H.A.S.S. Quizzes & Games - Year 5

Ready-Ed Publications

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Author: Tarnie Hayward

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ISBN: 978 192 561 111 3 2

Contents Section 2: Geography Landforms and Settlement - Information Page Landforms and Settlement - Quiz Landforms and Settlement - Word Search & Sudoko

31

Urban Development - Information Page Urban Development - Quiz Urban Development - Word Scatter

35 36 37

Tourism - Information Page Tourism - Quiz Tourism - Crossword

38 39 40

Australian Climate - Information Page Australian Climate - Quiz Australian Climate - Word Search

41 42 43

Events That Affected Colonisation - Information Page 16 Events That Affected Colonisation - Quiz 17 Events That Affected Colonisation - Letter Fit 18

Australia's Tropical Savannahs - Information Page Australia's Tropical Savannahs - Quiz Australia's Tropical Savannahs - Letter Fit

44 45 46

Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt - Information Page Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt - Quiz Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt - Crossword

Bushfires - Information Page Bushfires - Quiz Bushfires - Word Search & Sudoko

47 48 49

General Knowledge Quizzes General Knowledge - Quiz 1 General Knowledge - Quiz 2 General Knowledge - Quiz 3 General Knowledge - Quiz 4 General Knowledge - Quiz 5

50 51 52 53 54 55

Teachers' Notes Curriculum Links Section 1: History British Penal Colonies - Information Page British Penal Colonies - Quiz British Penal Colonies - Crossword Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay - Information Page Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay - Quiz Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay - Letter Scatter

4 4-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Inland Settlements & Bathurst - Information Page 13 Inland Settlements & Bathurst - Quiz 14 Inland Settlements & Bathurst - Word Search 15

19 20 21

The Sheep Industry - Information Page 22 The Sheep Industry - Quiz 23 The Sheep Industry - Word Search & Sudoko 24 Australian Migrants - Information Page Australian Migrants - Quiz Australian Migrants - Letter Scatter

25 26 27

Great Australians - Information Page Great Australians - Quiz Great Australians - Word Search

28 29 30

Answers

32 33 34

56-58

3

Teachers’ Notes H.A.S.S Quizzes & Games: Year 5 is a fun way for your students to engage with the History and Geography curriculum. Students will complete a number of quizzes, crosswords, letter scrambles and other enjoyable activities based on information pages which are explicitly linked to core H.A.S.S concepts.

To make life easy, answers are provided at the back of the book so that the quizzes and games can be marked as a class. The final section of the book includes five quick general knowledge quizzes - these quizzes are a great way to find out how much your students already know about the world, and inspire them to find out more about global issues and events. They might like to work in pairs or small groups to complete these.

This resource is flexible and can be used to introduce or consolidate key H.A.S.S content.

Students can work through the quizzes and games independently in class or at home. The worksheets can also be given to fast finishers.

Curriculum Links Reasons (economic, political and social) for the establishment of British colonies in Australia after 1800 (ACHASSK106) investigating the reasons for the establishment of one or more British colonies such as a penal colony (for example, Moreton Bay, Van Diemen’s Land) or a colony that later became a state (for example, Western Australia, Victoria) The nature of convict or colonial presence, including the factors that influenced patterns of development, aspects of the daily life of the inhabitants (including Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples) and how the environment changed (ACHASSK107) investigating colonial life to discover what life was like at that time for different inhabitants (for example, a European family and an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander language group, a convict and a free settler, a sugar cane farmer and an indentured labourer) in terms of clothing, diet, leisure, paid and unpaid work, shopping or trade, language, housing and children’s lives mapping local, regional and state/territory rural and urban settlement patterns in the 1800s, and noting factors such as geographical features, climate, water resources, the discovery of gold, transport and access to port facilities that shaped these patterns investigating the impact of settlement on the local environment and its ecosystems (for example, comparing the present and past landscape and the flora and fauna of the local community) The impact of a significant development or event on an Australian colony (ACHASSK108) investigating an event or development and explaining its economic, social and political impact on a colony (for example, the consequences of frontier conflict events such as the Myall Creek Massacre, the Pinjarra Massacre; the impact of South Sea Islanders on sugar farming and the timber industry; the impact of the Eureka Stockade on the development of democracy; the impact of internal exploration and the advent of rail on the expansion of farming) The reasons people migrated to Australia and the experiences and contributions of a particular migrant group within a colony (ACHASSK109)

4

Curriculum Links identifying the reasons why people migrated to Australia in the 1800s (for example, as convicts; assisted passengers; indentured labourers; people seeking a better life such as gold miners; and those dislocated by events such as the Industrial Revolution, the Irish Potato Famine and the Highland Clearances) The role that a significant individual or group played in shaping a colony (ACHASSK110) investigating the contribution or significance of an individual or group to the shaping of a colony in the 1800s (for example, explorers, farmers, pastoralists, miners, inventors, writers, artists, humanitarians, religious and spiritual leaders, political activists, including women, children, and people of diverse cultures) exploring the motivations and actions of an individual or group that shaped a colony Geography The influence of people, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, on the environmental characteristics of Australian places (ACHASSK112) identifying how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities altered the environment and sustained ways of living through their methods of land and resource management exploring the extent of change in the local environment over time (for example, through vegetation clearance, fencing, urban development, drainage, irrigation, farming, forest plantations or mining), and evaluating the positive and negative effects of change on environmental sustainability The environmental and human influences on the location and characteristics of a place and the management of spaces within them (ACHASSK113) comparing how people have responded to climatic conditions in similar and different places and explaining why most Australians live close to the coast compared to inland Australia investigating the influence of landforms (for example, river valleys such as the MurrayDarling, Yellow (Huang He), Yangtze, Amazon, Mekong or Ganges), on the development of settlements that are involved in food and fibre production examining the effects of landforms (for example, valleys, hills, natural harbours and rivers) on the location and characteristics of their place and other places they know exploring the extent of change in the local environment over time and the impact of change on ecosystems exploring how a unique environment is used and managed (for example, settlement and human use of Antarctica and the practices and laws that aim to manage human impact) The impact of bushfires or floods on environments and communities, and how people can respond (ACHASSK114) mapping and explaining the location, frequency and severity of bushfires or flooding in Australia explaining the impacts of fire on Australian vegetation and the significance of fire damage on communities researching how the application of principles of prevention, mitigation and preparedness minimises the harmful effects of bushfires or flooding

5

Section 1: History

6

Information Page

British Penal Colonies Read the information, then complete the quiz and the crossword which follow.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, convicted criminals in Britain were transported to far-off penal colonies in different parts of Britain’s Empire. The British government wanted to separate criminals from law-abiding citizens in society. It was hoped that the harsh punishment of being transported would make people think twice before committing crimes, even petty ones such as stealing food or clothes. During the 17th and 18th centuries, penal colonies had been set up in Georgia in North America, Bermuda, Ghana, the Andaman Islands and Singapore. New South Wales became a British penal colony in 1788.

Transportation was also a way of dealing with the problem of overcrowding in prisons. This problem was so serious that old ships, called hulks, were converted into floating prisons. Once convicts had been transported, they were forbidden to step foot in the Old Country again, even after serving out their sentences. Petty criminals were not the only ones marked for transportation. Political opponents, Tolpuddle Martyrs, Irish rebel leaders, orphans, mutineers and pirates found themselves bound for Botany Bay. Other reasons for setting up penal colonies in Australia after 1800: • The North American colonies refused to accept British convicts after the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Britain needed a remote place to keep sending its convicts.

• To gain control over the huge Australian territory and prevent other European powers, in particular France, from establishing colonies on the continent.

• To use Australia’s location to promote trade with Asian nations like China.

• Cheap convict labour could build infrastructures that the colony needed, such as: roads, bridges and public buildings. Convicts could be assigned to settlers to work on farms.

• Britain could benefit economically from the industries developed in the Australian colonies with convict labour. New South Wales was already producing fine wool from merino sheep and quality wine, and a thriving whaling and sealing industry was operating around Bass Strait.

Between 1788 and 1868 more than 165,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies.

Van Diemen's Land

By 1803 there were more convicts than free settlers in the colony of New South Wales. Keeping law and order was a major concern for Governor King. He decided that another penal colony should be established in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), where hardened criminals could be sent to separate them from the general convict population in Sydney. Van Diemen’s Land was considered a “sister colony” of Sydney. In 1804 Governor King gave Lieutenant-Governor David Collins the task of establishing Hobart Town as the new penal colony (see map right).

The French Threat

There was another reason for King’s decision to set up a penal colony rapidly in Van Diemen’s Land. The British wanted to make it clear to the French that they were not welcome on Australian shores. French explorers had been on mapping expeditions around the Australian coastline shortly after the first landing at Botany Bay in 1788. Like the British, the French were empire builders in search of new territories with resources to exploit. The French had also established penal colonies in remote places, but their interest in Van Diemen’s Land seemed to be more of a scientific nature. In 1793 Bruni D’Entrecasteaux, a French navigator, spent five weeks exploring the Derwent River and Huon Valley area of Tasmania. Scientists made contact with local Indigenous Australians to learn about their way of life. They mapped the area and sketched fauna and flora. The French even left behind a walled vegetable and herb garden that they had cultivated at Recherche Bay. 7

Quiz

British Penal Colonies

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1.

Which group was transported from Britain to penal colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries?

a) suspected criminals

b) convicted criminals

c) homeless

d) aristocrats

2.

Why were these people transported?

a) to decrease Britain’s population

b) to separate them from law-abiding citizens

c) to have them explore new lands

d) it was cheaper than keeping them in prison

3. What was the name given to those transported?

a) convicts

b) converts

c) colonists

d) settlers

4. Which country did NOT house a British penal colony in the 17th and 18th centuries?

a) Germany

b) North America

c) Singapore

d) Australia

5. Old ships were converted into floating prisons. What were these floating prisons known as?

a) barges

b) sloops

c) hulks

d) chattels

6. When were the transported prisoners allowed back to England?

a) after they paid a fine

b) after serving their sentences

c) after they apologised

d) never

7. Who was NOT marked for transportation?

a) soldiers

b) orphans

c) pirates

d) political opponents

8. Between 1788 and 1868, how many people were transported to the Australian colonies?

a) 1500

b) 55, 000

c) 165,000

d) 500,000

9. By 1803 there were more convicts than free settlers in the NSW colony. Why was this a concern?

a) there wasn’t enough housing

b) there wasn’t enough food

c) keeping law and order was almost impossible

d) there was not enough land

10. Governor King decided to create a new colony on Van Diemen’s Land. What is Van

Diemen’s land known as today?

a) Dirk Hartog Island

b) Tasmania

c) Queensland

d) Hamilton Island

11. The new colony on Van Diemen’s Land was known as a what colony to Sydney?

a) brother

b) father

c) mother

d) sister

12. What was a reason to set up a new colony on Van Diemen’s Land?

8

a) to generate more wealth for Sydney

b) to stop the French from colonising it

c) the climate was better than Sydney

d) to build a trade route with New Zealand Section 1: History

Crossword

Questions British Penal Colonies

Use the information on page 7 and the clues below to help you to solve the crossword.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Town

ACROSS

down

2

Van Diemen's land colony was a _________ colony

1

Those convicted would be sent to _________ colonies

4

The British wanted to stop the nation of _________ colonising Australia

2

The name given tot hose who freely moved to the colonies

5

Name given to those sent over to the colonies

3

One of the benefits of colonies in Australia is they were _________

7

Once arrived, people were used as a cheap _________

5

At first only convicted _________ were transported

8

Van Diemen's land is now known as _________

6

The bay where the first colony was set up

9

When were convicts allowed to be transported back to England?

10 Political opponents, pirates and _________ were also transported 11 Colonies in Australia allowed greater _________ with Asia 12 The name of the prison ships

Section 1: History

9

Information Page

Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay Read the information, then complete the quiz and letter scatter which follow.

The penal settlement at Macquarie Harbour, situated on the west coast of Van Diemen’s Land, had earned the reputation of being a place of horror. Its inmates were “some of the most incorrigible criminals of the Kingdom”. During the 11 years that Macquarie Harbour operated as a penal station (1822-1833), 1,150 men and 30 women served out their sentences behind its “sullen gates”.

A Perfect Place For a Prison The main part of the Macquarie Harbour prison was situated on Sarah Island with other facilities on nearby islands. The prisons could only be reached by sea through a passage called “Hell’s Gate”. This route was dangerous due to the strong currents and rocks. The site was surrounded by rugged wilderness and was 240 kilometres away from the nearest settlement at Hobart Town. The British claimed that Macquarie Harbour was escape-proof.

Convicts at Macquarie Harbour were there to work and be reformed. The Huon pine forests near the colony provided timber to build more than 120 ships of all sizes for the British government. The diagram below shows other types of convict work carried out at the penal station.

Convict Work Hard labour • • • • •

Chain gang with leg irons Cutting and hauling trees Road building Crushing rocks Ploughing land without oxen

Skilled • • • • •

Blacksmiths Carpenters Gardeners Ship builders Overseers

Females • • • • •

Servants to officers Laundry work Seamstresses Nurses in prison hospital Cooks, bakers

Punishment If convicts behaved well and worked hard during their time at Macquarie Harbour, they could earn rewards like conditional pardons or paid work from settlers. For those who would not be disciplined, the punishments were severe – floggings of more than 50 lashes and solitary confinement in a tiny windowless cell for a month at a time with reduced rations of food. Convict women were also flogged and had their heads shaved.

Moreton Bay The Jaggera and Turrbal Aboriginal clans had made the river, creeks, mangroves and islands of Moreton Bay their traditional home for over 10,000 years. They lived well off the shellfish, fish and birds that flourished in its waterways. Captain Cook and Matthew Flinders had observed the presence of Indigenous Australians in the area during their voyages of exploration along Australia’s east coast in the late 18th century. In 1824, the surveyor John Oxley explored more than 80 kilometres of the Brisbane River. Oxley proposed that the fertile soil, ready supply of timber for building and abundance of fresh water would make Moreton Bay an ideal place for a convict colony. Redcliffe was the first site chosen for the colony (see map), but it was abandoned in 1825 for the more reliable water supply found at Brisbane.

The Moreton Bay Penal Establishment The Brisbane penal colony was off-limits to free settlers. It was forbidden to come within 80 kilometres of the walled prison. Like Macquarie Harbour, Moreton Bay was the destination for convicts from Sydney who had repeatedly committed crimes. From 1825 to 1839 about 2,200 men and 135 women were transported to Moreton Bay. The early commanding officers of Moreton Bay did not make much progress and were soon replaced. In 1826 Captain Patrick Logan took charge and declared that under his command convicts would be well-disciplined.

He was known to have ordered floggings with 150 lashes for convicts who did not want to work.

Logan quickly developed the penal site by: • planting acres of cornfields to supply food for the penal colony; • building a commissariat store and windmill, which are still in use today.

On October 17th 1830, Captain Logan was killed by Indigenous Australians as he was exploring the upper reaches of the Brisbane River. His party had been warned to leave the area by Indigenous Australians because they were trespassing on traditional hunting grounds.

10

Quiz

Quiz 2 Harbour & Moreton Bay Macquarie

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. The Macquarie Harbour penal settlement was placed on the west side of:

a) TAS

b) NSW

c) QLD

d) WA

2. The main part of the Macquarie Harbour prison was on Sarah Island. It could only be reached by sea

through a passage called:

a) Heaven’s Gate

b) Hell’s Gate

c) Horror Gate

d) Water Gate

3. Why was this route dangerous?

a) large population of sharks

b) very shallow waters

c) strong currents and rocks

d) a wind tunnel effect

4. What was a reward for those who behaved well and worked hard at Macquarie Harbour?

a) conditional pardon b) extra food

c) nicer clothes

d) a passage home

5. What was NOT a punishment for those who misbehaved?

a) floggings

b) solitary confinement c) reduced food

d) return trip to Sydney

6. What natural resource was there at Macquarie Harbour that helped build 120 ships for the British

Government?

a) granite quarry

b) huon pine forest

c) a stone mill

d) rainforests

7. What was the name of the surveyor who explored more than 80 kms of the Brisbane River in 1824?

a) John Oxley

b) Captain Cook

c) Matthew Flinders

d) Charles Condor

8. Why was Moreton Bay considered an ideal place for a convict colony in 1825?

a) it was surrounded by large granite cliffs

b) it had fertile soil and fresh water

c) it was far away from Sydney

d) it was already populated by explorers

9. Moreton Bay was off-limits to whom?

a) convicts

b) police officers

c) free settlers

d) politicians

10. Why was the Moreton Bay penal colony similar to the Macquarie Harbour penal colony?

a) they were both built on islands

b) they were both offered trade with free settlers

c) they were both built for repeat criminals

d) they were both built for protection of free settlers

11. In 1826 Captain Patrick Logan took charge of Moreton Bay. What is one improvement he did

NOT make to its development?

a) planted cornfields

b) built a store

c) created canals

d) built a windmill

12. In 1830, Captain Logan was killed because:

a) the convicts rioted

b) he trespassed on traditional Indigenous hunting grounds

c) he committed fraud

d) he tried to return to Britain

13. Which of these jobs were female convicts NOT expected to do:

a) laundry

b) seamstress

c) build ships Section 1: History

d) become nurses 11

Letter Scatter

Questions Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay

Put in the missing letters to complete the words. There is a clue for each word.

The information on page 10 will also help you.

1.

2.

A

3.

L

4.

R

5.

6.

The penal settlement in Tasmania was at _________ Harbour.

The main part of the prison in Tasmania was on ________ Island.

The prisons could only be reached by a passage called ______ Gate.

Rocks and ______ made this passage very risky. _____ pine was used to build ships for the British.

C

U E

There was considered little chance of ______.

7.

N

8.

N

9.

E

10.

O

11.

12.

S O

13.

14.

O

If they behaved well, convicts could be granted ____________.

If they behaved badly, they could receive a _______.

A second penal colony was set up in _______ Bay. Settlers were not allowed to be within 80 kms of the ______ walls.

What was planted to supply food for the penal colony?

The commander of the penal colony was Captain _____.

The Captain was killed by ______ Australians.

He was trespassing on traditional _______ grounds.

I

The Mystery Word A

From your fourteen answers above, select words to fit into the spaces. If you choose the correct words, you will answer this question:

N

The "Cannibal Convict" who managed to escape Sarah Island was

R O

Alexander_ _______________________

R L

12

Section 1: History

Information Page

Inland Settlements & Bathurst Read the information, then complete the quiz and word sleuth which follow.

The penal colony at Sydney expanded rapidly in the 1800s as more free settlers boarded ships in Europe to make a new life in the wilds of Australia. Land grants, free convict labour and adventure were the big attractions. Free settlers, merchants and pardoned convicts formed a society that soon wanted to have more say in the way that the colony was being administered by its military governors.

The increase in population also meant that more food had to be produced. Settlers and ex-convicts wanted to find good farming land further away from the Port Jackson area, but the steep cliffs of the Blue Mountains to the west were an impassable barrier. No European explorer had been able to find a way over the Blue Mountains, which formed part of the Great Dividing Range.

On the 11th May 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth set out from St Marys in Sydney’s west, to find a way over the Blue Mountains (with the permission of Governor Lachlan Macquarie).

They were better prepared than earlier explorers for the task and took an indigenous guide with them and a six-week supply of food. After 21 days, the party reached the top of Mount Blaxland. From there, the explorers found what they had been searching for. Blaxland wrote in his journal in 1823, “All around, forest or grass land, sufficient in extent … to support the stock of the colony for the next thirty years”. The colony’s settlers celebrated when they heard the good news.

The crossing of the Blue Mountains allowed settlers to move into the western plains of New South Wales. In 1815, Governor Macquarie declared that Bathurst would be the first inland settlement and ordered a road to be built with convict labour through the mountains.

Houses Many of the free settlers who made their way to Bathurst and the western plains of New South Wales already had farms in the Sydney area. The wide open plains were ideal for growing grain and raising sheep and cattle.

Convict labour was used to clear land, build roads and erect houses for the pastoralists and their farm workers and servants. Wealthy landowners constructed Georgian style homes whilst settlers with smaller land grants, built their one or two-roomed homes from what natural materials they could find in the area.

What Did the Settlers Eat? It took four days to travel by horse from Bathurst to Sydney Town in the 1830s and longer by ox and cart over the rough-cut mountain roads. Settlers had to depend on the food that they could grow on their farms and the plants and animals available in the region.

In the 1850s rabbits, hares and fallow deer were introduced into the Australian environment. Settlers enjoyed hunting these animals as it reminded them of their life in the Old Country and added a different flavour to the cooking pot.

Life in Bathurst Settlers set about building a future on the land for themselves and their children. After a day’s hard work in the fields, making clothes or preserving fruits, there was some time left for leisure activities. The Bathurst countryside provided pastimes such as collecting butterflies and moths, collecting rocks that contained gems and fossils and going for a dip in a local waterhole.

Children in the 1800s loved toys, nursery rhymes and games just as much as children do today. People believed at this time though that games should be educational. This is why board games often focused on teaching science, history, geography and religion. Books were still quite rare in the colony and would have only been found in the homes of wealthy free settlers. Poorer settlers may not have known how to read and education was not compulsory for children.

Clothing Women on homesteads had the job of making clothes for the family. Hard-wearing fabrics like calico, denim and muslin were used so that clothes lasted longer. The Bathurst climate meant that farmers had to work outdoors in the hot, dry summer and the cold, icy conditions of winter. Cotton shirts and trousers kept them cool in summer and for winter a woollen jacket and hat were added.

In the 19th century, children’s clothing was a miniature version of what their parents wore. Boys and girls wore frocks with pantaloons underneath. Wealthier settlers could afford to order items from Sydney Town such as silk and cotton stockings, fancy vests and wool frock coats with tails. Women wore long skirts, blouses and lace-up boots. They would carry parasols to protect them from the hot sun and wore bonnets for church and decorated hats for social occasions.

13

Quiz

Inland & Bathurst QuizSettlements 3

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. What was NOT one of the reasons that the penal colony at Sydney expanded rapidly in the 1800s?

a) more free settlers arrived

b) land grants were given out

c) free convict labour was promised

d) there was a crime wave in Britain

2. What was an important social change that was happening at this time?

a) settlers and pardoned convicts wanted more say in the way the colony was run

b) all convicts were pardoned and considered free citizens

c) convict groups united for fairer rights

d) the colonies were de-militarised and voting began

3. The increase in population meant more food needed to be produced, and therefore more farming land

was needed. What was a barrier of increasing farm land?

a) Sturt Stony Desert

b) Great Dividing Range

c) Blue Gum Forest

d) Murray River

4. On 11th May 1813, which 3 explorers set out from Sydney to find a way over the Blue Mountains?

a) Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth

b) Lawson, Macquarie and Wentworth

c) Blaxland, Lawson and Macquarie

d) Blaxland, Macquarie and Wentworth

5. How many days did it take for the explorers to reach the top of Mount Blaxland and discover farming land?

a) 10 days

b) 15 days

c) 21 days

d) 43 days

6. Who did the explorers have helping them in their travels?

a) botanists

b) land surveyors

c) indigenous guides

d) mules

7. The crossing of the Blue Mountains allowed settlers to move into the western plains of NSW.

What was the name given to the new site?

a) St Mary’s

b) Orange

c) Cowra

d) Bathurst

8. What type of labour was used to clear the land, build homes and build roads in the new colony?

a) paid labour

b) indigenous labour

c) convict labour

d) British military labour

9. How long did it take to travel by horse from Bathurst to Sydney in the 1830s?

a) 1 day

b) 2 days

c) 3 days

d) 4 days

10. In the 1850s, what animal was introduced to create a food source for setters?

a) sheep

b) cows

c) rabbits

d) chickens

11. What sort of clothing did the settlers wear in the colonies?

a) hard wearing heavy fabrics

b) light weight cool fabrics

c) fancy fabrics and lace

d) furs and raincoats

12. What was a rare thing for children in the 1800s in Australia?

14

a) jigsaw puzzles

b) skipping ropes

c) card games

d) books

Section 1: History

Word Search

Inland Settlements & Bathurst

Solve the word search by finding all the words listed below.

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C O V

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A Q U

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V W K

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H W Y

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A H Q

T M

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Z W G U M R

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G N H C

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V O H A

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W L

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N N M F

Q R

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Y Q M N

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K W

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Q N O A M T

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U C Q V

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C M F I

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S M S

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Y W K

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B O O M R

V

B

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A U D

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A M O W H

V

L

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B Q D N D

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Y M R

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C M N

B

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U D X

D

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H A

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L M N M A

A

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H C

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A W E

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D M P M Z M

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Words

BLAXLAND

INLAND

RABBIT

COLONY

LABOUR

SETTLEMENT

CONVICT

LANDOWNER

WENTWORTH

EXPLORER

LAWSON

FARMING

MOUNTAIN

GUIDE

PASTURE Section 1: History

15

Information Page

Events That Affected Colonisation Read the information, then complete the quiz and letter fit which follow.

From the first years of European settlement in Australia, clashes had broken out between Indigenous Australians and colonists. At the heart of the conflicts was the land and its resources. When the Swan River colony of Western Australia was founded in 1829, the Nyungar people saw colonists moving into their ancient territory with cattle and sheep. Led by Yagan, the Nyungar began to fight for their land and the resources that they needed to survive.

Growing Tensions From 1830 to 1834 Colonists hunted wildlife for food.

Nyungar hunted farm animals.

Nyungar used firestick farming. Crops and farm buildings Colonists built fences and farm buildings. destroyed.

Soldiers issued flour rations to Nyungars.

Nyungar men stole 445 kilograms of flour from Shenton Mill.

Calyute plans revenge for flogging by trying to ambush Three Nyungars arrested for theft. Sent to Fremantle for Thomas Peel, an influential colonist. Killed Nesbitt, a soldier trial. Found guilty and flogged in public. instead. Nyungar people go into hiding..

Thomas Peel wanted to develop fertile land deep in Nyungar territory at Pinjarra. Governor Stirling, with mounted police, accompanied Peel to survey this land. Captain Ellis was sent with troopers to talk to a group of Indigenous Australians spotted near a river bank. Ellis recognised some of the Nyungars involved in Nesbitt’s death. Stirling surrounded the Nyungar campsite with troopers and on hearing Ellis’ signal that they were indeed Nyungar, opened fire. The exact death toll on the 28th October 1834 is not known. Stirling’s report to the British authorities stated that about 15 warriors were killed, but no women and children. Ellis was to die two weeks later from a spear wound. Nyungar people maintain that many more people lost their lives that day, including women and children.

Consequences of the Pinjarra Battle • The death of so many Nyungar people meant that the totem animals and plants of these people could not be eaten for a year so food sources were limited. Rival clans challenged the weakened Nyungar.

• The Nyungars came to a truce with the colonists. Both sides agreed not to provoke or harm each other.

After some time, the Nyungar began to work for colonists on the land that once belonged to them.

By 1820 most of the available land within a 250 kilometre reach of Sydney had been taken up for farming and grazing. Governor Darling tried to stop settlers occupying land beyond the 250 kilometre boundary because it was almost impossible to police these areas. Settlers in remote places could be attacked by Indigenous Australians or menaced by escaped convicts and bushrangers. Darling’s efforts to control new settlements outside the set boundary, however, were not successful.

Influential and well-respected pastoralists pushed further into the interior of the country in search of more land to claim for their sheep-runs and cattle. Squatters established cattle stations on Crown Land without any legal right to own the property. Darling knew it would be difficult to remove these pastoralists. In 1836 the government passed the “Squatting Act,” which gave squatters the opportunity to settle on land beyond the boundaries for an annual licence fee of £10.

Why Was Colonisation Expanding Throughout Australia?

After the 1820s, settlers were moving into new areas of the colony of New South Wales at a rapid rate. News had reached Britain and other European nations that Australia was the land of opportunity for “hardworking men”. Ships regularly arrived at Australian ports with assisted and non-assisted migrants, who hoped to start a new life away from the social and political problems in Europe at the time. There was also a call to end the “hateful lash” of convict transportation to the Australian colonies.

Migrants were attracted to the Australian colonies because of: • the exploration of the interior of the Australian continent which opened up new areas for settlement; • the growth of new settlements at Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, the Swan River in Western Australia and Adelaide in South Australia; • the development of the sheep-grazing industry, which was booming in the low-rainfall regions of the colony. The colony had already earned the reputation of producing first-class fine merino wool; • the discovery of gold and other valuable minerals.

16

QuizThat 4 Affected Colonisation Events

Quiz

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. From the very start of colonisation, there were clashes between Indigenous Australians and

colonists.

What was the main reason for this conflict?

a) different traditions and cultures b) the land and its resources

c) financial arguments d) different languages 2. What was NOT a reason that colonisation reduced the indigenous population of Australia?

a) the introduction of new and different diseases

b) settlers taking over indigenous lands

c) violence between the colonisers and indigenous people

d) the introduction of new types of food 3. What was the name of the indigenous people who lived in the Swan River Colony in 1829?

a) Nyungar b) Wiradjuri c) Koori d) Anangu 4. Why did traditional 'firestick farming' cause tension between Indigenous Australians and

colonists?

a) the burning of vegetation changed the composition of plant and animal species in an area

b) the burning of vegetation reduced the risk of bushfires

c) the burning of vegetation destroyed crops and farm buildings

d) the burning of vegetation created pollution 5. Why did Governor Darling try to stop settlers moving more than 250 kms from Sydney?

a) to limit the amount of land each settler could own

b) to limit the amount of trade that could be done

c) it was almost impossible to police these areas and keep the settlers safe

d) it was harder to collect taxes 6. What are 'squatters'?

a) people who took over other people's houses

b) people who started farming on Crown Land without owning it

c) people who rented Crown Land to farm on it

d) people who bought Crown Land to farm on it 7. What was NOT a reason for the increased colonisation of Australia after the 1820s?

a) exploration of Australia opened up new areas for settlement

b) the discovery of gold

c) the end of British rule in the colonies

d) the expansion of the sheep-grazing industry 9. What led to the Pinjarra massacre in 1834?

a) colonists were hunting wildlife for food

b) Indigenous Australians stole flour from Shenton Mill

c) colonists built fences and farm buildings

d) All of the above 10. What was the name of the Nyungar that led the hostilities against the colony?

a) Woodan b) Yanmar c) Calyute d) Ellis 11. How many Nyungar warriors were reported to be killed in the battle?

a) 2 b) 6 c) 11 d) 15

Section 1: History

17

Letter Fit

Questions Events That Affected Colonisation List of words

Below are words to do with the events affecting colonisation, arranged in order from shortest to longest.

In this box the longest word runs DOWN the centre.

Can you fit twelve more words from the list (all going ACROSS) into the other spaces? Not all words are used in the puzzle.

C

4 letters fire food

O

5 letters crown lands

O

L

N

7 letters culture disease farming license nyungar

I S A

8 letters colonies conflict hardship settlers squatter 9 letters farmhouse firestick resources

T I O N

F

The Mystery Word

S O

From your twelve answers above, select words to fit into the spaces. If you choose the correct words, you will answer this question:

S

Who was the Governor of NSW in the 1820s who helped set up the "Squatting Act"?

F I

_______________________________

R 18

Section 1: History

Information Page

Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt Read the information, then complete the quiz and crossword which follow.

Charles Sturt

John Oxley, the surveyor-general of New South Wales, was convinced that a huge inland sea existed in the heart of the continent. In 1818 he tried to navigate the Macquarie River to its source. His journey ended in an impassable sea of reeds that was named the Macquarie Marshes. Captain Charles Sturt was given the task

by Governor Darling to finish Oxley’s work. Between 1828 and 1846, Sturt led expeditions into the interior of Australia with the aim of solving two mysteries: • Did an inland sea really exist in the heart of the Australian continent?

• Where did the western rivers of New South Wales flow into the sea?

Timeline for Sturt’s Expeditions 1828-1829_ Followed the Macquarie River to the Macquarie Marshes. Headed north, then west to cross the Castlereagh and Bogan rivers. Explored a flowing river (The Darling) for 64 kilometres until it turned into a dry riverbed.

1829-1830_ Traced the Murrumbidgee River until it joined with the Murray River. Discovered that the Murray flowed into the ocean at Lake Alexandrina. Sturt and his party had rowed over 2,900 kilometres along the rivers.

1838_ Sturt trekked overland from Sydney to Adelaide with 300 head of cattle in 40 days. He proved that the “Hume” River was actually the Murray River.

1844-1846_

Last attempt to find inland sea. Followed the Darling River to Milparinka to head into central Australia. Discovered the Grey, Stokes and Barrier Ranges, the Diamantina River and Eyre and Cooper Creeks. Pressed on to the Stony (now Sturt) Desert and reached the Simpson Desert.

Could not pass the nine-metre high sand hills so Sturt was forced to turn back to Adelaide.

Sturt’s Contribution to Australian Exploration Sturt’s expeditions added greatly to the geographical knowledge of Australia. He settled the question once and for all that there was no inland sea, only immense inland deserts. He found that the Darling and Murrumbidgee both ran into the Murray River and that the Murray emptied into the Southern Ocean at Lake Alexandrina.

He navigated the rivers by boat and demonstrated that people and goods could be transported on these waterways. Sturt loved exploring but he paid a high price for his discoveries. He almost lost his sight and suffered ill-health for the rest of his life. He also witnessed the death of his right-hand man and friend, James Poole, from scurvy (a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C) on the trek back from the heart of Australia.

Ludwig Leichhardt

The Colonial Office would not give Ludwig Leichhardt the authorisation that he needed for an expedition from Brisbane to Port Essington, near Darwin. The determined explorer decided that he would organise and fund his own expedition. Leichhardt departed from the Darling Downs on October 1st 1844 with a nine-man team, 17 horses, 16 bullocks and enough flour, tea and sugar to hopefully last them during the trek.

Leichhardt’s inexperience as a bushman and explorer soon had disastrous results. Among the difficulties the party faced were: -- not enough food supplies for all to complete the journey; two men had to turn back to Brisbane; -- the party was frequently getting lost; -- Leichhardt had two teeth knocked out in a fight; -- horses drowned after crossing Roper River and research and specimens were lost; -- Indigenous Australians attacked the party, badly wounding two men and killing John Gilbert.

After 15 gruelling months, Leichhardt crossed Arnhem Land and headed towards Port Essington. On the 16th December 1845, the 4,827 kilometre journey was over for the six remaining men.

Leichhardt’s Achievement Despite the hardships Leichhardt’s expedition experienced, the discoveries made on the trek were valuable for the future development of the Gulf Country of northern Australia. Leichhardt opened up a line of communication between the east coast of Australia and the Gulf of Carpentaria. He described many of the region’s rivers, which would provide water for settlements, and declared the land, “an excellent country, available, almost in its whole extent, for pastoral purposes”. In 1848, Leichhardt tried to find a route from Moreton Bay (Brisbane) to Perth.

This expedition was badly equipped as Leichhardt thought that they could live off the countryside, and bought little food. However, he was not a good bushman. Leichhardt's team vanished during this expedition.

19

Quiz

Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. Why did Captain Charles Sturt start his expedition to inland Australia?

a) to open up roads between the colonies

b) to see if an inland sea existed in the middle of Australia

c) to see if an inland desert existed in the middle of Australia

d) to find new areas to colonise

2. How many years did Captain Sturt spend exploring Australia?

a) 10 years

b) 13 years

c) 18 years

d) 23 years

3. What desert did Captain Sturt discover?

a) Sturt's Sandy Desert

b) Sturt's Stony Desert

c) Sahara Desert

d) Great Sandy Desert

4. What was Captain Sturt's biggest achievement?

a) he was the first to chart the Murray River

b) he found several new native animals

c) he discovered minerals in Broken Hill

d) he found a large inland lake

5. What did Captain Sturt name the lake where the Murray river flowed into the ocean?

a) Eleanor

b) Argentine

c) Alexandrina

d) Augustus

6. Captain Sturt lost his friend James Poole to scurvy on his last expedition. What causes scurvy?

a) dehydration

b) lack of vitamin C

c) infection

d) lack of vitamin D

7. Ludwig Leichhardt was determined to find an inland route from Brisbane to where?

a) Darwin

b) Perth

c) Tasmania

d) Adelaide

c) Clifton

d) Sunshine Coast

8. Where did Leichhardt and his team leave from?

a) Moreton Bay

b) Darling Downs

9. What was NOT a difficulty faced by the party?

a) not enough food supplies for all of them

b) the party kept getting lost

c) their boat sank in the Roper River

d) they were attacked by Indigenous Australians

10. After a 15 month journey, Leichhardt arrived in Port Essington. How far had they travelled?

a) 2,542 km

b) 3,193 km

c) 4,827 km

d) 7,598 km

11. In 1848, Leichhardt set out to find a route from Brisbane to Perth. Why was the party ill equipped?

a) they had no money

b) they didn’t have enough people

c) they didn’t have enough food

d) they didn’t have enough water

12. What happened to Leichhardt’s party?

a) they reached South Australia

b) they gave up and returned to Brisbane

c) they made it to Perth

d) they disappeared

20

Section 1: History

Crossword

Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt Questions

Use the information on page 19 and the clues below to help you to solve the crossword.

1

2 3 4 7

6

5

8

9 10

11 12 13

ACROSS

DOWN

2

Sturt's friend James Poole died of ________

1

Leichhardt lost two ________ in the Roper River

9

The Murray flows into the ocean at Lake ________

2

10 Sturt was finishing the work of surveyor ________

Sturt found the Darling and Murrumbidgee rivers both ran into the ________ river

4

12 Sturt was also exploring Western ________

The Governor who sent Sturt on his expedition

5

13 Sturt was looking for an inland ________

Leichhardt crossed ________ Land to reach Port Essington

6

Leichhardt did not bring enough ________ for his team

7

Leichhardt's party disappeared in 1948 as they searched for a route to ________

8

Leichhardt was looking for a route from Brisbane to ________

11 Leichhardt's party kept getting ________

Section 1: History

21

Information Page

The Sheep Industry Read the information, then complete the quiz and games which follow.

Development of the Sheep Industry

The first flocks of sheep in the colony were used for meat and not for their fleece. In 1797 John Macarthur and other landowners introduced Spanish merino sheep into New South Wales. The Merino sheep adapted well to the hot climate and produced exceptional wool that was exported to Europe. Inland explorers such as Hume, Hovell, Oxley, Sturt and Mitchell reported back to the Colonial Office about the new areas of pastoral land that they had discovered. By the end of the 1830s, the sheep industry had been established in every Australian colony.

Transporting Wool to the Market After shearing, farmers had to transport their fleece in bales to markets. This was made easier as transport systems began to improve in the colonies. Firstly, the bales were loaded on to bullock drays and driven over rough roads to a wharf on the Murray River. The bales were kept in wool stores until paddle steamers transported them along the river to the ports of Adelaide and Melbourne. This system was so efficient that many of the wool producers of New South Wales preferred to ship their bales via the Murray to Melbourne, rather than by bullock dray to Sydney. In 1874 there were 240 boats using the port at Echuca each week. The wool was then shipped to European markets on “clippers.” These ships were faster than other sailing ships. A voyage to England could take as little as ten weeks, instead of seven months. The first steam railways began operating in New South Wales and Victoria in the late 1850s. This was important for the sheep industry because rail transport was faster.

The Economy & the Sheep Industry

The wool produced in the Australian colonies was bought in increasing volume by Britain. Demand for the fine merino wool was so great that manufacturers of textiles from France and Belgium set up permanent offices in the colony so that they could buy directly from the wool producers.

The wool was manufactured into goods in British factories and sold all over the world. This was very profitable for Britain. The Australian colonies prospered economically as well and important decisions concerning their future began to be made.

Changes in Colonial Life in the Late 19th Century • In 1852 self-government was granted to the colonies.

There was a general feeling that if the colonies cooperated more with each other, services like the post, transport and trade could be improved for all colonists.

• British troops left the colonies and convict transportation ended in 1868.

22

•

The colonies advertised for migrants. Australia’s population grew from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871. Universities were established in Sydney and Melbourne.

• The Suez Canal was opened in 1872. Wool and other colonial products could be shipped faster to Europe.

It also made migration easier and safer.

The expression“riding on the sheep’s back”describes how the wool industry supported the economy of the new colonies. In a short time, people saw a big improvement in their standard of living. Sheep grazing was to expand steadily in the 19th century despite the effects of devastating droughts, floods and economic recessions.

The Shearers' Strike

As the sheep industry boomed so did the number of shearers. Being a shearer was not always easy. They had to travel from station to station to find work. Woolsheds could be noisy, suffocating places, particularly during the summer heat that could reach 50ºC. Sheds were often infested with lice as was the basic lodging given to the men. To earn £1, a shearer had to take the fleece off 100 sheep. He had to obey the boss’s woolshed rules or he risked not receiving his wages. A shearer’s day was spent bent over sheep for hours with clippers in hand. As many as 80 men could be on a shearing floor at one time.

In 1890 the Shearers’ Union had many thousands of members and was negotiating for better pay and conditions.When shearers from the Jondaryan woolshed in Queensland went on strike, employers called in non-union labour to do the job. Dock workers from the Rockhampton wharves supported their fellow unionists and refused to load the wool from Jondaryan. However, pastoralists did not give up. They formed the Pastoralists’ Federal Council and continued with their push for a contract of“free labour”.

This gave the employers the freedom to select their own workers. The Shearer’s Union wanted only union workers in the woolsheds.

During 1891 shearers on various sheep stations put down their shears and went on strike. Clashes occurred between shearers and non-union labour that had been called in to work by pastoralists. Angry shearers set fire to grazing pastures, tore down fences and torched woolsheds and houses. It was feared that a civil war could break out after shearers and unionists were arrested and jailed. Many striking shearers were penniless and hungry. In August 1891, the Shearer’s Union and Pastoralists’ Union signed an agreement.

Surprisingly, the agreement permitted pastoralists to employ the workers they wanted – union or non-union.

From this struggle, however, the Australian Labor Party took root. The workers felt their rights could only be protected through political representation.

Quiz

Quiz 6 Industry The Sheep

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. The first flocks of sheep in Australia came with the First Fleet. They were used for:

a) their fleece

b) their meat

c) bartering

d) trade

2. In 1797, John Macarthur introduced which breed of sheep to New South Wales?

a) Suffolk

b) Dorset

c) Merino

d) Clydesdale

3. Why were Macarthur’s sheep prized?

a) they had exceptional wool

b) their meat was more flavoursome

c) they needed less water to survive

d) they bred more easily

4. How did inland explorers (such as Hume, Hovell and Oxley) help the development of the sheep

industry?

a) by finding more waterways

b) by finding new areas of pastoral land

c) by clearing native bushland

d) by breeding more sheep

5. How did early farmers transport their fleece to the markets?

a) in bales

b) in bags

c) as balls of wool

d) in skins

6. The wool produced in Australia was mainly bought by:

a) America

b) Japan

c) France

d) Britain

7. What was the name of the fast ships that transported the wool?

a) clappers

b) clippers

c) slippers

d) sleepers

8. By the late 1850s what innovation made it easier to transport wool?

a) steam railways

b) steam boats

c) better roads

c) steam trucks

9. What was the name of the canal (opened in 1872) that allowed wool to be shipped to Europe faster?

a) Panama Canal

b) Kiel Canal

c) Welland Canal

d) Suez Canal

10. The sheep industry boom created a larger number of shearers. In what year did shearers go on strike?

a) 1887

b) 1891

c) 1895

d) 1901

11. How many sheep did a shearer have to shear to earn ÂŁ1?

a) 10

b) 50

c) 75

d) 100

12. What is NOT a reason why the shearers went on strike?

a) poor working conditions

b) poor pay

c) free labour

d) outdated equipment

13. What did the shearers do in protest?

a) set fire to pastures and woolsheds

b) set sheep free

c) held a rally

d) went on a hunger strike

14. What political party was born from the Shearers' Strike?

a) The Australian Labour Party

b) The Australian Liberal Party

c) The Australian National Party

d) The Australian Democrats Section 1: History

23

The Sheep Industry Questions

Word Search & Word Sudoko

Find the sheep industry words in the word search.

T G P O N

A N E R U T S A P Z W S

E C P Y A W L

I

M I

K E F A L

E C E E L F M Y G

I

R E M E D

I

BALES

CLIPPER

FLEECE

LABOUR

MACARTHUR

T X S H E A R E R B O S

MEAT

G A S T U T W K O Z E N

MERINO

E W I

B Y R

U H L

I

U

PASTURE

C L

P P E R U A T

I

X

RAILWAY

SHEARER

Y Q U N

STRIKE

U U X R L F W R H B Q M

UNION

V H L M A C A R T H U R

I

I

S T R

I

I

I

A R V B I

A B

O N B G B K B

Use the words or the numbers to solve the sudoko. Remember no two words (or numbers) can be used twice in the same row or column.

4

SHEARER

6CLIPPER

4

SHEARER

5

SHED

SHIP

2

3 STEAM TRAIN

BALES

5 3 STEAM TRAIN

2

SHED

6CLIPPER SHIP

4

BALES

SHEARER

4

SHEARER

1

24

SHEEP

2

BALES

3 STEAM TRAIN

4

SHEARER

Section 1: History

5

SHED

6CLIPPER SHIP

Information Page

Australian Migrants Read the information, then complete the quiz and letter scatter which follow.

Assisted Passengers

From 1830 to 1850 there were various schemes that assisted European citizens to migrate to the Australian colonies. The majority of these migrants were British so strong links could be preserved with the mother country, but the schemes also included people from Ireland. By the end of the 1850s more than 188,000 settlers had migrated to Australia under the assisted passage scheme.

Assisted Migration Migrants were searching for a better life outside of Europe. The Industrial Revolution and its new technologies such as steam powered machinery did not require as much manual labour. This left many rural workers without jobs. Unemployed labourers drifted from the countryside into large manufacturing cities like Manchester and Birmingham to find poorly paid work in factories. The workers lived in slums that were often riddled with disease. Crime and poverty ruled people’s lives. There were also events that forced people from their homes, sometimes in desperate circumstances. Some of these events were: • the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) was caused by a potato disease. It led to mass migration from Ireland and a million deaths from starvation; • the Highland Clearances in Scotland saw farmers (crofters) evicted from their lands so that wealthy landowners could expand their sheep farms; • Lutherans from Prussia looking for the freedom to practice their religion migrated to the USA and Australia.

Many of Australia’s future migrants could not afford to pay their passage on ships. It had worried the Colonial Office for some time that good farming land in New South Wales was being granted or occupied by squatters without any payment. In 1831 Lord Goderich decided that land could be sold by auction and that half the proceeds would be used to pay for “suitable” poorer migrants on assisted passages. Shipping agents in Europe were paid a bounty for every skilled man or woman they brought to employers in the Australian colonies. Migration posters advertised the type of people wanted in the colonies: “...they must be of good character, honest, sober and industrious men…real labourers going out to work in the Colony, of sound mind and body…not less than fifteen and not more than thirty and married…the sisters of married applicants are allowed to go free, if they are of good character”.

Indentured Labourers

Queensland became a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859. The new colony needed to develop industries to help it grow economically. Sugar cane had been produced successfully in northern New South Wales for some time so the Queensland government supplied large tracts of land to farmers for sugar cane production.

Even before transportation to the Australian colonies ended in 1868, pastoralists were finding it difficult to find labourers to work on their properties. Farmers proposed that convict transportation should be brought back. It was first suggested that Indians could be brought in to work. Then a solution much closer to home was found - South Sea Islanders from Vanuatu, Samoa, Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait would be employed as indentured labourers to clear land and cut the cane.

A group of sugar cane farmers took it upon themselves to bring South Sea Islanders to the colony to work.

There were concerns about how some sugar cane growers had contracted the South Sea Islanders. It was known that slave-traders operated in the South Pacific. They obtained workers by luring them aboard ships and kidnapping them. To stop kidnapping, the Polynesian Labour Act became law in 1868. This required ships’ captains to carry a document signed by a British consul stating that the South Sea Islanders had come to work of their own free will.

From 1863 to 1904 about 60,000 South Sea Islanders were brought to the Australian colonies. The Islanders soon became expert in all areas of sugar production. The introduction of mechanical cane cutters at the end of the 19th century put an end to the need for indentured workers. Most of the South Sea Islanders returned to their island homes, but some decided to stay and make a new life in Australia.

The South Sea Islanders’ Contribution to Australian Life Indentured workers from the South Sea Islands played an important role in the development of Queensland in the 1800s. South Sea Islanders contributed to: • the establishment of a prosperous sugar cane industry in Queensland; • the development of the grazing, timber, mining and pearling industries; • the building of railway and telegraph networks; • the multicultural heritage of Australia.

25

Quiz

Quiz 7 Migrants Australian

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. What is 'assisted migration'?

a) paying the passage of migrants

b) helping migrants to move their belongings when they arrive in a new place

c) giving work to migrants if they pay their passage

d) helping migrants fill in their immigration forms

2. Where did the majority of migrants come from in the 1830s?

a) Britain

b) Germany

c) USA

d) Asia

3. How old did you have to be to be eligible for assisted migration?

a) between 10 and 20 years old

b) between 15 and 30 years old

c) between 20 and 30 years old

d) any age

4. By the 1850s how many people had migrated to Australia under an assisted migration scheme?

a) 56,000

b) 124, 000

c) 188,000

d) 234,000

5. Why did the Industrial Revolution leave many rural people without jobs?

a) all the work was in the cities, and they couldn’t travel there

b) people didn’t know how to use new technology

c) they weren’t licensed to use machines

d) the machinery meant there was less need for manual labour

6. What was NOT an event that increased migration to Australia?

a) Irish Potato Famine

b) Highland Clearances

c) Black Plague

d) Religious persecution in Prussia

7. In what year did Queensland become a separate colony to New South Wales?

a) 1821

b) 1835

c) 1859

d) 1901

8. What crop did the Queensland government set aside land for?

a) wheat

b) sugar cane

c) barley

d) rice

9. Queensland farmers found it difficult to find workers when convict transportation ended.

Where did they find new workers?

a) South Sea Islands b) India

c) Thailand

b) New Zealand

10. These new workers came as Indentured Labourers to Australia. What does this mean?

a) workers had to work for the same farm until they retired

b) workers came to Australia for a set period of time, then had to returned to their own country

c) workers were only paid with food and lodgings

d) workers had to pay off their passage to Australia, then they were free to settle

11. Why was the Polynesian Labour Act made a law in 1868?

a) to create rights for Indentured workers

b) to increase migration

c) to stop workers being kidnapped

d) to limit the amount labour a worker had to do

26

Section 1: History

Letter Scatter

Questions Australian Migrants

Put in the missing letters to complete the words. There is a clue for each word.

The information on page 25 will also help you.

1.

2.

N

3.

T

4.

E

5.

6.

U P

7.

S

8.

9.

D S

10.

H

11.

12.

The name given to a person who moves to Australia.

Most people who migrated to Australia in the 1830s came from _______.

A change during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s was named the ___________ Revolution.

The Revolution was caused by an increase in ____________.

Factories used less _______ labour and more machines, leading to loss of jobs.

In 1845, Ireland suffered through the _______ famine.

Religious persecution in _______ made people migrate to Australia.

The scheme which helped people move to Australia was called ______ migration.

This scheme helped pay the _______ on the ships.

In 1868, pastoralists in Queensland employed labourers from the ______ _____ islands.

These labourers were called _________ labourers.

The labourers mainly worked on the _______ ____ plantations.

The Polynesian Labour Act was created in 1968 to stop _______ of labourers.

G

E G

13.

G

The Mystery Word

R

From your thirteen answers above, select words to fit into the spaces. If you choose the correct words, you will answer this question:

T S

Who was given free passage to Australia in the 1830s if they were of good character?

O

_________________________________

E M S

Section 1: History

27

Information Page

Great Australians Read the information, then complete the quiz and word sleuth which follow.

Caroline Chisholm Caroline Jones was born in England in 1808. She could have had a comfortable life after marrying Captain Archibald Chisholm in 1832. Instead, she wanted to right wrongs wherever she found them. When Archibald and Caroline were stationed in Madras, India, they set up a school for the daughters of European soldiers.

During the voyage to New South Wales in 1838, Mrs Chisholm experienced first-hand the appalling conditions on board for young girls migrating to Australia. Things did not improve after arriving in the colony – many of the girls had nowhere to live, no employment and no prospects for the future. Caroline took girls into her own home and rolled up her sleeves to raise support and funds to establish a Female Immigrants’ Home. In the short space of two years, Caroline had found jobs for more than 1,000 young women. Her employment agency also demanded contracts for the girls with agreed working conditions and pay so that they could not be mistreated by employers.

Chisholms’ Other Achievements In 1849 Caroline helped to set up the Family Colonisation Loan Society in England. The Society provided loans to enable families to migrate to Australia. Help was also given to find employment.

By the 1850s, the Chisholms had helped thousands of poorer migrants, mostly from Ireland, to make new lives in Australia. She campaigned to get cheap farming land for these migrants. This did not please the powerful squatters, who did not want to share their land holdings.

Caroline fought tirelessly for the improvement of conditions on migrant ships. Her efforts saw the passing of the Passenger Act of 1852 into British law.

In 1857 Caroline arranged shelters to be built for gold miners in Victoria. Caroline Chisholm died in England in 1877. Her work to give opportunities and hope to women and migrants has been commemorated on bank notes and stamps and in the many institutions in Britain and Australia which bear her name.

Famous Australians

There have been many famous Australians since colonisation. Some are famous due to talents in sports, others through their work with charities, medicine and inventions. Listed below are some notable Australians, catergorised by their field.

Medicine:

Edward 'Weary' Dunlop - Australian surgeon in WW2 Fred Hollows - Opthamologist, who restored the sight of thousands of people Victor Chang - Cardiac Surgeon and pioneer of heart transplants Fiona Wood - Plastic Surgeon specialising in burns

Artists:

Frederick McCubbin Albert Namatjira Sidney Nolan Brett Whiteley

Inventors:

David Warren - black box recorder Graeme Clark - bionic ear Lance Hill - Hills Hoist washing line Mervyn Victor Richardson - Victa lawnmower

Sports:

Lionel Rose - boxer Rod Laver - tennis player Cathy Freeman - runner 28

Don Bradman - cricket player Dawn Fraser - swimmer

Singers/Actors

Dame Nellie Melba - opera singer Kylie Minogue - singer Michael Hutchins - singer Heath Ledger - actor Hugh Jackman - actor Cate Blanchett - actress

Scientists/Humanitarians

Douglas Mawson - explorer of Antarctica and a geologist Sir Joseph Banks - naturalist Mark Oliphant - nuclear fusion Moira Kelly - humanitarian Charles Kingsford-Smith - aviator

Writers:

Sally Morgan Miles Franklin Tim Winton Mem Fox David Malouf

Quiz

Great Australians Quiz 8

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. What is Caroline Chisholm most remembered for:

a) charity work

b) politics

c) medicine

d) writing

b) painter

c) pastoralist

d) singer

c) heart surgery

d) carpentry

2. Sir Joseph Banks was a:

a) naturalist

3. Victor Chang was a pioneer in what field?

a) physics

b) mathematics

4. Matthew Flinders:

a) named Australia

b) discovered Australia

c) was captain of the First Fleet

d) was a botanist

5. John Flynn founded which service in Australia?

a) St John’s Ambulance

b) The Flying Doctor Service

c) The Red Cross

d) Doctors Without Borders

6. A famous Australian opera singer was:

a) Dame Edna Everage

b) Dame Enid Lyons

c) Dame Nellie Melba

d) Dame Pattie Menzies

7. The artist who is most famously known for his paintings of Ned Kelly is:

a) Arthur Streeton

b) Charles Condor

c) Norman Lindsay

d) Sidney Nolan

8. Who was the author of “The Man From Snowy River”?

a) Banjo Paterson

b) Henry Lawson

c) Peter Carey

d) Miles Franklin

9. David Warren invented the:

a) pacemaker

b) black box recorder c) lawnmower

d) bionic ear

10. Sir Douglas Mawson explored:

a) South Africa

b) Alaska

c) Antarctica

d) the Arctic

b) tennis player

c) runner

d) swimmer

c) painter

d) dancer

11. Rod Laver is a famous:

a) footballer

12. Albert Namatjira was a famous indigenous:

a) writer

b) singer

13. Sir Charles Kingsford Smith made the first trans-Pacific flight. Where did he fly?

a) from America to Australia

b) from England to Australia

c) from England to America

d) from Australia to Ireland

14. Lionel Rose was a famous indigenous:

a) singer

b) boxer

c) sailor

d) accountant

c) teacher

d) journalist

15. Fiona Stanley is an extremely talented:

a) doctor

b) tap-dancer

Section 1: History

29

Word Search

Great Australians Questions

Try find the names of Great Australians in the word search.

K

C

B

N U

K

S

V

L

Z

G

B

B

G

X

L

X D C

F

L

E

E

R

Z

P W C

N

R

N

I

L

E

Q

I

J

F

Q Z

E

X

B

V

A W H

L

O U H D

F

Y

O K

R

R

L

D

S

C

J

L

F

U

J

K O A

F

O H W F

L

V

B

J

S W B

D

R

N

I

N

K

S

D X

Z

B O U

E

D O Z

I

M A

Y

G

X

T

K

P

R

T

S

A N W G Q

P

M S

U D

H C

K

L

A D D A N

K

Z Q

I

B

H M Y

L

C

S M

K M O U

E

S

G G M N D L

F

X N

T

C

Y Q V

E

C

L W F W W

T

R

D

V

Z

N O K

P

S M T

B

N C

J

T

P

P

E

T

A W N

Y

L

N N

E

A

V

A

F

L

I

A

R

G N

B

H C

U H

I

E M L

J

W W R

B

C D

L

O

J

C

P

C

K

I

H

E

X

A O D

E

L

Y

T

Q B

Y

R

X O N U N N

R

R

U U M L

X

B

U

R

S

E

N

F

Z

Z

S

G

I

T

S M N X O W

J

V

P

O W U

T

D N

E

J

F

O G

Y

L W W H

A N

F

Z

C W O O D

V

T

D

I

C

F

F

O X

W E

I

X

X

A

C

T

H

K

S

I

B W N X

S M M M G O X

R

O

F

D G U

F

A

E

B

E

L

A N

S

Z

H

V

K

N W F M Z

C Y

S

U

S

Y

T

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I

P W P

H N

Z

P W H

I

G

V

U A

K

X

X

P

V

J

D G

P

P

X

A

C H

Words

BANKS

FRANKLIN

NAMATJIRA

BRADMAN

HEMSWORTH

NOLAN

CHANG

HOLLOWS

ROSE

CLARK

LEDGER

WARREN

DUNLOP

MAWSON

WINTON

FOX

MELBA

WOOD

30

A

Section 1: History

Section 2: Geography

31

Information Page

Landforms & Settlement Read the information, then complete the quiz and games which follow.

The settlement in Sydney may have begun with rickety tents in 1788, but the town gradually grew over the next 200 years into the modern city of 4,575,000 people that it is today. But not all places in Australia have continued to grow in population.

In 1911, the census figures revealed that the rural city of Swan Hill on the Murray River in Victoria had 21,141 inhabitants. After a century, the population is almost the same. The mining centre of Broken Hill in outback New South Wales has suffered a different fate. In 1908, Broken Hill had 35,000 residents and was the third largest urban centre in New South Wales. Today the population is 21,000. Since 1788, people in Australia have preferred to live in large coastal urban centres.

Where Early Australian Settlements Developed The early settlements in the colonies of Australia had to support settlers and convicts who were completely cut off from food supplies in Europe for long periods of time. For settlements to survive, there had to be: • a fresh water supply available for people and livestock; • fertile farming land for growing food for the settlement; • timber for building shelter; • a safe port on the mouth of a river for ships to transport people and goods, as no overland road system had been developed.

The colonies grew in population so the need to expand settlement to other areas became essential in order to grow crops and graze livestock. Finding a crossing over the Blue Mountains in New South Wales in 1813 led to the growth of inland communities that were distanced from Sydney. Food and goods that were not consumed in the colony were sold in Europe and this provided income to develop the colonies.

The first towns on ports in Australia soon became bustling hubs for buying and selling farm produce.

These towns received migrants who wanted to make a better life in the colonies.

The Site of Australia's Capital

Where to locate Australia’s national capital after Federation in 1901 caused great debate and lots of squabbling. New South Wales and Victoria, the two most populated states, competed fiercely to have the new capital within their state borders. The states of New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland and Western Australia eventually came to a decision that the first federal parliament could be built in a territory in New South Wales – but it had to be at least 160 kilometres from Sydney.

The Yass-Canberra district was chosen in 1908 as the best location for Australia’s capital city. The district’s fresh air, good water supply and its bush setting near the Brindabella Ranges were among the deciding factors. The nation’s new capital city adopted a coat of arms featuring a black and white swan (image above). The name “Canberra” is believed to have come from the indigenous place name for the area.

The city of Canberra was designed by the famous American architects, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahoney Griffin. They were asked to design a city “not only for the present, but for all time”. It was to be a beautiful bush city of world-class standards. The construction of the capital began in 1915 and continued until the 1940s.

The Australian Capital Territory The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has a land area of 2,358 square kilometres and is home to 365,000 people. It is located 390 kilometres from Sydney and 660 kilometres from Melbourne (see map below).

On average, there are 450 people living in a square kilometre in the ACT. This population density is higher than other state capitals or territories in Australia.

Why Canberra Is An Important Centre In Australia • It is the seat of Australia’s federal parliament.

• It is the site of cultural landmarks such as: The Australian War Memorial, National Gallery of Australia and The National Library.

• It is home to Australia’s major law, educational and scientific institutions.

• Many international embassies, consulates and organisations are located in the city.

32

Quiz

Landforms & Settlement

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Historically, where do people in Australia prefer to live? a) pastoral farming areas b) coastal urban areas c) rainforest areas d) desert areas Why were the first settlements in Australia located on ports? a) because it was closest to where they landed b) to transport people and goods c) other areas where uninhabitable d) the governors of the colonies ordered it Why did these port towns become popular? a) they were centres for buying and selling farm products b) they had nice views c) housing was inexpensive d) there was good mining available What happened to food and goods that were not used by the colonies? a) they were thrown away b) they were sold in Europe c) they were recycled d) they were sent to New Zealand Look at the map. What is the city located at point A? a) Sydney b) Brisbane c) Newcastle d) Gold Coast What is the name of the river at point B? a) Swan b) Murray c) Avon d) Gasgoyne What city is located at point C? a) Derwent b) Darwin c) Karratha d) Gold Coast What is the name given to the large region of South Eastern Australia, where thousands of interconnected creeks and rivers run (point D)? a) Murrumbidgee Basin b) Murray-Darling Basin c) Darling-Murray Basin d) Snowy River Basin What is NOT one reason why Canberra was selected to be the nation’s capital? a) the colder weather was thought to be better for Europeans b) it was not on the coast, making it safe from sea-attacks c) it was not settled, and therefore had room d) it is directly between Melbourne and Sydney Why did Sydney and Melbourne argue to be chosen as Australia's capital city? a) because it would give more power to the city chosen b) because they would receive more money from taxes c) because it would attract more tourists d) because it would increase the rents of housing

C

D

B

A

11. Who designed the city of Canberra?

a) Jorn Utzon

b) Frank Lloyd Wright

c) Walter Burley Griffin d) Charles Canberra

Section 2: Geography

33

Landforms & Settlement Questions

Word Search & Word Sudoko

Find the landform and settlement words in the word search.

S P R P O S W W K M W W

P E M A M G J

S Z T S M P F O V S O R

R F L T P

E N W O L D R R T R R N

V Z C R N E O S A E A H

I

R O L

L N Y K E R F

Z G E

I

O P A H Y S P

Z R T R A N S P O R T F

B Y L A T S A O C D O U

COASTAL DESERT LANDFORM PASTORAL PORTS RAINFOREST RIVERS RURAL SETTLEMENT TRANSPORT URBAN

J

Z R X T P

F T E R U T

G S A D F M L S B

I

R

J

F

Z H D U N N B L I

I

T O Q

Use the words or the numbers to solve the sudoko. Remember no two words (or numbers) can be used twice in the same row or column. This one is tricky!

4

2

RAINFOREST

6

MOUNTAIN

1

FARM

3 5

DESERT

COAST RIVER

6

MOUNTAIN

2

RAINFOREST

1

1

34

FARM

2

1

FARM

6

MOUNTAIN

3

FARM

RAINFOREST

3

COAST

4

DESERT

Section 2: Geography

5

RIVER

6

COAST

MOUNTAIN

Information Page

Urban Development Read the information, then complete the quiz and games which follow.

The region of south-east New South Wales that stretches in a corridor from Sydney to Canberra is experiencing changes because of its location between two major cities.

Some areas of the region are growing at a steady rate in population, whilst others are not. Local government areas in the Sydney-Canberra Corridor have to manage the use of land so that there is enough housing to meet people’s needs in the future. At the same time, planners have to look at the effects that increased settlement will have on the environment.

Why The Region Of South-East New South Wales Is Growing Connecting Sydney and Canberra, this region is an important corridor for many reasons: •

it transports people, goods and ideas between two major growing cities;

•

it offers a variety of employment opportunities;

•

it offers different types of lifestyles (rural and urban);

•

it allows people to live in the region, but commute to work to Sydney or Canberra. Air, road and rail transport networks are being improved;

•

it is a popular tourist destination.

The Influence of People Australia is a country of city dwellers. 89% of Australians live in cities and their suburban centres which cling to the coastline. Over 60% of the total Australian population of 22,600,000 (2012) live in the five major cities of: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Living in cities is the way it has always been in Australian history. The pattern of settlement in the early days of colonisation has determined how cities today have developed. Australia isn’t on its own when it comes to living near the coast. It is estimated that by 2020, two-thirds of the world’s population will be living within 60 kilometres of the ocean.

Australians Prefer To Live In Urban Centres Since the mid-19th century, Australian cities have been the base for manufacturing and trade. Farm produce was transported to the capital cities on bullock wagons and later steamboats and trains to be transformed into goods to sell and export. It was important for factories to set up near ports to load their manufactured goods. As the variety of farm produce grew in the colonies so did the variety of shops, which sold these products to the population near the cities. Factories (manufacturing) and shops (retailing) created jobs.

Suburbs Grow Around Cities Since the mid-nineteeth century people have always wanted to live near their place of work so suburbs have developed on the outskirts of cities along tram and train

lines. Owning your own home has always been an Australian ideal and people have been willing to move further out when blocks of land have been scarce near the city centres.

Improved road and rail systems have made commuting to work from outer suburbs to the city easier.

It was owning a car though, that started the rapid expansion of suburbs in the 1950s. Some suburbs grew so much that in turn, they developed into smaller satellite cities of the capital. Liverpool and Parramatta in New South Wales and Logan and Ipswich in Queensland are good examples of satellite cities.

People Influence Australian places Going shopping in the 1960s meant walking down the main street of your city or town and visiting a number of shops along the way to get the things that you needed. You would visit a greengrocer for fruit and veggies, a shoemaker to have your boots mended and a fishmonger, who not only sold fresh fish, but cooked fish and chips too! Furthermore, the owners of these different shops probably lived in a flat above their premises. This was how Europeans had organised their retail centres for centuries - on a main or high street and this way of organising shops was brought to Australia (see image above). You can still find shops like these in terraced buildings in the inner suburbs of large cities and in the main streets of many rural towns.

Shopping Centres – Bringing The City To The Suburbs Shopping centres have changed the way that Australians shop. Under one big roof, people can visit a variety of different shops and department stores, use services like the post office, bank or public library, and have something to eat or catch a movie. The growth of shopping centres has meant that people don’t have to spend time travelling into crowded city centres, and can find the same variety of shops and products closer to home. Parking space has also made shopping centres more convenient.

The location of a shopping centre is very important to its success. The site on which a centre is built has to be large enough to accommodate buildings, car parks and gardens.

Property developers often buy land that was once used for factories on the outskirts of suburban areas and redevelop it into busy retail and entertainment centres. Shops want to be close to where their customers can reach them so centres are on main roads for easy access. If they are located far from train or bus routes, many centres run their own regular bus services to pick up customers.

Shopping centres not only provide goods and services for a community - they provide employment for many people in the region.

35

Quiz

Quiz Development 10 Urban

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. What is NOT a concern in the management of land by city planners?

a) to make sure there is enough housing to meet people’s needs in the future

b) to minimise the effect on the environment

c) to make sure there is access to amenities

d) to make sure the area grows in wealth 2. What is the meaning of the word 'urban'?

a) a populated area by the sea

b) a highly populated area that is significantly developed

c) an agricultural area which has a small population

d) an area to be significantly developed 3. What percentage of Australians live in urban areas?

a) 62% b) 75% c) 89% d) 96% 4. Why was it important for early factories to set up near ports?

a) close access to clean water b) to transport manufactured goods easily

c) the land was cheaper d) to dispose of waste products easily 5. What is a ‘corridor’ in terms of urban planning?

a) a populated strip of land connecting two or more cities

b) a tunnel connecting two or more cities

c) a tract of land left barren as a zone between two or more cities

d) a tract of land left alone due to environmental concerns 6. What didn’t lead to an increase in people moving to outer suburbs?

a) increase of car ownership b) better facilities

c) cheaper land d) tax breaks 7. What is a 'satellite city'?

a) a group of suburbs near a larger city

b) a subdivision near a larger city

c) a small city near a larger city that has its own centre

d) a small city near a larger city that doesn't have its own centre 8. How did people generally shop in the 1960s?

a) by visiting local market gardens b) by visiting specialty shops on a main street

c) by ordering home delivery d) by going to the supermarket 9. Why did the way we shop change?

a) shopping centres were introduced b) inner-city shops began to shut down

c) farming practices changed d) higher incomes created less demand 10. What isn't a reason why location of a shopping centre is important?

a) it has to be close to the city

b) it has to be a large site for shops and carparks

c) it has to be close to main roads

d) it has to be close to alternate transport 36

Section 2: Geography

Questions Urban Development

Word Scatter & Word Squares

Put in the missing letters to complete the words. There is a clue for each word.

The information on page 35 will also help you.

1.

2.

O

3.

O

4.

A

5.

6.

City ______ create and manage suburbs, towns and cities.

Affordable and convenient _______ is important in urban planning.

A populated strip of land connecting two or more cities is called a _________.

Adequate ______ is a priority in planning new areas of settlement.

N

A

Word used to describe a built up area. _______ have been created on the outskirts of cities to allow people to live close to work.

S

7.

A

8.

89% of Australians live in _______ areas.

E

9.

V

10.

A small city near a larger city that has its own centre is called a ______ city.

Planners have to ensure increased settlement does not impact on the ________.

Over 60% of Australians live in one of ___ capital cities.

The aim in this activity is make as many words as possible from the letters in the word squares. 6 letter words score 6 points; 5 letter words score 5 points, and so on. 2 letter words do not score any points. Try and work out the 9 letter word for a bonus 9 points.

Square 1 List all your words here:____________________________

A

T

E

L

S

T

_______________________________________________

L

Bonus 9 point word:_______________________________

I

E

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Score:_ _________________________________________

Square 2 List all your words here:____________________________

E

U

E

L

N

C

I

F

N

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Bonus 9 point word:_______________________________ Score:_ _________________________________________ Section 2: Geography

37

Information Page

Tourism Read the information, then complete the quiz and crossword which follow.

The tourism industry is very important to Australia’s development because it contributes more than $70 billion a year to the economy and provides jobs for a million people. This means that 8% of the Australian workforce is employed directly or indirectly in services to tourism. The Australian Federal and State Governments actively promote Australia as a tourist destination through international and local advertising campaigns.

In 2016, 7.6 million international tourists came to visit Australia.

Australia as a Tourist Destination Australia is a vast continent with different climate zones. Some of Australia’s premier destinations for overseas tourists are: • Sydney: Australia’s first city, with its harbour and the Opera House; • The Great Barrier Reef: a reef system with over 900 islands, and over 2 million visitors a year.

• Tasmania: with its World Heritage sites and natural wilderness; • The Great Ocean Road: 243 kilometres of breathtaking scenery in Victoria; • Uluru: an indigenous sacred site in the red heart of the continent; • Kakadu National Park: an enormous 2000 square kilometre, biodiverse nature reserve in Australia’s Northern Territory; • Rottnest Island: sits just offshore from the city of Perth, in Western Australia. A protected nature reserve, it's home to the quokka, a small wallaby-like marsupial.

Tourist attractions develop in places where people can experience close contact with Australia’s unique landforms and fauna and flora. Many tourist places are in remote areas of the country so getting there will influence how many tourists visit a place. The capital cities of states and territories are usually the base from which overseas tourists start their discovery of Australia’s special places.

Tourism and the Environment One concern about tourism is the carbon footprint that visitors leave. There are many examples of tourism harming the physical environment. Over-development along coastal strips (such as the Gold Coast in Queensland) has created problems for many of Australia's beautiful beaches. Plants and shrubs have been removed from rainforests to make room for walking trails. Recreational activities such as four-wheel driving have destroyed sand dunes and vegetation. The growing presence of humans in remote areas lacking infrastructure has caused waste management problems.

Tourism also has many positive benefits for the physical environment. Tourism has started to become much more environmentally friendly. Tourism has created a greater understanding of the beauty of our natural world, which has made people feel strongly about protecting it. The concept of ecotourism emerged in the 1980s. Ecotourism promotes sustainable tourism based on nature so that a place can be enjoyed by future generations. Some examples of ecotourism in Australia include nature walks with indigenous guides in the Top End to see rock art, camping out to stargaze in the desert and having breakfast with tiny darting penguins and albatross in Tasmania.

Eco-friendly resorts try to preserve the natural environment by: • keeping as much of the native vegetation as possible building around mature trees and not cutting them down • implementing educational programs to teach tourists about the local culture, history, plants and wildlife • installing water and energy-saving technology • including tourists in surveys to monitor threatened species.

38

Tourism Quiz 11

Quiz

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. Why is tourism important for Australia’s development?

a) it brings in money and jobs b) it shows off our lifestyle

c) it increases pollution d) it increases population N Look at the map below and use it to answer the following questions: 2. What is the name of the reef located at point A?

a) Ningaloo Reef b) Great Barrier Reef C

c) Great Southern Reef d) Belize Barrier Reef 3. How many islands does this reef have?

A

a) 0 b) 2000

c) 900 d) 150 4. How many tourists visit this reef

every year?

B

a) 50, 000 b) 1, 000, 000

c) 10,000,000 d) 2, 000, 000 5. What is the tourist attraction found at

point B? D

a) Uluru b) Bungle Bungles

c) Pinnacles d) Olgas 6. What is NOT an environmental impact at this attraction that is

caused by tourists?

a) erosion from the elements b) pollution

c) trampling of native flora d) introduction of non-native flora 7. What is the national park found at point C?

a) Daintree National Park b) Kakadu National Park

c) Karjini National Park d) Grampians National Park 8. Why is this park a tourist attraction?

a) because of its snow fields and skiing b) for its terrain and flora and fauna

c) for its inland reefs d) for its amusement park 9. What is the popular island found at point D?

a) Norfolk Island b) Hayman Island c) Fraser Island d) Rottnest Island 10. What is the animal native to this island that is popular with tourists?

a) quoll b) quokka c) quail d) quetzel 11. What is eco-tourism?

a) experiencing a place without damaging its native environment

b) experiencing a place by damaging its native environment

c) experiencing a place by camping in a native environment

d) experiencing a place by planting flora in its native environment 12. How can tourists resorts be eco-friendly?

a) by bulldozing natural vegetation to build camping grounds

b) by landscaping the area and building pools

c) by implementing educational programs

d) by leading treks through the bush Section 2: Geography

39

Crossword

Questions Tourism

Use the information on page 38 and the clues below to help you to solve the crossword.

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10 11 12

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ACROSS

DOWN

2

A 2000 square kilometre biodiverse nature reserve in the NT

1

(4,5) are being eroded by four wheel drives

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Tourism is a multi-billion dollar ________ in Australia

2

A large landform which is an indigenous sacred site

8

The Great ________ Reef has over 2 million visitors a year

3

Pollution of water impacts the ecosystem of the ________

9

Tourism focusing on preserving nature is ________

4

Increased tourism impacts the environment

10 Ecotourism tries to be renewable and ________

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________ plants are being removed to build resorts

12 Human contact can harm coral ________

11 A small island off the coast of Western Australia

13 Can help people learn how to preserve nature 14 Tourism generates a lot of ________ for Australia 40

Section 2: Geography

Information Page

Australian Climate Read the information, then complete the quiz and word sleuth which follow.

You’ve probably heard people talk about the “Australian Climate” and images of sunny summers and wet winters come to mind. The fact is that Australia is a vast continent that experiences not just one type of climate. While people swelter in the tropical heat in Cairns in January, others in Hobart may be turning on the heater at night. Large states and territories can have several climate zones. The state of Queensland has six different types of climate in its 1 723 936 kilometre 2 area (an area five times the size of Japan). Queensland’s climates range from hot and humid in the Gulf Country to the cool forests of the Atherton Tableland. Australia is the second driest continent on Earth - after Antarctica!

There are six main climate zones in Australia. These zones have been determined by temperature and humidity (rainfall and water vapour) patterns recorded over a long period of time. The map below left shows these climate zones. Climate is the Other Factors Which Influence Australia’s Climate In addition to temperature and rainfall, the following characteristics also influence the climate of a region: the altitude or elevation of a place (for example, a high mountain); wind patterns in the Southern Hemisphere (south-east trade winds, westerlies); types of vegetation (dense vegetation absorbs heat, snow reflects heat, etc.).

•

Hot & humid - this climate zone is in the North of Australia and includes the cities of Cairns, Darwin and Broome. This zone has a hot and humid summer and a warm winter.

This zone is also known as equatorial and tropical.

•

The hot dry summer - warm winter climate zone covers a band across Australia. It includes the cities of Canarvon, Alice Springs and Longreach. This zone is also known as grasslands & subtropical.

•

The hot dry summer - cold winter climate zone covers the centre of Australia. It is the largest zone, and includes the cities of Kalgoorlie, Cooper Pedy and Broken Hill. This zone is also known as desert.

•

The temperate, cool temperate and warm and humid climate zones are cover the southern coastal parts of Australia. It includes cities such as Perth, Brisbane Sydney and Hobart.

It has warm summers and cool winters.

KEY: hot & humid hot dry summer - warm winter hot dry summer - cold winter temperate (warm summer & cool winter) cool temperate warm & humid

41

Quiz

Quiz 13 Climate Australian

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. Why does Australia have a variety of climate zones?

a) because of its proximity to the equator

b) because of the size of the land

c) because of its proximity to Antarctica

d) because of the size of the rivers

2. Which is not one of the climate zones of Australia?

a) hot and humid

b) warm and humid

c) cool temperate

d) cool and humid

c) South America

d) Antarctica

3. Australia is the second driest continent after:

a) Africa

b) Asia

4. What is the largest climate zone of Australia?

a) hot dry summer - cold winter

b) hot dry summer - warm winter

c) hot and humid

c) temperate (warm summer - cool winter)

5. What is a factor which does not influence Australia's climate?

a) altitude

b) wind patterns

c) vegetation

d) pollution

6. What climate zone would receive the least rainfall?

a) temperate

b) hot and humid

c) hot dry summer - cold winter

d) warm humid

7. What is the climate zone mainly in the southern coastal areas of Australia?

a) hot dry summer - cold winter

b) hot dry summer - warm winter

c) warm and humid

d) temperate

8. What is the climate zone mainly in the northern coastal areas of Australia?

a) hot and humid

b) hot dry summer - warm winter

c) warm and humid

d) temperate

9. What is humidity?

a) the dryness of an area

b) the amount of rainfall and water vapour in an area

c) the amount of rainfall in an area

d) the high temperature of an area

10. In which zone is the majority of Australia's capital cities?

42

a) hot and humid

b) hot dry summer - warm winter

c) hot dry summer - cold winter

d) temperate

Section 2: Geography

Word Search

QuestionsClimate Australian Find the climate words in the word search.

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Words

ALTITUDE AUTUMN CLIMATE COOL DESERT EQUATORIAL GRASSLAND

HUMID PATTERN RAINFALL SPRING SUBTROPICAL SUMMER TEMPERATE Section 2: Geography

TEMPERATURE TROPICAL VEGETATION WIND WINTER ZONE 43

Information Page

Australia's Tropical Savannahs Read the information, then complete the quiz and letter fit which follow.

When we think about savannahs, we imagine endless grasslands of Africa populated by large mammals like lions, wildebeest and elephants. Australia’s tropical savannah (see map right), like that of southern Africa is rich in wildlife and vegetation that have adapted to living in the special climatic conditions. People have also adapted to life in the savannah environment with its many natural and mineral resources.

Characteristics of Australia’s Tropical Savannahs Tropical savannahs stretch from Broome in the west to Rockhampton in the east. The landscape is a sea of grasses with scattered eucalyptus trees and shrubs. Savannahs do not support dense forests because there is a lack of sufficient rain throughout the entire year. The Top End’s climate is divided into two seasons as shown below.

THE WET SEASON Rain falls during heavy thunderstorms (monsoons) from December - May. Lakes, rivers and plains turn into flooded wetlands over enormous areas.

Spear grass can grow up to two metres and animals, in particular birds, flourish.

THE DRY SEASON High temperatures, little or no rainfall and clear blue skies from May - October.

Lightning strikes ignite dry grass and bushfires are frequent.

Most vegetation recovers from the fires and quickly grows back. Wildlife feeds on plant shoots and plant bulbs.

Threats to the Tropical Savannahs The supply of water in savannah lands is vital for plant, animal and human life. Farmers and cattle grazers in this region need to construct dams and weirs to ensure that they have enough water to irrigate crops and drinking water for animals. This can affect the natural flow of water in the cycle and the plants and wildlife that depend on it. Pollution from fertilisers and chemicals from mining operations can make its way into the savannah wetlands. Introduced species like wild pigs, goats and camels can also damage vegetation and watering holes.

The climate of Australia’s tropical savannahs is said to have two seasons – the wet and the dry. Indigenous Australians, whose survival depended on their deep knowledge of this environment, recognised six seasons in the cycle of life in the savannahs.

Even though less than 600,000 people live in the northern tropical savannahs (3% of Australia’s total population), this landscape is an important natural, cultural and economic resource for Australia. The savannahs cover about 20% of the continent’s land mass and are the world’s largest remaining grasslands. The savannahs of Africa, Asia and South America have been greatly reduced and damaged by forest clearing, over-grazing by cattle and the increase in people living in this environment. Northern Australia is still an immense wilderness that has been cared for by its indigenous communities for thousands of years.

Sustainable Use of Savannahs The tropical savannahs are rich in natural resources that contribute more than $14.5 billion to Australia’s economy each year. It is important to strike a balance between the growth of the mining, pastoral and tourism industries and the conservation of the biodiversity of the savannahs.

The Australian Federal and State Governments are working with research institutions and local people to make decisions about how to manage savannah lands in a sustainable way. For example, ecologists are looking at applying traditional indigenous methods of fire management to prevent bushfires.

Australia’s tropical savannahs are now considered as environmentally important as the Amazon rainforest and Antarctica.

44

Quiz

Quiz 14 Tropical Savannahs Australia's

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1.

What do savannahs look like?

a) desert

b) sea of grasses

c) swamp land

d) rocky soil

2. Why don’t savannahs have thick forests?

a) there isn’t enough rainfall

b) it is too hot

c) not enough nutrients in the soil

d) it is too cold

3. Where are the majority of Australia’s tropical savannahs?

a) coastal eastern Australia

b) Tasmania

c) South Australia

d) the north of Australia

4. What are the two seasons in the savannah?

a) warm and cold

b) wet and dry

c) wet and warm

d) dry and cold

5. Monsoons are usually experienced in the savannah region. What is a monsoon?

a) seasonal wind bringing rain

b) flooding of areas

c) typhoon-like winds

d) light precipitation

6. What is not a hazard in the savannah area?

a) flooding

b) thunderstorms

c) bushfires

d) earthquakes

7. What causes bushfires in the dry season?

a) flash-flooding

b) pollution from fertilisers

c) lightning strikes

d) farmers and grazers

8. How has farming affected the savannah region?

a) farming has cut down the tall eucalypts that grow in the savannah

b) crops have taken over natural flora

c) fertiliser run off causes algae blooms

d) there has been no affect at all

9. How much of Australia do the savannahs cover?

a) 5%

b) 14%

c) 20%

d) 45%

10. What percentage of Australia's population lives in the savannah?

a) 0%

b) 3%

c) 20%

Section 2: Geography

d) 32%

45

Letter Fit

Questions Australia's Tropical Savannahs List of words

Below are words to do with savannahs, arranged in order from shortest to longest.

In this box the longest word runs DOWN the centre.

Can you fit 9 more words related to Australia's tropical savannahs from the list (all going ACROSS) into the other spaces? Not all words are used in the puzzle.

4 letters rain

S

5 letters fauna flora

A V

6 letters mining plains rivers shrubs threat

A N N A

7 letters farming forests grasses monsoon seasons

H S

9 letters eucalyptus resources

The Mystery Word

F

From your nine answers above, select words to fit into the spaces. If you choose the correct words, you will answer this question: What causes monsoons and flooding in the wet season?

I R M

S

_________________________________

46

Section 2: Geography

Information Page

Bushfires Read the information, then complete the quiz and games which follow.

Australia is very vulnerable to bushfires that sweep across the continent and cause loss of life, damage to homes and farmland, and threaten our unique fauna and flora. Bushfires can occur in very different types of environments from dry, grassy savannahs to open eucalyptus forests and cleared agricultural land. Every year Australians prepare for the fire season because there are certain weather conditions that make the risk of a bushfire higher. These conditions include: long periods of dry weather with insufficient or no rainfall (drought); high temperatures (heat waves) and strong winds; build up of dry vegetation (biomass); lightning strikes.

Remember: Fires need three elements - HEAT, OXYGEN and FUEL. It is a sad fact that the majority of bushfires in Australia each year are not ignited by natural forces like lightning strikes, but by people – either accidentally or deliberately.

In fact, 25% of bushfires are believed to be deliberately lit. Bushfires can be started by: leaving broken glass in dry vegetation; embers from barbecues; sparks from farm machinery; uncontrolled fires lit to burn rubbish; cigarettes thrown from cars; accidents with matches or accelerants; faulty electrical power lines; arson (fires which are deliberately lit).

Prepare, Act, Survive State Emergency Services issue bushfire danger ratings from Low-Moderate to Code Red so that communities can be on alert and be prepared for potential hazards from fires.

In the event of a bushfire, it is recommended that an emergency (waterproof ) bag be close at hand in case you have to leave your home at short notice. In your emergency (waterproof ) bag there should be:

a torch with extra batteries; big candles and matches; a portable radio and batteries; blankets; first aid kit and manual; bottles of drinking water; medications taken by family members; important documents, e.g. passports, birth certificates, etc.; cash cards; mobile phones and chargers; extra change of clothes; valuables, family photographs, etc.; pet supplies, leash.

All year round, home owners need to keep their houses safe during the bushfire period by keeping yards free of leaves and lawn cuttings. Low tree branches and bushes near the house should be removed and flammable chemicals stored in a shed. Fitted screens on doors and windows can prevent sparks from entering the house and setting fire to curtains and soft furnishings.

Fire-Stick Farming Indigenous Australians have been managing their environment for thousands of generations through the age-old practice of fire-stick farming. By burning the long grasses and their seeds, Indigenous Australians learnt that it made travelling on their search for food easier. These low intensity fires were set on a regular basis which meant that dry vegetation was being removed from the environment and thus, reduced the fuel load that could lead to bigger, uncontrollable bushfires. Fire-stick farming left the soil nutrient-rich. Animals quickly returned to the area to forage for succulent green shoots. The small number of mammals and reptiles killed during burning were not wasted, but gathered for food. Sometimes an area would not be visited again for two or three years to allow the ecosystem to regenerate. Indigenous Australians developed a deep knowledge of how to manage their environment. They only set fires when conditions were right for a particular landform and time of year. They took into account the time of day, wind speed and direction, vegetation types, location of water supplies and proximity to sacred sites before lighting fires. As a result, Indigenous Australians created a rich network of biodiversity in the habitats that they vowed to care for.

47

Quiz

Quiz 15 Bushfires

Read the information on the previous page to help you to complete the quiz.

Circle your answers.

1. What natural force ignites bushfires?

a) lightning

b) thunder

c) embers

d) arson

2. What percentage of bushfires are deliberately lit?

a) 10%

b) 25%

c) 45 %

d) 90%

3. What are the three elements that bushfires need?

a) heat, oxygen and fuel

b) heat, carbon dioxide and fuel

c) cold, oxygen and fuel

d) cold, carbon dioxide and fuel

4. What is NOT a fuel of bushfires?

a) dry vegetation

b) faulty electrical lines

c) dry hot winds

d) fire breaks

5. When should home-owners in rural areas prepare for bushfires?

a) winter

b) spring

c) summer

d) all year round

c) catastrophic

d) copacetic

6. What is not a fire danger rating in Australia?

a) low-moderate

b) severe

7. What is NOT helpful to secure a house against a bushfire?

a) keeping yards free of dry grass and leaves b) fitting screens to doors and windows

c) storing flammable chemicals in the house d) watering down the house with a hose

8. What is fire-stick farming?

a) burning vegetation to lure out animals

b) burning vegetation to create land for farming

c) burning vegetation to send messages

d) burning vegetation for warmth

9. What is a by-product of fire-stick farming?

a) creates new areas to build in

b) leaves the soil nutrient rich

c) creates bushfires

d) scares away native animals

10. When did Indigenous Australians use fire-stick farming?

a) whenever they wanted

b) only when conditions were right

c) when they saw a large group of kangaroos

d) when they wanted to threaten others

48

Section 2: Geography

Word Search & Sudoko

Bushfires Questions Find the bushfire words in the word search.

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Draw the images, or use the numbers to solve the sudoko. Remember no two images (or numbers) can be used twice in the same row or column.

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Section 2: Geography

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Section 3: General Knowledge Quizzes

50

Quiz 1

General Knowledge 1. The Ningaloo Reef is off the coast of:

a) Western Australia b) Victoria

c) Queensland

d) Tasmania

c) 25 April

d) 11 November

c) Jupiter

d) Neptune

c) artist

d) singer

2. On what date is Anzac Day?

a) 26 January

b) 17 March

3. The largest planet in our solar system is:

a) Venus

b) Saturn

4. Arthur Streeton was a famous Australian:

a) politician

b) footballer

5. Which state shares a border with every mainland state and the Northern Territory?

a) Western Australia b) South Australia

c) Queensland

d) Victoria

c) outside

d) inside

c) television

d) light bulb

c) 8

d) 22

6. What does the word 'nadir' mean?

a) lowest point

b) highest point

7. John Logie Baird helped to invent the:

a) radio

b) satellite

8. How many deserts are there in Australia?

a) 5

b) 10

9. Which of these is NOT a poisonous native Australian inhabitant?

a) pygmy python

b) platypus

c) funnel-web

d) stonefish

c) Ethel Turner

d) Tim Winton

c) Australia

d) South America

10. Who wrote the novel “Seven Little Australians�?

a) Miles Franklin

b) Henry Lawson

11. What is the smallest continent in the world?

a) Antarctica

b) Asia

12. The lamington was named after the governor of which state/territory?

a) NSW

b) QLD

c) TAS

d) NT

13. Australia's currency became decimal on 14 February in which year?

a) 1925

b) 1943

c) 1966

d) 1984

c) lactose

d) verbose

14. Which of these is not a type of sugar?

a) glucose

b) fructose

15. What was the name of the Sherpa who climbed Mt. Everest with Sir Edmund Hillary?

a) Tenzing Norgay

b) Tanzing Norgey

c) Tony Norgey

Section 3: General Knowledge Quizzes

d) Amazing Norgay

51

Quiz 2

General Knowledge

1. Which of the following months does NOT have 31 days?

a) March

b) December

c) May

d) April

c) school

d) pod

c) pianist

d) athlete

c) 1985

d) 1999

c) NSW

d) TAS

c) rake

d) lake

c) geiger

d) metric

c) ulna

d) cranium

c) Japanese

d) Chinese

c) writer

d) farmer

2. What is a group of kangaroos called?

a) mob

b) head

3. David Helfgott is a famous Australian:

a) artist

b) singer

4. In which year did Cyclone Tracey hit Darwin?

a) 1969

b) 1974

5. In which state is Lake Eyre?

a) SA

b) QLD

6. “Joe Blake” is Australian rhyming slang for:

a) snake

b) cake

7. What scale are earthquakes measured on?

a) richter

b) seismic

8. What is another name for your skull?

a) medulla

b) radium

9. Which civilisation invented paper?

a) Greek

b) Roman

10. Sir Edward “Weary” Dunlop was a famous:

a) doctor

b) priest

11. Australian Mervyn Victor Richardson invented the “Victa” in 1952. What is a Victa?

a) clothes line

b) lawn mower

c) car

d) food processor

12. What animal is found on the tails side of a five cent coin?

a) echidna

b) koala

c) kangaroo

d) platypus

c) Bryce Courtney

d) Anh Do

13. Who wrote the novel “Cloudstreet”?

a) Peter Carey

b) Tim Winton

14. How long did it take to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge?

a) 11 years

b) 2 years

c) 8 years

d) 23 years

15. What year did the Second Fleet arrive in Australia?

52

a) 1762

b) 1790

c) 1887

Section 3: General Knowledge Quizzes

d) 1924

Quiz 3

General Knowledge 1. What is the date of the extra day in a leap year?

a) 31st of September b) 29th of February

c) 31st of May

d) 30th of February

c) Mississippi

d) Murray

2. What is the world's longest river?

a) Nile

b) Amazon

3. Which two animals are on our national crest?

a) platypus and koala b) koala and echidna c) platypus and emu d) kangaroo and emu

4. Earth's outer layer is called the:

a) mantle

b) core

c) crust

d) magma

5. What is the name of the large bone found in the thigh?

a) lemur

b) lever

c) ferver

d) femur

6. In which state did Australian Rules Football originate?

a) Victoria

b) New South Wales c) Western Australia d) Queensland

7. Which of these is the correct spelling?

a) disapear

b) disappear

c) dissapear

d) dissaper

b) bush ranger

c) poet

d) miner

b) Iran

c) Japan

d) China

c) diamonds

d) amethyst

c) Mexico

d) Italy

8. Henry Lawson was a famous Australian:

a) explorer

9. Where is the Taj Mahal?

a) India

10. Coober Pedy is famous for which gem stone?

a) quartz

b) opal

11. A 'fajita' is a dish from which country?

a) Spain

b) Cuba

12. How often are Australian federal elections usually held?

a) every 2 years

b) every 3 years

c) every 4 years

d) every 5 years

13. What was the name of Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith's famous aeroplane?

a) Southern Lands

b) Southern Cross

c) Red Baron

d) Cross Winds

c) doe

d) calf

c) Claude Monet

d) Salvadore Dali

14. What is the correct name for a baby rabbit?

a) kit

b) pup

15. Which of these is NOT a famous painter?

a) Pablo Picasso

b) Roald Dahl

Section 3: General Knowledge Quizzes

53

Quiz 4

General Knowledge 1. What is grown in a paddy field?

a) wheat

b) rice

c) barley

d) oats

c) gum trees

d) stringybark trees

b) Japan

c) Thailand

d) China

b) a sheep

c) a creek

d) a sleeping bag

c) movie company

d) band

2. What are Eucalyptus trees commonly called?

a) gun trees

b) paperbark trees

3. Where is the longest wall in the world?

a) Wales

4. What is a jumbuck?

a) a tree

5. AC/DC are a famous Australian:

a) political party

b) power source

6. Including the letter 'y', how many vowels are there?

a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 8

7. Which of these people is NOT a famous Australian sportsperson?

a) Ian Thorpe

b) Cathy Freeman

c) Eric Bana

d) Leisel Jones

b) barbecues

c) glitter bombs

d) fireworks

b) a vegetable

c) a fruit

d) a flower

8. Pyrotechnics is the technical term for:

a) laser shows

9. What is a durian?

a) an 80s band

10. Professor Fiona Wood developed which medical innovation?

a) pacemaker

b) spray on skin

c) heart transplants d) laser eye surgery

11. What colour is chartreuse?

a) bright green

b) bright blue

c) bright pink

d) bright orange

12. How tall is Australia's tallest mainland mountain Mount Kosciuszko?

a) 526 m

b) 2229 m

c) 1675 m

d) 3241 m

13. What is the only state in Australia that has no emus?

a) TAS

b) WA

c) QLD

d) SA

14. What country held the first modern Olympic Games?

a) Italy

b) Sweden

c) Germany

d) Greece

c) opal

d) garnet

15. What is Australia's national gem stone?

54

a) pearl

b) diamond

Section 3: General Knowledge Quizzes

Quiz 5

General Knowledge 1. How many colours are there in a rainbow?

a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 8

2. How many stars are there on the Australian flag?

a) 8

b) 7

c) 6

d) 5

c) Auckland

d) Perth

c) earthquake

d) snow storm

3. Hugh Jackman was born in:

a) Sydney

b) Hobart

4. What is another name for a cyclone?

a) tsunami

b) typhoon

5. The Simpson Desert is in which 3 states/territories?

a) SA, NT & QLD

b) WA, NT & QLD

c) WA, NT & SA

d) VIC, NSW & TAS

6. What is on the tails side of the $2 coin?

a) an echidna

b) a black swan

c) an Aboriginal elder d) a kangaroo

7. May Gibbs was a famous Australian:

a) veterinarian

b) writer

c) swimmer

d) dancer

8. Which of these meats does NOT come from a pig?

a) ham

b) proscuitto

c) veal

d) bacon

c) 350 cm

d) 400 cm

9. Three quarters of 4 metres is:

a) 200 cm

b) 300 cm

10. Which bushranger uttered the final words, "Such is life" before he was hung?

a) Captain Moonlight b) Ned Kelly

c) Ben Hall

d) Dan Kelly

11. Which of these Australian animals does NOT lay eggs?

a) bandicoot

b) gecko

c) green tree frog

d) echidna

12. What did Australian Graeme Clark invent in 1979?

a) bionic eye

b) bionic arm

c) bionic ear

d) bionic finger

c) azure

d) sky

c) creates cakes

d) makes tents

13. Which of these is not a shade of blue?

a) cerulean

b) ochre

14. What does a spelunker do?

a) goes caving

b) writes speeches

15. The funny bone is not actually a bone. What is it?

a) a muscle

b) a nerve

c) a tendon

Section 3: General Knowledge Quizzes

d) an artery

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Answers Page 8 - British Penal Colonies - Quiz 1. b, 2. b, 3. a, 4. a, 5. c, 6. d, 7. a, 8. c, 9. c, 10. b, 11. d, 12. b.

Page 9 - British Penal Colonies - Crossword Across: Down: 2. sister 1. penal 4. France 2. settlers 5. convicts 3. remote 7. labour 5. criminals 8. Tasmania 6. Botany 10. orphans 9. never 11. trade 12. hulks Page 11 - Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay - Quiz 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. a, 5. d, 6. b, 7. a, 8. b, 9. c, 10. c, 11. c, 12. b, 13. c.

Page 12 - Macquarie Harbour & Moreton Bay - Letter Scatter 1. Macquarie 2. Sarah. 3. Hells 4. currents 5. huon 6. escape 7. pardon 8. flogging 9. Moreton 10. prison 11. cornfields 12. Logan 13.

Indigenous 14. hunting Mystery word: Pearce

Page 21 - Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt Crossword Across: Down: 3. scurvy 1. horses 9. Alexandrina 2. Murray 10. Oxley 4. Darling 12. rivers 5. Arnhem 13. sea 6. food

7. Perth

8. Darwin

11. lost Page 23 - The Sheep Industry - Quiz 1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. d, 7. b, 8. a, 9. d, 10. b, 11. d, 12. c, 13. a, 14. a.

Page 24 - The Sheep Industry - Word Search and Sudoko

T G P O N

I

R E M E D

I

A N E R U T S A P Z W S

E C P Y A W L

I

M I

K E F A L

E C E E L F M Y G

Page 14 - Inland Settlements & Bathurst - Quiz 1. d, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. c, 7. d, 8. c, 9. d, 10. c, 11. a, 12. d.

T X S H E A R E R B O S

G A S T U T W K O Z E N

Page 15 - Inland Settlements & Bathurst - Word Search

E W I

B Y R

U H L

I

U

C L

P P E R U A T

I

X

Y Q U N

U U X R L F W R H B Q M

V H L M A C A R T H U R

Q Q P Z C A R E N W O D N A L X D A M O

C G V A V B A B E S N B V M C Y J F J Z

E Y C Q S C J Q T Z L J R O J M E J N U

Y P O U Y T I B G W E N T W O R T H Z N

V Z V E D I U G R G L N Q H B I F C R I

J I H Q D C S R K U E M N V B C U Y E D

M L P B L Z I P E M C F O B Q M I F C K

L H E X P L O R E R P Q A U D N A L N I

L W N S I T T L P S Y R M C N B B I K K

C Y S R Z K T M R N U Y T Q D T H Z M V

V C C Z F T T T T U T E G V Z Z A P H I

W T F O E Q W E C K F Y T I U G R I M D

K E A S L Q M C M I C Q N M R Z I L N M

Z A R O M O D M B G V M B U F U L A S P

W H M V T N N F I N O N O R S D L S J M

V Q I S N K O Y G H H B O H C X L Q N Z

O T N K I G X S Y C A I M C A J M R V M

R M G W H N Q M W L I A R L U E N A E J

Q J B N T H I S K A W K B N D M M W U U

Y D H O N G F S E V L W E P K R A E M E

2

BALES

4

SHEARER

5 3 1

SHED STEAM TRAIN SHEEP

Page 18 - Events That Affected Colonisation - Letter Fit From top to bottom: culture, resources, settlers, crown, conflict, disease, firestick, farming, squatter, colonies, food, nyungar Mystery word: Darling Page 20 - Charles Sturt & Ludwig Leichhardt - Quiz 1. b, 2. c, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, 8. b, 9. c, 10. c, 11. c, 12. d.

56

I

S T R

I

I

I

1

5

6

SHIP

2 1

SHED BALES SHEEP

3 STEAM

TRAIN

1

I

A B

SHEEP

4

SHEARER

5

SHED

3 STEAM

2

6 CLIPPER 4

1

3 STEAM

4

5

SHEEP

SHIP

SHEARER

2

TRAIN

SHEARER

A R V B

O N B G B K B

6 CLIPPER 3 STEAM

6 CLIPPER 4 SHIP

Page 17 - Events That Affected Colonisation - Quiz 1. b, 2. b, 3. a, 4. c, 5. c, 6. b, 7. c, 8. d, 9. c, 10. c.

I

5

BALES SHED

CLIPPER SHIP

SHEARER

2 5

BALES SHED

3 STEAM TRAIN

TRAIN

SHEEP SHED

BALES

TRAIN

6

CLIPPER SHIP

6CLIPPER 4 SHIP

2

BALES

SHEARER

1

SHEEP

Page 26 - Australian Migrants - Quiz 1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. d, 6. c, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. b, 11. c.

Page 27 - Australian Migrants - Letter Scatter 1. migrant 2. Britain. 3. Industrial 4. technology 5. manual 6. potato 7. Prussia 8. assisted 9. passage 10. South Sea 11. indentured 12. sugar cane 13. kidnapping Mystery word: sisters Page 29 - Great Australians - Quiz 1. a, 2. a, 3. c, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. d, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c, 11. b, 12. c, 13. a, 14. b, 15. a.

Page 30 - Great Australians - Word Search

K G N X O J J E M H K B L S M A W S O N

C X R B K K S D S C Z H C B J N E I F W

B L N V R O W O U K Q M T U V F I B D F

N X I A R A B Z D A I Y Q R P Z X W G M

U D L W L F D I T D U C B S O C X N U Z

K C L H D O R M S D H P Y E W W C X Y A

S F E L S H N A A A I C R N U O S S F N

V L Q O C W I Y N N E K X F T O U M A S

L E I U J F N G W K M S O Z D D T M E Z

Z E J H L L K X G M L Y N Z N V A M B H

G R F D F V S T Q O J I U S E T C G E V

B Z Q F U B D K P U W H N G J D T O L K

B P Z Y T Z X P N I W E N I F I H X U D

E W E E R N Z R N A R X R T O C K R A G

S C T C D O B T E R B A R S G F P P K P

G L C L V K O A A G C O U M Y F W W X P

G F Y W S N U W V N D D U N L O P H X X

M A Q F M C P N A B L E M X W X H I P A

N X V W T J P Y F H O L L O W S N G V C

D N P W B T E L L C J Y X W H I Z V J H

Page 33 - Landforms & Settlement - Quiz 1. b, 2. b, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c, 6. a, 7. b, 8. b, 9. d, 10. a, 11. c.

Page 34 - Landforms & Settlement - Word Search & Sudoko

S P R P O S W W K M W W

P E M A M G J

S Z T S M P F O V S O R

R F L T P

J

Z R X T P

E N W O L D R R T R R N

V Z C R N E O S A E A H

I

R O L

L N Y K E R F

Z G E

I

O P A H Y S P

Z R T R A N S P O R T F

B Y L A T S A O C D O U 2

RAINFOREST

4 1 5 3 6

DESERT FARM RIVER COAST

MOUNTAIN

5

RIVER

3 1

2

4

RAINFOREST

3 4 1

COAST DESERT FARM

R

J

F

Z H D U N N B L

6

MOUNTAIN

I

COAST FARM DESERT

6

I

6

MOUNTAIN

3 5

COAST RIVER

2

MOUNTAIN

2

RAINFOREST

5

I

RIVER

RAINFOREST

1 4

FARM DESERT

T O Q

4 5 3 1

DESERT RIVER COAST FARM

1

RAINFOREST

6

MOUNTAIN

6

5

2

3

MOUNTAIN

RAINFOREST

FARM

2

4

Page 36 -Urban Development - Quiz 1. d, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. d, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. a.

Page 39 - Tourism - Quiz 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. d, 5. a, 6. a, 7. b, 8. b, 9. d, 10. b, 11. a, 12. c.

Page 40 - Tourism - Crossword Across: Down: 6. Kakadu 1. sand dunes 7. industry 2. Uluru 8. Barrier 3. rainforests 9. ecotourism 4. environment 10. sustainable 5. native 12. reefs 11. Rottnest 13. education 14. income Page 42 - Australian Climate - Quiz 1. b, 2. d, 3. d, 4. a, 5. d, 6. c, 7. d, 8. a, 9. b, 10. d.

Page 43 -Australian Climate - Word Search

F T E R U T

G S A D F M L S B

Page 37 -Urban Development - Word Scatter 1. planners 2. housing. 3. corridor 4. transport 5. urban 6. suburbs 7. coastal 8. satellite 9. environment 10. five Word Square 1: 9 letter word - satellite Example words: it, ail, ate, eel, eat, tea, ease, east, last, late, seal, aisle, easel, stale, slate, latest Word Square 2: 9 letter word - influence Example words: in, if, inn, elf, fun, ice, file, fine, flee, fuel, nice, fence, linen, uncle, funnel

DESERT RIVER COAST

C Y N N E U C N M O C N B U X J V Z B R

C W L L O L H S R A I N F A L L A L E K

L B G A T I I T G C B T E D U T I T L A

Q J K C K W T I R D W F B X W I N T P Q

G J K I P N G A X E I E H O M I K G N K

U D H P E R N Q T S O T N U W R M S P S

A L B O R E I F S E V A M Q W J N T Z E

X R Y R U T R F A R G R Y L R X J Q J N

L I D T T T P C L T W E Y P Y U Y I V O

W A S O A A S O R F E P V Q W D J V C Z

R N C K R P V O H N O M O D L R G L B P

N M Q I E K A L L H H E S U M M E R Q J

U U G D P Z H J W G Q T K Z J Y N W O W

A T I L M O H J G K F G R A S S L A N D

I U J D E A R T X H G Z M S H X E W E S

N A V H T Q G T L A I R O T A U Q E Q P

J U B N Q B N I B Y P F P O Z F G C I H

I T X E A Q S J F U H P E T A M I L C K

F A W G O Y V Z F U S I T K P H U M I D

E S D W M U I Q Q A T Y F E Z W I N D P

Page 44 - Australia's Tropical Savannahs- Quiz 1. b, 2. a, 3. d, 4. b, 5. a, 6. d, 7. c, 8. c, 9. c, 10. b.

Page 45 - Australia's Tropical Savannahs - Letter Fit From top to bottom: seasons, farming, rivers, plains, fauna, mining, grasses, shrubs, resources Mystery word: rains Page 47 - Bushfires - Quiz 1. a, 2. b, 3. a, 4. d, 5. d, 6. d, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. b.

57

Page 48 - Bushfires - Word Search & Sudoko

J Z Z O L Q J B P B H C

G N I N T H G I L V X R

O X X J T H W U N C P Y

N F V E G E T A T I O N

T J N E G Y X O Q F L J

R V B Z V P G N Y G P U

E S L A C I M E H C R N

B Q Y E R E V E S M E H

M B Q Q Y F P R G E P M

E H O S E D U J U G A A

Y S E M A L F E K S R C

I Z Z O F M B F L F E T

3

4

5

6

2

1

2

6

1

5

3

4

1

5

2

4

6

3

6

3

4

2

1

5

5

1

6

3

4

2

4

2

3

1

5

6

Page 51 - General Knowledge - Quiz 1 1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. c, 5. b, 6. a, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. c, 11. c 12. b, 13. c, 14. d, 15. a.

Page 52 - General Knowledge - Quiz 2 1. d, 2. a, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. a, 7. a, 8. d. 9. d, 10. a, 11. b 12. a, 13. b, 14. c, 15. b.

Page 53 - General Knowledge - Quiz 3 1. b, 2. b, 3. d, 4. c, 5. d, 6. a, 7. b, 8. c. 9. a, 10. b, 11. c 12. b, 13. b, 14. a, 15. b.

Page 54 - General Knowledge - Quiz 4 1. b, 2. c, 3. d, 4. b, 5. d, 6. b, 7. c, 8. d. 9. c, 10. b, 11. a 12. b, 13. a, 14. d, 15. c.

Page 55 - General Knowledge - Quiz 5 1. c, 2. c, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. c, 7. b, 8. c. 9. b, 10. a, 11. a 12. c, 13. b, 14. a, 15. b.

58