea exploration and trading in the 1400s and 1500s. Great Spanish explorers of the time included Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan. But it was a lesser-known Spanish ship’s captain who would discover the strait between New Guinea and Australia—and eventually have it named after him.

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Teac he r

The Spanish carrack was able to carry large cargoes and proved to be a very capable ocean-going ship

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In December 1605, three Spanish ships were sent on a voyage of exploration to find the great south land. They left from the city of Callao in South America and, five months later, landed at the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) in the South Pacific. The commander of the expedition, Pedro de Quiros, thought this was the great south land.

Soon afterwards, his ship was swept away by a current and disappeared. Later, it was discovered that de Quiros had sailed back to Spain via Mexico. This left the captain of one of the other ships to take charge of the expedition.

His name was Luis Vaez de Torres.

strait, between Australia and New Guinea. This proved that New Guinea was not joined to Australia. The expedition then sailed for the Philippines, arriving in May 1607.

Torres’s discovery was kept a secret by the Spanish—they did not want any other seafaring nations to know! They Torres led the remaining two ships westward and sailed did a good job—it wasn’t until 1762 that the details of along the southern coast of New Guinea. Some time in Torres’s voyage were found by the British. The sea passage 1606, he sighted some islands further south—those off then became known as Torres Strait.

Cape York Peninsula. Torres had found the sea passage, or Answer these questions.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f or ev i e w p u r p os esLabel on l y• 1. The modern map belowr shows the route Torres took from Callao to Manila. the following on the map.

Write each city in black, each water body in blue and each city in red.

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• Pacific Ocean

• Australia • Indian Ocean

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• New Guinea • Callao • Philippines • Torres Strait

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THE BEGINNING

The Spanish – 2

Early explorers saw many amazing things which the people back home could not believe

2. Fact or opinion? (a) Torres sighted some islands off Cape York Peninsula. ................................................................

fact

opinion

(b) The sea passage Torres found should definitely have been named after him. ...........................

fact

opinion

(c) De Quiros must not have been very clever if he thought he had found the great south land. ..

fact

opinion

fact

opinion

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(d) The Portuguese and Spanish were trade rivals in the 1400s. ......................................................

4. List words to describe the sort of person you think de Torres might have been.

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3. Do you think it was fair of the Spanish to keep Torres’s discovery a secret? Explain why/why not.

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5. b What was so important about de Torres’s discovery? © R. I .

C.Pu l i c a t i on s •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

6. Place these events in time order from 1 to 5.

o c . che e r o t r s super

(a) Pedro de Quiros’s ship disappears. ..................

(d) The Spanish ships land at the New Hebrides. ........

(b) Torres Strait is discovered. ...............................

(e) Torres’s ship arrives in the Philippines. .................

(c) The British discover Spain’s secret. .................

7. Use a comprehensive dictionary or other resource to write an interesting fact about each of these famous explorers.

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

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© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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Map of the world

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Teac he r

THE BEGINNING

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Australia on the map

THE BEGINNING

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dugout canoe

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Portuguese caravel

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Teac he r

Chinese junk

Spanish carrack

Ships to 1606

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THE BEGINNING

Quiz – The beginning 1. During the ice age, great amounts of sea water were stored in polar ice caps, causing the sea level to fall or rise?

12. Which two nations agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas?

13. A well-known Chinese explorer of the 1400s was: (a) Zheng He (b) Vasco da Gama (c) Luis Vaez 2. It is believed Aboriginal people used land bridges and watercraft often made from which material to travel to the northern part of Australia?

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15. A caravel is a type of ship. True or false?

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3. It is believed that Australia was once joined to: (a) New Zealand (b) Papua New Guinea

14. What nationality was Bartholomew Dias?

4. What was discovered at Lake Mungo in NSW in 1974?

16. Which people explored the sea in junks? (a) the Spanish (b) the Chinese (c) the Portuguese

5. The Macassans travelled to Australia to collect trepang for people from which country?

17. All historians agree that the Chinese visited Australia in the 1400s. True or false?

© R. I .

C.Pub i ca t i o n swrote a book called 1421 18.l British author Gavin Menzies discovered the world.

–o the year • f o r r e v i e w p u r p s e s o n l y • 7. It is believed Aboriginal people have lived in Australia for

6. Trepang were boiled, buried and then to preserve them.

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8. What phenomenon left the Tasmanian Aborigines isolated from the mainland?

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19. The island called ‘Jave la Grande’ on European maps of the 1500s is thought to be which country?

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about 12 000 years. True or false?

20. In the 1400s and 1500s, Portugal made its fortune in the trade.

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9. Aboriginal people used dugout canoes to fish and hunt for trepang, turtles and which other creature?

10. What do Aboriginal people call the time when the universe, humans and animals were created?

21. In which year was Torres Strait discovered by the Spanish?

22. Who discovered Torres Strait? Give his/her full name.

An archaeologist unearthing a ceramic pot left by early explorers

11. Archeologists use a process known as carbon dating to determine the age of artefacts. True or false?

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THE BEGINNING

The beginning – Answers Past land bridges ................................. p. 4

The Chinese and the Portuguese – 2 .. p. 12

1. (1) New Guinea, (2) Tasmania, (3) Indo-Australian Plate (4) Eurasian Plate 2. Bering, Asia, North America

The Spanish – 1 ................................. p. 13

Teacher check

Aboriginal migration – 2 ..................... p. 7

Teac he r

1. (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False (e) True 2. An anthropologist studies the human species whereas an archaeologist studies the material traces of the human past.

3. – 5. Teacher check

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The Macassan people and trade – 1 .... p. 8

The Spanish – 2 ................................. p. 14

1. (a) turtle shell (b) axeheads

The Aboriginal people

2. (a) fact (b) opinion (c) opinion (d) fact 3. Teacher check 4. Teacher check 5. It showed New Guinea was not joined to Australia.

6. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 7. Teacher check

The Aboriginal people

(c) silk

© R. I .

C.PuQuiz bl i cat i ons questions .................................. p. 17 •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• The Macassan people

(e) tobacco (f) tea

(g) pearl shell

The Chinese

The Macassan people

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

The Chinese

(h) trepang

The Macassan people and trade – 2 .... p. 9

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2. The main reason why the Macassan people visited the traditional people of Australia was trade.

3. Seen in Aboriginal rock paintings Heard in Aboriginal songs.

Some Asian words have been incorporated into Aboriginal languages.

4. Teacher check 5. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Australia wished to profit by exporting the delicacies being traded.

6. Teacher check

The Chinese and the Portuguese – 1 .. p. 11 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

lower bamboo (b) the skeleton of an Aboriginal man China smoked false the ice age the dugong the Dreamtime true Portugal and Spain (a) Portuguese true (b) false China Australia spice 1606 Luis Vaez de Torres

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(d) dugout canoes

false false true true true

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Teac he r

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r o e t THE s Bo r e p ok u S DUTCH

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© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

o c . che e r o t r s super Batavia pounded by large waves while stuck on rocks

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Australia on the map

Personal teachers notes

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List of resources:

Useful websites:

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Extension activities:

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The Dutch

Teachers notes

Introduction

I

n the 1600s, the Netherlands was one of several European nations keen to discover the legendary ‘great south land’ or Terra Australis Incognita (the unknown south land). Several Dutch ships, owned by the powerful trading company the VOC (the Dutch East India Company), were sent on voyages of exploration to find, among other things, the fabled south land—and consequently discovered, largely by accident, parts of Australia. Other Dutch ships found Australia when they were blown off-course on the journey from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where the Dutch dominated the profitable spice trade.

In 1606, Dutch sea captain Willem Jansz and his crew aboard the small ship Duyfken were the first Europeans to sight and (evidently) land on the Australian mainland, at Cape York Peninsula. Thanks to Jansz and other Dutch navigators, by 1628, much of the western and southern coastlines of Australia had been mapped. But within a few decades, the Dutch were losing interest in the land they had come to call New Holland. Dutch explorers brought home disappointing reports of a barren land, devoid of precious metals, gems or spices. The west coast of Australia was also proving dangerous for the VOC’s ships. By the late 1600s, the Dutch had abandoned any ideas of claiming parts of Australia for the Netherlands.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Major Dutch explorers involved in mapping Australia

Ship

Willem Jansz

Duyfken

1616

Dirk Hartog

Eendracht

1618

Haevik Claeszoon Leenaert Jacobsz

Zeewolf Mauritius

1619

Frederik de Houtman

Dordrecht, Amsterdam

1622

unknown

Leeuwin

1606

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Name

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Date

1623

Jan Carstensz

Pera, Arnhem

1627

François Thijssen/Pieter Nuyts

Gulden Zeepaert

Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt

Vianen

Abel Tasman

Heemskerck, Zeehaen (1642) Limmen, Zeemeeuw, Bracq (1644)

Willem de Vlamingh

Geelvinck, Nyptangh, Weseltje

1628

1642/1644 1696/7

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Known Dutch shipwrecks off the Australian coast in the 1600s Location

1629

Batavia

Houtman’s Abrolhos, off Western Australian coast

1656

Vergulde Draeck

near Ledge Point, off Western Australian coast

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Ship

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Date

Additional activities • Make a list of places in Australia that were named after Dutch explorers or ships; e.g. Tasmania, Arnhem Land, Nuyts Archipelago etc. Locate them on a map.

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• Write a poem that describes how you think it might have felt to be a Dutch explorer in the 1600s.

• Compare pictures of Dutch ships of the 1600s to the later ships of the French and British.

• Create short scripts or role-plays of some of the incidents that took place during the Dutch exploration of Australia; e.g. Jansz sighting land, Tasman talking to Governor-General Van Diemen etc.

• Write a description of the type of ‘great south land’ you think the Dutch would have preferred to have found. Create a map of your imaginary land. Add a legend.

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Australia on the map

THE DUTCH

Fascinating facts A selection of spices

A spicy tale

Explorers’ ships

M

any Dutch explorers of the early 1600s favoured a type of small ship called a ‘jacht’. Because they were fast-moving and easy to manoeuvre, jachts were useful for sailing in unknown waters. They could also hold a reasonable-sized crew and carry many months’ supplies. The Duyfken was a typical jacht.

I

n the 1600s in Europe, spices like cinnamon, nutmeg and pepper were very valuable. They not only added flavour to food but were also used as medicines and for preserving food. Countries like Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and England competed with each other to trade with and colonise spice-producing countries like China, India and Indonesia. Unfortunately, this often resulted in death, slavery and the loss of culture for indigenous people.

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Duyfken (‘Little dove’)

Interesting facts: • In 1601, Duyfken became one of the first Dutch ships to sail directly to the Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands) of SouthEast Asia.

By the middle of the seventeenth century, the VOC was the largest and richest company in the world. It owned more than 100 ships and had tens of thousands of employees.

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In the early 1600s, the Dutch came to dominate the spice trade. This was largely due to the formation of a trading company called the Dutch East India Company (known as the VOC) which controlled and protected Dutch traders and sent out ships to explore the far east. The Dutch soon gained control of places like the Malay Peninsula, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and much of Indonesia, including the profitable Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands).

•

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Features: • 19 metres long, 5 metres wide, 2 metres deep • 10 – 15 tonnes of cargo capacity • several cannon • 3 masts • could hold approximately 20 crew

© R. I .

C.PubCollect l i c at i ons samples of a number of different spices.

Compare their texture, colour and taste. Research • or r ev ew pur posesonl y• In 1606, thef crew on board the i Duyfken to find out their uses—in earlier times and were the first Europeans on record to have sighted the Australian mainland

today.

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• A full-scale replica of the Duyfken was launched in 1999 in Fremantle, Western Australia. In 2000, it left Australia on a voyage that followed the original spice trade route to the Netherlands.

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Visit www.duyfken.com to view photographs of the Duyfken replica. Sketch a picture of it on a separate sheet of paper.

Dutch fashion

‘Ruff’ collars were fashionable in Europe in the early to mid-1600s.

Larger ‘ruffs’ like the one illustrated above were called millstone ruffs

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n the early to mid-1600s, it was fashionable for people in Europe to wear a type of starched, pleated collar called a ‘ruff’. The ruffs worn by the Dutch were so large they were called ‘millstone ruffs’. Some of these took as much as 15 metres of linen to make!

Write a poem on a separate sheet of paper that describes how you think it might have felt to wear a millstone ruff.

Johannes Vermeer was a famous Dutch painter of the 1600s who painted scenes of everyday life. Find pictures of Vermeer’s paintings that show people. List words to describe their clothing.

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THE DUTCH

Fascinating facts The great south land

The lure of exploring new lands led to many amazing discoveries

I

n the 1400s, belief in the theory of an undiscovered ‘great south land’, or Terra Australis Incognita as it was also called, was popular in Europe. It was thought that this land was rich in everything from gold and diamonds to timber and elephants! The belief in this great south land was one of the reasons for many Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and English ships discovering Australia—generally accidentally!

Use a dictionary or the Internet to find the meaning of the Latin phrase ‘Terra Australis Incognita’.

Find out the meanings of other Latin phrases such as ‘ad nauseam’, ‘carpe diem’, ‘per se’ and ‘nota bene’.

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Teac he r 1616

Pieter Nuyts is responsible for making sure the southern coast of Western Australia is mapped, while on the Gulden Zeepaert.

Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt, aboard the Vianen, sights part of the western coast of Australia, calling it de Witt’s Land.

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Willem Jansz and his crew, aboard the Duyfken, 1627 become the first Europeans on record to sight and chart part of the Australian coastline, at Cape York Peninsula.

1628 Dirk Hartog is the first Dutch sailor to discover the west coast of Australia.

1606

Haevik Claeszoon, aboard the Zeewolf, and 1629 The Batavia, under the command of François Pelsaert, is wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos. A Leenaert Jacobsz, aboard the Mauritius, both visit the Western Australian coastline, near mutiny follows and 125 people are murdered.

Exmouth Gulf.

1642 Abel Tasman discovers Van Diemen’s Land Frederik de Houtman possibly anchors near the (Tasmania). location of the future Swan River colony.

1644 Abel Tasman maps part of the Northern Jan Carstensz visits the Gulf of Carpentaria and Territory–Western Australian coastline.

Cape York Peninsula.

1696–7 Willem de Vlamingh explores Rottnest Island and the Swan River and charts the Western Australian coastline to North West Cape.

1618

1619

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1623

Life on board a Dutch ship

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Research to find the causes of one of the diseases mentioned in the text.

Shipwreck!

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he journey to the southern hemisphere on board a Dutch ship in the 1600s meant at least six months at sea. If you were an ordinary sailor, you slept in cold, cramped and stuffy quarters between the decks in a hammock or on a spare sail. You were paid poorly and stood a good chance of dying on the journey from diseases, mainly scurvy, typhus and dysentery. While officers on board were treated to meat and even some vegetables at meal-times, ordinary sailors had to survive on ships’ biscuits, dried fish, beans, salted meat and bread.

everal ships were wrecked off the coast of Australia during early voyages of exploration. One of these was the Dutch ship Vergulde Draeck (‘Gilt Dragon’), which sank off the coast of Western Australia, near Ledge Point, in 1656. The ship was carrying 193 crew, trade goods and chests of silver coins. Only 75 of her crew survived the wreck and made it to shore. Seven of them then sailed to Batavia in a small boat for help. But when a rescue party arrived about six weeks later, there was no sign of the rest of the crew. Their fate remains a mystery.

The Dutch ship the Vergulde Draeck sank off the coast of Western Australia

In 1963, the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck was discovered by spearfishermen. Among the items salvaged from the wreck were cannons, elephant tusks, jugs, ceramic medallions, clay tobacco pipes, bronze and brass utensils, tools and glass bottles. About 20% of the silver coins were also found.

On a separate sheet of paper, write your theory of what happened to the marooned crew of the Vergulde Draeck.

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Willem Jansz – 1

Willem Jansz made the journey to Australia several times

Claim to fame

Captain Willem Jansz and his crew were the first Europeans known to have seen and (evidently) landed on the Australian mainland—even though they didn’t realise it!

Personal details

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Jansz was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, around 1570. In his 20s, Jansz was employed as a sailor by the Dutch East India Company (also known as the ‘VOC’). He sailed several times to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) from the Netherlands. On one of these voyages, in 1603, he sailed as the captain of a small ship called the Duyfken, as part of a fleet of 12 ships.

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Jansz, explorer

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But the island was actually a cape! It is still known as Cape Keerweer today.

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n 1605, Jansz was employed by the VOC to sail the Duyfken from the Dutch East Indies to locate New Guinea and other ‘east- and south-lands’. It was believed that New Guinea was rich in gold and the Dutch were very keen to find it! Jansz set out with a crew of about 20 and reached New Guinea early in 1606. He sailed along New Guinea’s south coast, occasionally going ashore. This resulted in fighting between his crew and the indigenous people. Eight of the Dutch were killed.

On the journey back up the coast, the Duyfken landed at Dulcie River. Here, the crew had its first encounter with Aboriginal people. Some oral history of the indigenous people of Cape York includes apparent details of this encounter. The crew are described as ‘devils’ coming ashore on ‘big logs’. There are also descriptions of some of the crew trying to kidnap Aboriginal women, causing Jansz decided to continue south—and here he made a fighting to break out. One crew member was killed during huge mistake. He didn’t notice Torres Strait, the body the fighting. of water that separates New Guinea and Australia. He With around half of his crew now dead, Jansz sailed back sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria and landed on Cape to Indonesia. He reported that the land he had found was York Peninsula, in Queensland, thinking it was still part unsuitable for trade or settlement—and there certainly of New Guinea. Jansz then continued sailing further into did not appear to be any gold. Unfortunately, any journals the Gulf, charting 200 kilometres of the Australian coast. or charts Jansz made during the voyage have been lost. A According to one source, landing parties were sent ashore map based on his charts was made later in the 1600s. It to find food and water, but almost nothing was found. So shows Cape York Peninsula as part of New Guinea.

Jansz turned the ship around at what he thought was an island. He called it ‘Keerweer’—meaning ‘turn around’.

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THE DUTCH

Willem Jansz – 2 Captain Willem Jansz eventually returned to the Netherlands.

Imagine you have the ability to travel back in time to interview Jansz. You want to: • explain why he is an important part of Australia’s history, • describe to him what Australia is like today (including showing him photographs, pictures or objects), • ask him to describe his thoughts and feelings about his voyage in 1606.

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1. Write a plan for your interview in the space below.

(b) Explain what you will tell and show Jansz about Australia.

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(a) How will you introduce yourself to Jansz? How will you explain why you want to talk to him?

(c) Write five questions you would like to ask about Jansz’s voyage in 1606.

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2. (a) Write how you think Jansz might react to your explanations from 1 (a) and (b).

(b) Tick one of the questions you wrote for 1 (c).

Write how you think Jansz might answer it.

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Dirk Hartog – 1 D

irk Hartog was the first Dutch sailor to discover the west coast of Australia.

Hartog’s journals and the maps he made during his voyage have been lost. However, it is known that he reported his discoveries to the VOC. It seems that he was largely unimpressed with what he had found.

In 1616, Hartog was employed by the Dutch East India Company (the VOC) to captain the trading ship Eendracht from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). The Eendracht left on 20 January in the company of two other ships. But seven months into the voyage, the Eendracht arrived at the Cape of Good Hope—alone. Hartog had become separated from the other two ships during a storm.

Hendrik Brouwer’s brainwave

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When Dutch ships began voyages to the East Indies (Indonesia), they sailed north-east from the Cape of Good Hope and up past the island of Madagascar to get there. This route took at least 12 months.

In 1610, Dutch sailor Hendrik Brouwer tried a new route. He sailed south from the Cape, where strong westerly winds known as the ‘roaring forties’ pushed his ship eastwards across the Indian Ocean. His ship then turned north, past the Western Australian coastline, but not close enough to sight it.

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Hartog continued with his voyage, but, blown along by the ‘roaring forties’, he sailed too far east. On 25 October, he sighted a small group of islands, which appeared to be uninhabited. The Eendracht was anchored, and Hartog and his crew rowed ashore to one of the barren islands.

It was narrow, with limestone cliffs on one side and sand dunes on the other. Today, this island is known as Dirk Hartog Island.

He arrived in Indonesia in just over six months. This new route was then used by other Dutch ships. Those that left it too late to turn north encountered the coast of Western Australia …

Hartog and his crew spent the next few days exploring and mapping the island group. He recorded his visit on Dirk Hartog Island by bringing a pewter dinner plate ashore, beating it flat, inscribing it and nailing it to a pole which he Write a question that matches each answer. erected on the northern tip of the island, now called ‘Cape 1. 20 January 1616 Inscription’. The plate was inscribed with the following:

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1616. On 25th October there arrived here 2. Jan Stins the ship Eendracht of Amsterdam.

Upper-merchant Gilles Miebais

of Liege. skipper Dirk Hartog of 3. Just over six months Amsterdam. . tset sail again for o On 27th ditto. shee

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Bantam. che 4. Eendracht r e o r Under-merchant Jan Stins. upper st su per steersman Pieter Doekes of Bil. In the year 1616.

5. pewter

Upon leaving the island, Hartog sailed north up the Western Australian coastline, mapping it as far as Northwest Cape.

Then he headed back to Bantam in Indonesia. The pewter plate was found in 1697 by another Dutch explorer, Willem de Vlamingh, and is now kept in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

6. strong westerly winds

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Dirk Hartog – 2 Use the information from page 26, the Internet (www. dirkhartogisland.com.au) and an atlas to help you, prepare some tourist information about Dirk Hartog Island.

1. On the map of the island on the right, label eight important physical features; e.g. capes, bays, beaches, points. Include Cape Inscription.

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2. Write a brief explanation of the island’s history and how it got its name.

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3. List facts about the island’s:

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(a) size

(b) location

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4. You decide to offer a half-day tour of the island. Describe what will happen during each time slot.

8 am to 9 am 9 am to 10 am 10 am to 11 am 11 am to noon

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Jan Carstensz – 1 I

n 1623, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), Pieter de Carpentier, sent two small ships under the command of Jan Carstensz to accomplish the following aims: • to establish friendly relations with the people of Taminbar, Kai and Aru (islands south-west of New Guinea) – the Dutch were very keen on trading opportunities,

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• to explore the ‘south land’ – the Dutch’s lack of knowledge about Australia’s coastline was a shipwreck hazard. They also wanted to know more about the land’s people and any possible resources it might have, like precious metals and gems, • to capture some indigenous people to be trained as interpreters and go-betweens for voyages in the future.

thinking it was New Guinea. The crew made several landings on the peninsula. Carstensz wrote that they explored some areas for ‘a considerable distance into the interior’, finding ‘fine, flat countryside with few trees’ as well as a ‘fine beach’ with ‘plenty of excellent fish’.

He also noted that there seemed to be no fresh water.

During their explorations, the landing party captured an Aboriginal man and took him back to the ship. This caused the crew to be attacked the next day by around 200 angry Aboriginal people.

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• to map more of New Guinea – the Dutch thought that New Guinea was part of Australia; they were unaware of the existence of Torres Strait,

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The crew of the Pera, together with Arnhem, explored around 600 kilometres of Cape York Peninsula before returning to Batavia

The Pera and the Arnhem continued south down the peninsula, but by now, Carstensz was becoming increasingly disappointed with the land he saw, describing it as ‘barren and arid’ and ‘overgrown with brushwood and stunted wild trees’. He soon decided to return to Batavia.

By now, he had charted around 600 kilometres of Cape York Peninsula. He marked the southernmost point of his exploration by nailing a wooden tablet to a tree. Carstensz had probably explored further inland on the Australian mainland than any other European to date.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Carstensz’s two ships—the Pera and the Arnhem—set

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sail from Batavia (now Jakarta) in January 1623, with Carstensz aboard the Pera. Both ships landed at Taminbar, Kai and Aru, establishing trade treaties with the islanders, and then sailed to the south-west coast of New Guinea. Carstensz decided to return to Batavia by retracing his Here, the crews clashed with hostile indigenous people route along the coast, so he would have an opportunity to and deaths occurred on both sides. investigate any further points of interest. But the captain However, the ships continued on the voyage, reaching the of the Arnhem had other ideas. He embarked on a Torres Strait in March. But Carstensz failed to recognise it shorter route—across the Gulf of Carpentaria and then as a strait and charted it as a large, shallow bight instead. north to Batavia. In doing so, the Arnhem sailed past the Following Jansz’s map, the ships then turned south and northeastern corner of the Northern Territory—although sailed down the western coast of Cape York Peninsula, the crew mistook it for a group of islands! The Aboriginal reserve that lies in the Northern Territory today is known as Arnhem Land. The crew of the Arnhem also sighted the nearby Wessel Islands and then continued on to Batavia.

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Map making was a specialised skill that was highly respected. Some old maps are still used to this day!

When the Pera arrived in Batavia two weeks later, Carstensz reported that the country was ‘unproductive’ and was inhabited by ‘naked, primitive people’ who ‘had no knowledge of metals or spices’. However, geographical information gained by Carstensz had a great influence on Dutch maps that appeared over the next few years.

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Jan Carstensz – 2 1. Use a dictionary and/or an atlas to write definitions for these geographical terms from the text. (a) strait (b) bight (c) gulf (d) island (e) peninsula (f) coast

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Cabin boy

2. Give your opinion on the following issues.

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(a) Governor-General de Carpentier asking Carstensz to capture indigenous people.

(b) Aboriginal people attacking Carstensz’s landing party for capturing an Aboriginal man and taking him back to their ship.

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C.Publ i cat i ons f oreport rr ehev i e wbackp ur posesonl y• (c) • Carstensz’s once had arrived in Batavia.

3. If you were Carstensz, what would you have written on the wooden tablet to mark your achievements?

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4. Would you have rather sailed on the Pera or the Arnhem? Give reasons.

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Pieter Nuyts I

n 1627, the Gulden Zeepaert reached the southwest coast of Australia and travelled along the Great Australian Bight as far as present-day Ceduna. Officers on board included François Thijssen, the captain, and Pieter Nuyts, a high-ranking official of the Dutch East India Company. They were travelling from the Netherlands to Batavia, but the strong Southern Ocean winds blew them too far south and they reached the coast at Cape Leeuwin on 26 January.

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After almost a year at sea, the Gulden Zeepaert arrived in Batavia. Thijssen had produced excellent charts of the coastline which were praised in future years by French and British explorers for their detail and accuracy. But at what cost to human life and suffering? The lack of fresh food and water along with cramped, unhygienic living conditions, led to diseases such as scurvy, cholera and dysentery: reportedly, some of the passengers and crew died, while others became seriously ill.

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Imagine the feelings of passengers and crew on board when, instead of heading north along the west coast, the ship took an easterly route through the uncharted waters to the south of the great unknown land. How wonderful to be the first Europeans to view this magnificent coastline!

But do we have enough supplies on board for this extended diversion?

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To map the shoreline, the captain sailed close to land as those on board watched the majestic cliffs rise above the waters of the wild ocean. The Gulden Zeepaert journeyed eastwards for 1500 kilometres. Thijssen named Nuyts Land, St Peter Island and St Francis Island. The group of islands of which St Peter and St Francis are a part, he named Nuyts Archipelago. From here, Thijssen turned the ship around and headed for Batavia.

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1. Not everyone on board the Gulden Zeepaert would have been happy with Thijssen’s decision to explore the south coast. (a) In the table, write arguments for and against the captain’s decision. for

against

(b) Would you have agreed or disagreed with Thijssen? Give reasons for your answer.

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Francisco Pelsaert – the voyage of the Batavia W

Travel to the Orient with the

hat great hopes I had for my future when I first read this poster. If only I had known then what I know now.

My name is Jan van der Kraa and this is my account of that fateful voyage.

Dutch East India Company

We left Texel, off the main Netherlands, coast on 27 October 1628, in company with three other ships. The atmosphere at the port was intoxicating. The Batavia, with her rich cargo, was a sight to behold.

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Join Commander

Francisco Pelsaert for the adventure of a lifetime!

But before the first month at sea was done, I realised the tales I had heard of the great life of a sailor, were just fairytales. The work was backbreaking and the hours long. My skin was raw with blisters from hauling rough ropes. I was weak from lack of decent food and bruised from the beatings received for not working hard enough. Our living quarters were filled with the stench of unwashed men and other foul smells. Many people were sick and infection was difficult to avoid.

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Sail the high seas on Batavia’s maiden voyage to Asia

It was sickening that while we lived in such squalor, the Captain and other officers lived in comparative comfort. There was a constant rumbling of discontent.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 1. Find these words in the wordsearch. All of them would have been very familiar to a sailor in the seventeenth century!

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• parts of a ship:

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health: scurvy, dysentery, pleurisy, pneumonia, gangrene

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crime and punishment: mutiny, rebellion, flogging, overboard

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Francisco Pelsaert

2. When read from left to right and top to bottom, the unused letters in the wordsearch form a sentence. Write it here. .

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Francisco Pelsaert – Mutiny on the Batavia A

food, shelter and most importantly, fresh water.

There was nothing. Pelsaert took a lifeboat with most of the ship’s officers and officials of the East India Company and continued north to Batavia. He took Jacobsz with him as he was a first class navigator.

Pelsaert’s aim was to save those in the boat and After the Cape, Batavia became separated from the bring help for the castaways. I was a castaway. other ships and Pelsaert distanced himself for much 1. Complete the crossword using the clues. of the time. Jacobsz and Cornelisz decided to seize control and make Batavia a pirate ship for the rest of the voyage to the East Indies. The plan was set, but disaster loomed.

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On the night of 4 June 1629, Batavia ran aground on a reef close to the Abrolhos Islands off the coast of Eendracht Land. The ship was battered relentlessly by the wild surf.

At low tide, people struggled ashore hoping to find

Across 2. Ship’s first voyage (6) 5. Nationality of the owners of Batavia (5) 6. Victim of a shipwreck (8) 9. Islands where the Batavia foundered (8) 10. Most important resource (5) 11. Name for part of Western Australia in the seventeenth century (9, 4)

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t the Cape of Good Hope, Commander Pelsaert and some of his crew went ashore to trade for fresh supplies. Captain Jacobsz and the merchant, Jeronimus Cornelisz, became very drunk and were severely reprimanded by Pelsaert for their conduct.

The crew now began to speak of mutiny.

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On the night of 4 June 1629, Batavia ran aground on a reef close to the Abrolhos Islands off the coast of Eendracht Land.

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Down 1. Reason for going ashore at the Cape of Good Hope (5) 2. Rebellion at sea (6) 3. Main role of Captain Jacobsz (9) 4. Cape of Good Hope on the coast of which country? (5, 6) 7. Direction from Abrolhos Islands to Batavia (5) 8. Long journey by sea (6) 32 Australia on the map

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Francisco Pelsaert – castaway from the Batavia H

eavy rain poured down on us. It tasted so pure and sweet. We fed on meagre catches of fish, and birds and their eggs. We had no idea when, or even if, Pelsaert would return.

For those of us who had survived, life actually improved for a short while. We had more time to rest and our skin sores began to heal with the cleansing effects of the salt water. But this peace was short-lived.

A few days after the wreck, the Batavia finally broke up and sank. Cornelisz and his would-be mutineers, who had remained on the ship to loot as much as they could, came ashore. Cornelisz immediately took control and let us know his intentions: he would take any rescue ship that came and continue on a voyage of piracy. We had two choices; follow him or die.

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Cornelisz persuaded Corporal Wiebbe Hayes and his fellow soldiers to search for fresh water supplies on the other nearby islands. While they were away, Cornelisz ordered his followers to kill anyone who was not prepared to stay under his command. I survived with some others by escaping to the islands on a raft, in search of Corporal Hayes.

A battle followed between the soldiers and the mutineers. Cornelisz was captured and taken prisoner while others were killed. Almost three months after the wreck of the Batavia, Pelsaert returned.

1. You are a castaway on an island. How do you survive until rescued by a passing ship? (a) Complete the table by writing ideas. Use words and phrases only. (b) Highlight any essential items salvaged from your ship.

Shipwreck survivor

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2. (a) Write a plan for a short play depicting the experiences of the castaways.

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drink

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attracting help

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main events

(b) Write a script for your play on a separate sheet.

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THE DUTCH

The story of Abel Tasman – 1 I

magine it is the 1600s. You are Abel Tasman, an experienced Dutch sea captain. You have commanded voyages from the Netherlands to the East Indies and have explored the north Pacific and parts of Asia.

In 1642, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Antonie Van Diemen, says to you: Tasman, the Dutch East India Company and I would like you to go on a voyage of exploration. We want you to do these things:

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• Find a new sea route from the East Indies to South America that our ships can use without the Spanish detecting us. We want to trade with the Spanish territories in South America.

• Find out more about the south land. Are there precious metals? What kinds of fruits and cattle does it have? What are the people like? Are they keen to trade with us? Map, draw and describe whatever you see.

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• Find out once and for all if New Guinea is connected to the south land.

Antonie Van Diemen

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ou decide to accept Van Diemen’s challenge—although you have a sinking feeling that he is asking for too much! On 14 August 1642, you sail from Batavia (now Jakarta) with two ships under your command—the Heemskerck and the Zeehaen. You reach Mauritius, where you have to make some repairs to the ships and take on more supplies—it doesn’t seem like you were very well prepared! You continue, sailing further south until bad weather forces you east across the Southern Ocean. On 17 November, you sight land. You don’t know it now, but this is the western coast of Tasmania. Yes – it will one day be named after you! You sail south, then east around the coast, sketching and mapping as you go, and round what will one day be named the Tasman Peninsula. Here you go ashore. One of your crew later describes what you see.

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We walked into a dark, thick forest and heard odd noises that sounded a bit like trumpets and gongs. Some of the crew also thought they heard voices. We all felt as if we were being watched. Even stranger were the notches we found cut into some of the trees. They looked like steps. They were so far apart that we wondered if this land is inhabited by giants. I was glad to go back to the ship. This is a strange place.

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Sailor from the Heemskerck

any years later, it would be discovered that the strange sounds were probably the calls of currawongs and bellbirds. The notches were footholds that had been cut by Aborigines to help them climb the trees.

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The next day, you try to make another landing, but the sea is far too rough. So you send the ship’s carpenter into the surf instead! He swims ashore and places a pole carved with the VOC’s mark and a Dutch flag. You have claimed the land for Holland! You call it ‘Van Diemen’s Land’.

Now you decide to continue sailing to the east. Well done – you are the first European on record to see New Zealand!

You head back to the East Indies via Tonga and Fiji and arrive there in June 1643. But Van Diemen is not pleased to see you …

So where are the precious metals and other goods? What about the new route to South America? You didn’t explore the northern coast of the south land or talk to its people, did you? What were you doing with your time, Tasman?

Antonie Van Diemen

Umm … do I get another chance?

Abel Tasman

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The story of Abel Tasman – 2

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1. The map below shows the areas of Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand known to Europeans after Tasman’s 1642 and 1644 voyages of exploration.

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C.Publ i cat i ons • Jakarta •v mainland Australia •p Tasmania •s Indian Ocean • f o r r e i e w p u r o s e o nl y• • Tasman Peninsula • Pacific Ocean • Tonga • New Guinea

(a) Use an atlas to help you identify and label the following.

(b) Name four differences between the map above and the map in your atlas.

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2. Imagine you are each of the people below. List your feelings about each of these incidents. (a) Ship’s carpenter after swimming through the surf.

(b) Tasman while making repairs to his ships in Mauritius.

(c) Van Diemen seeing Tasman after he returned from the voyage.

(d) Crew member after walking ashore in Tasmania.

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The story of Abel Tasman – 3 I

t is now January 1644, seven months after your return from your disappointing first voyage of exploration for Governor-General Van Diemen. Despite the fact that Van Diemen would probably like to rename you ‘un-Abel’ Tasman, he decides to send you on another voyage. By now, Australia (at least, the parts that have been discovered by the Dutch) is called New Holland – thanks to you.

I’m going to give you another chance to get things right, Tasman. On this voyage I want to you to:

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• Try again to find out whether New Guinea is joined to New Holland.

• Search again for the safe route to South America.

• Oh, and do you remember the Dutch ship Batavia? It sank back in 1629 off the western coast of New Holland. A chest of coins that sank with the wreck was not recovered. Find it. Also, two of the crew who were later involved in murdering some of the marooned passengers of the Batavia were stranded as a punishment for their deeds. Find them.

That’s not too much to ask, is it? Have a good trip.

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• Go back to Van Diemen’s Land (good choice of name, by the way!) and then circumnavigate New Holland.

Antonie Van Diemen

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ou set off from Indonesia with three ships. But like other Dutch explorers before you, you believe Torres Strait to be a bay and therefore still think Australia is joined to New Guinea. You sail round the Gulf of Carpentaria and then map the coasts of what are now the Northern Territory and Western Australia. When you reach North West Cape, you head back to Batavia and arrive there in August 1644.

I really don’t think that such Van Diemen is waiting for you. a big place as New Holland is going to have nothing much to Governor-General, I found nothing offer. I’ll send some better people much of value on my expedition. I to go exploring in the future. did see naked people walking on some of the beaches, but they didn’t seem to have any rice or many fruits. I’m afraid I didn’t document the trip very thoroughly. New Holland is one big disappointment. But on the bright side, I have proved that the northern and western parts of New Holland are Antonie Van Diemen part of one landmass. And thanks to Abel Tasman me, we know more about its shape.

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ut with Van Diemen’s death in 1645, Dutch interest in exploring New Holland begins to wane. Although your reports indicate that the climate and plant life of Tasmania and New Zealand seem good, the Dutch are not really interested in settlement. Instead, they want to find people keen to trade with them, or precious metals, diamonds or spices – none of which had been found on your expeditions. The cost and effort needed for further exploration did not seem worthwhile.

As for you, you continue to work for the VOC, undertaking more voyages, although none will be around the Australian coast. You die in 1659 in Batavia. The name ‘Van Diemen’s Land’ is later changed to ‘Tasmania’ in 1856 in your honour, as are the Tasman Peninsula and the Tasman Sea. 36 Australia on the map

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The story of Abel Tasman – 4

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Complete the information to create a personal journal of Tasman’s second voyage.

• Draw a line to show the route I took along the coastline of New Holland and directly to Batavia.

(Hint: Begin at Cape York Peninsula.)

• I think New Holland is definitely joined to New Guinea because

• Some words I would use to describe Governor-General Van Diemen are:

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• Some words I would use to describe New Holland are:

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because

• Compared to my 1642 voyage, I think this voyage was

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• Since my return, I have learned that the VOC is reluctant to continue sending explorers to New Holland. I think this is a decision because

• If a physical feature like a sea or peninsula was named after me in the future, I would be

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THE DUTCH

Willem de Vlamingh – 1 M

any Western Australians know Willem de Vlamingh as the man who named Rottnest Island, a small holiday island about 20 kilometres off the coast of Perth. But not many know the full story. Read these facts about Willem de Vlamingh’s life.

• Vlamingh was born in 1640 in the Netherlands to a poor family. He worked on herring boats and whaling ships before joining the VOC in 1688.

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• In 1696, Vlamingh was chosen by the VOC to lead the last major Dutch voyage of exploration to the ‘south land’. This expedition had four purposes:

2.

3.

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To locate survivors and salvage goods from Dutch sailing a missing Dutch ship, the Ridderschap van ships were rugged Holland. This VOC ship had vanished in 1694 and proved to be outstanding long somewhere in the Indian Ocean. It was thought voyage vessels that it may have been wrecked off the western • From Rottnest, the ships sailed to where the city of coast of New Holland.

Fremantle now stands. Some of the crew went ashore To look for survivors of the Vergulde Draeck. and discovered a river, on which they also found black To chart the western coast of New Holland and swans. Victorszoon named the river Zwane-rivier or make observations about its inland areas. The Swan River. Vlamingh’s men travelled some 20 km inland areas were to be explored on foot and up the river, charting it and having a pictorial record by sailing up rivers. drawn. He then headed north along the coast.

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C.P•u bl i cat i ons On the voyage north, Vlamingh charted the coast as far as North West Cape, landing several times. One of these • Vlamingh’s expedition setr out r one 3 May 1696.

Therep • f o v i e w u r posesonl y• landings was on Dirk Hartog Island. Here, Vlamingh were three ships under his command—the Geelvinck, 4.

To capture a native of the South Land.

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found Dirk Hartog’s pewter plate that he had left 81 the Nyptangh and the Weseltje. On the voyage to New years before. Vlamingh removed Hartog’s plate to take Holland, the fleet searched for the missing ship at two back to the Netherlands and left his own, nailed to a small islands in the Indian Ocean—St Paul Island and pole (made from a tree trunk from Rottnest).

Amsterdam Island. But there was no trace of the ship or any survivors. Vlamingh erected boards, inscribed • In February 1697, Vlamingh’s fleet headed for Batavia. with details of the expedition, on both islands.

Once there, he reported that there was no sign of the Ridderschap van Holland and that the land he • On Christmas Day 1696, land was sighted by the crew had seen was dry, with no obvious opportunities for of the Nyptangh. Because it was surrounded by fog, trading and few useful resources. As well as Hartog’s Vlamingh named the small island Mistieland or ‘Mist plate, Vlamingh showed some plants, shells and oil Island’. In his personal journal, he enigmatically called from timber he found on Rottnest Island, black swans it the ‘Isle of girls’, and described it as a ‘paradise on and landscape illustrations done by the ship’s artist. earth’.

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• When some of the Dutch sailors landed on the island, • The plate Vlamingh left on Dirk Hartog Island was found by French sailors in 1801. It had fallen off the they did not find any people and only one pole, so they re-attached it. In 1818, French explorer type of animal, described as ‘a kind of Louis de Freycinet took it to France, where it went rat as big as a common cat’. This was missing for many years. In 1940, it was found, and actually what is known today as a returned to Australia in 1947. It is currently held at quokka, a type of small wallaby. The the Western Australian Maritime Museum’s Shipwreck island was therefore named Galleries in Fremantle.

Rottenest (‘Rat’s nest’) by map-maker and artist, Victor Victorszoon.

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THE DUTCH

Willem de Vlamingh – 2 Imagine that the Rottnest Island Museum decides to create an interesting display about Vlamingh and his discoveries for its visitors.

• Decide on eight objects, photographs and pictures that you think should be part of the display. Include at least one of each type.

• Write a simple, informative caption for each object, photograph or picture.

• Suggest how or where each object, photograph or picture might be obtained.

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Object, photograph or picture?

Caption

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3.

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How/Where to obtain

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Willem de Vlamingh

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Australia on the map

Australia on the map

Named after the Leeuwin (‘Lioness’) which sailed from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies in 1621. The name is first known to have been marked on a chart in 1627.

(now Cape Leeuwin)

1619 Leeuwin Land

1619 Frederik de Houtman Houtman Abrolhos Abrolhos is Portuguese for ‘Look out!’

1619 Frederik de Houtman Edel Land Area of land from Geraldton north to Shark Bay, Western Australia.

Named after Jacob d’Edel, a merchant on one of the ships in Houtman’s fleet.

1642 Abel Tasman New Holland (now Australia) The western parts of Australia discovered by the Dutch.

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1616 Dirk Hartog Eendracht Land Land north of Dirk Hartog Island to North West Cape, Western Australia.

Named after Hartog’s ship, the Eendracht.

1628 Frederikszoon de Witt de Witt’s Land Area of Western Australia from 21°S on the coast to approximately 300 km further north.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1627 Pieter Nuyts/François Thijssen Nuyt’s Land Region from Cape Leeuwin (WA) to Nuyts Archipelago (SA).

Groote Eylandt means ‘big island’ in Dutch.

(largest island in Gulf of Carpentaria)

1644 Abel Tasman Groote Eylandt

1696–1697 Willem de Vlamingh Rottnest Island Dutch for ‘Rat’s Nest’ – the small wallabies on the island (quokkas) were mistaken for rats.

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Named after the GovernorGeneral of the Dutch East Indies, Antonie van Diemen.

(now Tasmania)

‘Keerweer’ is Dutch for the nautical expression ‘turn again’.

(now Cape Keerweer)

1606 Willem Jansz Keerweer Island

Arnhem Land Named after Willem van Colsten’s ship.

1623 Jan Carstensz Gulf of Carpentaria Named after the GovernorGeneral of the Dutch East Indies, Pieter de Carpentier.

1642 Abel Tasman Van Diemen’s Land

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Map summary of Dutch exploration routes of Australia

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* NB: For the sake of clarity, all Dutch placenames on this map have been written in English; e.g. ‘Leeuwin Land’ was originally ‘Land van de Leeuwin’ in Dutch.

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Map of Dutch exploration and accidental contact Teroutes of Australia in the 17th century

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Australia on the map

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The Duyfken country of origin: type: length: displacement, laden: hull: armament:

Netherlands fast armed ship approx. 20 m 110 tonnes est. wood 6–10 light guns

THE DUTCH

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THE DUTCH

Quiz – The Dutch 1. The Dutch East India Company (the VOC) dominated trade in the 1600s. the s 14. What was Tasman’s first name?

2. What is the modern name for the Dutch East Indies?

15. Tasman’s second voyage to Australia was in 1644.

True or false?

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3. Name the peninsula Jansz landed on in 1606.

16. Tasman mapped part of the coastlines of (a) WA and the ACT (b) WA and the NT

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4. Which ship did Willem Jansz command in 1606? (a) Batavia (b) Duyfken (c) Vergulde Draeck

17. Governor-General Van Diemen wanted Tasman to . find a safe route to South

5. Jansz thought Cape York Peninsula was part of New Guinea.

True or false?

6. What was nailed to a pole on Dirk Hartog Island in 1616?

18. Tasman’s crew wondered if Tasmania was inhabited by: (a) tiny people (b) thin people (c) giant people

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C.Pub i ca t i o nsthink were rats?

19.l What animals did Vlamingh 7. Why did Dutch ships take Hendrik Brouwer’s new route to the Dutch Indies?

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8. Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory, is named after a Dutch explorer. True or false?

20. Vlamingh named the Murray River.

True or false?

21. What did Vlamingh find on Dirk Hartog Island?

9. What was the city of Jakarta called in the 1600s?

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22. What cargo was the Batavia carrying? (a) coins and jewels (b) coal and slate (c) coffee

10. What happened to Carstensz’s crew after they took an Aboriginal man back to their ship?

11. Name the ship Carstensz travelled in.

12. Carstensz thought Torres Strait was a … (a) bight (b) island (c) river

13. What name did Tasman give to Tasmania?

23. Cornelisz wanted to be a pirate.

True or false?

24. Who was the commander of the Batavia?

25. On its voyage to Batavia, Gulden Zeepaert sailed an extra (a) 1500 km (b) 3000 km (c) 15 000 km 43

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THE DUTCH

The Dutch – Answers Willem Jansz – 2 ............................... p. 25

Francisco Pelsaert – 3 ....................... p. 33

Teacher check

Teacher check

The story of Abel Tasman – part 2 ..... p. 35

Dirk Hartog – 1 ................................. p. 26

1. Teacher check 2. Teacher check

The story of Abel Tasman – part 4 ..... p. 37

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Dirk Hartog – 2 ................................. p. 27 Teacher check

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Answers will vary but should be similar to the following: 1. On which date did Dirk Hartog leave the Netherlands for Indonesia?

2. Who was the under-merchant on the Eendracht?

3. How long did it take Hendrik Brouwer to sail from the Netherlands to Indonesia in 1610?

4. What was the name of the ship captained by Dirk Hartog in 1616?

5. What was the dinner plate Dirk Hartog nailed to the pole made from?

6. What are the ‘roaring forties’?

Willem de Vlamingh – 2 .................... p. 39

Jan Carstensz – 2 .............................. p. 29

Teacher check

1. (a) a narrow passage of water that connects two large water bodies (b) another word for ‘bay’ – a sheltered part of a sea or lake created by a curve in its shore (c) an area of ocean or sea partly enclosed by land (d) a large bay or bight (e) a piece of land almost surrounded by water but still joined to the mainland (f) the part of land next to the sea 2. – 6. Teacher check

Quiz – The Dutch ............................... p. 43

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1. spice 2. Indonesia 3. Cape York Peninsula 4. (b) 5. true 6. an inscribed pewter plate 7. It was quicker.

8. false 9. Batavia 10. They were attacked by 200 Aborigines.

11. the Pera 12. (a) 13. Van Diemen’s Land 14. Abel 15. true 16. (b) 17. America 18. (c) 19. quokkas 20. false 21. Dirk Hartog’s pewter plate 22. (a) 23. true 24. Francisco Pelsaert 25. (b)

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Pieter Nuyts ....................................... p. 30 Teacher check

Francisco Pelsaert – 1 ....................... p. 31 1.

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2. Batavia was a large Dutch merchant ship.

Francisco Pelsaert – 2 ........................ p. 32 1.

44 Australia on the map

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o c . che e r o t r s super Louis-Claude de Saulces de Freycinet in the ships Casuarina (1802–03) and Uranie (1818–20), was given the task of charting the gulfs of South Australia

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Personal teachers notes

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List of resources:

Useful websites:

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Extension activities:

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46 Australia on the map

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The French

Teachers notes

Introduction • Interprets accounts from people in other times.

Teachers notes

B

etween the 16th and 19th centuries, French explorers travelled into the Southern Hemisphere on expeditions to discover and map the unknown South Land (Terra Australis Incognita) and to make scientific discoveries and recordings. While the British were looking at and colonising areas of New Holland, the French mapped parts of the coastline and studied the flora, fauna and indigenous inhabitants.

Baudin also charted nearly two-thirds of the Australian coastline, with 600 kilometres of this coast being charted for the first time.

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At Shark Bay in 1772, St Alouarn buried an Act of Possession, claiming the west coast of New Holland (Australia) for the King of France.

Many of the French expeditions resulted in important scientific discoveries in anthropology, botany, zoology, astronomy, geography and geology. One of the most important French expeditions to Australia was led by Nicolas Baudin between 1800 and 1804. Baudin was a merchant navy captain, appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte to explore the west and south of Terra Australis Incognita. Twentythree scientists were appointed to the expedition that consisted Explorer

Other French explorers such as Freycinet, Duperrey, Dumont d’Urville and Laplace continued to visit Australia with possible plans to establish a convict colony on the south-west coast. This was until the British major, Lockyer, in the Amity, landed at Albany, Western Australia, and raised the British flag. This stopped all French hopes of colonising parts of Australia.

Some possible reasons why the French were unsuccessful in establishing a colony in Australia include the French wars and the focus on restoring peace and the economy after Napoleon Bonaparte’s departure.

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of two naval ships, the Géographe, captained by Baudin, and the Naturaliste, captained by Jacques Hamelin. The Baudin expedition collected samples of 2542 new animal species. This more than doubled the number of known animal species in the world!

Note: To help students with the activity on page 57, The naturalists, use the website: <www.abc.net.au/navigators>

Ship

Dates

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Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec

Fortune

François de St Alouarn

Gros Ventre

1772

Marion Dufresne

Mascarin and Marquis de Castries

1772

Jean François Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse

Astrolabe and Boussole

1786–1788

Joseph Antoine Bruni d’Entrecasteaux

Recherche and Espérance

1791–1793

Nicolas Baudin

Géographe

1801–1803

Jacques Felix Emmanuel Hamelin

Naturaliste

Louis de Freycinet

Casuarina

Louis de Freycinet

Uranie

Dumont d’Urville

Coquille (renamed Astrolabe)

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Additional Activities

1767–1768

1771–1772

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Louis de Bougainville

1801–1803

1802–1803

1818–1820

1826–1829, 1837

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• Design a logo that commemorates the French accomplishments in the discovery, mapping and scientific exploration of Australia.

Explain the significance of your design.

• Read about the encounter between Nicolas Baudin, in the Géographe, and Matthew Flinders, in his ship the Investigator, on the southern coast of Australia. Present the information as a colourful comic strip.

• Imagine you are a traditional Aboriginal Australian living on the west coast of Australia in the late 1700s. You have just witnessed an enormous wooden vessel anchoring in a bay where you normally fish. You watch as white men in strange clothing row to shore. Prepare a two-minute talk about what you are thinking at this time.

1829–1830

• The botanists on board the expeditions to New Holland often killed the animals and birds so they could sketch them. These sketches were taken back to France to prove that a new species had been discovered. Do you think it is fair that the animals and birds were killed? Hold a mini-debate that discusses the topic: ‘The botanists of the French expeditions to Australia did not have to kill the animals or birds for sketching’. Allocate an affirmative (agree) group and a negative (disagree) group.

• In a small group, discuss why it was such an amazing feat for Freycinet’s wife, Rose, to accompany her husband in circumnavigating the world in the early 1800s. Report the main points of your discussion back to the class in a brief oral presentation.

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THE FRENCH

Fascinating facts T

he French were famous for building large, reliable The French were not only looking to make scientific ships for long journeys. discoveries in Terra Australis Incognita—the Great South Land—but wished to make it a port where French Use a search engine such as ‘google’ to find fleets could stop over to make repairs and restock for images of French ships from the 1700s. their journey.

At the time France was funding voyages to Australia, the country was at war. The French Revolution and the A land that could produce meat, cheese, wine and timber Napoleonic Wars raged on from 1789 until 1815. This was sought, but many circumstances prevented the French from ever settling in Australia. time is often called the time of the Great French Wars.

Give one reason why the French did not settle in Use the resource centre or the Internet to find out the Great South Land. more about the Great French Wars.

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Europeans were very interested in the mysterious land of the Pacific. Maps had many blank spaces and errors were common.

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What is a revolution? Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the word.

Between 1792 and 1815, France and Britain often Some believed that as there were great lands in the north, competed for new land and trade opportunities. a great southern land must exist to ‘balance out’ the Find an event in history that happened between Earth. the years 1792 and 1815.

Look at a world map. Do you think there is an After the French Revolution, the French government equal amount of land in the Southern Hemisphere wished France to be the greatest of all nations in scientific compared to the land in the Northern Hemisphere? discoveries. It funded many scientific expeditions across Were they right? the globe.

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C.Publ i cat i ons Imagine you have made a phenomenal scientific rwhat r e v i e wit? pur posesonl y• discovery!• Whatf iso it and will you name

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The members of the Dufresne expedition set foot on Australian soil in Tasmania in 1772, searching for water and timber. The ship then headed to New Zealand, where 28 crew, including the captain, Marion Dufresne, accompanied Maori chiefs on a fishing expedition— never to return!

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Napoleon Bonaparte and the French government wished France to be the greatest of all nations in scientific discoveries and funded many scientific expeditions across the globe.

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Write a narrative story that describes your journey from backyard scientist to a household name!

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What do you think happened to Dufresne and his crew? In a small group, act out a brief role-play portraying your idea of the crew’s fate.

King Louis XVI sent Jean François Galaup, Comte de La Perouse on a scientific voyage to prepare charts of land and water. La Perouse arrived in Botany Bay eight days after the First Fleet, which arrived on 26 January 1788. La Perouse left New Holland in February of that year and the ship and its crew vanished forever!

With a partner, discuss what you think was the reaction of the British when they saw two French ships sail into Botany Bay!

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THE FRENCH

Fascinating facts

French exploration of New Holland

I

n Paris in the early 1800s, a garden cared for by Napoleon’s Empress, Josephine, at their chateau, Malmaison, and known as Josephine’s Garden, displayed Australian plants, birds and animals. These species were transported by ship from Australia for display in the garden.

It is said that Captain Baudin, on a journey back from Australia, told his officers to leave their cabins so the live specimens he had collected could be stored there.

Wombats, emus, a swan, one dingo, a tortoise and some parrots travelled to France first class!

1792–93 Antoine Bruni d’Entrecasteaux circumnavigates Australia one and a half times in the vessel Recherche in search of La Perouse. Lands in Tasmania twice.

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sketch a realistic scene showing Josephine’s garden.

Napoleon’s Empress, Josephine

For many years, the French and the British raced and battled each other to claim land as their own.

Some examples include: – Between 1710 and 1810, the French had control of Mauritius (and named it Ile de France) until the British captured it. The French language and customs continue in Mauritius today.

1792 François Aleno de St Alouarn sails along the WA coast, burying the ‘Act of Possession’ and claiming the west coast of New Holland for France.

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Sketch a humorous cartoon of the Australian animals travelling first class on board a French ship; or

The French set foot on Australian soil. Members of the Dufresne expedition land at Marion Bay, Tasmania, and the first contact with Tasmanian Aborigines is recorded.

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C.Publ i cat i ons The French settled areas in North America near the Great Lakes and f or ev i e ur esonl y• the• Mississippi Riverr basin until thew Britishp arrived in p 1759o ands battles raged. The French surrendered, losing the land.

– The British took the islands in the West Indies where the French were using African slaves to produce sugar crops.

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The race between the French and the British was ongoing in the Southern Hemisphere also.

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Use an atlas to locate the places mentioned above on a world map.

Write a brief ‘fact file’ about each one.

1801–1803 Louis de Freycinet finds Vlamingh’s pewter plate on Dirk Hartog Island.

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– By 1760, the British had taken control of French-run areas of India.

–

1768 Louis Antoine de Bougainville was stopped 100 km from the coast of New Holland by the Great Barrier Reef.

Nicolas Baudin charts the south coast and south-east Tasmania.

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What would have been the results if the French had colonised Australia instead of the British?

1. On the back of this sheet, write as many facts about France and its culture as you and a partner can think of.

2. Write three ways that Australian culture would be different today if the French had settled here and not the British. Consider language, food, music, sport and others.

3. Draw what you think the Australian flag might look like.

Baudin crosses paths with Matthew Flinders on 8 April 1802 near the South Australian coast – now named Encounter Bay. 1818 Freycinet returns to take Vlamingh’s plate to Paris.

4. Choose two Australian icons (such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge or ‘the meat pie’) and rename them, giving them a ‘French twist’.

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THE FRENCH

The Great South Land 1. Use the following words to complete the passage.

Holland climate

centuries French

three spaces

land supplies

charts Hemisphere

fishing Barrier

ship visit

, French explorers set sail for the Southern

Between the 16th and 19th

on expeditions to discover and map the Great South Land (Terra Australis Incognita) and to make scientific discoveries and recordings.

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In 1503, Paulmier de Gonneville, on his ship the Espoir, anchored on unknown believed to be the southern lands. Unfortunately, all records and

, which he

were lost during a shipwreck,

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so this landing was never proven.

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Due to political unrest in France during the 16th and 17th centuries, few maritime expeditions took place. By the middle of the 18th century (the 1750s), the French began to try to fill the blank

on their maps of the

Pacific Ocean.

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In 1766,

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French ships in search of the Great South Land.

Many fine ships and sailors were lost in the pursuit of these mythical lands

months after the British sent an expedition to search for the great land in the south,

Louis de Bougainville left France for the Pacific. During the voyage, he ventured close to the north-eastern part of

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Australia but was stopped by a collision with the Great

Reef. Six years later, Yves Joseph de

Kerguelen witnessed land from his ship that he believed had a warm

and was rich in

resources. His second in command, François de St Alouarn, was separated from Kerguelen during a storm and anchored his

, the Gros Ventre, in a bay on the west

coast of Australia (known as New

at the time). St Alouarn sailed north up the west coast from

Cape Leeuwin and landed in Shark Bay where, on 30 March 1772, at Turtle Bay, he raised the flag, claiming the western coast for France. Also in 1772, Marion Dufresne, took his two ships the Mascarin and the Marquis de Castries, to Tasmania for fresh

of timber, as the two ships had collided during a

violent storm and needed repairs. Dufresne became the first Frenchman to record a

to the

south-east of Tasmania. Sadly, Dufresne and his crew disappeared shortly after in New Zealand, accompanying Maori chiefs on a

expedition and never returning.

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Missing at sea – La Perouse K

ing Louis XVI agreed to send Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse on a scientific voyage to prepare charts of the Great South Land. La Perouse set sail in August 1785 with his ships, the Astrolabe and the Boussole. After much travelling and exploration of the Pacific region, the expedition arrived in Botany Bay eight days after the First Fleet, which arrived on 26 January 1788 (now celebrated each year as Australia Day).

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The ships went to the first British settlement, known as Port Jackson, where La Perouse was able to take on board fresh water and supplies for the voyage. The expedition left to travel north-east towards Tonga, but before it did, La Perouse gave his personal journals, letters and recordings of the journey so far to a British ship to transport back to Europe.

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Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse

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Although La Perouse planned to return to France by December of the same year, the two ships and their crews were never seen again.

What could King Louis XVI do? He had lost two ships as well as two highly respected captains.

On 28 September 1791, two more ships, the Recherche and the Espérance, captained by Bruni d’Entrecasteaux, left France to conduct scientific surveys of Australia’s southern coast, research the Tasmanian Aborigines— and find La Perouse!

1. (a) How long did La Perouse travel before reaching Botany Bay?

years and. months © R. I .

C Publ i cat i ons (b) How long after the La Perouse’s expedition was expected to return to France did d’Entrecasteaux and the Recherche and Esperance leaver toe search fore him?

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years and months 2. Why do you think it was so fortunate that La Perouse had given his journals to another ship to return to France?

3. Describe the scene when the French ships harboured at Port Jackson and witnessed the very first British colony. What did they see, hear, smell? Use appropriate adjectives in your writing. Include a picture that shows a scene of the colony.

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4. What do you think happened to La Perouse and the ships, the Astrolabe and the Boussole? Write your ideas on the back of this sheet. Choose one idea and plan a narrative story about it. Imagine you are one of the crew on board the Astrolabe or Boussole you have just realised that something is terribly wrong.

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Mapping d’Entrecasteaux’s journey L

eaving France in September 1791, Bruni d’Entrecasteaux was given instructions from King Louis XVI to: • conduct scientific surveys of New Holland’s southern coasts • conduct research among the Tasmanian Aborigines • find La Perouse and the ships the Astrolabe and the Boussole.

The map below shows the route that d’Entrecasteaux took on his expedition.

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1. Use an atlas to locate these places and write on the map.

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Timor Esperance Ambon Botany Bay

Papa New Guinea Point d’Entrecasteaux Java Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania)

Bruni d’Entrecasteaux died of scurvy off the coast of New Guinea

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New Zealand Cape Leeuwin Admiralty Islands Fiji Islands

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THE FRENCH

Scurvy – Internet challenge

Scurvy was a major problem for sailors, caused by a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables

Shortly after his expedition left New Holland and began searching the South Pacific for La Perouse, Bruni d’Entrecasteaux died of scurvy off the coast of New Guinea.

What is scurvy?

Use the Internet to find out facts about scurvy.

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Before you begin …

1. Which search words (keywords) will you enter?

3. Answer these: (a) What is scurvy?

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2. Record the path(s) you took during your search.

(b) What causes scurvy?

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(c) What can cure scurvy?

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Other interesting facts about scurvy.

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4. Which website do you recommend for an overall picture?

5. Do you think people today could suffer from a disease such as scurvy? yes

no

Explain your answer.

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The Baudin expedition – 1 Born: Nicolas Baudin Ile de Ré, France 17 February 1754 Died: 16 September 1803 in Mauritius • At 15 joined French merchant navy • At 20 joined French East India Company

Nicolas Baudin has been given this letter by Napoleon Bonaparte, instructing him to lead a very important expedition to explore the coast of New Holland.

1. What preparations will he need to make before he sets sail? Make lists in the boxes below. research

Napoleon Bonaparte

ship and crew

supplies

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• 1801–1803 filled in gaps of Australian coastline.

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October 1800 Dear Nicolas Set sail to New Holland and explore its coast.

Your mission is to: • look for good harbours • journey up rivers • examine land and sea resources • collect scientific specimens • study the lifestyles and customs of the Aboriginal people Take the vessels Géographe and Naturaliste.

Emmanuel Hamelin will captain Naturaliste.

Good luck and good speed.

scientific preparation

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2. Nicolas Baudin led many scientific journeys to collect specimens and study the new land and its flora, fauna and people.

Below is a list of scientists Nicolas took on his expeditions with him. Use a dictionary to determine the field of science each studies and list some of the specimens and records that you think each scientist would have collected and taken back to France.

Scientist botanist mineralogist

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Tree kangaroo

Records and specimens collected

zoologist anthropologist geographer astronomer

3. On the back of this sheet, choose three specimens and draw and label them.

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The Baudin expedition – 2 O

ne of the most important French expeditions to Australia was led by Nicolas Baudin between 1800 and 1804. Baudin was a navy and merchant captain, appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte to explore the western and southern coastal lands of New Holland.

At this time, the southern coast had yet to be charted and so preparations were made quickly so that France could win the race to chart this unknown part of the coast before the British.

Baudin and Hamelin charted nearly two-thirds of the Australian coastline, with 600 kilometres of this coast being charted for the first time. The ships were separated by bad weather and Baudin, in the Géographe, had a chance encounter on 8 April 1802 with the British ship, the Investigator. The two captains, Baudin and Matthew Flinders, met with their interpreters to discuss their voyage. Flinders, who wished to claim that he had mapped the entire southern coast himself, discovered that Baudin had already mapped 50 leagues of it.

Being a well-regarded expedition and with its captain, Baudin, of good reputation, families wished for their sons to become part of the crew. Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, once a captain who had been stopped from visiting New Holland by the Great Barrier Reef, had his 18-year-old son join the expedition.

Seven months after their October 1800 departure from France, land was sighted at Cape Leeuwin. The crew went ashore and began collecting and recording specimens.

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Twenty-three scientists were appointed to the expedition that consisted of two naval ships, the Géographe, captained by Baudin, and the Naturaliste, captained by Jacques Hamelin.

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The Baudin expedition collected samples of 2542 new animal species. This more than doubled the number of known animal species in the world!

The area where the two ships met was named Encounter Bay to commemorate this meeting.

During the expedition, Nicolas Baudin named hundreds of locations in Australia, with over 300 of those names still in use today.

Sadly, Baudin did not return to France as he passed away during the return journey on 16 September 1803. He had contracted tuberculosis a few months earlier.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1. Answer fact or opinion

(a) The Baudin expedition was the most important French expedition to Australia. ....................................... Fact Opinion

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(b) In the early 1800s, Australia was known as New Holland. ................................................................................... Fact Opinion

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(c) The French wished to chart the southern part of the Australian coast before the British. ........................ Fact Opinion (d) French families wanted their sons to join Baudin’s crew because he was a kind and fair captain. ...... Fact Opinion

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(e) The trip from France to Cape Leeuwin took about seven months. .................................................................... Fact Opinion

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(f) Nicolas Baudin was very displeased when he encountered the British ship, the Endeavour. ................ Fact Opinion (g) Baudin contracted tuberculosis due to the lack of hygiene and nutritious food on the ship. ................. Fact Opinion

2. Nicolas Baudin was unable to return his scientific specimens and charts of New Holland to France himself as he passed away on the return journey.

On the back of this sheet, write an epitaph that may have been printed in a newspaper once the Géographe had returned to France. (Note: An epitaph is writing to commemorate a person who is deceased.)

Nicolas Thomas Baudin became famous for his voyages to the Indian and Pacific Oceans to collect botanical samples

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The encounter – Flinders and Baudin I

n his vessel, the Géographe, Frenchman Nicolas Baudin was travelling west, charting the ‘unknown southern land’ and making scientific observations.

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On 8 April 1802, the two ships unexpectedly met near Kangaroo Island off the southern coast. Despite France and Britain having been recently at war, the two captains met with their interpreters to discuss their voyages. Flinders discovered that Baudin had already mapped 50 leagues of the southern coast.

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Travelling east, also along the southern coast of New Holland, was Matthew Flinders with his British expedition in the ship, Investigator. Flinders wished to claim that he had mapped the entire southern coast himself.

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C.Publ i cat i ons (a) Allocate the role of either the British Flinders or the French Baudin to yourself and aw partner.p •f orr evi e ur posesonl y• 1. The encounter role-play

Baudin:

Baudin

(b) Imagine that one of you has stepped onto the other’s ship to discuss the expeditions.

Baudin

Flinders

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How do you think each captain is feeling? (Remember, each man wants to be the first to map the southern coast.)

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The area where the two ships met was named Encounter Bay to commemorate the meeting.

Flinders:

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(c) What type of information do you think the two captains exchanged about their journeys? Make a list.

•

• •

Flinders

2. (a) With your partner, act out the scene between the two captains. Try speaking without an accent to begin with. After a number of rehearsals, try giving Baudin a French accent and Flinders an English one. (b) Rate your performance and your partner’s.

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The naturalists T

he crew of the Baudin expedition arrived in New Holland and recorded hundreds of animals and plants never seen before. Unlike today, they couldn’t prove the existence of these new species by taking photographs. Naturalists, such as scientists and illustrators, had to record their existence through note taking, by drawing or painting them, or by carefully collecting and preserving the specimens for the return voyage to France.

The sextant was an essential tool for navigating the open oceans

1. Below are the names of four of the Baudin expedition’s most talented men. Use the Internet or resource centre to research one further. Record your findings below.

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• Charles-Alexandre Lesueur – artist (1778–1846) • François Péron – zoologist (1775–1810)

Sketch/Picture

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Name

• Jean Leschenault – botanist (1773–1826) • Nicholas-Martin Petit – artist (1777–1805)

Place of birth

Scientific/Artistic field Training/Education

Tasks on the Baudin expedition

Where is his work displayed today?

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Other interesting facts

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2. How important was this naturalist to … (a) the Baudin expedition?

Not at all

A little

Quite

Extremely

(b) knowledge of Australia’s species?

Not at all

A little

Quite

Extremely

3. (a) Rate the difficulty of finding the information required for this activity by colouring the scale.

(b) Name the most helpful book or give the URL of the best website you found during your research.

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The Freycinet expedition – 1 1. Use a dictionary to write definitions for the following terms. (a) monarchy:

Louis-Claude de Saulces de Freycinet commanded the ship the Casuarina, and was given the task of charting the gulfs of South Australia

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) maritime:

(c) cartographer:

(d) botany

D

uring the Baudin expedition (1802–1803), a young officer, Louis-Claude de Saulces de Freycinet, commanded the ship the Casuarina, and was given the task of charting the gulfs of South Australia. Louis de Freycinet created a map from his records in 1812 that was the first published map to show the entire Australian coastline.

(e) desolate

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Early 1800s – What was happening in France?

• 1805 France loses Battle of Trafalgar to British • 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte defeated at battle of Waterloo • The monarachy is restored • France wishes to become a maritime power again • The new king, Louis XVIII, funds new expeditions

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in the ship the Uranie. It was to be a scientific voyage, studying the natural history, botany and geography of the earth. Two days into the voyage, which left France in September 1817, Freycinet’s wife, Rose, appeared on the vessel, having slipped aboard in a sailor’s uniform.

Although naval regulations forbade women on such journeys, the authorities allowed her to continue on the voyage.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 2.u What event leds toe the s monarchy being restored in After changes in the leadership ofr France, Freycinet wasp • f o r e v i e w r p o o n l y • France? ordered by King Louis XVIII to lead his own expedition

3. Do you think the authorities made the right decision concerning Rose de Freycinet?

Yes/No Explain

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The Uranie reached the west coast of Australia one year later and, in Shark Bay, encountered Aboriginal people, whom they studied for two weeks. Freycinet believed the western coast to be a desolate place with few trees and without the resources needed for the crew to rest there, so after taking Vlamingh’s plate from Dirk Hartog Island, they continued on to the British settlement of Port Jackson.

After refreshing the ship’s supplies, the expedition headed for the Falkland Islands but disaster struck! The ship collided with a submerged rock and was lost to the sea.

The crew lived off the land, hunting and fishing, until they were rescued. A new ship was purchased and Freycinet returned to France, taking the precious plate with him.

4. What event caused a new ship to be purchased?

5. What was Freycinet’s opinion of the west?

6. What do you think was Louis de Freycinet’s greatest accomplishment?

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The Freycinet expedition – 2 T

he Freycinet expedition had a number of irregular and unexpected events during its voyage. Read about three of them.

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Convicts on board!

The stowaway!

Shipwrecked!

The expedition left Australia after Dressed as a sailor, Freycinet’s wife, After leaving Port Jackson, the Rose, boarded the vessel in France collecting supplies at Port Jackson. Uranie sailed east for the Falkland The following day, ten convicts and only revealed her identity to the Islands. At French Bay the slid out from their hiding places. crew two days later. Women were unexpected happened! The ship Freycinet did not wish to turn the not permitted to travel on such collided with a submerged rock expeditions and the authorities had Uranie around to return the convicts and water poured in from the many to the settlement. What could he do? the power to remove her. What holes created. Could the ship be would happen? saved?

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The captain, Louis-Claude de Freycinet ..................................................................

How does he react to the situation? What does he do?

Rose de Freycinet ..................................................................................................

How did she board the ship? Why? What is her fate?

A convict ................................................................................................................

How did he board the Uranie? Why? What is his fate?

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1. Choose one of the events from the Freycinet expedition that interests you. Write a narrative in first person (use ‘I’) from the point of view of one of these characters:

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 2. Plan your story below.

A crewmember ......................................................................................................

How is he trying to save the Uranie from sinking? What is the fate of the ship?

Story genre

Characters

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• horror .....................

• humour .............................

• mystery ...................

• other

Setting (what can you hear see and smell?)

Event 1

• adventure .........................

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Title

Louis-Claude de Freycinet

.........

Introduction (Introduce setting, characters and the problem)

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Event 3

Event 4

Final paragraph (Remember to solve the problem and tie up loose ends)

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A mystery solved!

Lost at sea Thirty-eight years after the Astrolabe and the Boussole disappeared, an expedition was organised to look for the missing ships. Dumont d’Urville left France for Australia in 1826, and travelled down the east coast and along the south coast, stopping at Hobart, Tasmania, where he heard that a shipwreck site existed on one of the Santa Cruz Islands.

J

ean François Galaup, Comte de La Perouse, was sent by King Louis XVI on a scientific voyage to prepare charts of the great southern land. La Perouse set sail in August 1785 with his ships the Astrolabe and the Boussole, arriving in Botany Bay around the same time as the First Fleet, which arrived on 26 January 1788. Governor Arthur Phillip authorised La Perouse to take on board fresh water and supplies for the voyage.

D’Urville was told that a British merchant, Captain Peter Dillon, had travelled to Vanikoro, a Santa Cruz island, where he discovered relics in 1827. These relics included bronze swivel guns, cooking utensils and a bronze bell.

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Astrolabe

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Arriving at the island in early 1829, d’Urville agreed the relics belonged to the ships from La Perouse’s expedition and heard tales of how both ships were lost.

One ship had run into rocks and the crew attacked by the islanders. The ship broke up and its crew were lost to the sea.

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C.PItu bl i cat i ons is believed that the other ship ran aground. The crew were able too gives gifts theo islanders, who• allowed •f orr evi ew p ur p etos nl y them to build a smaller vessel and leave in it. None of

The expedition left to travel along the southern and western coasts of Australia, planning to return to France by December of the same year. The two ships and their crews were never seen again.

1. True or False

the crew was heard of again.

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2. Why do you think the islanders attacked the ship and its crew?

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(a) The last place La Perouse was known to have visited was Hobart, Tasmania.

True

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False

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(b) Vanikoro is one of the Santa Cruz islands.

True

False

(c) D’Urville travelled to Santa Cruz as he had heard relics had been discovered there.

True

False

3. Write words to describe how you think the crew of the second ship felt when they were allowed to leave the island.

4. Why do you think the discovery was so important?

(d) The islanders happily welcomed the crew of the two French ships to their island.

True

False

(e) Peter Dillon was a British merchant.

True

False

Use the Internet or resource centre to find an image of the ‘La Perouse monument’ that can be found on the northern shore of Botany Bay in Sydney. Use a search engine such as google and enter the search words: La Perouse, monument, Botany Bay, Sydney 60

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THE FRENCH

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France before 1800 corvette 37.8 m 355 tonnes wood 30 guns

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country of origin: built: type: length: weight: hull: armament:

Le Géographe

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Cape Rose Cape Rose, in Shark Bay, was named after de Freycinet’s wife, Rose, who secretly boarded the ship and circumnavigated the world with her husband.

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Point Casuarina Named after the schooner commanded by Louis de Freycinet.

This Australian-built ship accompanied the Géographe on the 1803 survey.

Leschenault Inlet Named after Jean Leschenault de la Tour, botanist on the Géographe.

Geographe Bay The Géographe was the lead ship commanded by Nicolas Baudin (1801–1803) on his expedition that charted sections of the southern coast of Australia and made thousands of scientific discoveries.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Cape Naturaliste Named after the second ship on the Baudin expedition. The Naturaliste was captained by Jacques Hamelin.

Saint Allouarn Island Three miles off the coast of Cape Leeuwin, the island is named after Louis Saint Alouarn, a French explorer, who made the first scientific survey of Western Australia in 1772.

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Cape Bouvard Cape Bouvard was named in honour of the French astronomer Alexis Bouvard, who discovered comets shortly before the departure of the Baudin expedition in October 1800.

Cape Peron Named after François Péron, naturalist on the Géographe, who later also helped write the history of the voyage.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Cape or Point Freycinet Named after Louis de Freycinet, who was captain of the Casuarina during the Baudin expedition’s return journey. He later commanded his own expedition in the Uranie (1890– 1820), ending in a shipwreck in the Falkland Islands.

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La Perouse La Perouse is a suburb of Sydney named in memory of La Perouse, the lost French explorer. A monument stands on the northern shore of Botany Bay—the last place the La Perouse expedition was seen.

Map summary of French exploration of Australia

THE FRENCH

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Map summary of French exploration Te routes of Australia

THE FRENCH

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Quiz – The French 1. France was involved in a series of wars during the time explorers were mapping the Great South Land. One was The French Revolution and the others were the

The French made many successful journeys, mapping the west and south coast of Terra Australis

2. The main focus of most of the great French expeditions to New Holland was:

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9. It is believed that the La Perouse expedition arrived at Botany Bay around about the same time as the First Fleet. What date did the First Fleet arrive?

(a) charting the coastline .......................................... (b) gaining scientific knowledge ..............................

(d) colonising areas of land ......................................

(b) 26 January 1788 ..................................................

3. Complete the sentence.

Baudin brought live animals and birds back to a special garden in Paris which was created by Josephine,

(c) 1 April 1788 ..........................................................

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(a) 1 January 1788 ....................................................

the wife of

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(c) learning about its Aboriginal inhabitants ..........

(d) 31 October 1788 ...................................................

10. Bruni d’Entrecasteaux was sent by King Louis XVI to find which captain and his ships?

.

4. St Alouarn claimed the west coast of New Holland for France by burying the ‘Act of Possession’ and by raising which flag?

11. A disease that affected sailors on long voyages and due to a lack of vitamin C was:

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C.Publ i cat i ons or r e vi e wp ur posesonl y• 5. Name the ship• that f Nicolas Baudin travelled in during 12. Nicholas-Martin Petit and Charles-Alexander Lesueur his expedition to New Holland, 1801–1803.

were artists on board which expedition?

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(a) d’Entrecasteaux ................................................... (b) La Perouse ...........................................................

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6. Louis de Freycinet was the first person to create a map that showed the entire Australian coastline.

True False

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7. The crew of the Dufresne expedition went missing in New Zealand after accompanying Maoris chiefs on what type of expedition?

(c) Baudin .................................................................. (d) Freycinet ..............................................................

o c . che e r o t r s super Maori chief with facial tattoo, also known as a Ta moko

8. What natural obstacle off the coast of northern Queensland prevented Louis de Bougainville from ever reaching Australia.

13. The name of the ship on the Baudin expedition that was captained by Jacques Hamelin was: (a) Géographe ........................................................... (b) Astrolabe ............................................................. (c) Boussole ............................................................... (d) Naturaliste ..........................................................

14. What is the name of the bay where the two captains, Baudin in the Géographe, and Matthew Flinders in the Investigator, met?

15. In the early 1800s, Australia was known as New Holland.

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Quiz – The French 16. Nicolas Baudin never returned to France after his long voyage to Australia as he contracted tuberculosis and died.

True

False

17. Name Freycinet’s wife, who secretly stowed away on board the ship, Uranie, to join her husband on the expedition.

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23. Before it was called Australia, this continent was also known as:

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18. At which islands did Freycinet lose his ship after colliding with a submerged rock?

Islands

19. Louis de Freycinet was:

(a) New Holland ......................................................

(a) an artist ................................................................

(b) the Great South Land ..........................................

(b) a botanist .............................................................

(c) Terra Australis Incognita .....................................

(c) a cartographer .....................................................

(d) All of the above ....................................................

(d) a zoologist ............................................................

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24. One reason why the French never colonised areas of Australia was the presence of officers and crew from which other country?

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25. By which years had the French stopped trying to explore Australia? (a) 1640s .................................................................... (b) 1740s .................................................................... (c) 1840s ....................................................................

Bronze swivel gun — light, compact and deadly in the hands of a skilled user

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(d) 1940s ....................................................................

20. Bronze swivel guns, cooking utensils and which other item were discovered on an island off Santa Cruz leading to the discovery of the two shipwrecks from the La Perouse expeditions?

Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de La Perouse and the crew from his ships Astrolabe and Boussole were lost at sea on their return journey to France

21. The last place La Perouse was known to have visited before his disappearance was Port Jackson.

True False 22. The crew of the two French ships wrecked near an island in Santa Cruz were welcomed by the islanders.

True

False 65

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THE FRENCH

The French – Answers The Great Southern Lands ................. p. 50 centuries hemisphere land charts spaces three Barrier climate ship Holland French supplies visit fishing

2.

3.

4.

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6.

The Freycinet expedition – 2 ............. p. 59

Teacher check

Missing at sea! ................................... p. 51

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1.

2.

3.

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7.

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(c) cartographer – a person who constructs and produces maps (d) botany – the branch of biology that deals with plants and plant life (e) desolate – barren, wasteland The French monarchy was restored in France after Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.

Answer will vary A new ship was purchased after Freycinet’s ship, the Uranie, was wrecked near the Falkland Islands.

Freycinet believed the west coast of Australia to be a desolate place with few trees or resources.

Answers will vary

A mystery solved! .............................. p. 60

2. (a) 2 years and 5 months (b) 2 years and 9 months 3. – 5. Teacher check

1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2. – 4.

Mapping ............................................ p. 52 Teacher check

False True True False True Teacher check

Internet challenge

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3.

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Teacher check

The Baudin Expedition – 2 ................ p. 55 Opinion Fact Fact Fact Fact Opinion Opinion

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1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

2. Teacher check

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The encounter ................................... p. 56 Role-play – Teacher check

Napoleonic Wars (b) gaining scientific knowledge Napoleon The French The Géographe True fishing The Great Barrier Reef 26 January 1788 La Perouse scurvy (c) Baudin (d) Naturaliste Encounter Bay Fact True Rose Falkland (c) a cartographer a bronze bell True False (d) All of the above Britain (c) 1840s

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C.PuQuiz bl c t i o ns p. 64 •f or evi e ur posesonl y• The Baudin expedition – 1r ................ p.w 54 p Scurvy ................................................ p. 53

The naturalists .................................. p. 57 Teacher check

The de Freycinet expedition – 1 ......... p. 58 1. (a) monarchy – a government where the supreme power is a king or queen or similar head of state (b) maritime – having to do with shipping or navigation at sea

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BRITISH

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Personal teachers notes

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List of resources:

Useful websites:

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Extension activities:

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The British

Teachers notes

Introduction

Additional activities

A

• Choose a British explorer and write a detailed project on his voyages to Australia. Include information about his ships, routes and the areas of coastline he explored. Use maps and sketches to enhance work.

Present project as a book with an illustrated cover, a contents page and a bibliography listing all books and websites used.

lthough maritime trade and exploration had been taking place for many years, it was in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) that Britain emerged as a superior maritime force, with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 confirming this position.

Merchants developed trading links with Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas and it soon became clear that even greater profits could be made by extending those links to Asia. This led to the establishment of the English East India Company.

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The company chartered its own ships and the directors appointed a commander from its ranks of shareholding merchants for each voyage.

The position of commander was highly regarded and eagerly sought as the merchant could ship his own cargo and supplement his profits by carrying company officials and private passengers.

Britain established itself in other areas of the globe, notably India, the east coast of North America and the Caribbean.

• Make a detailed study of life on a ship. Include the features of the ship, the living conditions and the physical and health hazards.

Present as a book.

• Make a decorative time line of British involvement in the discovery of Australia. Use pictures of explorers and their ships.

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Factories were built in the Moluccas, Java and Sumatra and, for a while, the company prospered. With increased competition from the Netherlands, a rival trading and maritime nation also established in the East Indies, it was in Britain’s best interests to move elsewhere.

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• On a large, blank map of Australia, mark the coastlines discovered by British explorers and label with their names and dates of discovery.

Write places named by the British. When the map is no longer being displayed, roll it up carefully, tie with a ribbon and close with a wax seal.

• Sketch a collection of native plants and animals that would have been observed by the explorers when they landed. Explain their life cycles and how they adapt to their environments. For the animals, include their feeding and social habits.

In the Pacific, Britain’s activities were curtailed by the power of the Spanish influence, but as this diminished, Britain’s interest grew. But again Britain was to have a rival—France. The two countries were constantly at war and simultaneously exploring the same areas.

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As France was a contemporary rival, it was important for Britain to establish early outposts in Australia to indicate an intention to colonise the new land. On 26 January 1788, in the First Fleet, convicts and marines were brought to Australia under the command of Governor Arthur Phillip, to establish the first European settlement.

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Major British explorers involved in mapping Australia

Date

Name

1688, 1699 William Dampier

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In determining the size and position of Australia, the British, French and Dutch all played significant roles in charting the coastline and providing accurate, detailed maps for future generations. But it was the British who answered most of the questions surrounding the new continent, including the insularity of Tasmania and there being no inland sea between the Great Australian Bight and the Gulf of Carpentaria.

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Cygnet, Roebuck

1770

James Cook

Endeavour

1773

Tobias Furneaux

1791

George Vancouver

1797

George Bass

1798

George Bass/Matthew Flinders

Norfolk

1800

James Grant

Lady Nelson

1801

John Murray

Lady Nelson

1801–03

Matthew Flinders

Investigator

1821

Phillip Parker King

Mermaid

Adventure Discovery

open whaleboat

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THE BRITISH

Fascinating facts – 1 W

illiam Dampier was the first person to circumnavigate the world twice. Before his sailing days were over, he sailed around the world for a third time.

William Bligh has been portrayed as a cruel man but many believe he does not deserve this reputation. Search the Internet to find different accounts of Bounty’s voyage before deciding what type of captain you think Bligh was.

Dampier spent many years with buccaneers, raiding Spanish ships around the Americas. In 1688, with two shipmates, Dampier was voluntarily marooned on one of the Nicobar Islands. They made a small craft which they sailed to Sumatra.

Do you think a full scale model of your design could travel in the ocean?

Research on the Internet to find more information about Dampier.

James Cook was keen to prevent scurvy on his ships, so he forced his men to eat fruits, vegetables and sauerkraut. Scurvy develops when there is a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C is found in large quantities in many fruits and vegetables.

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Design a sailing craft using only natural materials. Build and test it.

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Visit http://ipgri-pa.grinfo.net/index. php?itemid=691&catid=22 to discover why breadfruit was considered to be so valuable.

Fresh fruit and vegetables were eagerly sought to prevent scurvy

Visit http://www.people.viginia.edu/~rjh9u/ scurvy1.html to read about an 18th century experiment to determine if the effects of scurvy could be remedied by diet. Visit http://www. sauerkraut.com/thestory.htm to read about the history of sauerkraut and discover some delicious recipes!

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James Cook made a third voyage to the Pacific. In 1778, he became the first European to visit the islands of Hawaii.

He called them the Sandwich Islands after the Earl of Sandwich, who was the First Lord of the Admiralty.

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William Bligh and 18 others were cast adrift in an open boat by a band of mutineers

Dampier’s reports on breadfruit plants found in Tahiti, led How do you think the earl got his name? Take to William Bligh’s voyage in HMS Bounty. Breadfruit is a a close look at the coastal areas of south-east plant with a thick, starchy pulp resembling breadcrumbs.

England and you may find the real reason!

Bligh was ordered to gather these plants in Tahiti and transport them to the West Indies to provide a cheap, After failing to pass through the Bering Strait, Cook nourishing food for the slaves. returned to Hawaii. After the theft of one of his ship’s During HMS Bounty’s journey to the West Indies, Bligh lifeboats, there was a violent skirmish in which James and 18 others were cast adrift in an open boat by a band Cook was killed. The incident took place at Kealakekua of mutineers. They travelled nearly 6000 km in 48 days Bay on 14 February 1779. with the death of only one man.

Visit http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/ show/ConFactFile.66/Captain-James-Cook.html Bligh was given another expedition, which allowed him to to discover more about the life and death of this complete the task of introducing breadfruit plants to the great explorer.

West Indies. On his travels, he explored the coast of Fiji and charted many islands, shoals and reefs in the Torres Strait, claiming all of its islands for Britain. From 1806 to 1808, Bligh was Governor of New South Wales.

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Fascinating facts – 2 M

Time line 1688 and William Dampier in Cygnet and later in 1699 Roebuck makes first English contact with Australia, landing at Shark Bay in 1699.

1769–71 James Cook in Endeavour circumnavigates New Zealand and charts the east coast of Australia.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 1773

Tobias Furneaux in Adventure charts the south and east coasts of Tasmania.

1791

George Vancouver in Discovery discovers and charts King George Sound in southwest Australia.

1795

George Bass and Matthew Flinders in Tom Thumb I explore Botany Bay and Georges River.

1796

George Bass and Matthew Flinders in Tom Thumb II sail to Port Kembla and Lake Illawarra.

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atthew Flinders wanted adventure! Not for him the stuffy life of a doctor like his father and grandfather. He wanted to have wealth, fame and above all, excitement. He had read and enjoyed Daniel Matthew Flinders Defoe’s story of the castaway, Robinson Crusoe and decided that his future was to be maritime exploration. His family did not approve of his choice but he would not be swayed. In later years, his family were very proud of their son who proved himself one of Britain’s great explorers. One of Flinders’s most loyal shipmates was Trim, the cat. For five years, Trim accompanied Flinders on all his voyages, closely guarding food supplies against each ship’s multitude of rats.

1797 George Bass in an open whaleboat, © R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons charts south-east coast from Port Hicks to Western Point Bay. •f orr evi ew pur p o s e sonl y• 1798 George Bass and Matthew Flinders

Trim, the cat

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The disappearance of George Bass after he left Sydney in 1803, bound for England via South America, is a mystery.

Some say he was captured by the Spanish and held prisoner in Peru or Chile. Some suggest his ship, Venus, was wrecked off the coast of New Zealand. Others believe he reached a ripe old age, living in South America on the profits of illegal trading.

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in Norfolk circumnavigate Tasmania, proving at last that it is not attached to the mainland.

Visit http://www.abc.net.au/navigators/captains/ flinders.htm for more information on Matthew Flinders.

1800

James Grant in Lady Nelson makes first west-east passage through Bass Strait.

1801

John Murray in Lady Nelson discovers and charts Port Phillip Bay.

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Research on the Internet to find evidence to support or oppose these ideas.

What do you think happened ?

1801–03 Matthew Flinders in Investigator circumnavigates and completes coastal survey of Australia.

1802

Like many explorers of his time, Phillip Parker King published a journal of his voyages, titled, Narrative of a survey of the inter-tropical and western coasts of Australia.

On a separate sheet, make a list of reasons why these types of publications were so important in their time and why they are still important now.

Matthew Flinders in Investigator encounters Nicolas Baudin in Géographe. This meeting occurs during a short period when Britain and France are not at war.

1817–22 Phillip Parker King in Mermaid and Bathurst explores and charts coastline from Exmouth on Western Australian coast to North West Cape and Arnhem Land.

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William Dampier – 1 W

On Roebuck’s journey home to Britain, the poor state of the ship finally caused it to give way.

On 21 February 1701, it sank close to Ascension Island in the William Dampier mid-Atlantic Ocean and the crew were marooned for five weeks before being rescued. Many papers were lost when the ship went down but Dampier managed to save charts In 1688, the pirate ship Cygnet in which Dampier was he had made of coastlines, trade winds and currents sailing, was beached on the northwest coast of Australia. around the seas of Australia and New Guinea.

Dampier took this opportunity to make notes in his When he reached Britain in August, Dampier was courtmartialled for cruelty to George Fisher and dismissed from journal about the flora and fauna of the new land.

A collection of Dampier’s journals, A new voyage round the navy. Dampier’s attempts to argue in his defence failed, the world was published in 1697. It became very popular but he was given credit for being the first Englishman to and added to the interest already being shown in the explore and map parts of Australia and New Guinea.

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illiam Dampier was a man with an adventurous spirit. There is no doubt he was a buccaneer; it was with pirates that he made the first of three voyages around the world. On all his travels, he made very careful notes and sketches of all the new things he saw, from coastlines and landscapes to native plants and animals.

These detailed journals proved very useful for him when trying to establish a naval career.

Dampier loved the sea and continued sailing as a privateer, In January 1699, Dampier was given command of HMS plundering Spanish ships while Britain was at war with Roebuck with instructions to explore New Holland Spain.

Although Dampier was a controversial character, his (Australia) and New Guinea.

On the outward journey, Dampier had trouble with achievements had a great influence on many more wellGeorge Fisher, an officer of lower rank who did not like known people. exploration of Terra Australis Incognita.

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being commanded by a former pirate. Dampier’s solution • His recordings of natural history helped Charles Darwin to this problem was to leave Fisher in a Brazilian jail and develop his theories of natural selection. continue the voyage without him.

• His navigational techniques were praised by Captain In July of that year, he reached Dirk Hartog Island at the James Cook and Admiral Horatio Nelson. entrance to Shark Bay, where he made a plant collection • Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe, was which is still preserved in Oxford University: the first inspired by Dampier’s account of real-life castaway collection ever made of Australian plants. Heading north Alexander Selkirk. along the coast, Dampier travelled as far as Roebuck Bay but was unable to explore further due to a lack of drinking water. On an earlier voyage, in the ship Cygnet, Dampier had already visited Cape Leveque and explored King Sound February 1700 and the group of islands which would later be named the Buccaneer Batavia December 1699 Archipelago.

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The Roebuck expedition headed north for Timor where they could get water and other supplies. From there they travelled east, sighting New Guinea on New Year’s Day 1700. Dampier spent time charting and naming the islands to the east of New Guinea, which are now known as the Bismarck Islands.

Torres Strait Cygnet Anchorage

IN D IA N OCEAN

Roebuck Bay Dampier Archipelago Dirk Hartog Island Shark Bay

July 1699

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William Dampier – 2 1. Write the events that occurred at these times.

1697 January 1699 March 1699 July 1699 January 1700 February 1701

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pirates

•

• British, North American and French sailors in the Caribbean who plundered Spanish ships but not those of each other

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2. Match the name with the definition.

buccaneers •

• sailors who plundered the ships of nations with whom they were at war

privateers •

• sailors who plundered the ships of any nation

3. Write a definition for the verb, plunder.

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C.Publ i cat i ons 4. The Buccaneer Archipelago was named after .

•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 5. Spending many months in the 6. You are a sailor in the 17th century. Write a letter home, telling of your life at sea.

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Write a list of things you would: (a) dislike about this situation.

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Primative living conditions made a life difficult

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cramped conditions of a ship with other crew members would have been very stifling at times.

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(b) dream of in this situation.

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James Cook – 1 J

ames Cook was one of Britain’s most experienced navigators. He was also an excellent astronomer. On 26 August 1768, he set sail on board HMB Endeavour, bound for the island of Tahiti in the south Pacific Ocean. With fellow astronomer Charles Greene, he had been instructed to observe and record the transit of Venus.

Cook had been given another set of orders in a sealed envelope which was not to be opened until after he had set sail.

Captain James Cook

Lieutenant James Cook, r o t Upon leaving the island of Tahiti, you aree hereby s B r e instructed to sail directly south in search of the vast southern oo p u k continent which many navigators and scientists believe S exists.

On discovery of this land, you are to make claim upon it for Britain. You will also establish the exact position of New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean.

With all tasks

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Cook did not believe that a great south land existed, though many on board with him did. Having sailed as far south as instructed and sighting no land, Cook set a course for New Zealand, which had been sighted by Dutchman Abel Tasman in 1642. He proved that it consisted of two main islands, which he charted accurately.

Lord of the Admiralty London, 26th August 1768

completed, Cook was now ready to set sail for home. He had to choose which route to take, returning eastwards via Cape Horn or continuing in a westerly direction via the Cape of Good Hope.

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Note: At this time, Cook only held the rank of lieutenant. However, as captain of the ship, he was entitled to be called Captain Cook.

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Cook knew about Australia and that its western coastline had been charted, but no Europeans knew about its eastern side. Cook wanted to investigate, so from New Zealand he set a westerly course.

After three weeks, land was sighted and Cook continued north along the coast until a suitable harbour was found. He dropped anchor in Stingray Bay, named after the vast number of stingrays observed. Later, Cook changed the name to Botany Bay after Joseph Banks and his fellow botanists discovered so many new species of plants during their time on land.

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James Cook – 2 A

s Endeavour continued north along the eastern coast, James Cook charted the coastline with great accuracy and detail. With its rolling hills and large trees, the scenery was similar to South Wales in Britain, so Cook named the land New South Wales.

of a river which Cook named Endeavour River, close to the present Cooktown.

While Endeavour was being repaired, Joseph Banks continued to collect specimens of native plants and animals which were sketched by Sydney Parkinson.

All was going well until close to midnight on 11 June.

Endeavour came to a grinding halt as she struck a coral reef on the Great Barrier Reef. The crew worked swiftly to pump out the badly leaking ship and lighten her load so that she might be hauled off the reef.

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1. Approximately how long did Endeavour’s voyage to the South Pacific take?

2. Using an atlas, match the letters from the map with the placenames.

A•

•

B•

• Cape of Good Hope

James Cook was one of Britain’s most experienced navigators

Australia

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For almost three weeks, Cook navigated Endeavour through the treacherous coastal waters until they finally passed through Endeavour Strait, rounding Cape York.

Here, Cook landed on a small island where, in a flagraising ceremony, he took New South Wales and the Endeavour was in a desperate state, but managed to island, Possession Island, in the name of King George III. continue until Cook found a safe place where they could Endeavour arrived back in Britain on 12 July 1771. land and the ship be repaired. This place was at the mouth

• Britain © R .

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Cape Horn

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Batavia

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New Zealand

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3. (a) Use the plan below to draft a story about what might have happened on the night Endeavour hit the reef. Use keywords and phrases only.

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scenes before impact

sounds heard on impact from:

people

actions of:

crew

officers

ship

scientists

water

passengers

(b) Write the story in full on a separate sheet of paper.

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The Endeavour

Endeavour had three masts to carry the driving sails. The mainmast, towering at 42 metres, was in the centre of the ship. The foremast was at the bow or front and the mizzenmast at the stern or back. mast

number of sails

lowest sail

middle sail

highest sail

(centre) the mainmast, A

3

mainsail, B

main topsail, C

main topgallant, D

(front) the foremast, E

3

foresail, F

fore topsail, G

fore-topgallant, H

(back) the mizzenmast, I

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mizzen, J

mizzen topsail, K

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Driving sails were used to take advantage of the winds and control the speed of the craft. Other sails were available to be used when required. Steering sails at the bow and stern of the ship were used to control direction.

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All sails were raised and lowered using ropes called running rigging. The rigging for each sail had a name and a set place on deck. The crew knew the names of all the sails and rigging and were careful not to mix them up.

Low in the hull, Endeavour carried tonnes of soft iron, called ballast, to keep the ship stable and upright.

Life was hard for the crew of Endeavour, working around the clock to keep the ship on course and sailing as swiftly as possible.

Their many jobs included: • hoisting and lowering the sails • climbing the rigging to secure and unfurl sails • lowering and raising the anchor • coiling ropes and untangling lines • maintenance, repairs and cleanliness.

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The crew of sailing vessels were required to understand how sails and rigging worked

2. Find the answers to the clues.

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(a) weight to keep ship stable

(6)

(b) to unfold

(c) front of ship

(3)

(d) the way to go (9)

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(e) sails which control speed (g) mast at back of ship

(6)

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1. Use the letters from the above table to label the masts and sails on the picture of Endeavour on page 77.

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(f) webbed rope (7)

(6)

(h) back of ship (5)

(i) sails which control direction (8)

3. Place each answer in the correct position in the puzzle to spell the name of the ship in the highlighted strip.

Teamwork was essential to keep large sailing vessels working efficiently over vast open oceans

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Great Britain 1764 bark 29.7 m 375 tonnes (est.) wood 14 guns

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mizzen topsail ........ K

mizzen ..................... J

mizzenmast ............. I

fore-topgallant ........ H

fore topsail ............. G

foresail ................... F

foremast ................. E

main topgallant ....... D

main topsail ........... C

sprit topsail

spritsail

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fore staysail

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foretop staysail

mainsail ................. B

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country of origin: built: type: length: weight: hull: armament:

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main topgallant

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HMB Endeavour

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Navigators, botanists and astronomers T

he purpose of James Cook’s first voyage to the Southern Hemisphere was not only to discover and chart the coastline of a new continent but also to observe the transit of Venus. The presence of a botanist would also prove useful for recording the types of vegetation found in a new land.

1. Read the text and choose the correct words from the word bank to fill the gaps.

Earth botany

advanced observing

official coastline energy achievement continent war

plant sequence

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James Cook served his apprenticeship in the

1

position headlands

in Canada when Britain was at

2

with France. During this time, he learned how to determine a ship’s

3

by dead reckoning and from the position of the moon and stars.

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navy distance strength moon

Dead reckoning is calculated by knowing how far the ship has already travelled and in which direction. In these calculations, the

4

of the winds and currents must be taken into account. Using

mathematics and astronomy, navigators could check the position of a ship by comparing it with the position of the 5

and stars, whose movements had already been accurately determined. These

calculations were complicated and they had to be repeated daily.

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C.P ubl i cat i ons technological development of the eighteenth century. To harness the•f ofe thew wind, many sails,r masts, pulleys, levers ando ropes had to be• used in orr evi pu po se s n l y Sailing ships were the most

6

7

the correct

. Mastering the safe and efficient sailing of a ship was a great

8

. When charting a

, a map of the land above and beneath the

10

water was made. This included notable features such as capes,

11

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water and the position of rocks beneath were also marked.

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12

and bays. The depth of

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passenger. The expedition had been financed by

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the Royal Society, Britain’s most important scientific body, which wanted Greene to assist Cook in

the

13

the transit of Venus. A transit takes place only when Venus is directly between

14

and the sun. From their observations, Cook and Greene hoped to determine 15

between Earth and the sun.

. He paid for his

Joseph Banks was a wealthy young man with a great passion for

16

passage on board Endeavour as he wanted to collect and document any new species of discovered when landings were made on the new

17

. The banksia tree has been named

18

after (Sir) Joseph Banks. Sydney Parkinson was the ship’s draughtsman, who kept a journal of drawings from the voyage and also sketched examples of Banks’s collections.

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THE BRITISH

George Vancouver and Tobias Furneaux G

eorge Vancouver and Tobias Furneaux both accompanied James Cook on his second voyage. Vancouver gained valuable experience, charting coastlines and recording the winds and tides. Furneaux was already a high ranking, experienced officer and navigator. Both men contributed to charting sections of the coastline of the new continent.

I

n April 1791, George Vancouver left Plymouth with HMS Discovery and HMS Chatham, bound for the Pacific. In September of that year, he had his first sighting of the southern coast of New Holland at Point Nuyts. He followed the coastline eastwards, naming Cape Chatham and Cape Howe. He entered a natural harbour which he described as one of the best in the world, naming it King George Sound. It became the site of the first British settlement in Western Australia and later the port of Albany.

T

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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obias Furneaux was commander of HMS Adventure, which accompanied James Cook in HMS Resolution, on his second Pacific voyage. On 17 January 1773, the ships crossed the Antarctic Circle, the first known European ships to do so. While James Cook continued exploring the Antarctic region, Furneaux charted the south and east coasts of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania). When Cook returned to Tasmania on his third voyage, he noted that Furneaux’s maps were accurate apart from very minor errors. He named the islands to the north-east of Tasmania the Furneaux Islands, in honour of his colleague.

Tobias Furneaux was commander of HMS Adventure

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons True (a) Vancouver was more experienced than Furneaux.

True •f o r r e v i e ur posesonl y• (b) Vancouver named a cape after one of w his ships.p

1. Answer True or False.

..............................................................................................

..................................................................................................

False False

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(c) Albany is situated on King George Sound. ............................................................................................................. True False (d) Furneaux was commander of HMS Resolution. ................................................................................................. True False

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(e) Furneaux charted the north and west coasts of Tasmania. ............................................................................. True False

2. (a) Fit these words into the wordsearch grid.

Vancouver Furneaux Discovery Chatham Adventure navigator natural harbour settlement Antarctic accurate voyage

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George Vancouver regarded King George Sound as one of the best natural harbours in the world

(b) Place letters into the empty spaces and then use them to form a sentence.

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THE BRITISH

George Bass and Matthew Flinders – 1 W

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Teac he r

hen Arthur Phillip established a colony at Port Jackson (Sydney) in 1788, it was widely believed that a large waterway separated New Holland from New South Wales. It was also believed that Tasmania, to the south of New South Wales, was attached to the mainland. The two men who were to prove these theories incorrect were George Bass and Matthew Flinders.

Map of new continent as many believed

Map of new continent as Bass and Flinders proved

Bass and Flinders arrived at Port Jackson on HMS Reliance in 1795. Both men were adventurous and eager to explore the new territory. Their first exploration, in a small boat named Tom Thumb, took them around Botany Bay and up George’s River, charting some previously unknown land.

In 1797, George Bass took command of an open whaleboat and a small crew, to explore the coast of New South Wales south of Port Jackson. Tracing Cook’s charts as far as Port Hicks, he explored and charted the Shoalhaven River, Jervis Bay and Twofold Bay, all of which had been missed by Cook. From Point Hicks, he followed the coastline into uncharted territory, until he reached Western Port bay.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonSydney l y•

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Adelaide

o c . che e r o t r s super Point Hicks

Western Port

1. Mark George Bass’s route from Port Jackson to Western Port bay on the map.

2. Use an atlas to answer these questions. (a) Give an approximate distance of George Bass’s voyage from Port Jackson to Western Port. (b) How did you determine this distance?

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THE BRITISH

George Bass and Matthew Flinders – 2 W

hile George Bass was exploring the south-east coast, Matthew Flinders had also been at sea, taking part in an expedition to salvage a merchant ship, Sydney Cove, which had been stranded close to the Furneaux Islands to the north-east of Tasmania. As an experienced sailor, Flinders believed that the tides around the Furneaux Islands indicated that Tasmania was itself an island.

Norfolk, built by convicts on Norfolk Island, the first boat to be built in the new colony, was given to him for three months to chart the shores of Tasmania and prove or disprove his theory.

island and the mainland, Bass Strait.

During their voyage, they had surveyed areas around the Tamar River in the north and the Derwent River in the southeast. Both areas appeared to have good agricultural land and settlements were Matthew Flinders established there in later years: Port Dalrymple in the north and Hobart in the south.

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Flinders asked George Bass to join him and, in October After this successful voyage, Matthew Flinders continued 1798, they set sail for the Furneaux Islands. his life at sea, navigating the coastline of Australia. George George Bass and Matthew Flinders navigated the complete Bass began a career in trade which took him on a trip coastline of Tasmania, proving it to be an island. In honour to South America. After leaving the shores of New South of his good friend, Flinders named the strait between the Wales, he was never heard of again.

Sydney

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C.Publ i cat i ons Melbourne •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• BAS

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S S TRA IT

Launceston

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Port Phillip Bay

Furneaux Islands

Port Dalrymple Tamar River

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Derwent River Hobart

1. What do you think were the main hazards Bass and Flinders would have had to face on their voyage around Tasmania?

2. Why do you think settlements were established in Port Dalrymple and Hobart?

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THE BRITISH

Matthew Flinders and Investigator – 1 M

atthew Flinders held a lifelong passion for maritime travel which was inspired by reading Daniel Defoe’s novel, Robinson Crusoe. He joined the Royal Navy at the age of 15 and in September 1795 arrived in Sydney.

After a two-month stay in Sydney for repairs, HMS Investigator continued north. Flinders discovered the most southerly safe passage through the Great Barrier Reef and also guided Investigator safely through the Torres He spent some time exploring the south-east of New South Strait in just three days. Both discoveries contributed Wales and also circumnavigated Tasmania with George hugely to successful navigation in the area.

Bass. On his return to Britain, he published a book about In the Gulf of Carpentaria, Flinders referred to charts believed to have been made by Abel Tasman in 1644. As his voyages in the region.

Fired with enthusiasm for the new continent, Flinders a mark of respect for the early Dutch explorers, he gave proposed a major expedition to chart the whole coastline. many places Dutch names; for example, Duyfken Point.

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At Groote Eylandt, an island in the gulf, William Westall, an artist on board, recorded the rock paintings of Aboriginal Australians.

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The idea was backed by the British Admiralty and in July 1801, Flinders set sail in HMS Investigator on a route that would take him to via Cape Town to the south-west corner of Australia, Cape Leeuwin. From here, Flinders travelled east, following the coast closely and going ashore as often as possible. His intention was to provide the most detailed information he could about the land, recording his observations on the landscape, flora and fauna. Flinders was so accurate that many of his charts are still used today.

From Arnhem Land, Flinders sailed to Timor for repairs and supplies. His stay there was short as there was an outbreak of scurvy and dysentery among the crew and he wished to return quickly to Sydney, arriving there in June 1803.

On his way to Britain, late in 1803, Flinders was imprisoned in Ile de France (Mauritius).

France and Britain were again at war and Flinders was accused of being a spy. He was held there until July 1810, when the island fell to Britain.

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As he continued on his expedition, Flinders named many coastal features including Investigator Strait and Encounter Bay. On 8 April 1802, at Encounter Bay, Flinders sighted Géographe, the ship of Frenchman, Nicolas Baudin. At that time, Britain and France were at peace and Flinders boarded Géographe to meet with Baudin.

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Cape Catastrophe, at the entrance to Spencer Gulf, was so named after eight of Flinders’s men were drowned.

Flinders had hoped that Spencer Gulf was the beginning of an inland waterway to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north.

At home in Britain, Flinders wrote A voyage to Terra Australis, which was published at the time of his death in July 1814. He had continually referred to the land as Australia, though this name was not officially adopted until late in Governor Macquarie’s term of office, which ended in 1821.

o c . che e r o t r s super

It is said that Flinders’ charting of the coasts of Australia gave us the true shape that we know today.

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THE BRITISH

Matthew Flinders and Investigator – 2 1. Using your own research, write the letters for each location in the correct boxes on the map.

A – Cape Leeuwin D – Torres Strait

B – Gulf of Carpentaria E – Spencer Gulf

C – Sydney F – Groote Eylandt

G – Arnhem Land

H – Encounter Bay

I – Great Barrier Reef

Matthew Flinders

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1801–1802 1802–1803

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V OYAGE S O F FL IND ERS

Timor

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2. What happened at these places?

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(a) Cape Catastrophe

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(b) Encounter Bay (c) Groote Eylandt

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3. Complete this time line. (a) December 1803 (b) July 1810 (c) July 1814

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(d) ~ 1820 4. What do you think the subjects of the Aboriginal art paintings at Groote Eylandt might have been?

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THE BRITISH

James Grant and John Murray W

hen Matthew Flinders sailed into Port Phillip Bay in April 1802, he believed he was the first European to lay eyes on its vast expanse of water. It was not until he returned to Port Jackson that he was informed that Captain John Murray had discovered the bay a short time earlier.

I

M

urray left Sydney in November 1801, bound for Western Port where he harvested the grain sown by Grant. From here he travelled west, exploring and charting the coastline. The winds and currents made it difficult for Murray to navigate Lady Nelson through what looked like the entrance to a harbour.

But when he did, he was rewarded with the sight of a vast expanse of water like an inland sea.

In March 1801, Grant was sent on a second exploration in Lady Nelson, with instructions to chart the entire southern coast. He sailed as far as Western Port, where he planted wheat, before returning to Sydney. During his voyage, he made comprehensive charts of the coastline between Cape Paterson (Wilsons Promontory) and Western Port. He then left the colony and returned to Britain, while Lieutenant John Murray took control of Lady Nelson.

On 9 March 1802, after exploring the land around the harbour and considering it to be valuable for agriculture, Murray raised the British flag and took possession of the area for King George III. It was named Port Phillip in honour of Arthur Phillip, first governor of the colony.

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n late 1800, Lieutenant James Grant, sailing in Lady Nelson, reached the southern shores of New South Wales at a headland which he named Cape Northumberland. From here, he sailed east, following the coastline, then headed north until he reached Sydney two weeks later. In doing so, Lady Nelson became the first known European vessel to pass through Bass Strait from west to east.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons 1. Using an atlas, find Bass Strait, Port Jackson, Cape Paterson, Western Port and Port Phillip Bay. •James f o rplanted r ev i e p ur o sesonl y• 2. Why do you think Grant wheat on w his second voyage inp Lady Nelson?

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John Murray

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3. John Murray believed the land next to Port Phillip Bay would be valuable for agriculture. What do you think might have led him to this conclusion?

4. What river flows into Port Phillip Bay? 5. What city now stands on the banks of this river?

Melbourne skyline

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Phillip Parker King P

hillip Parker King, the oldest son of Governor King, was born on Norfolk Island, a British penal colony in the Pacific Ocean. He joined the British Navy, becoming the first person born in the colony to rise to the rank of admiral. King had a great interest in natural history, writing notes and sketching the plants and animals he observed on his four voyages around Australia.

On his second voyage, King sailed north from Sydney in May 1819, again in HMS Mermaid. He navigated through the waters between the east coast and the Barrier Reef, through Torres Strait and on to the Wessel Islands. He entered Joseph Bonaparte Gulf and charted Cambridge Gulf and Cape Londonderry, before returning home.

King’s third voyage in June 1820 was abandoned due to the poor condition of HMS Mermaid. In May 1821, King set sail again in a new ship, HMS Bathurst. He named the Buccaneer Archipelago after William Dampier, who visited the area in 1688.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

King sailed south from Sydney in HMS Mermaid in January 1818, but severe sickness among the crew prevented much examination of the coastline. Beyond Exmouth, a group of islands was explored and named the Dampier Archipelago.

At Arnhem Land, King named Port Essington on Cobourg Peninsula and explored the mouths of several rivers. He also proved that Melville Island was not connected to the mainland. After seven months at sea, Mermaid arrived back in Sydney in July 1818.

In 1822, King circumnavigated Dirk Hartog Island and left a record of his visit. He spelt out his name, using nails hammered into Hamelin’s post. This post had held the pewter replica of Dirk Hartog’s original plate. (In 1818, the French commander, Louis de Freycinet took the pewter plate to France. It was returned to Australia in 1947).

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Although Matthew Flinders had charted much of the coastline of Australia with great accuracy, it was believed that the coastline between Arnhem Land and the North West Cape required further investigation. Captain Phillip Parker King was chosen to lead the surveying expedition.

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C

D

130ºE

140ºE

E

150ºE

F

5

5

10º S

10ºS

4

4

20ºS

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1. (a) Using an atlas, label the map with all the places mentioned in the text. (b) Use different colours to indicate the routes of King’s first two voyages.

120ºE

20ºS

3

3

o c . che e r o t r s super 30ºS

30ºS

2

2

Phillip Parker King became the first person born in the colony to rise to the rank of admiral

40ºS

40ºS

1

1

250

0

500

750 km

1:25 000 000

2. Answer True or False.

A

110ºE

B

120ºE

C

130ºE

D

140ºE

E

150ºE

F

160ºE

G

(a) Arnhem Land is in the north of Australia. ................................................................................................................. True False (b) King commanded HMS Mermaid on his first two voyages. ................................................................................. True False (c) King sailed to the east of the Barrier Reef on his second voyage. ....................................................................... True False 3. What is an archipelago?

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Cape Howe

King George Sound

1798 Bass and Flinders in Norfolk circumnavigate Tasmania

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

1801 John Murray in Lady Nelson discovers Port Phillip Bay

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Point Nuyts

1791 George Vancouver in Discovery describes King George Sound as the best natural harbour in the world

Shark Bay

1773 Tobias Furneaux in Adventure charts south and east coasts of Tasmania

Port Phillip Bay

11 June 1770 Endeavour strikes sharp coral on Great Barrier Reef

1770 Captain James Cook 22 August 1770, Cook raises flag on Possession Island, and claims New South Wales in the name of the British King, George III.

19 April 1770 Lieutenant Zachary Hicks sights land; was named Point Hicks in his honour

Point Hicks

Botany Ba Bay

29 April 1770 Isaac Smith becomes first Briton to land on the shore of eastern Australia, at Botany Bay

1801 James Grant in Lady Nelson charts coastline between Wilsons Promontory and Western Port

Wilsons Western Port Promontory

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1797 George Bass in an open whaleboat charts coast from Point Hicks to Western Port

1802 Matthew Flinders in Investigator arrives at the Australian coastline from the Cape of Good Hope and charts an easterly course to circumnavigate Australia

1699 William Dampier in Roebuck lands on Dirk Hartog Island and travels north to Roebuck Bay

1818 Phillip Parker King in Mermaid charts from Exmouth to Port Essington

Cape York

Possession Island

F

Dirk Hartog Island

Exmouth

Dampier Archipelago

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1688 William Dampier in Cygnet explores Cape Leveque, King Sound and Buccaneer Archipelago

Roebuck Bay

King Sound

Teac he r Wessel Islands

R BAR

R EE

1819 Phillip Parker King in Mermaid charts from Wessel Islands to Cape Londonderrys

. te Cape Leveque

Buccaneer Archipelago

Joseph Bonaparte Gulf

1803Melville Matthew Flinders Island Matthew Flinders in Investigator Port heads for Timor for supplies and Essington repairs after charting the south, east and north coasts of Australia.

E GR

AT

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Map summary of British exploration of Australia

THE BRITISH

86

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Exmouth

1802 Matthew Flinders HMS Investigator

Point Nuyts King Cape George Howe Sound

Shark Bay Sydney Botany Bay

Point Hicks Wilsons Port Phillip Promontory Western Port Bay Bay

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Exmouth

from Timor

to Timor

Point Nuyts King Cape George Howe Sound 1791 George Vancouver HMS Discovery

Shark Bay

Dirk Hartog Island

Exmouth

Port Melville Island Essington Joseph Buccaneer Bonaparte Archipelago Gulf Cape Leveque King Sound Roebuck Bay Dampier Archipelago

Teac he r

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C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 1770 James Cook HMB Endeavour

Possession Islands

Cape York

Wessel Islands

1773 Tobias Furneaux HMS Adventure

Port Melville Island Essington Joseph Buccaneer Bonaparte Archipelago Gulf Cape Leveque King Sound Roebuck Bay Dampier Archipelago

to Timor

Sydney

Point Hicks Wilsons Port Phillip Promontory Western Port Bay Bay

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from Timor

Cape York

Botany Bay

Possession Island

William Dampier, James Cook and Tobias Furneaux

Dirk Hartog Island

to Timor

Wessel Islands

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Point Nuyts King Cape George Howe Sound

Dirk Hartog Island 1699 William Dampier HMS Roebuck Shark Bay

Exmouth

Port Melville Island Essington Joseph Buccaneer Bonaparte Archipelago Gulf Cape Leveque King Sound Roebuck Bay Dampier Archipelago

Melville Island

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Point Nuyts King Cape George Howe Sound

Shark Bay

Dirk Hartog Island

Port Phillip Bay

Botany Bay 1802 John Murray HMS Lady Nelson

July 1820 to Dec 1820

May 1819 to Jan 1820

May 1817 to Jan 1818

Point Hicks Western Port Bay

Sydney

Possession Island Cape York

Wessel Islands

1797 George Bass in open whaleboat

1817 – 1820 Phillip Parker King HMS Mermaid

Botany Bay 1798 Bass & Flinders HMS Norfolk Point Hicks Wilsons Port Phillip Promontory Western Port Bay Bay

Sydney

Possession Island

Cape York

Wessel Islands

George Vancouver, George Bass and Matthew Flinders

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from Timor

Maps of British exploration routes of Australia

THE BRITISH

Phillip parker King and John Murray

Matthew Flinders

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THE BRITISH

Great Britain 1795 sloop 31 m 334 tonnes (est.) wood 12 guns

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country of origin: built: type: length: weight: hull: armament:

HMS Investigator

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THE BRITISH

Quiz – The British 1. At which island, to the north of Australia, did ships often stop to replenish their stocks?

13. George Vancouver discovered the site of which Western Australian port?

2. Name the two ships William Dampier sailed in his explorations of Australia.

14. On 17 January 1773, James Cook made history by being the first known person to cross which line of latitude?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. Where did William Dampier leave his troublesome officer?

15. Which pair of explorers proved that Van Diemen’s Land was an island?

16. The name of Bass and Flinders’s small boat was Little Leprechaun, Tiny Toe or Tom Thumb?

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Teac he r

4. On his first voyage to Australia, James Cook sailed in, HMS Batavia, HMB Endeavour or HMS Tahiti?

5. James Cook travelled to the South Pacific to observe the transit of which planet?

17. The name of the waterway between Van Diemen’s Land and the mainland is Bass Strait, Cook Strait or Torres Strait?

6. True or False: The name of the botanist on board HMB Endeavour was Joseph Banks.

18. The book Swiss family Robinson inspired Matthew Flinders to join the navy.

© R. I .

C.Publ i cat i ons True or False?

19. Whom did Matthew Flinders meet at Encounter Bay? •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

7. The first name given to Botany Bay was Endeavour Bay, Shark Bay or Stingray Bay?

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20. Matthew Flinders was imprisoned on M by the F 21. Port Phillip Bay was discovered by Matthew Flinders.

9. The three masts which carry the driving sails of a ship are the:

and

.

True or False?

22. The first European ship to sail into Port Phillip Bay was Endeavour, Lady Nelson or Roebuck?

o c . che e r o t r s super ,

.

10. The s sails control the direction of the ship.

11. The position of a ship can be determined using d

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8. The name of the island where James Cook raised the British flag was King George Island, Cook Island or Possession Island?

r

or the

and . position of the 12. George Vancouver and Tobias Furneaux both accompanied James Cook on which of his three voyages?

23. Norfolk, the first boat to be built in the colony, was built by .

24. Buccaneer Archipelago was named after which British explorer?

25. Phillip Parker King was born on Dirk Hartog Island, Norfolk Island or in Van Diemen’s Land?

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The British – Answers William Dampier – 2 ......... p. 73

anchor bow driving mizzen steering

(b) unfurl (d) direction (f) rigging (h) stern

(c) William Westall recorded Aboriginal rock paintings 3. (a) Flinders is imprisoned in Mauritius (b) Flinders is released, Mauritius falls to Britain (c) Flinders dies (d) The name of Australia is officially adopted.

4. Teacher check James Grant and John Murray ...................... p. 84 1. –3. Teacher check 4. (a) Yarra River (b) Melbourne Phillip Parker King ........... p. 85

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Navigators, botanists and astronomers ..................... p. 78

1. navy 10. coastline 2. war 11. headlands 3. position 12. official 4. strength 13. observing 5. moon 14. Earth 6. advanced 15. distance 7. energy 16. botany 8. sequence 17. plants 9. achievement 18. continent George Vancouver and Tobias Furneaux ............................p. 79

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1. (a) New voyage around the world by William Dampier published (b) Dampier explores New Holland and New Guinea in HMS Roebuck (c) George Fisher left in Brazilian jail (d) Dampier reaches Dirk Hartog Island (e) Crew of Roebuck sight New Guinea (f) HMS Roebuck sinks off Ascension Island 2. pirates – sailors who plundered the ships of any nation buccaneers – sailors who plundered the ships of nations with whom they were at war privateers – British, North American and French sailors in the Caribbean who plundered Spanish ships but not those of each other 3. To steal with violence 4. William Dampier 5. – 6. Teacher check Captain James Cook – 2 .... p. 75

2. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) 3.

1. Teacher check 2. (a) True (b) True (c) False 3. A group of islands Quiz questions .................. p. 89 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Timor Cygnet, Roebuck Brazilian Jail HMB Endeavour Venus True Stingray Bay Possession Island mainmast, foremast, mizzenmast steering dead reckoning, moon and stars second Albany Antarctic Circle George Bass, Matthew Flinders Tom Thumb Bass Strait False Nicolas Baudin Mauritius, French False Lady Nelson convicts William Dampier Norfolk Island

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1. three years 2.

3. Teacher check The Endeavour ................. p. 76 1.

E H G F

1. (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False (e) False 2. Teacher check George Bass and Matthew Flinders – 1 ...................... p. 80 1. Teacher check 2. (a) Teacher check (b) Teacher check George Bass and Matthew Flinders – 2 ...................... p. 81

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o c . che e r o t r s super Teacher check Matthew Flinders and Investigator – 2 ............... p. 83 1.

A D C B

I K

J 2. (a) eight men drowned (b) Flinders met Nicolas Baudin

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