Environment The Science Behind the Stories, 7th EditionJay H Withgott Test Bank

Type:

Test Bank

Resource:

Environment The Science Behind the Stories

Edition:

7th Edition

Author(s):

Jay Withgott Matthew Laposata

Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 1 Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science 1.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) How many citizens of Haiti does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States?

A) They are essentially equal.

B) Ten citizens of Haiti equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.

C) Six citizens of Haiti equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.

D) Twelve citizens of Haiti equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.

E) It takes over 100 Haitian citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.

Answer: D Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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2) Nearly 50% of the land on our planet is currently used for agriculture; very little more agriculturally usable land is available. If everyone on the planet had an ecological footprint the size of the average citizen of the United States, then ________.

A) we would have 50% more food to go around B) we would be able to provide for everyone without much difficulty, using the 50% of the land currently not being used C) we would need at least two more planet Earths to feed and support everyone D) we could support 50% more people on our planet E) about 50% of the people would starve Answer: C Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) The U.S. average footprint is ________ times larger than the world average footprint.

A) 2 B) 2.7 C) 3.3 D) 5 E) 6.7 Answer: B Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) The global average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.7 hectares since 2008, including the footprints of many developing nations such as India and China. This means that ________.

A) our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before B) our collective lifestyle is slightly more sustainable than before C) the ability of the planet to sustain human beings has increased D) some nations no longer have a measurable footprint E) the populations of both India and China have decreased since 2008 Answer: A Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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1.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) ecology B) environmentalism C) qualitative data D) prediction E) hypothesis F) independent variable G) paradigm H) interdisciplinary science I) quantitative data J) dependent variable K) social science L) theory 1) One of many scientific fields of study within the broad scope of environmental science Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Information expressed with numbers Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The variable that is manipulated Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Expectation of experimental outcome Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Widely accepted, well-tested explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationships Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Statement that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The study of human interactions and institutions Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) A 2) I 3) F 4) D 5) L 6) E 7) K 3 ..

1.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following discoveries would be most likely to cause a scientific paradigm shift?

A) the discovery that excess heat is radiating from the center of Earth and causing global climate change B) the discovery of a new species of salamander in the Amazon rainforest C) the discovery of more rings around Uranus D) the discovery of a new pathogenic virus transmitted by mosquitoes E) the discovery that a dormant volcano is showing signs of activity Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation 2) The global population is projected to be about ________ in 2050.

A) 7 billion B) 8 billion C) 9 billion D) 11 billion E) 13 billion Answer: C Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The scientific method ________.

A) results in conclusions based on speculation B) cannot prove a hypothesis to be true C) results in the proving of a theory D) has been replaced by a widely accepted shortcut that is less time-consuming and less expensive E) if done correctly does not require replication Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) To determine your specific impacts on the environment, you can ________.

A) measure local air pollution and its impacts on your health B) calculate the biodiversity of your local community C) determine your community's impact on water quality in a nearby river D) calculate your ecological footprint E) determine your environmental handprint Answer: D Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) A hypothesis is ________.

A) a prediction about something that has not yet been observed B) a statement that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a scientific question C) an instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions D) the design of an experiment that can be used in scientific inquiry E) a proven scientific fact Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Roberto lives near a wind farm and is wondering about the environmental effects of the wind turbines. He ________ that the turbines make a sound like faint airplane engines and also that there are far fewer meadowlarks living near the wind farm than lived there before the wind farm was built.

A) hypothesizes B) predicts C) observes D) theorizes E) guesses Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Roberto lives near a wind farm and is wondering about the environmental effects of the wind turbines. He ________ that the turbines, which sound like faint airplane engines, are scaring off meadowlarks that used to nest in the area.

A) hypothesizes B) predicts C) observes D) theorizes E) hopes Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 8) In a manipulative experiment, ________.

A) researchers manipulate the independent variable B) researchers manipulate as many variables as possible C) replication of the experiment is not necessary D) a scientist has been caught manipulating the data for economic gain E) the peer review process is bypassed Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) An environmental scientist is least likely to be involved with which of the following?

A) determining the best fuel to generate electricity for a growing city in Arizona B) helping a rancher determine the best ways to rotate herds of cattle to reduce erosion C) studying X-ray emissions for evidence of black holes D) launching NASA satellites that monitor changes in carbon dioxide production on Earth E) studying the relationship between soil fungi and aspen trees in areas that are being restored after oil sand mining Answer: C Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 10) Which of the following terms best describes the practice of environmental science?

A) highly specialized and narrowly focused B) integrative and interdisciplinary C) abstract and theoretical D) theoretical and controversial E) elitist and unnecessary Answer: B Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The substances and energy sources that we take from the environment are ________.

A) ecosystem services B) natural resources C) sustainable resources D) green infrastructure E) variables Answer: B Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Solutions to environmental problems ________.

A) can be implemented only by scientists B) should be designed with the goal of sustaining Earth's natural capital C) must work on a global scale D) must focus on short-term fixes because long-term solutions are generally unattainable E) must always be designed and discussed in the political arena before implementation Answer: B Section: 1.1, 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) Ruben has a new puppy named Paddington and wants to feed him the best possible food. He decides on an experiment in which he will feed Paddington the very best canned food plus a dietary supplement of vitamins recommended by a veterinarian. Which of the following best describes Ruben's project?

A) This is an example of an excellent, controlled experiment as it is written.

B) Ruben needs to take careful measurements of Paddington's weight and height at least once a week for it to be a good experiment.

C) Ruben needs to control for the amount of exercise, sunshine, water, and care that Paddington gets each week so that they are equal from week to week.

D) Ruben needs to feed his mother's 6-year-old chocolate Shar-Pei named SallyJo a standard diet so that he can compare Paddington to a control.

E) This is a poorly designed experiment because there are no control dogs and no treatment replicates.

Answer: E Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 14) The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________.

A) overkill B) investigative inquiry C) peer review D) quality control E) critical analysis Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Geothermal energy, wind energy, and solar radiation are all examples of ________.

A) nonrenewable resources B) renewable environmental resources C) biotic environmental factors D) biodiversity E) biodegradable materials Answer: B Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) Which of the following statements best embodies the qualities of a scientific theory?

A) Squirrels in central Illinois prefer to build their nests in oak trees instead of hickory trees.

B) All gases, liquids, and solids consist of atoms.

C) Prairies that have large herds of bison show greater plant diversity than prairies without bison.

D) Dangerous wildfires in California could be avoided by better fire prevention strategies.

E) Students who study for their environmental science exams will perform better on those exams than those who do not.

Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 17) Ecosystem services ________.

A) contribute to keeping ecosystems productive B) are actions humans must take in order to protect and serve ecological systems C) are economically valuable services provided by natural systems D) are valuable to natural systems but not to human-created systems E) are required to rebalance natural systems that we have disturbed Answer: C Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) The concept of sustainable development includes ________.

A) the needs of future generations B) growth in profits from international trade C) the importance of developing the arts D) each nation being sovereign over its own resources, to be used as its citizens deem appropriate E) convenience and global economic improvements Answer: A Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) You have read about the mistakes made on Easter Island. On Tikopia, a small island in the Solomon Islands, the people acted in other ways. When they realized that the pigs they had imported were damaging the environment, they killed them all. They had to have permission from a chief to fish, which prevented overfishing. They also practiced contraception. These actions all indicate that ________.

A) they believed in full resource utilization B) they felt that everything was a nonrenewable resource C) they felt that everything was a renewable resource D) they were concerned with only one year at a time E) they were attempting to enact sustainability Answer: E Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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20) Which of the following actions would increase the size of a person's ecological footprint?

A) taking public transportation instead of driving B) planting a vegetable garden C) moving out of mom and dad's basement into one's own house D) installing a photovoltaic solar panel on one's roof E) turning down the thermostat in the winter Answer: C Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 21) What type of graph would be best for showing the relationship between two quantitative variables?

A) pie chart B) bar graph C) scatter plot D) data table E) statistics table Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 22) In a controlled experiment, ________.

A) the researcher has several hypotheses, one of which will be proven correct B) the researcher knows the outcome before beginning the experiment C) the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one D) the researcher controls for the effects of only one variable E) you need only a single experimental organism that is tested again and again Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) All of the following are examples of quantitative data except ________.

A) the number of siblings that students have B) the gender of the students in a class C) the cholesterol levels of the students in a class D) the amount of sleep normally gotten by the students in a class E) the exam scores for the students in a class Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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24) When during the scientific process does peer review occur?

A) during the research phase of a project B) during the statistical analysis of the data collected C) after the research is complete and before the paper (manuscript) is written D) after the paper (manuscript) is written and before it is published E) after the paper (manuscript) is published Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals that ________.

A) use the peer review process B) charge a high fee for acceptance C) are funded by corporations financing the research D) meet guidelines advocated by environmentalists or consumer groups E) conform to current political and religious views Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) What type of graph would be best for showing means for several different treatments?

A) pie chart B) bar graph C) scatter plot D) data table E) line graph Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 27) Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

A) hypothesis → prediction → questions → test → observations → results B) questions → prediction → hypothesis → observations → test → results C) hypothesis → prediction → questions → observations → test → results D) observations → questions → hypothesis → prediction → test → results E) questions → observations → prediction → hypothesis → test → results Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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28) What is a key "take-home message" about Easter Island?

A) Making and placing large stone statues are a waste of time.

B) Tropical soils are insufficient for growing enough crops for a population to be self-sustaining.

C) An island population must live as responsible stewards of its resources.

D) Humans who live in tropical areas will not die of exposure to extremely low temperatures.

E) The invasive brown tree snake can wipe out an entire population of humans in a short amount of time.

Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Proper peer review requires ________.

A) approval from industry leaders B) sufficient funding C) reviewers who specialize in the manuscript's subject area D) conference presentation E) government funding and approval Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) A major change in scientific thought or the dominant view is known as a(n) ________.

A) theory founding B) peer review C) paradigm shift D) primary source E) environmental discovery Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The first event that began a remarkable increase in human population was the ________ revolution.

A) agricultural B) industrial C) chemical D) informational E) green Answer: A Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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32) Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of ________.

A) ecosystem services B) industrial resources C) renewable resources D) non-renewable resources E) ecological footprints Answer: D Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Which of the following is not a strategy for campus sustainability?

A) increasing energy efficiency B) water conservation C) fossil fuel investment D) improving transportation options E) reducing waste Answer: C Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) A ________ is a statistical association among variables.

A) treatment B) correlation C) hypothesis D) theory E) prediction Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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1.4 Essay Questions 1) Why is it important to understand our interactions with the environment? What will studying environmental science enable you to do?

Answer: We depend on the environment for air, water, food, shelter, and everything else. We are capable of modifying and harming the environment whether we intend to or not.

Understanding our interactions with the environment is the essential first step toward devising positive, sustainable solutions that will allow future generations to enjoy a rich and full world.

Studying environmental science will give us the tools we need to evaluate information on environmental change and to think critically and creatively about possible actions to take in response.

Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Use the assessment tool at www.ecologicalfootprint.com or some other website that calculates your ecological footprint to calculate your ecological footprint. Once you determine the factors that evaluate your use of water, energy, waste disposal, transportation, and food consumption, use the results of your specific ecological footprint to determine three specific actions you can take to reduce the size of your ecological footprint. Make sure that your specific actions each fit into a different category (water, energy, waste, transportation, and food). Summarize your assessment.

Answer: The answers will vary based on individual student lifestyle. Students can reflect on their results and could then consider making lifestyle adjustments that support a greater environmental sustainability.

Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Differentiate between environmental science and environmentalism. Define each term and explain how they are similar and how they differ.

Answer: Environmental science is the pursuit of knowledge about the workings of the environment and our interactions with it. Environmentalism is a social concern focused on protecting the natural environment and, by extension, humans from undesirable changes brought about by certain human choices. Environmental scientists and environmentalists study the same issues, but environmental scientists use an objective scientific approach to understanding environmental problems. Environmentalists, on the other hand, may use dramatic and often emotional approaches to alter the political and social understanding or to educate the public about environmental problems.

Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Compare and contrast the types of knowledge gained and the research methods of natural and social sciences when considering environmental problems. Why do both types of disciplines need to be a part of environmental science?

Answer: The natural sciences are made up of disciplines that study the physical and biological facets of the natural world and their interactions with each other. These disciplines rely on all types of studies that generate mainly quantitative data, allowing scientists to acquire and interpret information about the natural world. The social sciences are made up of disciplines that study human behaviors, interactions, and institutions. The scientists in these disciplines mainly collect qualitative data using a variety of research techniques that are similar to those used by natural scientists. Studies that examine how cultures perceive an environmental concept may be used to implement environmental policy. Because environmental problems involve accurate assessment of the scope of the problem by which policy that affects humans is devised, both types of sciences are needed to be a part of environmental science.

Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) What qualities are present in an endeavor that is sustainable?

Answer: A sustainable endeavor is one that allows future generations to carry it on at the same level of productivity that we do at present. Whatever natural capital is required will remain equally available in the future as it is now. The environmental effects of the enterprise will not damage, degrade, or deplete the systems with which it interfaces. Materials and energy will be used efficiently, wastes will be minimal and nontoxic, and the ecological footprint of the enterprise will remain unchanged or may diminish as better technology becomes available.

Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Discuss the differences between a manipulative experiment and a natural experiment.

Answer: In a manipulative experiment, the researcher chooses and manipulates the independent variable while controlling for the effects of other variables, but in a natural experiment the researcher records differences in variables as they are expressed in the natural environment, such as the mean weight of tomatoes grown in dry versus wet climates. In such experiments, the independent variable varies naturally, and effects of other variables are not necessarily controllable.

Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) You are hired by a pesticide company to determine whether its new pesticide ("Zap-em") is effective at controlling soybean aphids, an invasive species that costs American farmers millions of dollars a year in crop damage and control costs. Describe an experiment you would perform to test the effectiveness of Zap-em.

Answer: Students' answers will vary but should include all of the following components: A. replicate plots (It would be inappropriate to test Zap-em on a single field.)

B. treatment and control plots, assigned randomly (Zap-em plots need to be compared to plots not sprayed with Zap-em.)

C. dependent variables to be measured (e.g., crop yield, amount of crop damage, and density of soybean aphids in plots) D. use of statistical analysis to analyze the data Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 1.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Pablo and Johanna must complete a yearlong study for their biology course. After some discussion, they decide to compare dog diets. To test their hypothesis that the local veterinarian's special dog food mix will enhance growth and development, each student adopts a puppy from the local pound. Pablo plans to feed his goldendoodle the special diet, while Johanna plans to use generic dry kibble from the supermarket for her bulldog.

1) The independent variable in this study will be ________.

A) the age of the dogs B) the sex of the dogs C) the type of food the dogs receive D) how much the dogs grow E) the breed of the dogs Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) One dependent variable in this study will be ________.

A) the age of the dogs B) the sex of the dogs C) the type of food the dogs receive D) how much the dogs grow E) the breed of the dogs Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) When Pablo and Johanna write up their initial proposal, their instructor will probably ________.

A) give them an A for thoroughness and allow them to proceed with the experiment B) tell them that they need at least 100 dogs to do the study C) tell them that the proposal is impossible and that such a study cannot be done at all D) give them an F and tell them to start over–it would take many years to do such a study E) tell them that there are some serious problems with their proposal, but they are fixable if the students are willing to find more dogs for their study Answer: E Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Pablo and Johanna have too many ________.

A) variables that they didn't control and not enough replicates B) replicates and not enough variables C) controlled variables and not enough uncontrolled variables D) dependent variables and not enough independent variables E) independent variables and not enough dependent variables Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Pablo and Johanna appear not to have considered the importance of controlling for ________.

A) the age of the dogs B) the food that the dogs are being fed C) possible differences resulting from using two different breeds of dog D) the possibility that one dog food is healthier than the other dog food E) the source of the dog food Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation

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Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

After meeting with their instructor, Pablo and Johanna know that they need to change their experimental design. They contact a local dog breeder and arrange to do their study with 3month-old pups from four Irish setters, for a total of 24 puppies consisting of 12 females and 12 males.

6) In order to have two groups of puppies (control and experimental), Pablo and Johanna should ________.

A) put the 12 females in one group and the 12 males in the other group B) flip a coin for each dog to see which group it will be in C) randomly choose one dog for the control group and use the other 23 in the experimental group D) put 6 males and 6 females in each group, with some from each mother in each group E) put all the puppies from two of the litters in one group and all the puppies from the other two litters in the other group Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Pablo and Johanna should probably run the experiment ________.

A) for 1 month, weighing and measuring the pups before and after B) for several months, weighing and measuring the pups before and after C) for several months, weighing and measuring the pups twice every day D) for several months, weighing and measuring the pups every week E) for at least 3 years, weighing and measuring the pups every week Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 8) If the puppies in the experimental group gain, on average, 3 pounds more than those in the control group over a 4-month period and seem healthier and more energetic, then ________.

A) they have proven the veterinary diet is best for all dogs B) there is a high probability that the veterinary diet is better than kibble for puppies C) there is a high probability that the veterinary diet is better than kibble for all dogs D) there is a high probability that the kibble is better for puppies E) they have proven that the kibble diet is best for female dogs Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 2 Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology 2.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) Within each water molecule, ________ connect to hydrogens to every oxygen.

A) covalent bonds B) magnetic forces C) hydrogen bonds D) isotopes E) ionic bonds Answer: A Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Why are the hydrogen ends of each water molecule positive and the oxygen end negative?

A) Electrons are more attracted to oxygen than they are to hydrogen.

B) Protons are more attracted to oxygen than they are to hydrogen.

C) Electrons are more attracted to hydrogen than they are to oxygen.

D) Protons are more attracted to hydrogen than they are to oxygen.

E) Hydrogen bonds create a charge difference.

Answer: A Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Hydrogen bonds give water which of the following properties?

A) high pH B) low pH C) the ability to resist temperature changes D) the ability to dissolve lipids E) the ability to freeze into ice, which is denser than liquid water Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) A hydrogen bond connects ________.

A) a hydrogen atom to an oxygen atom within a water molecule B) an oxygen atom in one water molecule to an oxygen atom in another water molecule C) a positive region of one water molecule to a negative region of another water molecule D) a hydrogen atom to another hydrogen atom E) the nuclei of adjacent water molecules Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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2.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) isotopes B) atoms C) electrons D) protons E) neutrons F) molecules G) ions 1) The smallest components of elements that still maintain the chemical properties of the elements Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Negatively charged particles Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Elements with the same atomic number but different atomic masses Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Atoms or molecules with a charge Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Uncharged particles that contribute to an atom's mass number Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Combinations of elements held together with bonds Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) G 5) E 6) F

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2.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) ________ is defined as the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

A) Mass number B) Ionic number C) Atomic number D) Isotopic number E) Nuclear number Answer: A Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) An atom has 2 electrons, 3 protons, and 3 neutrons. What is the atom's mass number?

A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) Cannot be determined from the information given Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) An atom has 2 electrons, 3 protons, and 3 neutrons. What is the atom's charge?

A) +1 B) ˗1 C) +3 D) ˗2 E) +8 Answer: A Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) ________ are composed of amino acids.

A) Proteins B) Nucleic acids C) Carbohydrates D) Lipids E) Bases Answer: A Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) ________ are the main water-insoluble components of cell membranes.

A) Proteins B) Nucleic acids C) Carbohydrates D) Acids E) Phospholipids Answer: E Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Reddish hair in children is often a sign of malnourishment in developing nations such as Haiti.

What biomolecule is needed for hair growth and is probably lacking in the diets of these children?

A) nucleic acids B) proteins C) carbohydrates D) lipids E) DNA Answer: B Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Plastics are ________.

A) naturally occurring macromolecules B) unstable and break down easily C) moldable, petroleum-based hydrocarbons D) assembled by enzymes in cells E) synthetic proteins Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Which of the following reactions represents cellular respiration?

A) water + carbon dioxide + energy → sugar + oxygen + water B) sugar + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy C) water + carbon dioxide → sugar + oxygen + water + energy D) sugar + carbon dioxide + energy → water + oxygen E) nitrogen + oxygen + sugar → methane + carbon dioxide Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Which of the following describes a property of pure water?

A) changes temperature rapidly B) molecules are noncohesive C) more dense as a solid D) acidic pH E) can hold many molecules in solution Answer: E Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Many organisms that undergo chemosynthesis use ________ instead of ________ to fuel the processes that convert carbon dioxide into sugars.

A) sunlight; water B) hydrogen sulfide (H2S); sunlight C) sunlight; carbohydrates D) energy; sunlight E) sunlight; sulfuric acid Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) We use ________ to catalyze the chemical reactions of digestion.

A) nucleic acids B) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons C) isotopes D) enzymes E) alcohol molecules Answer: D Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) What compound is the primary structural constituent of plant tissue, forming the cell walls of stems, leaves, and roots?

A) chlorophyll B) starch C) cellulose D) enzymes E) protein Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) Which of the following describes mass wasting?

A) deterioration of an atom because of radioactivity B) the destruction of sedimentary rock by earthquakes C) blockage of sunlight by volcanic ash D) downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity E) flood damage resulting from a tsunami Answer: D Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) River water stored behind a dam is best described as a form of ________.

A) kinetic energy B) potential energy C) chemical energy D) entropy E) thermodynamics Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 15) During photosynthesis within plants, ________.

A) the high-quality energy from sugar is converted to heat and light B) sugars and carbon dioxide are produced C) carbon dioxide and oxygen are produced D) oxygen and carbon dioxide are consumed E) water and carbon dioxide are consumed Answer: E Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Cellular respiration ________.

A) releases carbon dioxide and water B) results in a net consumption of energy C) represents a decrease in entropy D) requires the green pigment chlorophyll E) involves a net consumption of water Answer: A Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) Undersea earthquakes and volcanic eruptions may produce ________.

A) mudslides B) pyroclastic flow C) tsunamis D) hurricanes E) lahars Answer: C Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Earthquakes result from ________.

A) energy released from movement at plate boundaries and faults B) surges of magma from Earth's core C) global climate change D) separation of layers within sedimentary rock E) release of gases from the underlying mantle Answer: A Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) What is the type of rock formed when magma or lava cools?

A) igneous B) sedimentary C) lithospheric D) metamorphic E) geothermal Answer: A Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following statements about the rock cycle is true?

A) Sedimentary rock forms metamorphic and igneous rock via the process of lithification.

B) The cooling of magma forms metamorphic rock.

C) Weathering and erosion can cause all three rock types to become sediments.

D) Sediments form igneous rock via lithification.

E) Sedimentary rock forms metamorphic rock as it erodes.

Answer: C Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) The force driving plate tectonics is ________.

A) solar radiation B) the freezing and thawing of water in Earth's crust C) gravity D) nuclear reactions in magma E) heat in the inner layers of Earth Answer: E Section: 2.2, 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Consider the following processes: respiration, chemosynthesis, combustion of firewood, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?

A) none B) one C) two D) three E) all four Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 23) When you burn a log in your fireplace, you are converting ________.

A) chemical to thermal energy B) thermal to electromagnetic energy C) electromagnetic to chemical D) chemical to nuclear energy E) proteins to amino acids Answer: A Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 24) ________ rock has undergone heat or pressure, causing it to change form.

A) Conglomerate B) Igneous C) Sedimentary D) Metamorphic E) Deformative Answer: D Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) Geologists have divided the geologic timescale using evidence compiled using stratigraphy, which is the study of ________.

A) layers of igneous rock B) layers of sedimentary rock C) tree rings D) ancient cave drawings E) plate tectonics Answer: B Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) What are the three distinct layers of Earth?

A) core, mantle, crust B) mantle, magma, crust C) core, mantle, lithosphere D) mantle, crust, lithosphere E) oceanic crust, continental crust, mantle Answer: A Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) At a ________, tectonic plates push apart from one another as magma rises upward to the surface.

A) subduction fault B) transform boundary C) strike-slip fault D) divergent boundary E) convergent boundary Answer: D Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) A solution of pH 5 has ________ times ________ hydrogen ions than a solution of pH 7.

A) 20; more B) 20; fewer C) 100; more D) 100; fewer E) Cannot be determined from the information given Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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29) The "ring of fire" is ________.

A) the underground layer of Earth's crust that is most prone to volcanic activity B) the "wing" of the supervolcano found in Yellowstone National Park C) the region around the Pacific Ocean most prone to catastrophic wildfires D) the most visible, major ring of Saturn E) a belt of earthquakes and volcanoes that occur around the Pacific Ocean Answer: E Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Why was the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010 so much more deadly than the earthquake that struck Tohoku, Japan, in 2011?

A) The Tohoku earthquake struck a rural area, whereas the Haiti earthquake centered on the capital city.

B) The Haiti earthquake was much more powerful than the Tohoku quake.

C) Japan has a stricter building code.

D) Buildings in Japan are more rigidly built and less flexible than those in Haiti.

E) The Haiti earthquake created a tsunami that killed tens of thousands of people.

Answer: C Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) You live in the Pacific Northwest and hear a news story about the dangers associated with pyroclastic flow. Which of the following is the news story about?

A) geysers B) mudslides C) tsunamis D) volcanic eruptions E) floods Answer: D Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 32) Approximately 40 grams of the radioisotope iodine-131 were accidentally released into the atmosphere during the Fukushima nuclear accident. The half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days. How long would it take for there to be 10 grams of iodine-131 left in the environment?

A) 8 days B) 12 days C) 14 days D) 16 days E) 23.7 days Answer: D Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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33) All of the following are compounds except ________.

A) water B) methane C) oxygen gas D) glucose E) table salt Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 34) The law of conservation matter states that ________.

A) matter can be created but not destroyed B) matter can be destroyed but not created C) matter cannot be created or destroyed D) matter is a nonrenewable resource E) matter is a renewable resource Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Which is not one of the most abundant elements of Earth's crust by mass (more than 2%)?

A) oxygen B) iron C) nitrogen D) silicon E) aluminum Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Nitrogen is the most abundant element found in ________.

A) animals B) the air C) Earth's crust D) oceans E) plants Answer: B Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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37) Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

A) lipids B) proteins C) carbohydrates D) nucleic acids E) none of the above Answer: A Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Biological systems tend to have a pH ________.

A) less than 3 B) between 3 and 5 C) between 6 and 8 D) between 8 and 10 E) greater than 10 Answer: C Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Bioremediation is a process in which ________ is/are used to clean up toxic waste.

A) acidic solutions B) basic solutions C) photosynthesis D) microorganisms E) fossil fuels Answer: D Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) The second law of thermodynamics states that energy ________.

A) becomes more ordered in the absence of counteracting forces B) becomes less ordered in the absence of counteracting forces C) becomes matter D) does not change E) is easily created Answer: B Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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41) ________ rock is formed from cooled lava or magma.

A) Conglomerate B) Igneous C) Sedimentary D) Metamorphic E) Deformative Answer: B Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) At a ________, tectonic plates come together and either collide or subduct.

A) subduction fault B) transform boundary C) strike-slip fault D) divergent boundary E) convergent boundary Answer: E Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Sandstone is formed from cemented sand particles and therefore is a type of ________ rock.

A) conglomerate B) igneous C) sedimentary D) metamorphic E) deformative Answer: C Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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2.4 Essay Questions 1) Briefly explain the concept of plate tectonics and why it is important for the study of geography.

Answer: Plate tectonics is "fueled" by heat from Earth's core, which creates convection currents that flow in the mantle, pushing the soft rock upward as it heats up and downward as it cools. As the mantle moves along these giant "conveyor belts," it moves large plates of lithosphere (continental plates) along its surface. Plate tectonics makes up the processes that underlie earthquakes and volcanoes, creates mountain ranges, and shapes shorelines and determines much of the geography of Earth's surface.

Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) In what ways are macromolecules essential to life? Describe the structures of three macromolecules, and describe their major role(s) in organisms.

Answer: Macromolecules provide critical components of organismal structure, energy storage and mobilization, and genetic coding, to name just a few of their many roles. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have the general formula CH2O. Carbohydrates are the primary components of plant cell walls and are the preferred energy source for many organisms. Proteins are chains of amino acids that form structural molecules, aid in the function of the immune system, serve as hormones, and act as enzymes, which promote metabolic reactions. Nucleic acids are made of chains of nucleotides (phosphate + sugar + nitrogenous bases). They carry genetic information (genes) that coordinates all organismal functions and passes traits from generation to generation. DNA is a double-stranded form of nucleic acid.

Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) What is the first law of thermodynamics, and what are its implications for natural resource management?

Answer: This law says that the total energy and matter in the universe are constant and conserved. This law is important because it says that there is a finite amount of energy on Earth.

Humans cannot make new energy or create new mass, and the energy and mass in all chemical reactions are equal between reactants and products (reactants = products). Matter and energy change form in chemical reactions, but they are neither created nor destroyed in those reactions.

In terms of our management of resources, especially those that are nonrenewable, it implies that efficient and sustainable use of energy and materials is extremely important since their abundance is limited.

Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Compare and discuss the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

Answer: The first law states that energy can change from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy in the universe remains constant. The second law states that the universe will change from a more ordered state to a less ordered state. Entropy in the universe is increasing as energy is converted from high to low quality. Organisms must consume energy to maintain structure and keep internal entropy at bay. Low-quality energy from organisms is usually released into the environment as heat. For example, if you had a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast, your digestive systems digests the starch to glucose and your cells then burn the glucose to produce energy to run your body, but most of it is released to the environment as heat. The low-quality exhaust products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, neither of which has any potential energy for you to use. Therefore, you have to keep taking in more chemical energy in food to keep your system running.

Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Briefly explain the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Include a brief explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs in your answer.

Answer: Photosynthesis is performed by autotrophs. In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy (stored within the bonds of glucose). Water and carbon dioxide are consumed, and oxygen is released. In most autotrophs, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

Cellular respiration represents the reverse chemical process. It is performed by both autotrophs and heterotrophs to meet their energy needs. In cellular respiration, oxygen is consumed and the bonds of glucose are broken to release energy, much of which is then used for work within the cell. Along with the energy, carbon dioxide and water are end products, and heat is produced. In most autotrophs and heterotrophs, cellular respiration takes place in organelles called mitochondria.

Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Why does chemistry play a central role in our study of environmental issues? Provide an example from the text that illustrates how chemistry helps solve environmental problems.

Answer: Chemistry is the study of matter, including how matter interacts with other matter. An understanding of chemistry is crucial in understanding how gases such as carbon dioxide and methane contribute to global climate change, how pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides cause acid rain, and how pesticides and other artificial compounds we release into the environment affect the health of wildlife and people. Chemistry is also central in understanding water pollution and sewage treatment, atmospheric ozone depletion, hazardous waste and its disposal, and energy issues. An understanding of nuclear chemistry has been crucial in the remediation efforts at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to minimize ongoing effects of the radiation released as a result of the nuclear accident in 2011.

Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation

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7) Describe the rock cycle, explaining how the three major types of rock form and break down.

Answer: All rocks can melt. At sufficiently high temperatures, rocks liquefy into magma.

Magma may cool back into rock underground or may be released aboveground through a volcano or vent in the form of ash or lava, which may then cool into rock on Earth's surface.

Rock formed from the various types of magma is called igneous rock. Over time, wind, weather, and physical damage can erode rock into gravel, sand, silt, and clay particles. Once rock has been broken down into small components, it can be deposited, often in or along water features in layers. Over time, these components are compressed into layered rock, called sedimentary rock.

This, too, can erode back into smaller fragments. Igneous or sedimentary rock buried underground and exposed to extreme forces of heat or pressure can change form into metamorphic rock, which may be quite different from its original form. This process occurs at temperatures below the melting point of the rock.

Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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2.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Many geologists have proposed naming the current time period of Earth's history the Anthropocene epoch. The rationale for doing so includes the fact that erosion rates and greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere have increased rapidly over the past 300 years. Almost all environmental scientists agree that increases in greenhouse gases contribute to global climate change. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor are the main culprits. Human activities, chief among them the extraction and burning of fossil fuels for energy, have significantly increased these greenhouse gases in our atmosphere in the last 300 years. With rising standards of living in developing countries, emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are expected to continue to rise. If unchecked, carbon dioxide levels will reach twice pre-industrial levels by midcentury and double again by the end of the century.

Computer models have shown that this rise alone could raise Earth's temperatures by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100.

1) Overpopulation contributes to global warming when ________.

A) most of the population is vegetarian B) it leads to deforestation, increased agriculture, and increased use of fossil fuels C) we compromise our living standards in order to protect the environment D) most people use public transportation E) solar energy is used as the primary source of energy, since it is a renewable resource Answer: B Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The primary source of increased levels of greenhouse gases on Earth is ________.

A) increased photosynthetic activity B) loss of heterotrophs C) modern human lifestyles D) aerosol spray cans E) asteroids falling to Earth Answer: C Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Greenhouse gas increase is a major concern for environmentalists because it can directly lead to ________.

A) an increase in the diameter of the ozone hole B) more biodiversity on Earth C) a decrease in the amount of geothermal energy D) a decrease in the amount of photosynthesis on Earth E) increased temperature and climate change Answer: E Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18 ..

4) How does burning fossil fuels contribute to global warming?

A) Fossils, if left untouched, cool Earth.

B) New energy is created on Earth when fossil fuels are burned.

C) Burning fossil fuels creates increased plate tectonic movement.

D) Carbon present in coal, oil, and natural gas becomes the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide when burned.

E) Burning fossil fuels removes water vapor from the atmosphere.

Answer: D Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Pre-industrial levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been estimated to be approximately 275 ppm (parts per million). If unchecked, carbon dioxide levels are expected to reach ________ ppm by the year 2100.

A) 550 B) 775 C) 1100 D) 2750 E) 825 Answer: C Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 3 Evolution and Population Ecology 3.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) According to the figure, which of the following is true?

A) Lampreys have lungs.

B) Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.

C) Reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles) are more closely related to each other than they are to any other animal.

D) Amphibians have a skull with two openings.

E) Sharks possess a swim bladder.

Answer: B Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 1 ..

2) According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to ________.

A) snakes and lizards B) turtles C) mammals D) birds E) lampreys Answer: D Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Each branch in the figure results from ________.

A) a mutation B) migration to a new habitat C) habitat selection D) a speciation event E) extinction of a parent species Answer: D Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Organisms that are closely related have a recent common ancestor. Of the following, which choice lists organisms that are most closely related to each other?

A) lizards and crocodiles B) lampreys and sharks C) lungfish and amphibians D) mammals and turtles E) bony fish and birds Answer: A Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?

A) The ancestors of reptiles had hair.

B) The ancestors of snakes had legs.

C) The ancestors of turtles had two openings in their skulls.

D) Turtle eggs are laid in the ocean.

E) The ancestors of crocodiles had feathers.

Answer: B Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) ecotone B) population density C) population potential D) population E) artificial selection F) divergent evolution G) habitat H) convergent evolution I) community J) ecosystem K) endemic L) niche 1) Many interacting species that live in the same area Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Community and the abiotic material with which its members interact Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Specific environment in which an organism lives Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Number of individuals within a population per unit area Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The process by which unrelated species acquire similar traits Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Species occurring in only one area Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) A group of individuals of a species that live in a particular area.

Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) I 2) J 3) G 4) B 5) H 6) K 7) D 3 ..

3.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Extinction is ________.

A) a natural process B) always caused by human disturbance C) the loss of communities from the planet D) proceeding more slowly now than at any other time E) something that occurs only rarely Answer: A Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?

A) a colony of leafcutter ants living in a forest B) a colony of leafcutter ants and the leaves they harvest for their fungal garden C) a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, and the fungi that they cultivate and tend to D) a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, the fungi that they cultivate and tend to, and the soil nutrients and moisture needed for their garden E) These are all examples of ecosystems.

Answer: D Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Which of the following is true?

A) Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived.

B) The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history.

C) Until recent history, extinctions have always happened gradually and on a small scale.

D) Most organisms present early in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms.

E) Natural selection always favors complexity and a larger body size.

Answer: A Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) At Hakalau Forest in ________, ranchland is being restored to forest, invasive plants are being removed and native ones are being planted, and nēnē are being protected while new populations of them are being established.

A) Guam B) Marshall Islands C) Japan D) Hawaii E) Tuvalu Answer: D Section: 3.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) A niche specialist is ________.

A) more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist B) more likely to adapt to climate change than a niche generalist C) more likely to thrive in human-modified environments than a niche generalist D) more likely to have a large geographic distribution than a niche generalist E) more likely to use a wide variety of resources than a niche generalist Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) A population is ________.

A) a group of individuals of several interacting species that live in one area B) a group of individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems C) a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area D) the sum of all individuals of a species in all locations E) a group of cells that have similar function Answer: C Section: 3.1, 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Endemic species ________.

A) are generalist organisms B) cause disease C) are invasive species that cause extinction D) have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species E) are found only in one place on the planet Answer: E Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Which of the following descriptions of a hummingbird best describes its niche?

A) has a slender bill B) is a nectivore C) can fly backward D) lays two eggs E) can migrate across the Gulf of Mexico Answer: B Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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9) High population density can ________.

A) hinder organisms trying to find mates B) decrease biodiversity within a species C) decrease competition D) decrease the use of resources E) increase the incidence of disease transmission Answer: E Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Population distribution describes ________.

A) the placement of a species around the globe B) the placement of a species within a country's boundaries C) the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem D) the spatial arrangement of multiple species within a particular area E) how near or far away individuals in a population are from a resource, such as water Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Mutation and ________ are the key mechanisms that generate and maintain genetic variation among individuals in most populations.

A) adaptation B) inbreeding C) sexual reproduction D) asexual reproduction E) natural selection Answer: C Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________.

A) linear growth B) exponential growth C) pyramidal growth D) emigration E) immigration Answer: B Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) The carrying capacity is the ________.

A) maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support B) greatest number of different niches possible in a given area C) potential growth in the number of species in a given area D) limitation on numbers of species in a community E) average number of offspring carried to term by a species Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Which of the following scenarios best describes a density-dependent factor limiting population growth?

A) An April blizzard kills off many migrating barn swallows, which could not tolerate the cold and snow.

B) A particularly snowy winter makes it difficult for female deer to find food, thus affecting their ability to reproduce.

C) A particularly dry summer shrinks and dries up many ponds in central Canada, causing increased aggression and competition for limited nest sites among female common goldeneyes (ducks).

D) A tropical storm strikes one of the Hawaiian Islands and wipes out a population of nēnēs that had been recovering from near extinction.

E) A homeowner sprays her lawn with broadleaf herbicide to kill the dandelions that have started growing there that spring.

Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 15) Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, ________.

A) are r-selected B) are K-selected C) are not subject to density-dependent limiting factors D) show the initial stages of the extinction process E) have escaped from the processes of natural selection and adaptation Answer: B Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. If they remain isolated for a long period of time, ________.

A) one group will probably become an endemic species B) both groups will probably become native species C) the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur D) one or both groups will probably emigrate E) one or both groups will probably become invasive species Answer: C Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7 ..

17) What characteristics do humans share with r-selected species?

A) rapid population growth that is largely unchecked B) prolonged parental care C) high reproductive output D) considerable energy and resources spent providing for offspring E) ability to survive well past the age of reproduction Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) How do feral pigs relate to the malaria problem in Hawaii?

A) Malaria is spread from pigs to mosquitoes to humans in Hawaii because pigs are an alternate host for malaria.

B) The pig problem and the malaria problem in Hawaii are unrelated.

C) Pigs help destroy the eggs of mosquitoes by wallowing in mosquito-infested mudholes.

D) Pigs dig holes in the rainforest floor, creating water holes where mosquitoes can breed.

E) Feral pig farmers spend time outdoors and put themselves at risk of being bitten by mosquitoes that carry malaria.

Answer: D Section: 3.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Populations in which the probability of dying is constant at every age exemplify ________.

A) Type I survivorship B) Type II survivorship C) Type III survivorship D) arithmetic growth E) natural selection Answer: B Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Dog breeds are a classic example of artificial selection. Which of the following is another example of artificial selection?

A) crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger B) breeding wild cabbage to create broccoli and cauliflower C) choosing what kind of holiday greenery to purchase D) inserting a gene for herbicide resistance into soybeans E) chimney swifts adapting to human presence and selectively nesting in chimneys Answer: B Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) Scientists often depict their understanding of an organism's evolutionary ancestry in diagrams called ________.

A) branchograms B) taxonomic trees C) classification trees D) ancestral trees E) phylogenetic trees Answer: E Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The invasive European buckthorn invades a local forest preserve. Initially, the population of buckthorn rapidly increases, and then it begins to level off. This pattern of population growth most closely resembles ________.

A) logistic growth B) exponential growth C) unlimited growth D) rapid and steady rate growth E) slow and constantly changing growth Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 23) Which of the following best represents a clumped population distribution pattern?

A) pine trees within a pine plantation B) oaks planted on city streets C) a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea D) eagles nesting in the tallest trees in the Grand Canyon E) earthworms within the soil of a garden Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 24) Which of the following best illustrates a Type I survivorship curve, with higher death rates at older ages?

A) redwood trees B) large open-water ocean fish, such as tuna C) dandelions D) large mammals such as gorillas E) small mammals such as mice Answer: D Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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25) Which of the following has been an effect of ecotourism in Hawaii?

A) Tourists have irreparably damaged sensitive coral reef ecosystems.

B) The trash from millions of visitors has choked out mangrove forests on the island of Oahu.

C) Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars.

D) A large marine reserve in Hawaii was forced to close because of the increased need to feed tourists.

E) Ecotourism has always been banned in Hawaii, but other Pacific islands have experienced myriad negative effects of ecotourism.

Answer: C Section: 3.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 26) Which of the following lists an r-selected organism followed by a K-selected organism?

A) elephant; whale B) elephant; pine tree C) pine tree; dandelion D) dandelion; pine tree E) grasshopper; whale Answer: E Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 27) A coyote can alter its diet to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals and would therefore be considered ________.

A) a generalist B) a specialist, able to specialize on whatever is available at the time C) an endemic D) density independent and resource-neutral E) an organism with a Type II survivorship curve Answer: A Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 28) A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following is true of this species' response to natural selection?

A) There will be more deaths from natural selection because there is no mutation.

B) There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

C) The species will increase in numbers because genetic variation is increased.

D) The species will compensate for loss of genetic variation by hybridizing with other species.

E) There will be fewer deaths from natural selection because sexual recombination always leads to extinction.

Answer: B Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 10 ..

29) Which of the following are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate?

A) adaptation, competition, birth rate, emigration B) survivorship, natural selection, mutation, extinction C) birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration D) immigration, climate, emigration, biotic potential E) limiting factors, carrying capacity, mutation rate, inbreeding Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) When a population approaches its carrying capacity, its resources ________.

A) increase in supply because the population size is decreasing B) generally become infinite in supply C) become more scarce as population growth rate decreases D) decrease in supply but are more accessible to competitors E) increase in supply as the population size decreases Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) What kind of distribution do we typically see within a population of a species that maintains nesting territories, such as red-winged blackbirds?

A) clumped B) clustered C) random D) uniform E) logarithmic Answer: D Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galápagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying?

A) the similarities that have arisen between two completely unrelated species of birds that are competing for the same resources B) the geological processes by which the islands were formed millions of years ago C) the spread of an invasive bird species that has been introduced to some of the islands D) the processes by which several unrelated species of birds developed flightlessness as a result of the islands' lack of natural predators E) the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor Answer: E Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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33)

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According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?

A) Kaua`i creeper B) Laysan finch C) `I`iwi D) Anianiau E) Common rosefinch Answer: B Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 34) A species is a population whose members ________.

A) reproduce asexually B) reproduce sexually C) live in the same habitat D) share characteristics and produce fertile offspring E) currently occupy the same niche Answer: D Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Genetic change over time is ________.

A) population ecology B) age structure C) evolution D) ecology E) speciation Answer: C Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) In order to determine the population growth rate, ________ must be included in addition to birth and death rates.

A) immigration B) emigration C) immigration and emigration D) carrying capacity E) sex ratio Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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37) Mushrooms on a fallen oak tree in a forest represent a(n) ________ distribution.

A) even B) random C) uniform D) logistic E) clumped Answer: E Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Many fish and insects produce vast amounts of offspring of whom only a small percentage survive; this leads to a Type ________ survivorship curve.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Answer: C Section: 3.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) ________ describes the relative numbers of individuals from different ages within a population.

A) Sex ratio B) Population density C) Life history D) Age structure E) Biodiversity Answer: D Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) Biodiversity characterizes the variety of life within and among ________.

A) species B) genes C) populations D) communities E) all the of the above Answer: D Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3.4 Essay Questions 1) Briefly describe the process of speciation, and define allopatric speciation.

Answer: When mutations occur in one population or subpopulation that are not passed to another population or subpopulation, or if natural selection favors different genes in different populations, speciation can occur if gene flow becomes restricted permanently between the two populations (i.e., they can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring). If a physical boundary such as a stream divides the two populations, restricting gene flow between them, and a speciation event occurs, this is termed allopatric speciation.

Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Describe the sixth mass extinction event and its specific causes.

Answer: Currently, most biologists believe that Earth is experiencing its sixth mass extinction event and that we are the cause. The changes to Earth's environment by human population growth, resource use, and development have greatly altered conditions for many species, have driven many to extinction already, and are threatening countless more. The alteration and outright destruction of natural habitats, the hunting and harvesting of species, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species from one place to another have contributed to the threat to Earth's biodiversity.

Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth curves. Give examples of the conditions under which each would occur.

Answer: Exponential growth (a J-shaped curve) is growth when there are no constraints. This occurs when a population is small and environmental conditions are ideal for the organism in question. Mold beginning to grow on a piece of bread and bacteria colonizing a dead animal are examples. Logistic growth (S-shaped growth curve) rises almost exponentially at first and then begins to level off as the effects of limiting factors become stronger. A population introduced into a new environment where there are other organisms will experience limitations quickly, and these limitations will limit the population growth.

Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Discuss the role of humans in regulating carrying capacity for the human species and in altering the carrying capacity for other species.

Answer: Humans can alter their own carrying capacity by finding resources and through technology, but other species have less flexibility in altering their carrying capacity. Humans often alter the carrying capacity for other species by altering climate, encroaching on habitat, reducing breeding areas and food resources, and/or altering trophic structure within an ecosystem through hunting.

Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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5) A population of quail lives in an area of prairie grasslands. In good years, a pair of quail can have four clutches of young, with as many as 12 to 14 eggs in each clutch. Despite this, the population size remains stable over the long term. Discuss the population structure, its potential for growth, and its possible limiting factors, using at least four of the terms you learned in this chapter.

Answer: Students might discuss the r-selection strategy of quail and their potential for exceeding the population's typical carrying capacity in a "good" year with mild weather and plentiful food.

They might talk about the population distribution (clumped). They might choose to discuss the survivorship curve (Type III), involving the large number of eggs and chicks and the rapid loss of young. Density-independent factors include weather and drought or floods. Some densitydependent factors might be disease, predators, available nesting sites, and the amount of food available.

Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) A species of bird had an original range covering the entire eastern half of the United States from New England down to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. During a period of glaciation, the eastern part of the range was cut off from the western part for 2000 years. Then the glaciers melted and the birds' original range was reestablished. During the separation, the western birds evolved a slightly different song and a darker wing color. Ornithologists are now studying this species to determine whether speciation has taken place. What evidence should they look for in their study?

Answer: The researchers should look at the ability of eastern and western birds to recognize one another, court, and mate. If mating does occur, they should observe whether any eggs are laid in the nest and whether any offspring hatch. They should determine whether the east-west matings produce more, the same number, or fewer offspring than east-east and west-west matings.

Finally, if offspring are produced and can in turn produce a second generation of hybrids, the researchers may conclude that these birds still function as a single species. If there are no viable hybrids or if the matings are blocked at an earlier stage, they may conclude that speciation has indeed taken place.

Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: Deer numbers were estimated at 25,000 by 1915, 50,000 by 1920, and 100,000 by 1923.

1) Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?

A) a straight line slanting upward, showing a steady increase over time B) a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase C) a "sine wave" curving up, down, up, down D) a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right E) an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off Answer: B Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) The removal of the livestock and predators and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ________.

A) increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer B) decreased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer C) removed the limits on immigration, allowing more deer into the area D) decreased r, allowing more births among Kaibab deer E) decreased K, allowing more births among Kaibab deer Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) The initial population of Kaibab deer in 1906 was about 4000. In an area of about 800,000 acres, this works out to an average density of one deer per 200 acres. What was the density in 1923?

A) one deer per 20 acres B) one deer per 500 acres C) one deer per 80 acres D) one deer per 8 acres E) one deer per 0.8 acre Answer: D Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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4) Which of the following is likely to have occurred after 1923?

A) The deer population continued to increase exponentially, and has until the present day.

B) The government continued the ban on deer hunting and has continued killing cougars and coyotes that immigrate into the preserve.

C) The deer overgrazed their environment, decreasing the carrying capacity of the habitat.

D) The deer population crashed, and no deer have been seen in the preserve since 1947.

E) The preserve was invaded by Eurasian collared doves in 1988.

Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem?

A) a decrease in the populations of their prey B) a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings C) conversion of grassland into forest D) greater competition among the remaining top predators in the ecosystem E) a decrease in the carrying capacity of their prey Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 4 Species Interactions and Community Ecology 4.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) Which of the following would be the most likely result of the American toad becoming extirpated from this forest?

A) Earthworm populations would decline because of the lack of a food source.

B) Red-bellied woodpecker numbers would be likely to decline because of the resulting decrease in beetles and other insects.

C) Spiders would be likely to experience a population increase because more insect prey would become available.

D) Toadstools and other fungi would thrive because toads would no longer compete with them for space.

E) Rat snake populations would decline because rat snakes eat toads.

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Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Which of the following are depicted as primary consumers in the figure?

A) American toads and rat snakes B) deer mice and eastern chipmunks C) earthworms D) red-bellied woodpeckers E) ticks Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Which of the following are depicted in the figure as feeding at multiple trophic levels?

A) cedar waxwings B) red-bellied woodpeckers C) eastern chipmunks D) caterpillars E) white-tailed deer Answer: A Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following organisms in the figure is a producer?

A) American toad B) shelf fungus C) blackberry D) white-tailed deer E) caterpillar Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Which of the following organisms in the figure is depicted as being at the highest trophic level?

A) white-tailed deer B) eastern chipmunk C) deer mouse D) rat snake E) white oak Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6) Ticks serve what role in this food web?

A) secondary consumer B) primary consumer C) autotroph D) top predator E) parasite Answer: E Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Soil bacteria serve what function in this food web?

A) parasite B) decomposer C) autotroph D) primary consumer E) producer Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) temperate deciduous forest B) savanna C) desert D) tropical dry forest E) temperate rainforest F) tropical rainforest G) temperate grassland H) chaparral I) boreal forest 1) Describes biome in the eastern United States, north central Europe, and eastern China; characterized by stable precipitation and seasonal temperature variation Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Describes the region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, characterized by limited precipitation, thick organic soils, and extreme temperature variation between winter and summer Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Describes the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Nagasaki, Japan; characterized by heavy rainfall and moderate temperature variation between winter and summer Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Describes the terrestrial biome bordering the Mediterranean Sea; characterized by wet winters and warm dry summers Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Describes an equatorial zone with moderate precipitation that fluctuates seasonally; characterized by warm temperatures year round Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Describes Cairo, Egypt, and northwest Mexico; characterized by sparse rainfall and much variation in temperature Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Generally the coldest of the biomes listed Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) A 2) G 3) E 4) H 5) D 6) C 7) I 4.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Zebra mussels ________.

A) are native to Canada B) were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s C) are presently restricted to the Great Lakes and Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near future D) are an invasive exotic species that clog water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities E) excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes Answer: D Section: 4.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource are an example of _______.

A) resource partitioning B) competitive exclusion C) symbiosis D) interspecific competition E) intraspecific competition Answer: E Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% or more since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________.

A) zebra mussels prey on zooplankton B) zebra mussels carry a parasite that kills zooplankton C) zebra mussels encourage the growth of cyanobacteria, which harm zooplankton D) zebra mussels block sunlight penetration into lakes and thus prevent zooplankton from photosynthesizing E) waste from zebra mussels promotes bacterial growth that kills zooplankton Answer: A Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) By definition, parasites ________ their host.

A) kill B) are much smaller than C) get nourishment from and harm D) live on the external surface of E) never kill Answer: C Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) A species' realized niche ________.

A) cannot be larger than its fundamental niche B) cannot be smaller than its fundamental niche C) is the niche that a species realizes/experiences in the absence of competition D) is never really realized because it isn't real E) is the portion of a species' niche that is "taken over" by competing species Answer: A Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) ________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.

A) Producers B) Primary consumers C) Secondary consumers D) Detritivores E) Heterotrophs Answer: A Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

A) producers B) primary consumers C) secondary consumers D) detritivores E) parasites Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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8) Fish that eat zooplankton are ________.

A) producers B) primary consumers C) secondary consumers D) detritivores E) herbivores Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 9) Which of the following is true about top predators?

A) They are often keystone species.

B) They are likely to be herbivores.

C) They are likely to be producers.

D) They include bacteria and fungi.

E) Their removal increases biodiversity.

Answer: A Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Secondary succession ________.

A) requires primary succession to precede it B) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape C) occurs after a fire or flood D) typically begins with lichen or moss colonizing rock E) is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Temperature remains relatively stable through the year in what biome?

A) chaparral B) tropical rainforest C) temperate deciduous forest D) temperate grassland E) boreal forest Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12) Character displacement can result from all of the following except ________.

A) interspecific competition B) intraspecific competition C) resource partitioning D) natural selection E) the use of limited resources by multiple species Answer: B Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Desert and tundra both ________.

A) have rich soils, although the climate is such that very little grows B) have permafrost deep underground C) lack insects D) have relatively low precipitation E) lack shrubs Answer: D Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Taiga and tundra both ________.

A) lack trees B) have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year C) lack many birds D) have many burrowing rodents E) are found in the southeastern United States Answer: B Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Competitive exclusion occurs as a result of ________.

A) resource partitioning B) intraspecific competition C) parasitism D) predation E) interspecific competition Answer: E Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) Because of the rainshadow effect, ________.

A) a dry region occurs on the downwind side of a mountain B) a dry region occurs on the windward side of a mountain C) rainfall fluctuates, arriving in equal amounts on both sides D) rainfall varies, but always falls in shadow areas E) the wet region is determined by the location of jet streams Answer: A Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) A climax community ________.

A) is typical of the first stages of secondary succession B) remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession C) describes terrestrial biomes D) describes aquatic biomes E) has the lowest biodiversity of all stages of succession Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which biome would be found primarily in the temperate zone?

A) desert B) boreal forest C) savanna D) deciduous forest E) tundra Answer: D Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Benthic organisms in the Great Lakes ________.

A) live near the water's surface B) are harmed by the presence of zebra mussels C) benefit from the presence of zebra mussels D) include phytoplankton E) include zooplankton but not phytoplankton Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association.

A) allelopathic B) homeopathic C) parasitic D) symbiotic E) benthic Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following are pioneer species?

A) lichens B) wolves and mountain lions C) beavers D) aspen trees E) zebra mussels Answer: A Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) By definition, herbivores ________.

A) are photosynthetic B) eat primary consumers C) break down leaf litter D) consume autotrophs E) consume heterotrophs Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift when ________.

A) pollutants cause a rapid rise in mutations B) it suffers a natural fire or flood C) it has too many symbiotic relationships among species D) it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change E) all invasive and exotic species are removed Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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24) Kelp ________.

A) is eaten by sea otters B) is eaten by orcas C) suffers intense herbivory from zebra mussels D) suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins E) is pollinated by sea urchins Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Which of the following biomes is experiencing the greatest temperature increases resulting from global climate change?

A) temperature deciduous forest B) tropical rainforest C) chaparral D) temperate grassland E) arctic tundra Answer: E Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) The Everglades restoration project in Florida ________.

A) seeks to exterminate numerous invasive fish species and plants B) is restoring natural levels of water flow by undoing numerous channeling and drainage projects C) will result in serious depletion of drinking water supplies for humans in south Florida D) will probably destroy much of the commercial fishing in the area E) is a short-term restoration project with a two-year implementation plan Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Detritivores include ________.

A) oak and poplar trees B) algae and photosynthetic bacteria C) millipedes and soil insects D) wolves and lions E) species that can break down cellulose, bone, and other durable biopolymers Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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28) The energy content and biomass of ________ are lowest in a terrestrial food web.

A) top carnivores B) producers C) small carnivores such as spiders and lizards D) detritivores and decomposers E) primary consumers Answer: A Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 29) A trophic cascade is the effect of the loss of ________ on ________.

A) detritivores; the abundance of decomposers B) producers; the abundance of primary consumers C) top consumers; one another D) top consumers; the abundance of lower consumers and producers E) flooding; terrestrial ecosystems Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Blight fungus kills U.S. chestnut trees because the trees ________.

A) release the fungus into the soil and it is drawn up in the roots B) have not coevolved with the fungus C) are hosts to the vectors of the fungus D) have not matured long enough to survive E) release the fungus in the leaves that fall to the ground and the fungus is absorbed in the soil Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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31)

Given the ratio shown in the figure, approximately how many hawks would be sustained by a large grassland that contains 100,000 grasshoppers?

A) 1000 B) 1 C) 10,000 D) 10 E) 100 Answer: A Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 32) Quagga mussels ________.

A) are native mussels being replaced in many areas by zebra mussels B) are invasive mussels that are replacing zebra mussels in many areas C) were brought over from the Black Sea in an effort to eradicate zebra mussels D) cause a decline in aquatic plants in lakes that they have invaded E) feed on bottom-feeding fish and cause declines in their populations Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Both the red-horned unicorn and the blue-horned unicorn eat only happy grass in the magical forest. The red-horned unicorn is much faster in finding and eating the happy grass, and eventually there are no longer any blue-horned unicorns in the forest. This is an example of ________.

A) species coexistence B) competitive exclusion C) resource partitioning D) mutualism E) a trophic cascade Answer: B Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13 ..

34) A ________ is a summary of what an organism does, including its functional role, habitat, and food consumption.

A) trophic level B) food web C) niche D) trophic cascade E) biome Answer: C Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) The two most influential characteristics that determine a biome are ________.

A) precipitation and latitude B) precipitation and longitude C) temperature and longitude D) temperature and latitude E) temperature and precipitation Answer: E Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize during ________.

A) succession B) regime shift C) invasive species establishment D) exotic species introduction E) disturbance Answer: A Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) When a community can rebound to its original state after a disturbance, it is said to be ________.

A) resistant B) resilient C) stable D) restored E) keystone Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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38) In a food web, the direction of the arrow indicates ________.

A) which organism is the predator B) which organism is the herbivore C) the direction of energy flow D) where the decomposer interacts E) time flow Answer: C Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Communities undergo change ________.

A) never after the climax stage B) only once C) only during mass extinction events or after human interactions D) more unpredictably and variably than historically thought E) yearly Answer: D Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4.4 Essay Questions 1) What ecological traits do successful invasive species possess? How do these traits interact to make controlling them difficult?

Answer: Invasive species possess high fecundity, large dispersal ability, the tendency toward general habitat preference, large phenotypic plasticity, and an absence of native biotic controls such as competitors, predators, and pathogens. Because of these traits, elimination can be virtually impossible, even if only a few survive. They are very adaptable to new environments and spread very rapidly once established.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Define the term invasive species and give two examples from your textbook.

Answer: Invasive species originate from ecosystems usually far removed from the one into which they are introduced. They are capable of attaining unnatural dominance within ecological communities. Many are introduced by humans, in some cases intentionally. In many more cases, they are introduced unintentionally. In their new environment, invasive species have little or no restraint on their population growth. Examples include zebra mussels, sea lampreys, chestnut blight, and Dutch elm disease.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Give an example of how an invasive species can cause ecological or economic harm.

Answer: Lacking predators, parasites, and/or competitors in their new environment, invasive species can proliferate and dominate a community. Impacts of invasive species have become more extensive in recent years because of the increased mobility of humans and globalization.

An example of an invasive species is the zebra mussel. As adults, zebra mussels can attach to boats and ships (they were carried to the Great Lakes on ships). In their new environment, they did not encounter the predators, competitors, and parasites that limited their population growth in Asia and Europe. Their population grew, and they spread to other areas. They clog up water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and municipal water supplies and wastewater treatment facilities. They damage boat engines, degrade docks, foul fishing gear, and sink buoys. It is estimated that they cost the U.S. economy hundreds of millions of dollars a year.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Why do ecologists favor the term food web as opposed to food chain?

Answer: Ecological systems are far more complex than simple linear chains. Feeding relationships and energy flow among interacting organisms usually take many paths in a community. For instance, grasses are food for a variety of animals such as deer, mice, and rabbits. Birds eat a variety of insects, spiders, and berries. Soil bacteria decompose a variety of dead plants and animals. Some species sit at multiple trophic levels in a food web. Such complexities are lost in a simple food chain.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) List the three major trophic categories in a food web. What types of organisms are found in each level? Where are the autotrophs and heterotrophs found in a food web? Discuss the significance of each level for the integral functioning of the food web.

Answer: The three major trophic categories are producer, consumer, and decomposer. Producers include green plants and chemo- and photosynthetic bacteria. All organisms are autotrophs in this level. The next category, consumers, includes herbivores as primary consumers and carnivores as secondary and tertiary consumers. All organisms at this level are heterotrophs. The final category is the decomposers, which include bacteria and fungi and a few other microorganisms. These are all heterotrophs. Producers are important because they provide the energetic and material basis for consumption of all other levels. The decomposers' role is to aid in soil production and fertility, and they recycle nutrients to the producers. The consumers are a very significant force in regulating populations of plants and prey animals. They also are important as pollinators and dispersers of plant species.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) Discuss ways to control invasive species.

Answer: Controlling and eradicating invasive species are difficult and expensive. A wide variety of techniques have been tried, among them manual removal, introduction of predators (biocontrol), and application of toxic chemicals, heat, sound, electric current, and ultraviolet light. Most of these techniques are localized and short-lived solutions that are not very effective.

Prevention of the spread of invasive species through education, legislation, and such preventative actions as replacing ballast waters at sea and checking shipping containers might prove more effective in the future.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Discuss the two factors that are most important in the distribution of biomes. Choose one biome and explain how these two factors impact the specific plants and animals found in this biome.

Answer: Temperature and precipitation are the two factors that determine the distribution of biomes. As average precipitation and temperature increase, the growing season is often longer, and with more water, photosynthetic rates increase and vegetation becomes more lush and varied. For example, in the desert, with very little rainfall, the growing season is short, sometimes lasting less than a month. The plants that do thrive have evolved specialized adaptations to conserve water (thick leathery leaves, spines rather than leaves, and photosynthetic trunks). Animal species have also evolved water-conserving behaviors such as being active only at night.

Section: 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Discuss the differences between intraspecific and interspecific competition.

Answer: Intraspecific competition is the competition for limited resources by members of the same species. This is part of the process of natural selection and determines which individuals are most fit and will survive to produce offspring under a given set of environmental conditions.

Ultimately, this process benefits the species in the long term, since unfit genetic combinations are weeded out of the population. Interspecific competition occurs between different species.

This is the only ecological interaction considered to be (—/—), since all species involved have smaller populations and fewer resources than if they were not competing. The long-term result is for the competing species to evolve different strategies for survival and different resource use patterns, provided that one or more competitors are not extirpated by the stronger species.

Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 9) Briefly describe what is meant by the term pioneer species. Identify the general characteristics of pioneer species, and give an examples of pioneer species.

Answer: Pioneer species are among the first to colonize a new substrate after a severe disturbance that creates the conditions for primary succession. Pioneer plant species usually have airborne dispersal mechanisms such as windblown seeds or spores. Pioneer species such as lichens begin the process of soil formation, paving the way for other vegetation and eventually animals to establish.

Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17 ..

4.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming can also melt permafrost in the tundra and increase sea surface temperatures, which could increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out of sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. For example, if pollinators and the plants they pollinate become out of sync, the pollinators may not be able to switch to a different food source, and the plants may not be able to reproduce.

1) If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, which may lead to ________ the community.

A) pioneer species colonizing B) succession occurring in C) coevolution occurring in D) climax occurring in E) facilitation occurring in Answer: B Section: 4.2, 4.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Intense hurricanes resulting from global warming can directly lead to ________ within communities.

A) primary succession B) secondary succession C) coevolution D) climax E) symbiosis Answer: B Section: 4.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.

A) primary succession B) secondary succession C) coevolution D) climax E) extirpation Answer: C Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.

A) predation B) parasitism C) herbivory D) mutualism E) competition Answer: D Section: 4.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 5 Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology 5.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) This graph helps to explain ________.

A) why the open ocean is so productive B) why cultivated lands are a logical choice to replace rainforests C) why we need to be concerned with damage to rainforests and coral reefs D) why tundra has such high net primary productivity of biomass E) the importance of deserts Answer: C Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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2) Recall that areas with high net primary productivity not only take up large amounts of CO2 and give off large amounts of oxygen, but also produce high levels of biomass rapidly that eventually die off. What is the likely result of the increasing amounts of fertilizers in the major rivers emptying into oceans?

A) Productivity in these areas will increase permanently, leading to more CO2 uptake and more oxygen released.

B) Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to less CO2 uptake and less oxygen released.

C) Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to more CO2 uptake and more oxygen released.

D) Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to less CO2 uptake and more oxygen released.

E) Fisheries will improve as the extra nutrients feed shellfish and fish.

Answer: B Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Overall, it appears that terrestrial biomes with more available fresh water ________.

A) tend to have less productivity than those without much fresh water B) tend to have about the same productivity as those without much fresh water C) tend to have more productivity than those without much fresh water D) don't differentiate between fresh water as rainfall and fresh water as ice in glaciers E) No real conclusions can be drawn.

Answer: C Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) precipitation B) ecotone C) hydrosphere D) aquifer E) atmosphere F) biomass G) water table H) evaporation I) transpiration J) biosphere K) lithosphere L) condensation 1) Matter contained in living organisms Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The solid earth beneath our feet Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The process by which water moves from Earth's surface (such as in lakes or rivers) to the atmosphere Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Release of water vapor by plants through their leaves Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Upper limit of groundwater in soil or rocks Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The process by which water returns from the clouds to Earth's surface Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) F 2) K 3) H 4) I 5) G 6) A

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5.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) ________ is any network of relationships among a group of components that interact with and influence one another through the exchange of energy, matter, or information.

A) An interchange B) A system C) An ecosystem D) An environmental collaboration E) Hierarchy Answer: B Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) A system stabilized by negative feedback, with opposing processes offsetting each other, is said to be in ________.

A) static control B) environmental balance C) harmonic resonance D) normal balance E) dynamic equilibrium Answer: E Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) In some areas, cattle on an open range may compact fragile soils while grazing. This can damage plant roots, leading to fewer, smaller plants, which may in turn cause cattle to graze more and work harder to obtain food. This is an example of a ________.

A) positive feedback loop B) negative feedback loop C) homeostatic system D) dynamic equilibrium E) food web Answer: A Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The eutrophication that has taken place in Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, and other locations appears to be due to ________.

A) global warming from human use of fossil fuels B) pesticide use along the waterways C) heavy metals dumped in the sewage D) weather alone, because it is only obvious in the summer E) excess nutrients from fertilizers Answer: E Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4 ..

5) All of the following are considered Earth's structural spheres except the ________.

A) geosphere B) lithosphere C) biosphere D) hydrosphere E) atmosphere Answer: A Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The majority of Earth's fresh water exists ________.

A) in the form of ice B) in freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers C) in groundwater D) in the atmosphere E) in the oceans Answer: A Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Containing elements of both forests and coastal marshes, the swamplands of extreme southern Louisiana are an example of ________.

A) a superbiome B) an ecotone C) a dead zone D) a closed ecosystem E) an abiotic system Answer: B Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 8) The first essential step in changing atmospheric nitrogen into more usable NH3 is called ________.

A) nitrification B) nitrogen fixation C) denitrification D) ammonification E) biogeochemical cycling Answer: B Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) The biosphere is best defined as ________.

A) a regional grouping of plants, animals, and abiotic factors B) all Earth's organisms and the nonliving environment with which they interact C) all Earth's organisms and their physical and aquatic environment where energy and matter are cycled D) a grouping of plants and animals that interact with one another E) all living and nonliving parts, including the flow of energy and matter Answer: B Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10)

Which location on the map has the highest net primary productivity?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Ecotones are the ________.

A) sounds that animal communities make in ecosystems B) interactive behaviors leading to communication C) areas between territories of organisms D) studies of specific biomes by ecologists E) transitional zones between ecosystems Answer: E Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6 ..

12) Biodiversity is partially influenced by net primary productivity (NPP). Where can the highest terrestrial rates of NPP be found?

A) tundra B) tropical rainforests C) deserts D) deciduous forests E) polar regions Answer: B Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) The Haber-Bosch process allows farmers to ________.

A) apply synthetic nitrogen-rich fertilizers to their cropland B) apply synthetic phosphorus-rich fertilizers to their cropland C) fertilize their cropland without having to worry about nutrients getting into waterways D) circumvent regulations meant to protect waterways from nutrient pollution E) extract nitrogen from animal waste products for use as fertilizer Answer: A Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Nitrogen and phosphorus are referred to as macronutrients because ________.

A) they are larger than other nutrients needed by plants B) they are needed by large organisms C) they are required in large amounts for organisms to survive D) they are needed to manufacture large biomolecules E) their cycles have larger reservoirs than those of micronutrients Answer: C Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) The two largest pools of the carbon cycle, in order, are ________.

A) sedimentary rock and oceans B) freshwater streams and plants C) sedimentary rock and plants D) fertilizers and the atmosphere E) oceans and respiration Answer: A Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) The largest pool of carbon in the carbon cycle is ________.

A) the ocean B) in plants and animals C) sedimentary rock D) the atmosphere E) the hydrosphere Answer: C Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) The phosphorus in all biological tissues can be traced back to ________.

A) volcanic activities B) atmospheric phosphorus gas C) phosphorus weathered from rock D) phosphorus dissolved in the ocean and taken up by shellfish E) phosphorus in animal bones Answer: C Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Negative feedback processes tend to function within ecosystems to ________.

A) cause further ecological destruction B) cause ecological relationships to flourish C) cause ecological relationships to disintegrate D) stabilize the ecosystem E) reinforce harmful changes Answer: D Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Nitrogen fixation is a process that makes nitrogen available to plants and is carried out by ________.

A) plants during photosynthesis B) volcanic eruptions C) parasitic bacteria D) nitrogen gas dissolving in fresh water and in the ocean E) mutualistic and free-living bacteria Answer: E Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) Humans have dramatically altered the rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by autotrophs by ________.

A) burning of fossil fuels to meet our energy needs B) increasing the erosion of farmlands through poor agricultural practices C) producing synthetic fertilizers and applying them to crops, lawns, and parks D) using antibiotics to reduce the numbers of denitrifying bacteria E) selectively removing leguminous plants Answer: C Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following would reduce nutrient pollution in the Mississippi River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds?

A) removing the "buffers" around streams because they acidify the water B) removing wetlands that are contaminating the waterways with nutrient pollution from wildlife waste and decaying vegetation such as cattails C) closing or updating sewage treatment plants that lack a process for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater D) applying fertilizer to lawns and crops just before heavy rainstorms because the fertilizer would then infiltrate the soil rather than staying at the surface, where it can contaminate waterways E) allowing storm runoff from streets and parking lots to enter waterways rather than capturing it in lagoons because the lagoons can contaminate groundwater aquifers Answer: C Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) By damming rivers and creating reservoirs, we are ________.

A) increasing evaporation B) increasing transpiration while decreasing evaporation C) decreasing evaporation D) decreasing transpiration E) increasing transportation Answer: A Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Mutualistic relationships between bacteria and certain root nodules play an important role in the global cycling of ________.

A) water B) rock C) carbon D) nitrogen E) phosphorus Answer: D Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9 ..

24) Which of the following is the best example of an ecosystem service?

A) the regulation of gas prices B) soil microbes fixing atmospheric nitrogen C) a park ranger checking fishing licenses D) a city cutting down a tree that is dying E) a college environmental club cleaning up the shoulder of a highway Answer: B Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 25) Ecological modeling can help us ________ ecosystem services.

A) control the growth of B) create many new C) understand D) decrease the cost of maintaining E) replace destroyed Answer: C Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) In an aquatic ecosystem experiencing eutrophication, levels of dissolved macronutrients ________ and dissolved oxygen levels ________.

A) increase; decease B) increase; increase C) decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase E) remain stable; increase Answer: A Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) All of the following are fluxes in the hydrologic cycle except ________.

A) infiltration B) transpiration C) uptake D) fixation E) evaporation Answer: D Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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28) Which of the following describes matter and energy flow in an ecosystem?

A) Matter flows through an ecosystem, whereas energy is recycled within an ecosystem.

B) Matter and energy both cycle within an ecosystem.

C) Energy flows through an ecosystem, whereas matter is recycled within an ecosystem.

D) Matter and energy both flow through an ecosystem.

E) Matter and energy flow in opposite directions within an ecosystem.

Answer: C Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The atmosphere is an important reservoir (pool) in all the following cycles except ________.

A) hydrologic B) carbon C) nitrogen D) phosphorus E) Technically, the atmosphere is not an important reservoir in any of these cycles.

Answer: D Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 30) You are studying with a classmate, who explains that increasing the amount of nutrients in a lake helps submerged, rooted aquatic plants by providing them with the nitrogen and phosphorus they need to survive and reproduce. Which of the following should be your response to your study buddy?

A) You agree because all organisms need nitrogen and phosphorus, and waterways are naturally limited in those nutrients.

B) You agree and point out that plants also benefit because the decrease in oxygen will kill aquatic fish and snails, some of which would otherwise eat the aquatic plants.

C) You agree and point out that the resulting fish kill would further enhance the nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the lake, which would further enhance the growth of submerged aquatic plants, creating a positive feedback loop.

D) You disagree and explain that plants cannot use the nutrients in the water because the plants do not have access to the nutrients.

E) You disagree because the resulting increase in phytoplankton at the surface would inhibit sunlight from penetrating into the water, thus inhibiting photosynthesis in the submerged plants.

Answer: E Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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31)

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data shown in the figure?

A) Agriculture accounts for 98% of the nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay. B) Full protection of Chesapeake Bay will require consideration of activities within the bay's airshed and not just the bay's watershed.

C) Wastewater treatment plants do not contribute significantly to nutrient pollution in Chesapeake Bay. D) Repairing broken septic systems will probably result in a large decrease in phosphorus pollution entering Chesapeake Bay. E) Automobiles do not contribute to nutrient pollution in Chesapeake Bay. Answer: B Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 32) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used by scientists to ________.

A) determine fish population sizes using sonar B) document behaviors of invasive species C) perform advanced statistical analyses that cannot be performed by hand D) study changes in an ecosystem using satellite imagery E) predict severe weather events up to a week ahead of time Answer: D Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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33) Which statement best describes the relationship between temperature and productivity of terrestrial biomes?

A) Warmer biomes tend to have higher productivity than colder biomes, given sufficient moisture.

B) There is no relationship between temperature and productivity in terrestrial biomes.

C) Colder biomes tend to have higher productivity than warmer biomes, given sufficient moisture.

D) Seasonal, moderate temperatures tend to promote the highest levels of productivity.

E) Productivity is highest in coral reefs and lowest in deserts, which typically are found in warm environments.

Answer: A Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 34) A significant pathway for carbon shifting from the lithosphere to the atmosphere is ________.

A) burning of fossil fuels B) fixation via bacteria C) the Haber-Bosch process D) the hydrological cycle E) erosion Answer: A Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 35) Assimilation is the uptake of ________ into plants.

A) N2 B) ammonium C) nitrates D) atmospheric nitrogen E) nitrifying bacteria Answer: C Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 36) Examples of micronutrients include ________.

A) iron and zinc B) nitrogen and carbon C) DNA and RNA D) carbohydrates and lipids E) phosphorus Answer: A Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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37) Dynamic equilibrium is when ________.

A) one process stops another from occurring B) processes moving in the same direction combine C) processes moving in opposite directions are equal D) all processes stop E) an increase in one process speeds up another process Answer: C Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 38) The precipitation that flows over land and enters waterways is ________.

A) runoff B) flux C) moisture D) evaporation E) transpiration Answer: A Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Scientists use simplified representations called ________ to understand large, complex systems and make predictions about them.

A) models B) GIS C) metapopulations D) patches E) sources Answer: A Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) When a reservoir accepts more material than it releases, this is known as a(n) ________.

A) source B) sink C) equilibrium D) flux E) cycle Answer: A Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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41) Recent research suggests that ________ is now the key limiting factor in phytoplankton growth in the Gulf of Mexico.

A) sunlight B) temperature C) phosphorus D) nitrogen E) oil pollution Answer: C Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5.4 Essay Questions 1) Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops. Give an example of each and how common each is in natural systems.

Answer: A system's output can serve as input to that same system, a circular process described as a feedback loop. In a negative feedback loop, output from a system being pushed in one direction acts as input that moves the system in the opposite direction. The output and input essentially neutralize one another, stabilizing the system. An example is the regulation of our body temperature. Negative feedback loops are relatively common in nature. In a positive feedback loop, inputs don't stabilize a system but drive them further toward one extreme or another. An example of this process in natural systems is erosion. Positive feedback loops are relatively rare in nature but are common in natural systems altered by human actions.

Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Give a brief overview of the carbon cycle. Include the source of carbon that enters ecosystems, how it moves through ecosystems, what it is used for, and where it is ultimately deposited. What part of this cycle is believed to contribute to global warming?

Answer: Plants take up CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporate the carbon into their tissue.

Animals then eat plants and gain carbon. Carbon is used for all the tissues and molecules of living organisms, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and as an essential ingredient in DNA. When animals and plants die, their tissues are metabolized by decomposers, and much partially degraded biomass (especially from plants) is then deposited into soils. At each stage along the way, some carbon is released back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The use of fossil fuels (previously undecomposed organic materials) causes stored CO2 to be released to the atmosphere. This is occurring at very high rates and is contributing to global warming.

Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Human activity has affected every aspect of the nitrogen cycle. List the ways that humans have altered nitrogen content, starting with how nitrogen becomes available to producers, where it goes, and what impacts it has. What are the ecological concerns regarding the dramatic changes people have made in the global nitrogen cycle?

Answer: Humans have spent a great deal of money on producing and distributing nitrogen and have doubled the amount of nitrogen available for use by plants. The Haber-Bosch process allows us to fix nitrogen into usable molecules. We have increased the amount of nitrogen that makes its way into waterways, mostly as runoff from fertilizer. This has caused alterations in terrestrial community composition and eutrophication in water systems. We have also increased the distribution of nitrogen through atmospheric pollution, primarily from nitrogen oxides resulting from burning fossil fuels, that then comes down as acid rain. Concerns include climate change through increased concentrations of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas, depleted nutrients from soils, eutrophication of surface waters, and acidified surface water and soils.

Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Human activity has affected every aspect of the water cycle. Identify three ways that humans have altered the water cycle. What are the major concerns regarding our alteration of the water cycle?

Answer: Humans have dammed rivers to create reservoirs, resulting in increased evaporation and infiltration of surface water into aquifers. We have also removed vegetation from many areas, so infiltration into the soil, transpiration, and return of water to the atmosphere have all slowed, increasing runoff and erosion. Furthermore, our withdrawals of surface water and groundwater for agriculture, industry, and domestic uses deplete rivers, lakes, and streams and lower water tables. One concern for the future is shortages of potable water. Shortages in specific areas of many countries are already evident. Groundwater is being removed at high rates due to agriculture and manufacturing in this country. Water tables in previously plentiful aquifers are dropping at rapid rates and may ultimately limit agricultural production and manufacturing, as well as the availability of clean, fresh water supplies for people worldwide.

Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) What factors contribute to the "dead zone" in Chesapeake Bay? Answer: There has been a rapid acceleration of anthropogenic fixing of atmospheric nitrogen and releasing it into the hydrosphere. This is manifested through fertilizer runoff into the waterways feeding into Chesapeake Bay. There, excess nitrogen and phosphorus, combined with more nutrient loading from sewage discharge, has contributed to a rise in phytoplankton biomass. The excess biomass is partly eaten by consumers, but a large amount sediments out as dead material and is metabolized by benthic decomposers. All of this increased aerobic metabolism depletes the waters of essential dissolved oxygen, leading to a hypoxic dead zone.

Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) Define the term emergent properties and give an example from a natural system.

Answer: Emergent properties are characteristics of a system that are not evident in the system's components (the whole is greater than the sum of its parts). The component parts of a tree (leaves, branches, roots, bole) do not lead to the whole tree's emergent properties as a source of shade for understory vegetation, a home for birds and insects, a rich resource filled with nectar and pollen during flowering season, and/or a source of food for many organisms in the form of fruits or nuts.

Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Identify the anthropogenic sources of phosphorus, and explain why they are a problem.

Answer: The major anthropogenic source of phosphorus is effluent from sewage treatments, which tends to be phosphate rich. Fertilizers also provide large amounts of anthropogenic phosphorus, and many detergents play a part as well. Introduction of phosphates from all of these sources into surface waters causes eutrophication and algal growth, leading to murkier waters, hypoxic zones, and other changes in the structure and function of ecosystems.

Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) How and why do ecologists use GIS software?

Answer: GIS software is used by landscape ecologists to analyze and visualize how geographic elements of a landscape are arrayed spatially. The elements can be arranged as layers to form a composite map, useful for mapping niches of various species and establishing management strategies for any landscape, natural or urban.

Section: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

In the early years of the 20th century there were lush stands of tall grasses in the valley on the east side of the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona, stretching to Mexico on the south and New Mexico on the east. Dramatic summer rainstorms dumped huge amounts of water, very quickly, on the rocky upper slopes. The water ran down the slopes and into the grasslands, where it quickly soaked into the soft, porous soil where prairie dogs were active. Cattle-ranching was in full swing, utilizing the rich grasses, but the ranchers did not appreciate the multitudes of prairie dogs that lived in the grasslands. Prairie dogs constantly dug through the soil, making new burrows and eating grasses, roots and all. It was commonly believed that cattle and horses would stumble in the prairie dog holes and break their legs. In addition, many ranchers were convinced that the prairie dogs would destroy the grasses because they directly competed with the cattle for food. The ranchers had already done away with most predators that preyed on prairie dogs and might possibly affect cattle (coyotes, bobcats, wolves, mountain lions, eagles, and rattlesnakes), and now they turned their attention to the prairie dogs themselves. The ranchers became a part of a new federally sponsored movement to poison the grassland prairie dogs. This movement took root and spread through the 1920s and 1930s.

1) Prairie dog activities probably contributed to ________.

A) the grass roots being subject to diseases B) loosening soil and inhibited nutrient cycling, causing grasses to fall over C) the soil hardening during rains, causing grasses to die D) the localized extinction of prairie grasses E) loosening soil and cycling nutrients, allowing new grass roots to grow and prosper Answer: E Section: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) One direct result of removing the predators may have been ________.

A) a decrease in soil quality B) an increase in predation C) an increase in soil quality D) an increase in the prairie dog population E) a decrease in the prairie dog population Answer: D Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Which of the predators listed would seem to pose the smallest threat to cattle ranching?

A) eagles B) mountain lions C) wolves D) coyotes E) rattlesnakes Answer: A Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Once the prairie dogs were poisoned and no longer a part of the ecosystem, which of the following probably occurred?

A) Soils slowly became looser because of the cattle, so soil moisture increased.

B) Soils slowly became compacted because of the cattle, decreasing infiltration of moisture into the soil.

C) Soils slowly became looser because of the cattle, so fewer nutrients were recycled.

D) Soils slowly became compacted because of the cattle, increasing infiltration of moisture into the soil.

E) Soils slowly became looser because of the cattle, decreasing infiltration of moisture into the soil.

Answer: B Section: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) In a previous chapter you read about "keystone species." How do the prairie dogs in this story meet the definition of a keystone species?

A) They don't meet the definition of a keystone species; the system did fine without them. The predators switched to preying on cattle, and the grasses did better in the compact soil.

B) Their burrows loosened the soil and served as homes for other species; they helped with nutrient recycling. They helped water infiltrate into the soil and kept soil loose for grass roots.

When they were removed, the system deteriorated.

C) The availability of prairie dogs kept the predators in check; when they were removed, the predator populations grew dramatically. Prairie dogs also kept the soil aerated and compact.

D) When the prairie dogs were removed, the cattle declined, which meets the definition of a keystone species.

E) Their burrows caused cattle to break their legs and die. This made them directly responsible for the welfare of another species, which meets the definition of a keystone species.

Answer: B Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6) One of the conclusions that can be drawn from this scenario is that ________.

A) cattle improved the soils, contributing to this ecosystem B) predators were unimportant components of this ecosystem; their removal caused no subsequent problems C) prairie dogs were unimportant components of this ecosystem; their removal caused no subsequent problems D) once humans change one thing in an ecosystem, they may find unexpected results occurring elsewhere in the ecosystem E) prairie dogs were part of a negative feedback loop once they were removed Answer: D Section: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 6 Ethics, Economics, and Sustainable Development 6.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) The intersection of the two lines (the middle of the "X") on the graph represents ________.

A) the maximum price buyers will pay for goods and services B) the minimum price buyers will pay for goods and services C) the maximum quantity of goods and services that a company can produce D) the minimum quantity of goods and services that a company can produce E) market equilibrium Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The graph illustrates ________.

A) marginal benefit and cost curves B) the costs of resource use and pollution reduction C) internal and external costs associated with market economies D) how price is determined by supply and demand E) how price falls when demand is high Answer: D Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) If a nonrenewable resource such as oil suddenly became scarce while demand remained constant, the price of the resource would ________.

A) increase B) move down the demand line C) decrease D) move down the supply line E) remain unchanged Answer: A Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) All of the following scenarios EXCEPT ONE would cause the price of the product to change.

Which of the following could result in the price of the product remaining the same?

A) an increase in demand for the product B) a decrease in supply of the product C) a decrease in supply of the product combined with an increase in demand for the product D) an increase in the supply of a product combined with a decrease in demand for the product E) a decrease in supply of the product combined with a decrease in demand for the product Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) Adam Smith B) Roderick Nash C) Henry David Thoreau D) Immanuel Kant E) Jeremy Bentham F) Rachel Carson G) Gifford Pinchot H) Nicholas Stern I) Aldo Leopold J) John Muir K) John Ruskin L) Robert Costanza 1) Californian ecocentrist and anthropocentrist who argued that we should protect America's natural environment in its pristine, unaltered state for its own sake and because nature makes people happy Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Conservationist who advocated protection of nature for its beauty and usefulness; founder of the U.S. Forest Service Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) American transcendentalist writer who viewed nature as a direct manifestation of the divine Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Philosopher who proposed the categorical imperative, which advocates treating others as you would wish to be treated Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) British utilitarian who promoted the idea that actions should maximize the overall benefit to most people Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Forest ranger in Arizona and New Mexico in the early 1900s who advocated preservation of nature's integrity. He wrote, "to keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering."

Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3 ..

7) The classical economist who proposed the idea of an "invisible hand" guiding transactions in the marketplace toward benefiting society as a whole Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Nineteenth-century British writer and critic who argued that people appreciate only the material benefits of nature and not the spiritual and aesthetic benefits Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) J 2) G 3) C 4) D 5) E 6) I 7) A 8) B 6.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The idea that natural wilderness should be protected and kept pristine, regardless of the needs of humans, exemplifies the ________ ethic.

A) conservationist B) environmentalist C) preservationist D) ecologist E) economist Answer: C Section: 6.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which of the following best illustrates the intrinsic value of an ecosystem?

A) A wetland filters runoff and detoxifies water before it percolates into drinking water aquifers.

B) A prairie provides flowers for a beekeeper's colony of honeybees to harvest pollen.

C) Chippewa National Forest in Minnesota provides jobs for loggers.

D) An estuary is often a stopover location for millions of migrating shorebirds that need to stop and fuel up on the invertebrates living in the mudflats.

E) Woodpeckers in the Black Hills eat mountain pine beetles that have been killing millions of acres of pine forests in the western United States, costing millions of dollars in lost timber sales and creating an extreme fire hazard.

Answer: D Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) The philosophy of classical economics developed by Adam Smith ________.

A) ensures equality between rich and poor B) proposes maintenance of economies through government restraint and regulation C) argues that individuals acting in their own self-interest harm society D) was adopted by the Aborigines in the Kakadu region of Australia E) advocates free-market policies that many credit for the tremendous gains in material prosperity of industrial nations Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Contingent valuation ________.

A) measures how much time, effort, and money people spend to travel for natural recreation B) measures how much people would pay to restore a resource after it is damaged C) says all individuals deserve just and equal treatment D) says we should treat others as we wish to be treated E) involves buying and selling "rights to pollute" Answer: B Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which of the following is an assumption of neoclassical economics?

A) Economic growth is a means toward greater human well-being.

B) Resources are finite and should be conserved for the greater good of society.

C) Long-term effects and planning are important.

D) External costs and benefits are valuable.

E) All citizens deserve just and equal economic and sociopolitical treatment.

Answer: A Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) In general, environmentalists believe that governments should ________.

A) lower corporate taxes B) nationalize all Earth's natural resources C) discourage ecolabeling D) deregulate corporations E) promote social and environmental justice Answer: E Section: 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Which of the following includes volunteer work and damage from pollution in a country's goods and services?

A) GDP B) GNP C) GAP D) GPI E) ATP Answer: D Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) You have two friends who are ethicists. One is a universalist, and the other is a relativist. You listen as they discuss many issues, during which all the following statements are made. Which statement is most likely to have been spoken by the relativist?

A) People always have a right to take whatever measures they see fit to defend their life and property.

B) Killing people is wrong.

C) Slavery is not ethically wrong in societies where slaves are otherwise at risk of starvation and misery.

D) Environmentally harmful actions such as logging and overfishing are selfish and should be punished.

E) Lying is wrong because it can affect another person negatively.

Answer: C Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation 9) A(n) ________ is best defined as one who evaluates an action based on its impact on human health, economic costs and benefits, and aesthetic concerns.

A) biocentrist B) ecocentrist C) anthropocentrist D) ethnocentrist E) market economist Answer: C Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) ________ advocate for steady-state economies because they believe that Earth's natural systems generally operate in self-renewing cycles that can be "tapped" sustainably.

A) Ecological economists B) Cornucopians C) Capitalists D) Socialists E) Malthusians Answer: A Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6 ..

11) Which of the following is the most accurate definition of economics?

A) the study of conversion of monetary units between nations B) the study of protecting money, goods, and services from risk C) the study of how humans use potentially scarce resources to meet demand D) the study of tax laws, banking, and monetary policy E) the study of environmental systems and their monetary value Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Modern market economies generally do NOT address ________.

A) cost-benefit analysis B) market value of goods C) GDP D) aesthetic and cultural value E) cost of production Answer: D Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) External costs include ________.

A) raw materials B) utilities C) wages D) worker's compensation and insurance E) environmental damage Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) You spend the night at a hotel and notice a sign in the bathroom asking you to place dirty towels on the floor and to hang up towels that you wish to reuse. By doing so, the hotel chain can help "save the planet" by conserving water and detergent. You recognize that the hotel chain would also save a lot of money by not having to launder so many towels, and you begin to wonder cynically whether the hotel isn't just practicing ________.

A) ecolabeling B) environmental justice C) greenwashing D) the externalizing of costs E) discounting Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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15) ________ encourages more sustainable business practices.

A) Increased economic growth B) Ecolabeling C) Greenwashing D) Abolishing permit trading E) The government providing all goods and services to citizens Answer: B Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 16) Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic" essay ________.

A) describes how American Navajos suffered from the adverse effects of uranium mining B) describes how most toxic landfills are located in poorer communities C) decries pesticide misuse D) describes the history of the EPA E) encourages actions that preserve biotic communities Answer: E Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) ________ is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people.

A) Niche B) Economics C) Worldview D) Habitat E) Culture Answer: E Section: 6.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Who is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club?

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson B) Aldo Leopold C) John Ruskin D) Walter Sierra E) John Muir Answer: E Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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19) Leaders striving for sustainable development aim to satisfy a triple bottom line, which involves what three goals?

A) economic development, making money, and depleting resources slowly B) making money, lowering taxes, and protecting the environment C) protecting animals, protecting ecosystems, and protecting the biosphere D) racial equality, social equality, and political equality E) economic advancement, environmental protection, and social equity Answer: E Section: 6.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which one of the following is an ecosystem service?

A) erosion B) global warming C) genetically modifying food D) pollination of crop plants E) creation of pollution Answer: D Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) ________ involves the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

A) Environmental justice B) Conservation C) Land ethics D) Socialism E) Ecological justice Answer: A Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) ________ is the sociological term for when consumerism and materialism fall short of providing contentment.

A) Systemic materialism B) Consumption C) Influenza D) Dysentery E) Affluenza Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23)

The GPI for the United States ________.

A) has increased dramatically since 1975 B) has leveled off since 1975 C) increases when resources extraction increases D) increases when resource consumption increases E) is far below that of the rest of the world Answer: B Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 24) Robert Costanza's research on ecosystem services found that ________.

A) ecosystem services provided by Earth's biosphere are worth more than goods and services created and provided by people B) most ecosystem services can be replicated by humans, but materials like wood cannot be manufactured C) wetlands detoxify and purify water D) the value of ecosystem services has been overstated in the literature and should be valued at only 1/10 of the value generally accepted by economists E) actions taken from a conservation viewpoint actually serve ecosystems more efficiently than those from a preservation viewpoint Answer: A Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) ________ is the philosophical movement espoused by Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman that saw natural entities as symbols or messengers of deeper spiritual truth.

A) Environmental justice movement B) Ecofeminism C) Pantheism D) Preservationism E) Transcendentalism Answer: E Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which of the following is an example of greenwashing?

A) ecolabeling B) using biodegradable paints C) discounting future effects D) creating the illusion of green or sustainable practices E) covering up environmental injustices Answer: D Section: 6.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which of the following describes changes in forest cover in Costa Rica since 1940?

A) Costa Rica has lost virtually all of its forests to agriculture since 1940.

B) Costa Rica rapidly lost forests from 1940 until the 1980s, but its forests have more than doubled in size since then.

C) Costa Rica has been regaining lost forest land since 1940, when strict forest regulations were passed and the country began serious reforestation efforts.

D) Costa Rica's forests have changed dramatically in composition since 1940 because the forests have been invaded by European buckthorn and other invasive species.

E) Costa Rica's forests increased in size slightly from 1940 until 1985, after which Costa Rica began rapidly losing forests because multinational coffee companies began cutting down rainforest to create coffee plantations.

Answer: B Section: 6.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) ________ involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

A) Sustainable subsistence B) Economic development C) Sustainable development D) Ecological development E) Social justice Answer: C Section: 6.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11 ..

29) A subsistence economy is one that ________.

A) meets its needs by overfishing lakes and rivers B) meets is needs while causing ecosystem destruction C) meets its needs without working for wages and purchasing necessities D) purchases resources for immediate use E) purchases goods and services from others Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Gross domestic product is ________.

A) the cost of services minus the economic value of enhancements or degradation to the environment B) all the resources necessary to produce ecosystem services C) the willingness of consumers to pay for ecosystem services D) a measure of conventional economic activity, with positive nonmonetary influences added and negative nonmonetary impacts subtracted E) the total economic value of goods and services produced by a country Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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31)

Which of the following is a similarity between the two projections shown?

A) Human populations will inevitably crash in both projections.

B) Pollution will be a growing problem in both projections.

C) Resources continue to be depleted in both scenarios.

D) Food resources crash in both scenarios.

E) Industrial output drops off in both scenarios.

Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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32) How is global climate change expected to affect global per capita GDP by the year 2200?

A) Climate change is expected to boost GDP by greater than 5% annually by the year 2200 as economies flourish because of extra spending on flooding, hurricanes, droughts, and other impacts of climate change.

B) Climate change is expected to decrease GDP by greater than 5% annually by the year 2200 as economies struggle because of the economic effects of flooding, hurricanes, droughts, and other impacts of climate change.

C) GDP is expected to increase by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius by the year 2200.

D) GDP is supposed to increase slightly by the year 2200, but the GPI is expected to decrease precipitously as people struggle emotionally and socioeconomically from the effects of climate change.

E) GDP is expected to increase because all projections indicate that human populations will crash by the year 2200, so per capita GDP will increase.

Answer: B Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) In neoclassical economics, the practice of "discounting" is used to ________.

A) decrease the importance and value of future goods B) dismiss viewpoints that run counter to the main tenets of neoclassical economics C) price goods that are in low demand D) price goods that are in low supply E) encourage sustainable practices by making it more economically feasible to update sewage treatment plants and municipal landfills Answer: A Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 34) A major study of the effectiveness of the PSA (Payment for Environmental Services) program in Costa Rica determined that ________.

A) the program was counterproductive because deforestation continued unchecked even after landowners signed up for the program B) the program was extremely effective, and deforestation rates began to decline as soon as the program was instituted C) deforestation rates had already been dropping before the program was started D) deforestation rates began to decline as an immediate result of the program, but farmers quickly removed their land from the program and reverted to their prior deforestation practices once they were paid E) the program was initiated too late for the forests of Costa Rica to recover Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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35) A(n) ________ is a person who gives intrinsic value to all living things in general.

A) biocentrist B) ecocentrist C) anthropocentrist D) ethnocentrist E) market economist Answer: A Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) A(n) ________ judges actions on how it affects the entire community over an individual's welfare.

A) biocentrist B) ecocentrist C) anthropocentrist D) ethnocentrist E) market economist Answer: B Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) A steady-state economy mirrors ________.

A) predator-prey cycles B) economic growth models C) human population growth D) natural ecological systems E) cost-benefit cycles Answer: D Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) All of the following are examples of external costs except ________.

A) health impacts B) resource depletion C) profit reduction D) aesthetic damage E) social costs Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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39) Which is not one of the 17 sustainable development goals for humanity established by the United Nations in 2015?

A) achieve gender equality B) ensure sustainable consumption and production C) maximize profits D) build resilient infrastructure E) promote jobs and sustainable economic growth Answer: C Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6.4 Essay Questions 1) Accounting for nonmarket values of ecosystem services may help us make better environmental and economic decisions. Identify, briefly describe, and give examples of these nonmarket values.

Answer: Nonmarket values of ecosystem services include the following: use value, which is the worth of something we directly use, such as use of a national park; existence value, which is the worth of knowing that something exists, whether or not we will ever experience it, such as knowing that California condors exist; option value, which is the worth of something we might want to use later, such as old-growth timber or oil that is currently protected in a wildlife refuge; aesthetic value, which is the worth of something that appeals to our sense of beauty and awe, such as the Grand Canyon; scientific value, which is the worth of something used for research, such as a college's restored prairie; educational value, which is the worth of something that can be used for teaching and learning, such as a county park that serves as a site for an outdoor education program; and cultural value, which is the worth of something that sustains or helps define a culture, such as buffalo herds that sustained Native American societies long ago.

Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Compare and contrast the philosophies of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.

Answer: Both men were active in the early 1900s, and both aimed to protect North American wilderness by opposing rapid deforestation and unregulated economic land development. Muir was a preservationist who believed that nature should be protected for its own sake and that we should protect it for its inspiration and beauty. He believed nature provided spiritual renewal and met human recreational needs. As such, Muir recognized that nature met human needs (an anthropocentrist view), but he also believed that nature deserved protection for its own inherent value (an ecocentrist view). Pinchot was a conservationist who favored sustainable use of resources for the benefit of present and future generations. He was a utilitarian, which means that he believed humans should use resources in a way that provides the greatest good to the greatest number of people for the longest time. By espousing a conservation ethic rather than a preservation ethic, Pinchot was more anthropocentric than Muir.

Section: 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation

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3) Describe the ways in which a nation's attitude toward environmental issues might be shaped by economics, culture and religion, political ideology, and laws.

Answer: A nation's economic situation will affect attitudes toward environmental issues.

Providing food, shelter, and jobs to citizens might involve exploitation of resources. A limited supply of resources may drive prices up. A country may have to look for alternatives if demand exceeds supply and prices get too high. This may force citizens and governments to weigh, for example, the value of protecting vulnerable and valuable coastal ecosystems against the risks posed by offshore oil drilling. Economics may also dictate whether alternative environmentally friendly practices (such as recycling, solar energy, organic produce, and the like) are feasible. If a country has abundant resources, consumption may increase and waste may occur. In many places, clean water may be abundant, which could encourage misuse. A renewable resource such as water could become scarce if demand exceeds Earth's capacity to renew it. Culture and religion can also affect attitudes toward environmental issues. Many cultural and spiritual traditions envision the global environment as creation of the divine and therefore sacred, with a divine inner presence. If a culture has certain food or shelter preferences, for instance, this may deplete particular resources (such as land for vegetation or cattle grazing, and/or forests for wood shelters and cooking). In many places, Earth may be an integral part of religion. For instance, it is important in Aboriginal culture to take long walks in natural areas for spiritual renewal, and many native Americans view certain aspects of nature as sacred. Political ideology and laws can affect attitudes toward environmental issues as well. Taxing polluting industries and subsidizing environmentally friendly industries can aid in the protection of natural resources. Subsidies for research on alternative fuels and water conservation can discourage waste of fossil fuels and water. Laws can protect natural places from development. Politicians have different views on environmental issues based on their personal ethical or religious views, their political party, who lives in their districts, and what industries and resources are in their districts. Different politicians can set different policies based on these factors, which can either harm or protect the environment.

Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Briefly describe the Cornucopian and Cassandran economic positions relative to their environmental views.

Answer: Cornucopians such as Julian Simon feel that whenever we face an economic transition stemming from a resource that is in short supply, our innate ingenuity and innovative capacity will see us through. The means may be insights into new materials to use, recycling and reuse strategies, marketplace adjustments, or some combination of these. They point to instances in the past where just such innovation and ingenuity have gotten us past a seeming economic dead end.

On the other hand, Cassandrans such as the Limits to Growth team of the 1970s observe that Earth's resources are finite and subject to depletion (nonrenewables) or severe stress (renewables). This reality, coupled with a constantly growing population, has to guide models for sustainable economics of the future.

Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of their energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.

1) Which of the following would contribute to a rapid increase in crude oil prices?

A) decrease in demand for oil B) increase in demand for oil C) increase in supply of oil D) increased availability of alternative fuels E) higher gas taxes Answer: B Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Why would the consumption of fossils fuels remain high, despite high prices?

A) excessive supplies of fossil fuels B) nonrenewability of fossil fuels C) cultural preferences and resistance to change D) political unrest in the Middle East E) bad weather Answer: C Section: 6.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) What factor might lead to more political support for higher fuel efficiency standards?

A) even higher oil prices B) lower oil prices C) an end to political instability in the Middle East D) release of oil from the national petroleum reserves E) a greater supply of oil Answer: A Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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4) What alternative measure might the government take to aid in the fossil fuel crisis?

A) abolish green taxes B) reopen closed coal mines C) drill for oil off the Florida coast D) build more oil refineries E) approve legislation to provide more funding to develop renewable energy Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) What measure(s) might consumers take to aid in the fossil fuel crisis?

A) lobby the government to stop industry permit trading B) protest high taxes on fossil fuels C) purchase only domestic fuel D) purchase only imported fuel E) use public transportation and demand fuel-efficient vehicles Answer: E Section: 6.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) ________ would oppose fuel efficiency standards because they believe that we will either find more oil or find an alternative solution to the fossil fuel crisis.

A) Cassandrans B) Conservationists C) Preservationists D) Cornucopians E) Transcendentalists Answer: D Section: 6.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 7 Environmental Policy: Making Decisions and Solving Problems 7.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) If the families affected by the factory's pollution sue the factory, which branch of the federal government would preside over the lawsuit?

A) executive B) judicial C) fiduciary D) legislative E) Congress Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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2) One solution to address the problems caused by the pollution being emitted by the factory would be for the federal government to institute a command-and-control policy to set limits on the amount of pollution that the factory can discharge. What federal regulating agency would be responsible for instituting such a command-and-control policy?

A) Congress B) OSHA C) EPA D) USFS E) Office of Management and Budget Answer: C Section: 7.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Why might a cap-and-trade system not be effective in preventing the factory from affecting the health and welfare of families living in the area?

A) If the factory were forced to place a cap on its smokestacks, the factory might need to shut down because air standards within it would deteriorate.

B) A cap-and-trade system would actually be effective in reducing the pollution, but it would not allow the factory to trade its goods, so the factory would have to close, and the loss of jobs in the area would negatively affect the health and welfare of the families living in the area.

C) For a cap-and-trade system to work, the families would have to pay higher taxes to fund the pollution control devices, which is why cap-and-trade systems are unpopular and usually are ineffective.

D) The cap-and-trade system as it currently exists is not federally regulated, so the factory would not have to limit its pollution, even if the cap-and-trade system were put into place.

E) The factory may be able to afford to buy pollution permits from other factories and not have to decrease its pollution emissions.

Answer: E Section: 7.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation

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7.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) statutory laws B) Clean Air Act C) CERCLA ("Superfund" Act) D) executive orders E) general land ordinances F) treaties G) National Environmental Policy Act H) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act I) policies J) tort law K) environmental clause L) congressional acts 1) Rules or guidelines intended to address a problem or guide decision making Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Agreements with foreign countries Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Specific legal instructions, drafted by the president, for use by government agencies Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Requires an environmental impact statement for any federal project that might affect the environment Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Law addressing harm to another person Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Legislation whose purpose is to clean up the nation's worst hazardous waste sites Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Requires that the generation, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste be tracked "from cradle to grave" Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3 ..

Answers: 1) I 2) F 3) D 4) G 5) J 6) C 7) H 7.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Environmental policy aims to ________.

A) use natural resources for economically important industrial products B) protect the values of the landowner from unfair government regulations C) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources and protection from pollution D) preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition for future generations E) promote economic growth and social prosperity Answer: C Section: 7.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The role of the United Nations is to ________.

A) maintain international environmental education standards B) develop international business cooperatives C) make international laws regarding commerce and the environment D) regulate international travel, emigration, and immigration among member states E) help resolve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems Answer: E Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Decisions rendered by the courts make up a body of law known as ________.

A) statutory law B) case law C) mandatory law D) environmental law E) utilitarian law Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Implementation and enforcement of a law or regulation is given to ________.

A) watchdog groups B) the legislative branch C) the judicial branch D) administrative agencies within the executive branch E) oversight committees and private citizens Answer: D Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) Laws or legislation is created by ________.

A) the court system B) the EPA and other federal agencies C) Congress D) the executive branch E) local law enforcement Answer: C Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The Supreme Court and lower courts are important for environmental policy because ________.

A) they preside over lawsuits and complaints filed by grassroots organizations, businesses, and individuals regarding interpretation and constitutionality of environmental laws B) they regulate administrative agencies at various levels of government, including the EPA C) the courts mandate that environmental law preempt all other federal laws D) they allow corporations in the United States to disregard the environmental laws of other countries E) their purpose is to assist corporations to negotiate with the legislative branch Answer: A Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The takings clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that ________.

A) the government can cause environmental damage without compensation B) private citizens can take value from public land by mining, timbering, or similar activities C) natural resources cannot be taken without payment D) state entities can take private property for less than market value E) private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation Answer: E Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Zoning regulations often prevent a landowner from doing whatever she wants with her property. Some people believe that such zoning laws violate the ________ clause of the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

A) right to own property B) takings C) antizoning D) private property E) due justice Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) The first laws in U.S. environmental policy ________.

A) were passed as early as 1980 B) dealt primarily with management of private land C) promoted settlement of the West and resource extraction D) protected endangered species E) reduced pollution caused by early industrial efforts Answer: C Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) The General Mining Act of 1872 ________.

A) was repealed in the 1970s B) provides no governmental oversight to mining in the United States C) provides free equipment to promote mining in the West D) ensures that mining operations repair and restore an area when they are done mining E) allows mining companies to mine public land without paying royalties Answer: E Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The first national park in the world was ________.

A) Yosemite B) Yellowstone C) Grand Canyon D) Glacier E) Death Valley Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________.

A) awakened the American public to negative effects of artificial hormones B) was the beginning of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy C) focused on the dangers of pesticides and industrial chemicals D) warned of the loss of bees and other insect pollinators from pesticide use E) was concerned with birth defects in humans Answer: C Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________.

A) was signed into law by Bill Clinton B) required compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity C) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution D) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection E) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government Answer: E Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________.

A) end-of-the-alley B) carrot-and-stick C) command-and-control D) limit-and-manage E) TBSS Answer: C Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Juliana v. United States is a lawsuit filed in 2015 that asserts that federal policies promoting ________ have violated their constitutional rights to life, liberty and property.

A) international trade B) fossil fuel use C) water export D) land sales E) overfishing Answer: B Section: 7.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) The "revolving door" ________.

A) allows lobbyists to work for many political entities at the same time B) is the movement of influential individuals between the private sector and government agencies C) is illegal in most states D) pairs environmental causes with lobbyists already working on other causes E) allows corporate heads to work together on political legislation Answer: B Section: 7.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) Conventional law arises from ________.

A) democratic voting procedures B) informal agreements reached by multinational corporations C) cultural customs D) the distribution and use of pollution permits E) treaties between or among nations Answer: E Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which of the following regulates the discharge of wastes into rivers and streams?

A) Clean Water Act B) Safe Drinking Water Act C) Soil and Water Conservation Act D) Clean Rivers Act E) Toxic Substances Control Act Answer: A Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) The Cuyahoga River in Ohio was so polluted that it caught fire repeatedly from 1868 to 1969, including a 1952 fire that resulted in nearly $1.5 million in damages. Amazingly, other rivers in the United States also caught fire during this period. Why didn't federal laws limiting pollution of rivers and streams prevent this pollution and these fires?

A) There were no federal regulations of water pollution at that time.

B) This pollution went undetected by agents overwhelmed by the amount of work.

C) The federal laws preventing water pollution did not apply to Ohio, where this occurred.

D) The industries that polluted the water had been repeatedly fined for polluting and simply continued to ignore the laws.

Answer: A Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 20) How does the EPA affect environmental policy?

A) The EPA passes laws that control environmental regulations.

B) The EPA develops rules and regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

C) The EPA determines which laws passed by the judicial branch apply to environmental policy.

D) The EPA funds ecological studies that inform the executive branch about what environmental laws are needed.

E) The EPA has no jurisdiction over environmental policy.

Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) Fires on the Cuyahoga River raised concerns that contributed to ________.

A) the formation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration B) the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Acts and the Clean Water Act C) laws requiring the separation of sewage and storm water in cities D) the passage of the federal Water Pollution Control Act E) a regulatory taking of many of the industries along the river and its tributaries Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________.

A) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations B) fund economic development such as dams and irrigation projects in developing nations C) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multinational irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides D) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming E) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure Answer: B Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Critics of the World Trade Organization ________.

A) charge that it gives too much money to environmental causes B) complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems C) say that it discriminates against developing nations D) say that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries E) charge that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people Answer: B Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) The Montreal Protocol was an international environmental treaty ________.

A) whose goal was to protect the ozone layer B) that was not approved by the United States because many lawmakers did not believe in global climate change C) that banned the sale and export of products made of ivory D) whose goal was to ban the proliferation of nuclear weapons E) that banned the sale and export of invasive species Answer: A Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) Cap-and-trade is a system that ________.

A) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue B) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution C) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations D) allows industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell their extra permits to industries that pollute at levels above the cap E) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries Answer: D Section: 7.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) In 2009, the G-20 nations agreed to ________.

A) double the subsidies to fossil fuel companies B) postpone developing renewable energy resources until 2050 C) increase subsidies to fossil fuel industries by 10—12% D) gradually phase out their fossil fuel subsidies E) set a goal to produce 60% of their energy from clean, renewable sources by 2030 Answer: D Section: 7.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which United States Environmental Protection Law funds the Superfund program that cleans up hazardous wastes at the most polluted sites?

A) CERCLA B) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act C) CITES D) Toxic Substances Control Act E) Safe Water Drinking Act Answer: A Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Which of the following is TRUE regarding environmental laws and the U.S. Constitution?

A) State laws cannot violate the Constitution.

B) In a case of conflict, state laws always take precedence over federal laws and the Constitution.

C) The Constitution can be modified by the judicial branch of the U.S. government.

D) By paying a waiver fee, federal laws can override the Constitution.

E) Fundamental environmental policy is already set forth in the Constitution.

Answer: A Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) Green taxes ________.

A) are widely supported and instituted in the United States B) have been rejected by the European Union as being too costly to enforce C) are taxes instituted on landscaping plants and trees to raise funds for projects promoting sustainable development D) may affect consumers if the companies paying the taxes raise the price of their product E) are paid by golfers in areas where sensitive habitat has been converted to golf courses Answer: D Section: 7.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 30) NGOs exert some influence over U.S. environmental policy. Which of the following is an NGO? A) Democratic Republic of the Congo B) Democratic Party C) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service D) Canadian government E) Greenpeace Answer: E Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The ________ promotes free trade by reducing obstacles to international commerce and enforcing fairness among nations in trading practices.

A) UN B) WTO C) CERCLA D) World Bank E) CITES Answer: B Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) What year was the first wildlife refuge created in the United States?

A) 1823 B) 1903 C) 1933 D) 1953 E) 1993 Answer: B Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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33) Which International Environmental Treaty restricts the trade of endangered species?

A) Stockholm Convention B) Paris Agreement C) Montreal Protocol D) Ramsar Convention E) CITES Answer: E Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Which international treaty has the United States not ratified and in 2019 the Trump administration declared its intention to withdraw from?

A) CITES B) Paris Agreement C) Ramsar Convention D) Basel Convention E) Clean Water Act Answer: B Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7.4 Essay Questions 1) What is the main goal of environmental policy? Describe the tragedy of the commons, and explain why environmental policy would focus on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.

Answer: The goal of environmental policy is to protect the natural resources that people use while considering the values that people place on resources, and to promote equity in the use of resources. The tragedy of the commons is the idea that unless the land held in common is regulated, there will be overuse and degradation to the detriment of individuals and of society.

Environmental policy is designed to limit degradation and overuse of all lands. Externalities are impacts caused by market transactions that are borne by people not involved in the transaction.

These impacts can be negative or positive. One role of environmental policy is to consider and deal with negative externalities in a fair manner.

Section: 7.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) What is the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act? Answer: NEPA created an agency called the Council on Environmental Quality and required that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be prepared for any major federal action. The EIS process forces government agencies, and any businesses that contract with them, to slow down and evaluate impacts on the environment before proceeding with a new dam, highway, or building project. It serves as a powerful disincentive for environmentally damaging work.

Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Discuss the three major eras of environmental law in the United States. What key events sparked each era, and/or resulted from each one?

Answer: The first major era addressed public land management, whereby western expansion was encouraged. It promoted settlement of the West and utilization of its resources. The end of this era saw the development of the national park system, aimed at preserving pieces of land for public use. The second major era sought to address the impacts of the first major era of environmental law and lasted through the beginning of the 20th century. Laws included those that declared some areas off limits to logging and hunting, created wildlife refuges, and protected forests. The third era was in response to the increasing effects of environmental pollution.

Pollution policy was driven by new evidence, such as Carson's Silent Spring and the burning of the Cuyahoga River, which focused attention on the nearly nonexistent environmental standards in this country. Laws were passed regulating air and water quality and the types of pesticides that could be used.

Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) National boundaries do not always match environmental boundaries. What does this mean for environmental protection in each country?

Answer: Countries are often dependent upon each other to solve environmental problems because the pollution that is of concern may originate in another country. In such cases, international cooperation is required to correct the problem. However, international law is weaker in its authority than national law, and so long as the nations participating in the agreement view themselves as sovereign, such international policies tend to lack real teeth.

Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) What is an environmental impact statement (EIS)? What is the purpose of an environmental impact statement, and who is required to prepare it?

Answer: An environmental impact statement is required for any major federal action that might significantly affect environmental quality. It is a report from detailed studies that assess the potential environmental impacts resulting from a road, dam, or building project undertaken or funded by the government. The EIS process forces government agencies and any businesses that contract with them to evaluate impacts on the environment before proceeding with a project.

This generally does not halt such projects, but it can serve as an incentive to lessen the environmental damage.

Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) What is a subsidy? Describe the role of subsidies in present-day natural resource management.

Answer: A subsidy is a government giveaway of money or resources, including tax breaks. It is intended to encourage certain desired activities while discouraging others. Subsidies can be used to promote sustainable activities, although more often they have been directed toward industries involved in unsustainable natural resource management. Subsidies for mining and coal industries, and the money spent to build roads so that logging companies can harvest timber in our national forests, are some examples.

Section: 7.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13 ..

7) Identify NAFTA, and briefly discuss its purpose and consequences.

Answer: NAFTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement, established to promote free trade among the United States, Canada, and Mexico by eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs on imports and exports. NAFTA undermines protection for workers and the environment and has resulted in some U.S. manufacturing jobs being moved to Mexico, where wages are lower and health and environmental regulations are more lax.

Section: 7.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Explain the role of the legislative and executive branches of the U.S. government in making an environmental bill or some other kind of legislation into a law.

Answer: After a bill is introduced by a Senator and a member of the House of Representatives, it is sent to the relevant committees and subcommittees within the Senate and House for discussion and reworking. Once the bill is reworked, it is voted on by each subcommittee. If approved, the bill goes to full committees, where further revision and vote occur. If approved, the bill goes to the full Senate and House. If the Senate and House both approve the bill, it goes to a conference committee made up of members of both the Senate and House to iron out any differences between the two bills. The final bill that has been reworked by the conference committee then goes back to the Senate and House for final approval. If approved by majority vote in both the Senate and House, the bill then goes to the President. If he or she signs the bill, it becomes law.

If not, the bill can still become law if the veto is overturned by a 2/3 majority vote in both the House and Senate.

Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish.

Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of the year 2009, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 110.1 million acres of wetlands remaining. Since 1780, over half of U.S. wetlands has been lost. Over the past 80 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 60,000 acres annually, with 62,300 acres lost between 2004 and 2009. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWRA) of 1986 requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Pontchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.

1) In the United States today, wetlands are primarily considered to ________.

A) be important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services B) be useful for growing crops if they are drained C) be important only for recreational purposes D) belong to the owner of the property, to be drained and developed however the owner sees fit E) be useful for fisheries Answer: A Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Wetlands in the United States ________.

A) have increased due to human development B) have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes C) have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes D) have decreased due to human development E) have stayed about the same over the past 40 years Answer: D Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is a governmental agency within which branch of the federal government?

A) judicial B) prejudicial C) executive D) legislative E) Administrative agencies are not part of any of the branches of the federal government.

Answer: C Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The creation of our National Wildlife Refuge system has been credited to what U.S. president?

A) Richard Nixon B) Dwight Eisenhower C) Theodore Roosevelt D) Rutherford B. Hayes E) Barack Obama Answer: C Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands?

A) 2100 B) 2180 C) 2800 D) 3855 E) 4522 Answer: D Section: 7.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 8 Human Population 8.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) Which of the following can you determine from the figure provided?

A) The population in Canada is growing more rapidly than Nigeria.

B) The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.

C) The population in Nigeria has many more males than females.

D) The population in Nigeria is aging rapidly.

E) There was a "baby boom" in Nigeria 30 years ago.

Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) What is the population in Canada likely to experience soon?

A) more single males B) exponential population growth C) government institution of a population control policy D) more senior citizens E) resource depletion and decreased quality of life Answer: D Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________.

A) less than replacement rate B) zero C) over 5.0 D) steadily rising E) now rising but has been recently declining Answer: A Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at post-reproductive age.

A) smaller; higher; larger B) larger; lower; smaller C) smaller; lower; smaller D) larger; higher; larger E) larger; lower; larger Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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8.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) Paul R. Ehrlich B) Russia C) Burkina Faso D) Great Britain E) United States F) Africa G) Latin America and the Caribbean H) Rachel Carson I) China J) Thomas Malthus K) Europe L) India 1) Region hit hardest by the HIV/AIDS epidemic Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Second most populous nation on Earth Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Author of The Population Bomb Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) TFR is 2.1 in this region Section: 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) This country is now relaxing its one-child policy Section: 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Published An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798 Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) F 2) L 3) A 4) G 5) I 6) J

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8.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The current global human population is approximately ________.

A) 1.5 million B) 7.6 million C) 1.5 billion D) 7.6 billion E) 10.2 billion Answer: D Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Declining population growth rates in developing countries can be partially attributed to ________.

A) the education of women B) valuing the birth of a son C) reproducing beyond replacement fertility D) economic disasters E) illness in infants Answer: A Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) If a population has a growth rate of 1.4% per year, what is the approximate doubling time in years?

A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 50 E) 100 Answer: D Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) ________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth.

A) China; half B) China; one-fifth C) The United States; half D) The United States; one-fifth E) India; one-third Answer: B Section: 8.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) All of the following are among the world's top five most populous nations EXCEPT ________.

A) Japan B) United States C) Indonesia D) Brazil E) India Answer: A Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

6) Which area on the map is experiencing a negative population growth rate?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: D Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Which area on the map is experiencing the highest population growth rate?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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8) Which area on the map has the highest population density?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: E Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 9) Which area on the map has the highest infant mortality rate?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 10) At what stage is the United States in the demographic transition model?

A) the pre-industrial stage B) the transitional stage C) the industrial stage D) the post-industrial stage E) the stability transition stage Answer: D Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The term demographic transition refers to ________.

A) a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable B) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity C) the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops D) the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved E) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches its biocapacity Answer: C Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12) Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

A) rural lifestyle B) social and economic security C) poverty D) history and tradition E) high infant mortality Answer: B Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) The transitional stage in the demographic transition model is initiated by ________.

A) government intervention B) the increased use of contraceptives C) epidemics D) industrialization E) resource depletion Answer: D Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources.

A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 60 E) 80 Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) The United Nations currently predicts that Earth will be home to almost ________ billion people by the year 2050.

A) 11 B) 10 C) 9.8 D) 8 E) 5 Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked at 2.1% in the ________ and has been declining ever since.

A) early 1900s B) 1950s C) 1960s D) 1990s E) year 2000 Answer: C Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?

A) There is minimal governmental financial support for birth control for all couples.

B) Changing public attitudes about family size through communication, education, counseling, and contraceptives have reduced the population growth rates.

C) A one-child policy enforced through taxation and penalties may have been too successful in controlling population growth.

D) Increasing child survival, elevated status and employment levels for women, and increased literacy in the general population have decreased fertility rates.

E) A one-child policy that requires all women to work and guarantees education for all has decreased fertility rates.

Answer: C Section: 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________.

A) people have as many children as they can in the first five years of marriage B) birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration C) the carrying capacity is larger than the ecological footprint D) the ecological footprint is larger than the carrying capacity E) the total fertility rate exceeds the average replacement rate Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) If there is ________, a country's population growth rate will increase.

A) increased emigration B) increased immigration C) decreased immigration D) increased urbanization E) increased industrialization Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) Demographically speaking, the effects of AIDS are most significant because ________.

A) AIDS strikes affluent people more than poor people B) it is caused by a virus C) it is not known who is resistant to AIDS D) AIDS leaves behind orphans E) AIDS sickens and kills the youngest and most productive members of society Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following best describes human population growth from early times to the present day?

A) slow, steady growth throughout the period B) rapid, explosive growth throughout the period C) slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then rapid growth D) early rapid growth that has leveled off to a nearly constant rate in the last 20 years E) early rapid growth that has increased rapidly in the last 20 years Answer: C Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The world population growth rate is currently approximately ________%.

A) 20 B) 10 C) 5 D) 2.5 E) 1.2 Answer: E Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.

A) increases environmental impact B) decreases environmental impact C) increases population D) increases sensitivity E) decreases sensitivity Answer: A Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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24) The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ________.

A) poses no problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones B) poses no problem because disease will limit population size C) poses no problem because humans are too intelligent to allow it to become one D) will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals E) will cause a population crash Answer: A Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________.

A) human sensitivity to what needs to be done to protect the environment B) the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures C) the sensitivity of endangered species to human population infringement D) the sensitivity of governments to carrying capacity demands E) economic sensitivity to resource use Answer: B Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) In the demographic transition model, a country's highest population growth rate is likely to occur during ________.

A) stage 1, the pre-industrial stage B) stage 2, the transitional stage C) stage 3, the industrial stage D) stage 4, the post-industrial stage E) stage 5, the stability transition stage Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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27)

The figure depicts age structure diagrams for 1970 and 2019. All of the following can be directly inferred from the data shown in the figure EXCEPT that ________.

A) Earth's population growth rate was higher in 1970 than in 2019 B) there were more people on the planet in 2019 than in 1970 C) a higher proportion of the population was elderly in 2019 than in 1970 D) the TFR of the planet decreased from 1970 to 2019 E) in 1970, females had a slightly higher life expectancy than males Answer: B Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation 28) A population that is neither growing nor declining will have a TFR of ________.

A) zero B) 1.2 C) 2.1 D) greater than 2.1 E) less than 1.0 Answer: C Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are ________.

A) South Africa and Botswana B) United States and Canada C) New Zealand and Denmark D) China and United Kingdom E) Australia and Nepal Answer: D Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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30) Helmut Haberl and colleagues have compiled data on ________ as a measure of how human population growth impacts Earth's natural resources and ecosystem services.

A) industrial pollution B) loss of biodiversity, especially pollinators C) water quality and the state of Earth's wetlands D) invasive species such as zebra and quagga mussels E) human use of Earth's net primary productivity (NPP) Answer: E Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.

A) Europe B) North America C) developing countries D) developed countries E) currently uninhabited areas such as Antarctica Answer: C Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembles the letter ________.

A) M B) U C) S D) J E) K Answer: D Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) According to the IPAT model, which of the following would most likely reduce the environmental impact of a society?

A) construction of industrial plants by wealthy nations to draw on cheaper labor B) the discovery of large reserves of fossil fuels within a nation's borders C) increased use of electricity and natural gas by most members of a society D) greater use of birth control by most members of a society E) providing developing countries with the technologies needed for manufacturing automobiles Answer: D Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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34) Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.

A) legalization of abortions B) AIDS and malaria C) laws preventing women from having more than one child D) exposure to environmental estrogens E) soap operas Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) In 2019, the population of the United States was approximately 330 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.6%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, the population of the U.S. would double around the year ________.

A) 2066 B) 2086 C) 2096 D) 2116 E) 2136 Answer: E Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 36) In 2019, the population of the United States was approximately 330 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.6%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, what would be the approximate population size of the U.S. in the year 2219?

A) 500 million B) 650 million C) 975 million D) 1.4 billion E) 2.6 billion Answer: D Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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37)

Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?

A) Females in Ethiopia do not go to school because they cannot take time off from having children.

B) There is no relationship between TFR and the education of women.

C) For countries in which >50% of females attend secondary school, there is no relationship between TFR and the education of women.

D) Contraception is more readily available in Afghanistan than in Ethiopia.

E) TFR is lowest for those countries where most females attend secondary school.

Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation 38) It is estimated that human ecological footprint is ________% beyond what Earth can handle.

A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40 E) 50 Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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39) ________ has been shown to be the one of the greatest strategies for slowing population growth.

A) Sex ratio B) Age structure C) Migration D) Economic stimulus E) Family planning Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) A healthy woman can bear up to ________ children within her reproductive window.

A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 25 Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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8.4 Essay Questions 1) Briefly describe the population control program that China instituted in the 1970s. Explain why it was instituted, how it was enforced, and why it was controversial.

Answer: In the 1970s, China's population swelled due to improved health and food production and distribution. At that time, the average Chinese woman gave birth to 5.8 children. The burgeoning population and its industrial and agricultural development were eroding the nation's soils, depleting its water, leveling its forests, and polluting its air. The government instituted a population control program that precluded Chinese couples in urban areas from having more than one child. Rewards (e.g., better housing, schooling, and medical treatment) and punishments (e.g., fines, employment discrimination, and social scorn) were used to enforce the one-child limit. The "success" of the program was facilitated by China's communist government. It is unlikely that a similar policy instituted in a democratic society would have been met with as much acceptance and compliance. The policy is controversial to Westerners because it restricts personal freedoms.

Section: 8.0, 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Describe the unintended consequences of China's one-child policy.

Answer: Although China's one-child policy was successful in slowing China's population growth, the policy has resulted in a shrinking labor force, increasing numbers of old people, and too few women. Because Chinese women have been having fewer children, there are not enough workers to maintain China's growing economy and to support the older citizens who rely on government support. China cannot produce goods as cheaply as it once did and faces the risk of its industries relocating to countries with cheaper and more readily available labor. Because Chinese culture favors sons over daughters, selective abortion of female fetuses and the killing and abandonment of female infants became common practice once the policy went into effect.

As a result of the skewed sex ratio, many young Chinese men cannot find brides and are forced to remain bachelors. China relaxed its one-child policy in 2015, but demographers believe that the move was too late to defuse the socioeconomic "time bomb," and, in fact, most Chinese couples no longer want to have more than one child.

Section: 8.0, 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Explain human population growth in terms of carrying capacity. How does this differ from organisms that exist in natural ecosystems? Explain how population growth for human populations is a problem.

Answer: Organisms in ecosystems are limited by carrying capacity, which is the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain. Some believe that the idea of carrying capacity does not apply to the human world because humans are not passive with respect to their environment. Human beings can create resources to meet their needs. Environmental scientists point out that many resources and ecosystem services are irreplaceable when depleted. The problem with unlimited human population growth is that higher population sizes will decrease the quality of life as resources, social systems, and the natural environment are stressed beyond their limits, especially since humans are so mobile and prefer certain types of environments such as proximity to water supplies and to coastal areas.

Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 16 ..

4) What three-factor model is used for representing the impact of humans on the environment?

What is a fourth factor that could be added to this? Give a simple explanation for each factor.

Answer: The full equation is I = P + A + T. The terms are as follows: I = total impact on the environment by a population of individuals; P = population, which represents the value for the size of the population; A = affluence, which represents the value for the relative standard of living or greater per capita resource consumption that accompanies greater wealth; T = technology, which represents changes in the availability of technology and can either increase or decrease impact, depending on whether the change makes resources more or less sustainable. The fourth factor that could be added is S, for sensitivity, to denote how sensitive a given environment is to these pressures.

Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) What is a demographic transition? What are its four stages? State why each stage is important and what the consequence is for population growth. Do all countries go through the demographic transition?

Answer: A demographic transition is a theoretical model of economic and cultural change proposed in the 1940s and 1950s to explain the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western nations as they experienced industrialization. The first stage is a stable pre-industrial stage of high birth and death rates. The second stage is a transitional stage characterized by declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care. Birth rates are still high, as citizens have not yet grown used to the new economic and social conditions, resulting in a surge in population growth. The third stage is the industrial stage. Widespread industrialization creates opportunities for employment outside the home. Children become less of a critical economic asset. Birth rates begin to fall. The last stage is a stable post-industrial stage of low birth and death rates.

Some countries do not go through the demographic transition. Transition may be different in developing countries as they industrialize or in countries that place greater value on childbirth or grant women fewer freedoms. Resources may also limit the ability to attain an equal standard of living in all countries. Also, it is now becoming increasingly clear that HIV/AIDS in Africa is causing many nations to move backward into what is nearly a pre-industrial society and thus to not follow the model for demographic transition.

Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) Define ecological footprint and differentiate between the ecological footprint of a developing country and that of the United States. Support or challenge the following statement: "The population problem does not lie entirely with the developing world."

Answer: An ecological footprint is the cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials that a person or population consumes and the disposal or recycling of waste that is produced. The ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen is significantly larger than that of the average resident of a developing country and is clearly unsustainable. The population problem does not lie entirely with the developing world because the developed world's consumption is rising faster than its population (e.g., United States and China). A child born today in the U.S. has an ecological footprint 8 times higher than that of a child born in India and produces 10 times more carbon dioxide, so ultimately population growth in developed nations like the U.S. will have a larger negative impact on global ecosystems than will the same amount of population growth in developing nations like India.

Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Why do environmentalists such as Paul Ehrlich view unchecked population growth as a problem?

Answer: Environmentalists recognize that much of Earth's natural capital cannot be effectively replaced. Land area is one of these. We cannot expand Earth, increasing its surface area to accommodate an unlimited population. Overpopulation also leads to degradation of natural systems and loss of biodiversity. We cannot always devise a substitute for lost ecosystem services and cannot replicate the exact function of missing species in ecosystems. Lost species may perform vital ecosystem services such as pollination, and they may also have educational, aesthetic, or medicinal value that is irreplaceable. While Ehrlich's predictions of the 1960s have not fully materialized in the 2000s, the fact remains that many ecosystem services are in a state of decline, and despite the view of some Cornucopian economists that we can safely ignore his warnings, the pressure of a growing global population on essential resources and biodiversity remains unmistakable.

Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Briefly explain how the status of women affects population growth.

Answer: Higher status of women in a society usually results in lower population growth.

Increased female literacy is strongly associated with reduced birth rates in many nations. Studies show that educated women have better access to contraceptives, marry later, and have fewer children, keeping population growth low. In societies where females have little power, there are more unintended pregnancies.

Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) What social and economic challenges are faced by rapidly growing populations and by aging populations?

Answer: Growing populations face problems associated with depletion of resources such as fertile agricultural and grazing land, clean water, and raw material and energy stores. Growing populations also face issues of dealing with increased pollution and waste. Aging populations face the challenges of caring for their elderly. Health care and Social Security programs may become stressed to the limit as there are fewer young workers to support those who are retired and reliant on government support. Economic growth may be compromised because of a lack of young workers, and there might be a weaker military. Upkeep of infrastructure such as schools and roads may become more challenging because of a decrease in tax revenue.

Section: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago to present-day neo-Malthusians, humans have always seemed to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster?

1) Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. Some economists would argue that this is because ________.

A) technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources B) space exploration has revealed new frontiers C) Malthus's measurements were inaccurate D) world population growth has been slower than expected E) Malthus overestimated Earth's environmental sensitivity Answer: A Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.

A) environmental problems in China have been virtually eliminated B) European nations have instituted similar programs C) African nations have instituted similar programs D) there is a younger population in China today E) China's population growth rate has dropped below replacement levels Answer: E Section: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Besides contraception, what can humans do to control population growth's negative effects on the environment?

A) encourage consumption B) encourage emigration from Africa C) discourage emigration from Africa D) discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas E) encourage smaller households Answer: D Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Thomas Malthus warned that ________.

A) overpopulation could greatly harm humanity B) abstinence will bring ruin to all C) sharing a common resource will cause people to have more children in order to exploit the resource D) agricultural advancements are likely to harm grassland ecosystems E) the IPAT equation should not be applied to developing countries because the assumptions for the equation do not hold true for those countries Answer: A Section: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 9 The Underpinnings of Agriculture 9.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) This pyramid depicts soil ________.

A) profiles B) nutrient content C) horizons D) textures E) parent materials Answer: D Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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2) Soil that is 50% clay, 20% silt, and 30% sand would be categorized as ________.

A) silty clay B) clay C) loam D) clay loam E) silty sandy clay Answer: B Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) What is the approximate minimum percent sand a soil can have and still be considered "sandy loam"?

A) 55% B) 85% C) 20% D) 28% E) 43% Answer: E Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Soil that is 30% silt could be classified as any of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) loam B) clay loam C) sandy loam D) clay E) silt loam Answer: E Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Which of the following soils would be classified as clay loam?

A) 60% clay, 70% sand, and 30% silt B) 30% clay, 40% sand, and 30% silt C) 70% clay, 10% silt, and 20% sand D) 70% silt and 30% sand E) 60% clay and 40% silt Answer: B Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6) Soil classified as sand is ________% sand.

A) 100 B) at least 70 C) at least 43 D) at least 85 E) at least 10 Answer: D Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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9.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) E horizon B) parent material C) shelterbelts D) dirt E) horizon F) A horizon G) rangeland H) intercropping I) soil J) cropland K) profile 1) Lands that are used for grazing livestock Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Alternating bands of different types of vegetation planted across a slope Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The fundamental geological material for soils in a particular area Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) A cross-section of soil, from surface to bedrock Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The layer below the O horizon in an idealized profile Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Term for any distinct layer of soil Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Scientific term for a system consisting of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) G 2) H 3) B 4) K 5) F 6) E 7) I 4 ..

9.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Humus is ________.

A) an artificial fertilizer applied to monocultures B) the organic soil component that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility C) the layer sometimes found in a soil horizon that is created by eluviation; it causes serious problems in agricultural fields D) caused by agricultural runoff into waterways or into the water table E) one of the primary causes of desertification if it is present in excess Answer: B Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Overgrazing can result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) the proliferation of weeds B) soil compaction C) soil erosion D) increased water infiltration E) desertification Answer: D Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The planet loses 5 to 7 million hectares of productive cropland per year to ________.

A) forest replanting and regeneration B) soil degradation C) recreational land use D) soil conservation efforts E) abandonment, feralization, and other factors Answer: B Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Monoculture farming ________.

A) is typical of Native American farming techniques B) is always accompanied by no-till agriculture C) requires no chemical fertilizers or pesticides D) is a development of industrial agriculture E) accounts for less than 1% of U.S. croplands Answer: D Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) Tommy and Teagan are learning the process of good home gardening and decide to help their parents as best as they can. Every day they walk along rows of bean plants, carefully inspecting each plant for harmful insects and removing any that they find. However, the bean plants do not grow well, and few beans form. Their parents notice the poor beans, inspect the plants and soil, and tell the children that walking around the plants every day has hurt the plants by ________.

A) compacting the soil, decreasing aeration and infiltration B) increasing soil aeration and killing soil microorganisms C) reducing the nutrient minerals in the soil D) converting the topsoil into clay E) contaminating the soil with toxins leaching from their shoes Answer: A Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) Leaching and the rate of movement of water would be greatest in a soil classified as ________.

A) clay B) silt C) sand D) organic E) hypersaline Answer: C Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________.

A) crops B) hunting and herding C) cattle and goats D) crops and cattle E) hunting and gathering Answer: E Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) ________ refers to the agricultural practices in which the members of a farming family do not make use of large-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, machinery, or technology.

A) Traditional agriculture B) Subsidence agriculture C) Post-industrial agriculture D) Advanced organic farming E) Reduced tillage agriculture Answer: A Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Industrial agriculture ________.

A) had no impact on agriculture B) is necessary today for all cultures C) increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area D) permanently improved soils, providing more food from less space E) rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new croplands Answer: C Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Factors involved in soil formation include ________.

A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and grazing by herbivores B) erosion, level terrain, and the absence of rooted vegetation C) weathering of parent material and the addition of organic material D) tropical climate, acid precipitation, and frequent wildfires E) seasonal changes in the tides Answer: C Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) A soil deficient in humus would have ________.

A) a very low mineral content B) no cations C) many decomposers and be able to hold considerable moisture D) a large amount of vegetative detritus at the surface E) very low levels of biological activity Answer: E Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.

A) called mineralization B) affected by rainfall, freezing, and thawing C) unaffected by winds D) a major cause of topsoil erosion E) primarily caused by topsoil erosion Answer: B Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) Leaching ________.

A) can help plant growth only if done properly B) is caused by movement of water upward through soil from the water table C) adds nutrients to soil naturally D) removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil E) is a common agricultural practice to improve soil Answer: D Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The O horizon is ________.

A) composed primarily of bedrock B) composed of equal amounts of bedrock and organic material C) primarily loam D) usually more sand than silt or clay E) primarily composed of organic materials Answer: E Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) The horizon where leached minerals and organic matter accumulate is called the ________.

A) O horizon B) B horizon C) C horizon D) E horizon E) parent material Answer: B Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Most rangeland in the United States is managed by ________.

A) private ranchers B) the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) C) the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) D) the Department of Rangeland Management (DRM) E) the Conservation Reserve Program Answer: C Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) Compaction of soil in a garden harms plants by ________.

A) increasing aeration, decreasing infiltration, and increasing runoff B) decreasing aeration, decreasing infiltration, and increasing runoff C) increasing aeration, increasing infiltration, and decreasing runoff D) decreasing aeration, increasing infiltration, and decreasing runoff E) increasing the amount of clay, decreasing the amount of silt, and decreasing infiltration Answer: B Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 18) pH influences ________.

A) plant growth B) erosion C) soil compaction D) the number of soil horizons E) soil clumpiness Answer: A Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Soil texture refers to the relative amounts of ________ in soil.

A) detritus and humus B) organic matter and minerals C) sand, silt, and clay D) water, organic matter, and minerals E) mineral content and water saturation Answer: C Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) ________ is the loss of more than 10% of soil productivity in arid areas due to such factors as erosion, soil compaction, overgrazing, and forest removal.

A) Climatization B) Alkalinization C) Desertification D) Salinization E) Stratification Answer: C Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) ________ is the federal agency responsible for preventing soil erosion and protecting waterways in agricultural areas of the United States.

A) Soil and Water Conservation Service (SWCS) B) Agricultural Standards Agency (ASA) C) Agricultural Conservation Service (ACS) D) Soil Degradation Minimization Service (SDMS) E) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Answer: E Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Shelterbelts are to ________ as terraces are to ________.

A) wind erosion; water erosion B) water erosion; wind erosion C) leaching; desertification D) stratification; salinization E) salinization; stratification Answer: A Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) ________ is the buildup of salts in soils, often as a result of overirrigation.

A) Salinization B) Leaching C) Weathering D) Erosion E) Evaporation Answer: A Section: 9.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Decomposers are most likely found in the ________.

A) E and B horizons B) A and O horizons C) B and C horizons D) C and E horizons E) C and R horizons Answer: B Section: 9.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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25) Researchers at the Malpai Borderlands in southern New Mexico and Arizona have found evidence that ________.

A) ancient nomadic tribes permanently altered the landscape by settling down and ranching in one area B) fire suppression has played a major role in the degradation of the rangeland in the area C) ranchers have been planting mesquite to replace lost grasslands D) desertification has resulted in soil compaction and erosion E) the region cannot sustain any level of commercial ranching Answer: B Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) The results of the overapplication of fertilization can include ________.

A) very large fruits and vegetables B) eutrophication in nearby waters C) large crop yields per acre D) crops spreading rapidly into nearby areas E) very fertile soils in future years Answer: B Section: 9.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) The Conservation Reserve Program pays farmers to ________.

A) grow native crops such as corn and beans B) stop cultivating highly erodible cropland C) grow cattle feed instead of commercial crops D) stop growing tobacco E) grow soybeans and other kinds of harvestable groundcover Answer: B Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Planting ________ between other crops will help replace depleted soil nitrogen.

A) corn B) legumes C) wheat D) trees E) pineapples Answer: B Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) Grasses and conifer trees are pollinated by ________.

A) bees and wasps B) water C) ants D) flies E) the wind Answer: E Section: 9.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Erosion can result in a positive feedback loop because ________.

A) rainwater increasingly soaks into the ground B) the accumulation of humus makes erosion more likely C) plants are less likely to grow in eroded soil D) the pH of the soil increases as erosion continues E) greater weathering of parent material will occur Answer: C Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 31) No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.

A) with steeply sloped fields B) who plant a cash crop every third year C) who typically experience minimal soil erosion D) using contour strip cropping E) whose cropland is in the Conservation Reserve Program Answer: A Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 32) Irrigation can result in the salinization of soils because ________.

A) shortages of fresh water require the use of saltwater for irrigation B) irrigation is typically used in areas where windblown salts from sea spray can accumulate when the protective vegetation is removed C) the irrigation water washes away soil, leaving behind concentrated salts D) many of the plants grown in these regions excrete salts into the soil E) salts in the water are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates Answer: E Section: 9.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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33) Which of the following is pollinated by bees?

A) corn B) alfalfa C) wheat D) switchgrass E) pine trees Answer: B Section: 9.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Inorganic fertilizers are ________.

A) less likely to leach from soil than organic fertilizers B) either mined or manufactured C) applied to cropland in the form of manure and compost D) less likely to be used on cropland today than they were 100 years ago E) used in place of organic fertilizers by farmers who are concerned about surface water and groundwater pollution Answer: B Section: 9.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Drip irrigation is ________.

A) more likely to result in soil salinization than other irrigation techniques B) more than twice as efficient at conserving water as traditional conventional irrigation C) only half as efficient at conserving water as center-pivot irrigation D) typically used in combination with flood-and-furrow irrigation E) used in aquaculture Answer: B Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) All of the following were steps toward sustainability taken by Kennesaw State University EXCEPT ________.

A) going trayless in their cafeteria B) building a LEED-certified commons C) producing their own food D) constructing their own nuclear power plant E) beginning a recycling and composting program Answer: D Section: 9.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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37) ________ is a method of reducing soil erosion by plowing furrows sideways across a hill that follow the natural shape of the land.

A) Intercropping B) Shelterbelts C) Terracing D) Contour farming E) Crop rotation Answer: D Section: 9.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Contour farming and terracing are strategies used mainly to reduce ________.

A) water erosion B) tillage C) wind erosion D) overgrazing E) deforestation Answer: A Section: 9.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) The Dust Bowl of the early 1930s led to the creation of ________.

A) the Clean Water Act B) the U.S. Department of Agriculture C) the Soil Conservation Act D) no-till farming E) irrigation Answer: C Section: 9.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) An unintended result of industrial large-scale agriculture is ________.

A) change in crop yield B) reduced water erosion C) profit loss D) reduced crop diversity E) reduced food production Answer: D Section: 9.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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41) Staple grain crops are pollinated by ________, while most fruits and vegetables are pollinated by ________.

A) insects; wind B) wind; insects C) water; insects D) wind; water E) insects; insects Answer: B Section: 9.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) All of the following factors are thought to contribute to colony collapse disorder EXCEPT ________.

A) abnormally harsh winters B) polluted soil C) loss of habitat such as prairie D) the use of insecticides E) parasites and pathogens Answer: A Section: 9.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9.4 Essay Questions 1) Describe how agriculture was industrialized.

Answer: The advent of the industrial revolution brought large-scale mechanization and fossil fuel combustion to agriculture. Machinery replaced horse and ox driven equipment, resulting in faster and more powerful means of cultivation, harvesting, transporting, and processing crops.

The use of this faster and more powerful machinery allowed for vast areas of crops to be cultivated. The new methods also required highly organized approaches and new methods of farming. With vastly increased production, large agricultural corporations were created to supply farmers with goods, equipment, and new methods of production.

Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Describe the Dust Bowl and the lessons learned.

Answer: Homesteaders cultivated the native prairies of the Great Plains of the United States. In this area, prairie grasses had prevented erosion. Farmers removed the grasses and planted wheat and raised cattle. This damaged the soil structure. In the early 1930s, a drought exacerbated the ongoing impact of humans on soils and resulted in wind erosion of millions of tons of topsoil.

Impacts of soil entrained in the atmosphere were detected as far away as New York, where black snow and rain fell. The lessons learned included (a) the importance of grasses and their root systems in protecting and conserving soil from wind erosion, (b) cultivating land and raising livestock on unsuitable land can permanently alter soil structure and limit the land's ability to sustain us, and (c) soil conservation had to be a priority to protect our ability to produce food in this country, and thus, the Soil Conservation Service was created.

Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Discuss how grazing practices can affect soil quality.

Answer: The grazing of livestock can be a sustainable practice that is beneficial for the environment when populations do not exceed their rangelands' carrying capacity. Grassland ecosystems are adapted for grazing, and so long as plants are not consumed faster than they can regrow, the grazing animals can enhance soil quality by fertilizing the soil with their wastes.

Grazing animals can also create low levels of disturbance that enhance plant biodiversity.

However, grazing too many animals in an area for too long can result in soil compaction, proliferation of noxious weeds that the livestock avoid eating, and the complete removal of vegetation. Soil compaction makes it more difficult for water to infiltrate, for soil to be aerated, for plants' roots to expand, and for roots to conduct cellular respiration, ultimately stressing and killing plants that managed to survive being ripped out by the hungry livestock. The loss of vegetation that is ripped out, trampled, or killed by soil compaction results in exposed topsoil that will readily erode via wind or rain. As topsoil erodes away, so go the nutrients and loose particles that plants need for growth. Overgrazing is a major cause of desertification in places like China and India.

Section: 9.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Identify and discuss at least three practices used by farmers to protect their soils.

Answer: There are numerous practices used by farmers to protect their soils. Crop rotation can return nutrients to the soil and can be used as an alternative to letting fields lie fallow, which exposes soils to erosion. Contour farming protects soils against erosion by shaping agricultural fields to minimize the possibility of water running down a hillside. Intercropping is the planting of two types of vegetation in the same field, either overlapping the crops or planting them in alternating rows. It provides a more complete land cover by decreasing bare areas between rows.

Shelterbelts are windbreaks of trees or shrubs planted to provide windbreaks that slow ground wind speed across a field. No-till, or conservation, tillage decreases the plowing of soil and provides less exposure of soils to wind and water for erosion. In areas prone to soil salinization, such strategies as drip irrigation can help deliver water directly to plant roots while preventing the evaporation of irrigation water. The final way to protect soils is by composting, returning vegetable wastes to cropland so that their fiber and minerals can promote humus development.

Section: 9.3, 9.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Discuss how specific land-use management strategies, such as no-till agriculture, can result in conservation and restoration of soils and financial savings.

Answer: Conventional industrial agriculture includes plowing fields after each harvest to aerate the soil and work crop residues into the soil to nourish it. However, tilling leaves the surface exposed and can increase both wind and water erosion. By using no-till agriculture, only a thin strip is cut in the soil, enough to allow planting seeds but otherwise leaving rooted vegetation untouched. Using this method, yields are often equal to or better than in conventional tillage, water retention of soils increases, and erosion is reduced. In addition, less time, energy, and mechanical resources are needed in cultivation, resulting in financial savings, not to mention the savings on fertilizer from reduced erosion.

Section: 9.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Early People and Agricultural Beginnings Long ago, two sisters were talking as they returned from their morning trip to collect mushrooms, seeds, berries, and green leaves for the day's meals. The younger woman was watching the progress of a small rabbit as it hopped across the path and toward the clan's trash midden (refuse heap), where broken tools (made of bone, stone, or shell) were tossed and discarded food was thrown. She noticed the rabbit stop and begin nibbling on the many new, green shoots sprouting across one side of the midden. She walked over to take a closer look and saw that some of last year's discarded dried fruits were growing. Surprised and interested, she called her sister over to discuss this find.

1) This is the story of a group whose food ________.

A) is supplied by subsistence gardening B) is raised in a form of primitive agriculture C) is traded between tribes for variety D) is supplied by hunters E) is supplied by hunters and gatherers Answer: E Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) It is probably TRUE that ________.

A) until now, this group had not considered hunting B) until now, this group had not considered deliberately planting seeds C) this group already has a good agricultural system D) this group was living in a village they had established many years earlier E) this group was quite large Answer: B Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) The next step in this story would likely be that this woman and her sister ________.

A) began to deliberately plant seeds near their village to make food gathering easier in the future B) began to seek out old middens to find and eat the things growing there C) began to trade seeds with people from other villages D) began to save, sort, and name different types of seeds E) started a full-scale garden, digging the soil and enriching it with food wastes Answer: A Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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4) Twenty years have passed since the young woman first noticed seeds sprouting in the midden.

Which of the following could now be TRUE? A) The group had been sedentary but was now nomadic, looking for good places to settle for a season and grow crops.

B) The group had been traders in stone tools and were now traders in simple agricultural implements and seeds.

C) The group had been quite large and ate a great deal of meat, but there were now fewer of them since their diet consisted mostly of vegetables.

D) The group had been nomadic, moving frequently to gather wild foods and hunt, but are now more sedentary, growing crops.

E) The group had been very warlike and were now more peaceful, tending their lands.

Answer: D Section: 9.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 10 Making Agriculture Sustainable 10.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) The figure demonstrates that it requires roughly ________ times more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs than to produce 1 kg of milk.

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 7 E) 45 Answer: C Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 1 ..

2) The comparison shown in the figure is environmentally significant because it shows that ________.

A) grain is a nonrenewable resource B) we cannot survive without eating the foods pictured C) the same grain used to feed chickens and cows could be fed to many humans instead D) cows are a keystone species E) production of beef and pork is resource-intensive Answer: E Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Cows require a high quantity of feed because they ________.

A) are genetically modified organisms B) can feed more people than pigs C) are raised on feedlots D) take time to grow and have a low energy conversion efficiency E) are the best source of high-quality protein Answer: D Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Based on the information in the figure, you might decide to make changes in your diet to diminish your ecological footprint by ________.

A) shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products B) shifting your protein intake from eggs and dairy products to beef and pork C) shifting to beef exclusively because of the large amount of meat from a single cow D) shifting your protein intake to young cows and pigs to reduce resource consumption E) eliminating all protein from your diet Answer: A Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) For most Americans, factory farms and feedlots are their source for the food products shown in the figure. All of the following are negative impacts from factory farms and feedlots EXCEPT ________.

A) the animals are fed grain, which is an energy-inefficient food source B) overgrazing C) water pollution D) greenhouse gas emissions E) overuse of antibiotics Answer: B Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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10.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) IPM B) Escherichia coli C) Bacillus thuringiensis D) parasitoid wasps E) salmon F) aphids G) chickens H) cows I) bee predators J) Cactoblastis cactorum K) earthworms L) bees 1) Major pollinators of many flowering nongrain crop plants Section: 10.4, 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Can protect crops from insect pest-related losses when applied periodically Section: 10.4, 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A successful case of biological control, introduced from Argentina to Australia in the 1920s to control invasive prickly pear cactus Section: 10.4, 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Introduced for control of agricultural pests in Hawaii Section: 10.4, 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The first genetically modified animal approved for sale as food in the United States Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Of all the kinds of livestock, the animals that require the most land and water to produce 1 kg of protein Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) A nuanced multi-technique approach that aims to maximize control over pests while minimizing chemical pollution and environmental impacts Section: 10.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3 ..

Answers: 1) L 2) C 3) J 4) D 5) E 6) H 7) A 10.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A child named Emma in Uganda has a large abdomen and reddish, deteriorated hair that used to be black, suggesting that Emma probably ________.

A) is overnourished B) has anemia C) suffers from iron poisoning D) has too much iodine and beryllium in her diet E) suffers from kwashiorkor Answer: E Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths ________.

A) effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland B) are an invasive species C) are raised as a food source by native Aborigines D) are examples of species that have developed resistance to pesticides E) are a keystone species Answer: A Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Place the following list of steps into the correct sequence for creating a genetically modified organism. a. The gene is transferred to the target organism. b. The bacteria containing the recombinant DNA are allowed to reproduce. c. The gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid. d. A plasmid is isolated from a strain of bacteria. e. The plasmid containing the recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria. f. The gene of interest is isolated from the cell of an organism.

A) f → d → c → d → a → b B) d → f → c → e → b → a C) f → d → a → b → c → e D) d → e → c → f → a → b E) a → b → c → d → f → e Answer: B Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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4) Managing crop competitors and pests has been challenging to agronomists for centuries. One approach, integrated pest management, ________.

A) uses only synthetic chemical pesticides B) uses no pesticides of any kind C) uses only natural pesticides D) combines synthetic chemical pesticides with biocontrol techniques E) combines a variety of pesticides to combat the pest Answer: D Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Raising which of the following requires the least land and water per kilogram of protein produced?

A) eggs and chicken B) beef and chicken C) pork D) milk and eggs E) beef and milk Answer: A Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Researchers in Switzerland and Pennsylvania have demonstrated that organic farming ________.

A) is only sustainable with pesticides and synthetic fertilizers B) presently has no market in Europe C) decreases organic soil losses while giving yields almost as high as conventional farming D) increases the incidence of invasive species E) suppresses the biodiversity of pollinating insects, especially bees Answer: C Section: 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The average consumer can reduce his or her ecological footprint the most by ________.

A) eating more locally grown foods B) eating less meat and dairy products C) eating more meat and less grains D) drinking bottled water that is high in mineral content E) eating mainly foods that are shipped in large, bulk shipments Answer: B Section: 10.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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8) Asian farmers who are employing the "aigamo method" of rice production use the aigamo duck for all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) controlling weeds B) egg production C) controlling snails D) harvesting rice E) fertilizing crops Answer: D Section: 10.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Which of the following is permissible for use on certified organic crops?

A) Roundup B) sewage sludge C) manure D) radiation E) synthetic fertilizers Answer: C Section: 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following is TRUE? A) World hunger has increased significantly since 1970.

B) Aquaculture has decreased significantly since 1985.

C) World grain production has remained stable since 1985.

D) More than one in three adults in the United States is obese.

E) People are undernourished mainly because they are not educated about proper nutrition.

Answer: D Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Green Revolution techniques ________.

A) focus on organic farming B) have contributed to an increased diversity of foods in the human diet C) have increased crop yields D) focus on preserving biodiversity E) focus on sustainability Answer: C Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12) Approximately ________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species.

A) 90; 15 B) 90; 100 C) 50; 20 D) 50; 50 E) 10; 100 Answer: A Section: 10.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) ________ accounts for half of the world's GM crops.

A) Corn B) Cotton C) Tomatoes D) Canola E) Soybeans Answer: E Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Your friend plants Roundup Ready seeds in her garden and several months later notices that her garden is overrun with weeds. She calls the seed company to complain. How should the customer service agent respond?

A) The customer service agent should apologize because the seeds were already treated with Roundup, which should have controlled the weeds.

B) The customer service agent should point out that the Roundup Ready plants would survive being sprayed with Roundup, so Roundup should have been sprayed to control the weeds.

C) The customer service agent should point out that Roundup Ready crops are no longer legal and should advise your friend that any crops she is growing need to be destroyed and not eaten because they are contaminated.

D) The customer service agent should point out that the kind of weeds in her garden must already be resistant to the effects of the Roundup that was in the seeds.

E) The customer service agent should put your friend on hold indefinitely.

Answer: B Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 15) Neonicotinoids are used ________.

A) as a toxin by milkweed plants B) on seeds to protect the plants from insects after the seeds germinate C) in the treatment of brain and bone cancer D) as fertilizer for tobacco crops E) in the manufacture of cigarettes Answer: B Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7 ..

16) European nations ________.

A) have converted all farms to organic agriculture B) along with Canada, Brazil, and Argentina have developed and planted many GM crops C) have refused to allow synthetic pesticides to be used on nonexported crops D) produce so little food that they have to import most meats and vegetables E) do not support the growth or sale of GM crops Answer: E Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Aquaculture ________.

A) can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions B) has no real environmental disadvantages C) frequently results in unintended catch of nontarget species D) requires the flooding of fields to produce water-intensive crops such as cotton and rice E) produces less fish per unit area compared to ocean water harvesting Answer: A Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Organic farming ________.

A) began in the 1960s B) has no national standards in the United States C) and organically grown produce have not been supported by the European Union D) must overcome ~20% lower production yields with higher crop prices E) is presently limited to crops of fruits and vegetables Answer: D Section: 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Worldwide per capita meat consumption has ________ since 1950.

A) dropped by 50% B) doubled C) tripled D) increased by 50% E) increased fivefold Answer: B Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) Seed banks are important for ________.

A) agricultural investments in developing countries B) protecting monoculture productivity C) protecting crop genetic diversity D) loans to developing countries to promote organic agriculture E) providing farmers with the current year's GM crops Answer: C Section: 10.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________.

A) plant-based foods B) herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken C) carnivorous animals like fish and alligator D) GM foods E) foods grown using IPM methods Answer: A Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Why did the Indonesian government support IPM for agriculture in 1986?

A) Pesticides were costing money, causing pollution, and decreasing yields.

B) Many people were dying of starvation.

C) It wanted to encourage research into genetically modified crops.

D) The country was in a recession.

E) They were worried about tsunamis.

Answer: A Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) In order for livestock to be considered organic, ________.

A) hormones and antibiotics are permitted, but not vaccines B) animals must be fed 100% organic agricultural feed C) animals cannot be transferred from regular treatment to organic standards D) no vitamins and mineral supplements can be used E) animals must be reared under natural conditions in intact ecosystems Answer: B Section: 10.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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24) During the past half century, global food production has ________ world population growth.

A) increased at a faster rate than B) fallen behind C) stayed about even with D) surpassed by several orders of magnitude E) fallen to critical levels compared to Answer: A Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Globally, approximately how many people are undernourished?

A) 1 million B) 1 billion C) 800 thousand D) 800 million E) 1 trillion Answer: D Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Norman Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________, which saved the lives of almost a billion people and earned him the Nobel Peace Prize.

A) organic agriculture B) IPM C) GM crops D) high-yield wheat E) monoculture farming Answer: D Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) In Japan, the presence of ducks and the aquatic fern Azolla in rice cultivation has shown that ________.

A) invasive species diminish rice yields B) the ferns provide an excellent food for ducks C) restoring portions of the biodiversity of a natural ecosystem can increase crop yields and profits D) ducks and other birds must be eliminated from rice fields E) GM crops such as rice cannot succeed without ferns to provide shade and ducks to provide pollination Answer: C Section: 10.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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28) Which recently introduced genetic editing tool allows for extremely precise changes in the genomes of crops and livestock?

A) selective breeding B) PCR C) CRISPR D) eDNA E) IPM Answer: C Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) IPM is a ________.

A) new method for producing GM crops B) extremely potent pesticide that has been banned by the European Union C) combination of multiple strategies that maximizes pest control while reducing impacts D) process that lawmakers use when determining the safety of pesticides E) disease that is crippling the honeybee industry Answer: C Section: 10.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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10.4 Essay Questions 1) What are the arguments for and against genetically modified crops? Discuss the scientific, economic, and political issues.

Answer: Proponents of GM crops stress continuity with the agricultural past, arguing that there is little reason to expect that today's GM food is any less safe than the selectively bred food of the past. They also argue that conferring pest resistance to crops can decrease use of chemical pesticides. Critics point out that the new techniques differ from traditional breeding techniques because they mix species, create species in the lab, not the field, and deal with novel gene combinations not possible in nature. They worry about allergic reactions in people and the "spread" of inserted genes into the soil and other organisms in the ecosystem. There is also the question of maintaining the genetic diversity and integrity of the many varieties of indigenous crops such as corn. Many of these varieties have been cultivated for centuries by the indigenous farmers of Mexico and many other nations. Corn is wind pollinated, and patented GM corn has been forming transgenic hybrids with a variety of indigenous strains. Unfortunately, there is little to prevent many GM crops from spreading to non-GM crops in adjacent fields. Controversy has arisen as the corporate agribusiness developers of GM crops have been suing farmers for patent infringement because of this unintentional and often unrecognized contamination. Since organic foods cannot contain GM crop genes, the issue of contamination by nearby GM crops is of particular concern to organic farmers. The political debate involves labeling and an individual's right to know what is in the food they consume. Industry has a large financial stake in seeing the continued use of GM foods. Critics argue that we should adopt the precautionary principle with GM foods.

Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Explain the statement "the lower down in the food chain we eat, the greater percentage of solar energy we put to use, and the more people Earth can support" in terms of trophic levels and pyramids of energy.

Answer: Meat is farther from the sun in the food chain than plant material. Consuming meat decreases the amount of usable energy that is obtained directly from the sun because animals must first consume plants before they are eaten by humans. Every time energy moves from one trophic level to the next, as much as 90% of the useful energy present in the lower trophic level is lost. This is because the second law of energy states that entropy increases as one goes from one level to the next, and energy is lost as heat or light at each transfer. For this reason, people who rely heavily on meat as a source of food energy are less energy efficient than those who rely on fewer animal products or a vegetarian diet. The biomass pyramid echoes this, as each trophic level contains less biomass (energy) than the lower level.

Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Why is variety in crop plants important for "food security"? How is this threatened by GM food crops? What is the U.S. position on GM products? How does this differ from the position of other countries?

Answer: Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease, pests, inbreeding, and other pressures that challenge modern agriculture. Monocultures of industrial agriculture place all our eggs in one basket, so that any single catastrophe could potentially wipe out multiple crops. Wild relatives contain genetic diversity that may have readymade solutions to unforeseen problems. The U.S. position is that GM foods are an acceptable food crop. Many nations refuse to purchase or accept food or seed crops that are GM. European countries have been extremely outspoken against the use or trade of GM foods.

Section: 10.1, 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Describe the use of biological control for battling pests.

Answer: This strategy uses predators, pathogens, and parasitoids of crop pests rather than chemicals to control pest densities. An organism that eats a crop pest is released into a crop; it kills the crop pest, decreasing the density of the crop pest without chemicals. The fact that many biocontrol agents are functioning parts of the ecosystem's food web greatly reduces the chances of pests becoming resistant to a predator or disease vector. It goes without saying that biological control of this type precludes using pesticides at the same time.

Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) What was the Green Revolution, and what impact did it have on developing countries?

Discuss the impact of the Green Revolution on the environment.

Answer: The need for higher quantities and better quality of food for the growing human population led in the mid- and late 20th century to the Green Revolution, wherein scientists in the developed world created methods and technology to increase crop output per unit area of existing cultivated land. In developing countries, this greatly increased agricultural production.

The Green Revolution has enabled India to stop importing grain and to maintain extra grain reserves as a buffer against food shortages. But it depends heavily upon chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can be expensive and lead to pesticide resistance. Environmentally, in the short term, this was positive because it decreased the need for new areas for cultivation and reduced rates of deforestation. Unfortunately, it also increased the use of water, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fossil fuels, increasing pollution, salinization, desertification, and the chance of crops developing pesticide resistance, and thus it may not be sustainable.

Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6) What are the dangers associated with pesticide use? How can biocontrol and use of crops with high genetic diversity help to decrease the amount of pesticides used?

Answer: Pesticides are toxins that are general biocides that kill many nontarget useful species, such as pollinators and predators, and also can harm humans. Pesticide use has increased to lower crop loss due to pests and increase yield. Increased use results in resistance developing in pest populations. When this occurs, the type of pesticide used has to be altered so that pests can be controlled. Increasing the toxicity of pesticides is often the solution. Biological control can decrease pest density by introducing enemies of the pests to the field. This decreases pest numbers without chemicals. Increasing the genetic diversity of the crop can also decrease pest numbers because pests may not be able to consume all genetic varieties of the crop. Different plant species also "host" predators of pests and balance nutrient use, and planting a wide variety of crops rather than a monoculture can result in higher yields without the need for synthetic pesticides.

Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Why is resistance to pesticides likely to occur over time when they are used in agriculture?

Answer: A small fraction of large pest populations may have genes that confer some degree of immunity to a given pesticide. If very few resistant pests survive, they may reproduce quickly and create a new population of genetically resistant pests because their population is no longer balanced by the susceptible individuals. The pesticide will not be effective against this new resistant pest population.

Section: 10.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) What is the basic concept of sustainable agriculture?

Answer: Sustainable agriculture is agriculture that does not deplete soils faster than they form and does not destroy the biodiversity of the area. Sustainable farming and ranching do not reduce the amount of healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity of crop plants and animals, such that agriculture can be practiced in the same way in the same place far into the future.

Maintaining as much ecological biodiversity as possible in the agro-ecosystem is essential to long-term crop and livestock production. After all, our concept of sustainability is based on the functioning of intact ecosystems, and agro-ecosystems are modified ecosystems that are governed by the same rules of stability and interdependence as their natural counterparts.

Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Briefly discuss some disadvantages of aquaculture.

Answer: Dense concentrations of farmed aquatic animals can increase the incidence of disease, which reduces food security, necessitates antibiotic treatment, and results in additional expense.

Aquaculture can also produce high amounts of waste from the farmed organisms and from the large portion of feed that goes uneaten and decomposes in the water column. Farmed aquatic fish and other organisms are often fed grain or ocean-caught fish, affecting food supplies and wild fish populations. If farmed aquatic organisms escape where they are not native, they can cause unpredictable harm by spreading disease or outcompeting native organisms.

Section: 10.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 14 ..

10) Describe how the advent of agriculture changed human societies.

Answer: Prior to the development of agricultural practices around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, human societies revolved around the hunter-gatherer system, which often required a nomadic lifestyle involving seasonal migration to areas where food could be found. Once humans began raising their own livestock and growing their own crops, people began to settle in more permanent camps and villages. The eventual development of the ability of a person to produce more food than he or she needed allowed some people to live off the food that others produced and to take up specialized professions. This development also allowed for the development of large urban centers where almost nobody produces their own food. Ultimately, society as we know it and even the population size of the planet could not have been possible without the advent of agriculture.

Section: 10.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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10.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, Monsanto Company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Even after the report was investigated by the USDA and shown to be unreliable due to its design, small scope, and lack of testing in real-world conditions, some activists still worry. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, corn, along with soybeans, cotton, and canola, dominates the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, for clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future.

1) Which of the following was a positive environmental aspect of the Flavr Savr tomato?

A) could be shipped farther B) better taste C) better appearance D) lower cost to the consumer E) less food waste because it is less likely to rot Answer: E Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) The Flavr Savr tomato is no longer marketed because ________.

A) Calgene failed to attain government approval to market it B) people were nervous about eating genetically modified tomatoes C) genetically modified crops presently are not approved for sale in the United States D) butterfly larvae that ate the tomato plants were poisoned E) they require too much water to grow Answer: B Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16 ..

3) Why do soybeans, corn, and canola dominate the GM crop market?

A) They are inexpensive to produce.

B) They are exempt from U.S. regulations.

C) They are the only GMO crops approved since the Flavr Savr tomato.

D) These crops help to feed and clothe the poor.

E) They are ingredients in processed foods, so they are more easily accepted.

Answer: E Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Why have most bioengineered crops been modified for "resistance" traits?

A) These traits have the economic potential to save on production costs.

B) No technology exists to engineer other traits successfully.

C) These are the only traits proven safe for the environment.

D) These are the only traits proven safe for human health.

E) Crops with these traits taste better.

Answer: A Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them?

A) The FDA does not regulate them.

B) Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species.

C) The government funds most GM crop research.

D) Trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have increased dramatically in recent years.

E) There is no public opposition to GM crops.

Answer: B Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) Which of the following statements best describes GM crops?

A) GM crops are developed via the process of artificial selection.

B) GM crops are broadly accepted around the world.

C) GM crops are developed using bacteria.

D) To be grown in the United States, GM crops must be certified organic.

E) Thus far, genes from GM crops have not "escaped" into the environment.

Answer: C Section: 10.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 11 Biodiversity and Its Conservation 11.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) All of the following can be inferred from the figure EXCEPT ________.

A) there are few bird species at high latitudes B) tropical areas have much higher bird diversity than temperate areas C) bird population sizes tend to be higher at higher elevations D) bird biodiversity relates to latitude E) southern Florida has less bird diversity than anywhere else in the contiguous 48 states Answer: C Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 1 ..

2) Which of the following best explains the pattern shown in the figure?

A) Polar and temperate regions are relatively species-poor because glaciation events repeatedly forced organisms toward tropical latitudes.

B) Because penguins cannot fly, they are forced to remain in the Arctic, and there are few species of birds that can survive such harsh winters.

C) Because polar bears prey on birds, there are few bird species that can live in the Arctic.

D) Birds prefer to live near oceans, and proximity to the ocean has a great effect on bird diversity.

E) Birds cannot breed where the air is thinner because they cannot take in enough oxygen, so fewer species are found at high elevations.

Answer: A Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Which of the following patterns in bird biodiversity is shown in the figure?

A) Bird species shown for Central America include those that breed in Canada and spend their winters in the tropics.

B) Peninsulas tend to have lower bird diversity than the land that they are attached to.

C) Populations of birds in eastern deciduous forests have been declining because of the effects of invasive species such as the emerald ash borer and chestnut blight.

D) The Everglades Restoration Project and other wetland enhancement projects have largely been unsuccessful in attracting new species of birds into these areas.

E) The Exxon Valdez oil spill in the Gulf of Alaska, the BP oil spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the Ixtoc oil spill in the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico have all caused long-term declines in bird biodiversity in those areas.

Answer: B Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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11.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) extinction B) Hot List C) endangered D) umbrella species E) bald eagle F) ivory-billed woodpecker G) major species H) threatened I) hotspot J) speciation K) Red List L) American robin M) biophilia N) biophobia 1) The loss of species from the planet Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Global catalog of species facing a high risk of extinction Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Vulnerable to extinction in the near future Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Animals, such as tigers, that need large amounts of land and whose protection provides protection for many other species Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The deep-seated desire to affiliate with other living things Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) An area that supports an especially great diversity of endemic species Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Since being listed as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act, a species that has recovered and is no longer listed Section: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) A 2) K 3) C 4) D 5) M 6) I 7) E 11.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Species richness is affected by many variables. As one travels to higher latitudes, one would generally find ________.

A) the number of species to decrease B) the number of species to increase C) other factors to be more important than latitude D) the number of species to be fairly constant E) population viability to increase Answer: A Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The greatest cause of the worldwide loss of species is ________.

A) habitat destruction B) climate change C) air pollution D) water pollution E) decreased soil nutrients Answer: A Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The greatest species diversity is found in which of the following groups?

A) flowering plants B) fish C) insects D) birds E) mammals Answer: C Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) The loss of a particular population from a given area (but not the entire species globally) is called ________.

A) extinction B) extirpation C) emigration D) extinguishment E) exposition Answer: B Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The IUCN's Red List is ________.

A) an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction B) a list of unidentified species C) a list of ecologically harmful invasive species D) an identification list of known species E) a scorecard of international failures at conservation Answer: A Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The major cause of biodiversity loss for fish species is ________.

A) overexploitation B) pollution C) climate change D) habitat loss E) invasive species and disease Answer: A Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) A species of lizard has gone extinct. All of the following may have contributed to this extinction EXCEPT ________.

A) inbreeding B) habitat destruction by humans C) introduction of a species that competed for food resources D) increased genetic diversity within the species E) climate change Answer: D Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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8) What is the greatest known cause of global amphibian declines?

A) parasites and disease B) fires C) pollution D) habitat loss E) displacement by invasive species Answer: D Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Animals that are vulnerable to human modification of the environment tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ________.

A) being K-selected B) being a habitat specialist C) being a species covering a small geographic range D) being a dietary generalist E) being high on the food chain Answer: D Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Biodiversity enhances human food security because it ________.

A) means that there is genetic uniformity B) reduces the number of pollinators available to any one plant species C) is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods D) decreases the number of predators E) increases the number of available pathogens Answer: C Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Both ________ and ________ can change local species diversity but not global species diversity.

A) immigration; extirpation B) speciation; extinction C) speciation; immigration D) emigration; extinction E) extirpation; extinction Answer: A Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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12) Both ________ and ________ can change global species diversity.

A) immigration; extirpation B) speciation; extinction C) speciation; immigration D) emigration; extinction E) extirpation; extinction Answer: B Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 13) Removal of which of the following species will result in the greatest changes in an ecological system?

A) a competitive species B) a carnivore species C) a keystone species D) a producer species E) a decomposer species Answer: C Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The species that are generally most vulnerable to human impact are ________.

A) K-selected species B) keystone species C) decomposers D) producers E) competitive species Answer: A Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) The field of conservation biology ________.

A) developed in response to government intervention B) was initially viewed as too measurement oriented, looking at details and not at the big picture C) attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution and extinction into their field research D) tries to conserve every species, everywhere E) endeavors to increase speciation events in order to increase biodiversity Answer: C Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) What is the greatest contributing factor in the loss of polar bears in arctic areas?

A) decline in sea ice B) fires in the taiga and tundra C) the tundra shifting northward D) hunting of the polar bear by the Inuit people E) the decline of lemmings; the primary food of the polar bear Answer: A Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Ecotourism ________.

A) is a reasonable option only in impoverished countries B) decreases biodiversity by causing increased speciation in environmentally sensitive areas C) maintains biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed D) decreases biodiversity by selling souvenir organisms E) increases biodiversity by introducing new, rare species Answer: C Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) The Convention on Biological Diversity has goals that ________.

A) include a set of international laws B) are designed to reduce biodiversity C) include using biodiversity in a sustainable manner D) ensure the distribution of biodiversity's benefits to wealthy countries that can pay for them E) spell out future management plans for all biomes Answer: C Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has decreased, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of ________.

A) the problems with monoculture B) habitat alteration C) the effects of pollution D) the results of an invasive species E) overharvesting Answer: E Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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20) European rabbits were introduced into Australia and quickly spread, reproduced, and became a terrible pest. They eat up to $600 million worth of food and pasture crops annually and have damaged the populations of many native plants and the populations of animals that eat the plants.

Twice in the past 50 years, rabbit diseases have been introduced to try to control the population, with some success. This is a case where ________.

A) an extirpation has occurred B) habitat alteration has resulted in decreased biodiversity C) an invasive species has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species D) an invasive species has caused overharvesting E) climate change has decreased the genetic diversity of indigenous species Answer: C Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 21) The wood thrush makes its nest in woodlands in the northern and eastern United States. As patches of woods become smaller, increasing numbers of wood thrush nests have eggs laid in them by the brown-headed cowbird. Cowbirds live in open fields and are nest parasites; the female cowbird flies up to an unattended nest, quickly lays an egg in it, and leaves the host parents to raise their "adopted" young. Wood thrushes are decreasing in numbers because ________.

A) habitat fragmentation makes it easier for cowbird parasitism to occur B) cowbirds are an invasive species that is rapidly increasing C) climate change is reducing nest site availability D) overharvesting in the open fields has driven the cowbirds into the woodlands E) pollution of the open fields has caused a change in cowbird behavior Answer: A Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 22) In his 2005 book, Richard Louv maintains that today's children ________.

A) develop more balanced emotions in urban compared to natural settings B) should not be exposed to the dangers of natural ecosystems C) have a better understanding of natural environments than their grandparents D) suffer psychologically and emotionally from "nature deficit disorder" E) should not participate in environmental education programs until high school Answer: D Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23) Endemic species are ________.

A) well established and show the least risk of extinction B) limited to just one location, such as an island C) widely distributed, found especially on large continents D) usually the dominant species within an ecosystem E) on the brink of extinction Answer: B Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Paleontologists estimate that ________.

A) extinction is tied exclusively to human activities B) 99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct C) biodiversity is evenly spread over the earth's biomes D) more than 99% of all species alive today have been discovered and described E) more species are alive today than ever before Answer: B Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Contrary to popular belief, the Endangered Species Act allows ________.

A) landowners to kill endangered species for food if necessary B) endangered species to be hunted as long as records are kept of numbers and sex of individuals taken C) landowners to harm a protected species if they improve habitat for it through a permit process D) international trade in protected species to aid in times of economic hardship E) habitats of protected species to be developed or logged as long as no individuals of the species are killed Answer: C Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) The causes of the current (sixth) mass extinction include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) habitat alteration and destruction B) invasive exotic species C) pollution from pesticides, eutrophication, and other causes D) earthquakes, tsunamis, and forest fires E) global climate change Answer: D Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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27) Wildlife in the Serengeti is currently threatened by ________.

A) plans to legalize hunting of most of the large animal species in the park B) an invasive fish that has been introduced into the major river that flows through the park C) an overabundance of elephants D) pollution from a nearby coal power plant E) plans to build a highway that passes through the park Answer: E Section: 11.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) The introduction of ________ onto the island of Guam has resulted in the extinction of most of the endemic forest bird species on the island.

A) kudzu B) cane toads C) European starlings D) Nile perch E) brown tree snakes Answer: E Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Which of the following activities would violate CITES? A) Your friend shoots a bald eagle that seems to be eying the calf he has been raising for his 4-H project.

B) Your friend brings back an ivory chess set that he bought while on safari in Lesotho.

C) Your friend catches a small-mouth bass that is technically not large enough to keep, but he keeps it and cooks it for dinner instead of releasing it.

D) Your friend breaks into a California condor breeding facility and releases all of the condors being raised there because he feels sorry for them.

E) Your friend transports firewood infested with emerald ash borer from Minneapolis to the Black Hills of South Dakota, inadvertently introducing the pest to Rapid City, where it destroys all of the ash trees in the city within a decade.

Answer: B Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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30) One of the ongoing problems for wild California condors is that ________.

A) lead shot is still used for hunting, and the lead can build up in a condor's system because condors eat dead animals that have been shot B) people continue to hunt condors for sport, despite the bird's being listed as federally endangered and despite the educational campaigns that teach young people the value of having condors in an ecosystem C) the federal government refuses to list the condor as being endangered because doing so would have a negative impact on the oil and gas industry D) there are so few of them that they cannot find mates E) they readily succumb to sylvatic plague, which can ravage an entire colony of condors in a matter of weeks Answer: A Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) What do researchers hope to accomplish by performing genetic analyses on confiscated ivory?

A) They hope to learn more about the extent of inbreeding of elephants in different areas of Africa.

B) They hope to determine whether the ivory came from elephants or from seals.

C) They hope to determine where the elephants were poached.

D) They hope to determine how long ago each animal was killed for its ivory.

E) They hope to determine whether possession of the ivory violated international treaties.

Answer: C Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Approximately half of all vertebrate species on Earth are ________.

A) mammals B) fishes C) birds D) amphibians E) reptiles Answer: B Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) The largest source of biodiversity loss for birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians is ________.

A) overexploitation B) pollution C) climate change D) habitat loss E) invasive species and disease Answer: D Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12 ..

34) In the past 500 million years there have been ________ mass extinction events.

A) two B) three C) five D) seven E) ten Answer: C Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Maintaining biodiversity can benefit human medical advances because ________.

A) diversity decreases allergic responses in humans B) it produces many more species for lab testing C) future medicines and compounds can be discovered D) more species can be sold to fund research E) DNA can now be edited using CRISPR Answer: C Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11.4 Essay Questions 1) What is the value, to a species, of having genetic diversity?

Answer: Species with more genetic diversity have better chances of surviving because their built-in variation better enables them to cope with environmental change. According to the principles of evolutionary biology, species with little genetic diversity are vulnerable to environmental change for which they are not genetically prepared. Species with depressed genetic diversity may also be more vulnerable to disease and may suffer the effects of inbreeding, which occurs when parents that are too genetically similar mate and produce weak or defective offspring.

Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) What is the value, to humankind, of biodiversity?

Answer: Biodiversity provides valuable ecosystem services (e.g., pollination, new food choices, continued soil fertility, and pest control for agriculture free of charge). Biodiversity provides a wide variety of traditional medicines and high-tech pharmaceutical products. Biodiversity provides economic benefits through tourism and recreation. Perhaps most importantly, as E. O. Wilson and Richard Louv have insisted, people need, value, and seek out connections with nature that offer such intangible services as creative inspiration, self-growth, and the experiences of beauty and peace of mind.

Section: 11.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Is extinction natural? How has the extinction rate changed over time? Why are extinction rates today different from rates in the past?

Answer: Students should discuss some of the following. Extinction is a natural process.

Extinction rates have risen higher than the background extinction rate during several mass extinction events during Earth's history. In the past 440 million years, there have been five major episodes of mass extinction. If current trends continue, the modern era may see the extinction of more than half of all species. While similar in scale to previous mass extinctions, today's ongoing mass extinction is different in two respects. First, humans are causing it. Second, humans will suffer as a result.

Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) What is the Endangered Species Act? Describe one of its successes and explain some of the current controversies surrounding it.

Answer: The Endangered Species Act is the primary legislation for protecting biodiversity in the United States. It forbids the government and private citizens from taking actions (such as developing land) that would destroy endangered species or their habitats and also forbids trade in products made from endangered species. The aim is to prevent extinctions, stabilize declining populations, and, when possible, enable populations to recover to the point where they no longer need protection.

The ESA has had a number of notable successes; students might mention any of the following.

After the banning of DDT and years of management programs, birds such as the peregrine falcon, brown pelican, and bald eagle have recovered and been taken off the endangered list.

Intensive management efforts with other species such as the red-cockaded woodpecker have held formerly declining populations steady in the face of continued habitat degradation. Roughly 40% of declining populations have been held stable.

While most Americans support endangered species protection, some have opposed provisions of the ESA. Some of the resentment results from the perception that the ESA is focused only on single species and values the life of an endangered species over the life or livelihood of a person.

Most of the concern over the ESA, however, is basically economic and has stemmed from worries of landowners that federal officials will restrict the use of private land if threatened or endangered species are found on it.

Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Provide several reasons why our estimates of species numbers are incomplete.

Answer: One reason is that some areas of Earth remain mostly unexplored, such as the ocean depths, hydrothermal vents, and the tree canopies and soils of tropical forests. Another reason is that many species are tiny and easily overlooked; these inconspicuous organisms include species of bacteria, nematodes (roundworms), fungi, protists, and soil-dwelling arthropods. In addition, many organisms are so difficult to identify that a population thought to be a single species turns out, on closer inspection, to be two or more species. The opposite could also be true, where two populations considered as separate species are, on close investigation, actually the same species.

Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) What are the major causes of the sixth mass extinction event, and why is it of particular concern?

Answer: The most potent cause of the sixth mass extinction event is human alteration and destruction of landscapes. In addition, the introduction of invasive exotic species is contributing to many extinctions and local extirpations of native species. Pollution from pesticides, acidity, and eutrophication is causing biodiversity loss in both freshwater and marine habitats.

Overharvesting, poaching, and overhunting of commercially important species are causing their populations to decline to the point where many are at risk. All of these factors are worsened by the rapid growth of the human population, which directly and indirectly places stress on all natural ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is of particular concern because the current global extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times greater than it would have been without the impacts of humans.

Section: 11.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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11.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Many biologists and environmental educators are interested in maintaining biodiversity in urban landscapes, where preserves or reserves are scarce unless land has been set aside for them in urban planning. Nonetheless, they have discovered that making even small changes in commercial and residential landscaping can help promote biodiversity. Changes that have been successful include using native species for street trees and for decorative landscaping, reducing pesticide use on lawns and gardens, and reducing fertilizer use through composting and mulching. Also, managers of schools, larger businesses, and residences are encouraged to increase habitat diversity by creating "landscape islands" that include larger trees surrounded by shrubs and herbaceous plants. Landscape islands ideally should include native species, mixed with exotic ornamentals at the discretion of the landowners.

1) Being interested in native butterflies, you include the native caterpillar host plants of several butterflies in your annual landscape design. You are happy to see that first caterpillars and later butterflies appear in your yard. However, the butterflies tend to disperse out of your yard. To keep the butterflies in your garden, an urban wildlife specialist would likely suggest that you ________.

A) try to introduce predators of the butterflies B) use pesticides to kill off predators C) introduce native flowering plants that the adult butterflies need for nectar, their main food D) place pans of honey solution around your yard to feed the butterflies E) ask the neighbors to refrain from planting "butterfly plants" in their yards Answer: C Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) In addition to the butterfly project, you decide to stop spraying the pesticides that control lawn pests. Over the next year, you notice that the lawn grass doesn't grow as well and that many other species of native plants colonize the lawn. This will result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) an increase in herbivorous insects and the small predators that eat them B) an increase in bird species in your yard C) an increase in pollinating insects visiting your lawn and gardens D) competition between the lawn grass and the new species that invade the area E) lower survival rates for the caterpillars and butterflies Answer: E Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) The butterflies you established in your yard are now thriving, but you notice that some of the caterpillars are falling victim to predators and parasites. After some study and consultation, you wisely decide to ________.

A) spray pesticides on the plants to control the predators B) resume spraying pesticides on the lawn C) catch and kill the predators and parasites by hand D) plant more host plants in several different areas but otherwise do nothing E) give up on the butterfly species you'd encouraged and try to attract new species Answer: D Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) From your experiences with the lawn and the butterfly garden, you can affirm that ________.

A) native plants are more likely than exotic species to support local herbivores B) pesticides need to be used to maintain a diversity of native species C) native plant landscaping can be done so that no predators or parasites are present D) a higher biodiversity of plants means a lower biodiversity of animals E) once natural habitats are altered or destroyed, they can never be restored, even in part Answer: A Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) You also decide to greatly reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers you use in your landscape and rely more on mulching and composting. This will benefit your yard "ecosystem" by ________.

A) increasing the populations of butterflies B) decreasing the number of predatory animals and insects C) increasing the biodiversity of soil organisms, including decomposers D) making habitats for pollinators E) decreasing the plant biodiversity of the yard Answer: C Section: 11.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 12 Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas 12.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. The point on the curve at the top right of the graph indicates the ________.

A) point of fastest growth B) stable population size when selective harvesting is occurring C) equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths D) extinction point E) point of maximum sustainable yield Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. Most forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations ________ of the pictured curve.

A) at the bottom B) at the top C) in the middle D) to the left E) to the right Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Forest resource managers generally aim to maintain a resource population at the level where it ________.

A) delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield B) best protects habitat C) best protects predators D) has stabilized at the carrying capacity E) is just above the level it needs to be to prevent dieback of the population Answer: A Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) The preceding figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. Which of the following graphs depicts the population growth rate for this population?

A)

B)

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C)

D)

E)

Answer: E Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3 ..

12.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) Environmental Protection Agency B) Nature Conservancy C) U.S. Department of Agriculture D) SLOSS E) Bureau of Land Management F) National Park Service G) REDD+ H) Healthy Forest Restoration Act I) U.S. Forest Service J) Food and Agriculture Organization K) UNESCO L) Fish and Wildlife Service M) National Forest Management Act 1) Established under the leadership of Gifford Pinchot to manage forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run" Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through use restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, but provides public access for current enjoyment Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Manages national wildlife refuges that serve as wildlife havens; encourages hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, and environmental education Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Private land trust that purchases areas of land to preserve in their natural condition Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Manages world heritage sites, which include sites of cultural and natural importance Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Agency of the United Nations that monitors the status of global forests Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) U.S. legislation mandating sustainable use of national forests Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) I 2) F 3) L 4) B 5) K 6) J 7) M 12.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________.

A) the density of vegetation B) charcoal in the soil C) soil chemistry D) tree ring burn marks E) ambient air temperature Answer: D Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum sustainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because ________.

A) forests are more susceptible to herbivore damage B) all the trees are of mature size, leaving no room for new seedlings C) habitats for nesting birds are lost D) species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded E) nearly all predators will be excluded Answer: D Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The first national park was ________.

A) Yosemite B) General Grant (Kings Canyon) C) Yellowstone D) Sequoia E) Mount Rainier Answer: C Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Passed in 1906, the ________ gave the president authority to declare selected public lands as national monuments.

A) Homesteaders Act B) Swampland Act C) Wilderness Act D) Antiquities Act E) National Monuments Act Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Land trusts are ________.

A) municipal government entities B) state government entities C) federal government entities D) corporations E) private nonprofit groups Answer: E Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The SLOSS debate involves issues relating to ________.

A) habitat fragmentation and preserve design B) controlled burns C) drilling for oil in ANWR D) government subsidies to farmers E) tax dollars spent to build roads in national forests Answer: A Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Where will you find epiphytes growing?

A) on other plants B) on the forest floor C) under the soil surface D) on animals that live in the forest canopy E) beneath a tree Answer: A Section: 12.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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8) Since the 1990s, ________ have killed tens of billions of conifers in the western United States.

A) foresters B) pine shoot beetles C) bark beetles D) ladybird beetles E) invasive fungi Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Deforestation ________.

A) decreases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere B) prevents erosion C) causes population explosions D) has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions E) is not widespread in North America Answer: D Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 10) Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

A) Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens.

B) They do not want to hinder economic development.

C) Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government.

D) There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource.

E) No ancient forests remain in developing nations.

Answer: B Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Clear-cutting ________.

A) restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops B) is harvesting trees from coastal areas only C) involves elimination of subsidies to farmers D) is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations E) removes all trees from an area Answer: E Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12) Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes?

A) The soil becomes richer and retains moisture better because there are few trees to take up the water and soil nutrients.

B) Biodiversity increases because of habitat diversification.

C) Soil erosion increases because the tree roots and other vegetation that stabilize the soil have been removed.

D) Water runoff decreases because crops will take up more of the moisture.

E) CO2 levels in the atmosphere drop to dangerously low levels.

Answer: C Section: 12.1, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) The UN FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2015 concluded that ________.

A) deforestation has slowed, but we still lose forests at a rapid rate B) deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting C) there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040 D) all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear-cutting E) to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation Answer: A Section: 12.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Which of the following accurately describes a benefit or a drawback of managing an evenaged tree plantation?

A) Even-aged stands are less vulnerable to disease and insect outbreaks.

B) Even-aged stands possess more structural complexity than natural forests.

C) Even-aged stands create a more complex groundcover habitat.

D) Even-aged stands are unpopular because they are difficult to harvest and replant.

E) Even-aged stands are more vulnerable to bark beetles.

Answer: E Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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15)

This figure shows annual totals for area burned by wildfires in the United States from 1983 to 2015. Which of the following accounts for the trend shown?

A) There is no consistent trend in the figure. More forests burn during dry years than during wet years.

B) Forest cover has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1980s, so we see an associated trend in the amount of forest burned annually.

C) Fire suppression has resulted in an accumulation of kindling for larger and more catastrophic wildfires during dry years.

D) We now fight fires more aggressively than we did in the 1980s, and the annual number of acres burned reflects these efforts.

E) Arsonists are starting more wildfires than they did 30 years ago.

Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 16) ________ are federal lands that are off-limits to development but are open to hiking, nature study, and other low-impact public recreational activities.

A) National forests B) BLM lands C) Biosphere reserves D) Wilderness areas E) State parks Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) The ________ system of timber harvesting involves leaving small numbers of mature trees in place to provide shelter for seedlings as they grow.

A) clear-cutting B) shelterwood C) single-tree selection D) "cherry-picking" E) nursery-tree Answer: B Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) In the western United States, bark beetle outbreaks have become much worse than in the past for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ________.

A) beetles are attacking the myriad even-aged forests throughout the West, which are the perfect age for infestation B) catastrophic wildfires have resulted in the increased growth of the kinds of trees that the bark beetles prefer C) milder winters caused by climate change are enabling beetles to spread northward D) long-term droughts have stressed trees, making them vulnerable to attack E) warmer climate has resulted in increased reproductive output for the beetles Answer: B Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Second-growth forests ________.

A) are forests that establish themselves after old-growth timber has been removed B) are forests whose timber has second-rate value C) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago D) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska E) are those forests in the national parks that are protected from logging Answer: A Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Many environmental advocates believe that biofuel made from palm oil is NOT an appropriate replacement for fossil fuels such as petroleum because ________.

A) burning palm oil actually puts more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than does burning gasoline B) human rights are being violated because of the palm oil slave trade C) tropical forests must be cleared to plant oil palms D) oil palm plantations take land away from coffee growers E) it is better to use palm oil in snack foods Answer: C Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) Roughly 80% of the state of ________ is federally managed.

A) Iowa B) South Dakota C) California D) Nevada E) Texas Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) How does the size of an island generally affect its biodiversity, and why?

A) Larger islands tend to have lower diversity than smaller islands because larger islands usually support larger populations of predators.

B) Larger islands tend to have lower diversity than smaller islands because larger islands are often found farther from continents.

C) Larger islands tend to have higher diversity than smaller islands because larger islands usually have a higher diversity of habitats.

D) Larger islands tend to have higher diversity than smaller islands because larger islands are often found closer to continents.

E) The size of an island does not affect diversity, as it has been shown in many studies that only the distance between an island and a continent affects its biodiversity.

Answer: C Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23)

Which area labeled on the map is experiencing the highest rate of deforestation?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________.

A) where there are high densities of endangered species, such as tropical rainforests B) that have heavy recreational use to warn people about the dangers of fires C) that are subject to severe wildfires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth D) plagued with insects as a cheaper alternative to pesticides E) to convert primary forests into secondary forests Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) The program Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) ________.

A) gives wealthy nations carbon offsets if they pay poorer nations to conserve forests B) supports research to develop trees that permanently sequester carbon C) was passed unanimously by the Copenhagen Conference (2010) on global climate change D) seeks to reduce the 30% of global carbon emissions caused by primary forests E) combats unsustainable forestry practices through controlled burning programs Answer: A Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12 ..

26) According to island biogeography theory, the number of species on an island is ________.

A) the sum of immigration and emigration B) the sum of immigration and speciation C) the sum of immigration and extirpation D) based on only immigration E) based on only emigration Answer: C Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) "Edge effects" are a problem particularly when ________.

A) forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change B) trying to manage and protect island biodiversity C) preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape D) formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments E) wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Parks and reserves are a concept that was started in ________.

A) England B) United States C) Europe D) Japan E) Australia Answer: B Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The right to extract a resource (usually by a corporation) is termed a ________.

A) land trust B) concession C) debt-for-nature D) biosphere E) shelter belt Answer: B Section: 12.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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30) The shaded lower level of the forest is termed the ________.

A) canopy B) subcanopy C) understory D) tree fall gap E) emergent layer Answer: C Section: 12.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12.4 Essay Questions 1) Compare and contrast the National Forest Management Act and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act. Answer: The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) was passed by Congress in 1976. This act regulated use of national forests by requiring that the managers of every national forest draw up plans for renewable resource management based on the concepts of multiple use and maximum sustainable yield. Ultimately, the goals of NFMA were to protect national forests from overharvesting to increase profits, to provide for diverse ecological communities and preserve regional diversity of tree species, to ensure research and monitoring of management practices, and to ensure that timber is extracted only where impacts on tree regeneration and soil, watershed, fish, wildlife, recreation, and aesthetic resources can be assessed and minimized. The Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA) was approved by Congress in 2003 to permit the removal of small trees and dead trees in fire-prone areas of our national forests by timber companies. HFRA also permitted salvage logging in otherwise protected areas. The goals of HFRA were to provide jobs and other economic benefits while decreasing the fuel for catastrophic wildfires. Ultimately, NFMA endeavored to protect forests from being overharvested, whereas HFRA permitted some harvesting activities in areas that otherwise might have been protected from such activities, with a stated goal being protection from catastrophic wildfire.

Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation 2) Briefly discuss the components of a sustainable forestry program and the meaning of FSC certification.

Answer: Sustainable forestry implies not only the capacity of a harvesting system to provide timber on a continuing basis but also to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem services of the harvested forest to the greatest extent possible. The principle of ecosystem-based management includes these goals. Specific strategies are to remove trees in such a way that the understory suffers minimal damage, to leave enough mature trees to support the biodiversity that depends on them, and to minimize erosion. All aspects of the timber preparation or pulping process (for paper) need to be energy-efficient and to employ nontoxic biodegradable chemicals at all stages.

Effluents from sawmills and papermills should not contribute to eutrophication of receiving lakes or rivers. If all of the steps from tree to marketed product meet the Forest Stewardship Council's standards for sustainable forestry, the companies and products earn FSC certification.

Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 14 ..

3) What is the importance of fire in ecosystem management? What is the cost of fire suppression for ecosystem health? What is the alternative to fire suppression?

Answer: For over a century, the Forest Service and other land management agencies have suppressed fire whenever and wherever it has broken out. Yet ecological research now clearly shows that many ecosystems depend on fire to maintain themselves. Certain plants have seeds that germinate only in response to fire, and researchers studying tree rings have documented that many ecosystems historically experienced fire with some frequency. Ecosystems dependent on fire are adversely affected by its suppression; open pine woodlands become cluttered with hardwood understory that ordinarily would be cleared away by fire, for instance, and animal diversity and abundance decline in such cluttered habitats. In addition, fire suppression increases the likelihood of catastrophic fires that truly do damage forests and that also destroy human property and threaten human lives. This is because fire suppression allows the buildup of years' worth of limbs, logs, sticks, and leaf litter on the forest floor–excellent kindling for a catastrophic fire. Such fuel buildup helped cause the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park and thousands of other fires across the continent, and it is why catastrophic fires have become more of a problem than in the past. To reduce this fuel load and improve the health and safety of forests, the Forest Service and other agencies have in recent years been burning areas of forest under carefully controlled conditions. These prescribed burning programs have worked where they have been applied, but they require so much time and effort that a relatively small amount of land has been treated. Sometimes these controlled burns can get out of control, as happened in 2000 in New Mexico. Efforts at controlled burns also have been complicated by public misunderstanding and by interference from politicians who have not taken time to understand the science behind the approach.

Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Explain several reasons for the development of parks and protected areas.

Answer: First is the belief that enormous, beautiful, inspirational, or unusual features such as the Grand Canyon and Mount Rainier should be protected. Second, parks have been created to provide economic benefits via ecotourism. A third reason we have set aside parks is for utilitarian purposes. A watershed protected from development provides cities with clean drinking water and a buffer against floods. A fourth reason for the creation of protected areas is their recreational value to tourists, hikers, fishers, hunters, and others. The preservation of biodiversity is a fifth reason that has been increasingly prioritized in recent years. Human impact alters habitats in myriad ways and has led to countless population declines and species extinctions. A park or reserve is widely viewed as a kind of Noah's Ark, an island of habitat that can, scientists hope, maintain species that might otherwise disappear. In addition, forests are valuable protection against global climate change.

Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) In the United States, who owns the forest land that is home to timber harvesting? Why was the national forest system established, what was its mission, and who specifically directed its development? How did the political climate in the United States aid the formation of a system that incorporated the theme of conservation?

Answer: Most timber harvesting in the United States takes place on private land, including that owned by timber companies, but some takes place on public lands, notably the national forests.

The national forest system, managed by the U.S. Forest Service, covers over 8% of the nation's land area. The depletion of the eastern forests and the fear of a "timber famine" spurred the formation of the Forest Service in 1905, under Gifford Pinchot. Pinchot and others developed the concept of resource management and conservation during the Progressive Era in American politics, a time of social reform when people had confidence that the application of science and education to public policy could greatly improve society. In line with Pinchot's conservation ethic, the Service aimed to manage the forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run." Pinchot believed the nation should extract and use resources from its public lands, so timber harvesting was from the start the goal of the national forests. But conservation meant planting trees as well as harvesting them, and the Forest Service would seek restrained use and wise management of timber resources, which are not renewable if not given time to grow back.

Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) What part of American history makes it difficult for us to suggest halting deforestation in the tropical rainforest? How did deforestation proceed in the United States? How is deforestation in developing countries different than it was in the United States?

Answer: Timber harvesting propelled the growth of the United States throughout its phenomenal expansion across the continent in the 19th century and into the 20th. Chicago was built with timber felled in the vast pine and hardwood forests of Wisconsin and Michigan. Those forests were virtually stripped of their trees in the 19th century. This followed the clear-cutting of the forests further east, which had been largely replaced by small farms. Logging operations then moved south to the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas to harvest more wood for the growing nation. The pine woodlands of the South were logged and many of them converted to pine plantations. When the largest, most valuable trees had been removed from these areas, timber companies moved west, cutting the continent's biggest trees in the Rockies, the Sierras, the Cascades, and the coast ranges. By the mid-20th century almost no virgin timber was left in the lower 48 states. Many U.S. trends are being paralleled internationally, but some developing nations, such as Brazil, are in the position the United States faced a century or two ago, having a vast frontier to conquer. However, in these countries, deforestation can proceed more quickly because of newer technology. Furthermore, much of the cutting is being done not by the people of those countries but by multinational corporations that export the products elsewhere.

Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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7) Explain salvage logging.

Answer: Salvage logging is the removal of dead trees, or snags, following a natural disturbance.

From an economic standpoint, salvage logging may seem to make good sense. However, ecologically, snags have immense value; the insects that feed on them provide food for wildlife, and many birds, mammals, and reptiles depend on holes in snags for nesting and roosting sites.

Opponents of salvage logging point out that conducting timber removal operations on recently burned land can cause severe erosion and soil damage. Salvage logging is part of the Healthy Forest Restoration Act enacted by the Bush administration in the wake of the 2003 California fires, although recent studies call into question whether salvage logging is such a good idea, as there is some evidence that salvage logging impedes forest regrowth and increases the severity of wildfires.

Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far into Mexico. Two of the largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain-building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.

1) There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots, that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably TRUE that ________.

A) more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada B) more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same C) these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges D) these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here E) these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America Answer: A Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biodiversity than they did in the past.

B) Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past.

C) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less biodiversity than they did in the past.

D) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biomass than they did in the past.

E) Because of extirpation, many of these individual populations have more biodiversity than they did in the past.

Answer: B Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) The tendency for humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes ________.

A) increased ecosystem diversity B) increased genetic diversity C) increased biomass D) increased habitat fragmentation E) decreased extirpation Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 13 The Urban Environment: Creating Sustainable Cities 13.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

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Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) Which of the following can be inferred from the data shown in parts (a) and (b) of the figure?

A) Pickup trucks are more energy-efficient than SUVs. B) Buses are inefficient when there are few people riding on them.

C) In most cities, public mass-transit systems are too expensive to be a viable long-term strategy for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.

D) Most cities would be better served by having both a bus system and a commuter rail system.

E) Pickup trucks are only about half as energy-efficient as SUVs. Answer: B Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) The operating costs for transportation ________.

A) clearly show the economies of scale, with large cities costing less per automobile than small cities B) show that bus transport is the least expensive when all costs are included C) indicate that city planners should invest more in parking lots D) take into account the costs to public health and to the environment of vehicle emissions E) indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport Answer: E Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Given the energy consumption and operating costs per passenger-km, one of the best overall strategies for cities to consider is ________.

A) to create carpool lanes on all major routes B) to increase affordable, high-rise parking sites in multiple locations throughout the city C) to create or improve a convenient, affordable rail transit system D) to create more suburban communities with work, shopping, and housing in central locations E) to improve and increase city bus routes by providing affordable, pleasant buses Answer: C Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) It costs less to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city because ________.

A) automobiles generally cost less to purchase in a small city than in a large city B) people in smaller cities tend to use mass transit more than they do in large cities C) people tend to drive smaller cars in small cities than in large cities D) people generally drive fewer miles to and from work in a small city than in a large city E) taxes costs more in a small city than in a large city Answer: D Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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5) An SUV uses approximately ________% more fuel energy than a sedan.

A) 25 B) 33 C) 50 D) 100 E) 0.9 Answer: C Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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13.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) tiered utilization B) ruralization C) exurbs D) urban planning E) old urbanism F) farming communities G) suburbanization H) regional planning I) sprawl J) urbanization K) zoning L) suburbs M) new urbanism 1) The shift from rural to urban living Section: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Residential/commercial communities that ring larger cities Section: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Bloom's TaxonomyKnowledge/Comprehension: 3) The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center Section: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Designing neighborhoods on a walkable scale Section: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use Section: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Broad land-use strategy that encompasses several cities and adjoining nonurban areas Section: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Commuter towns, generally populated by affluent individuals, lying some distance from a central city Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4 ..

Answers: 1) J 2) L 3) I 4) M 5) K 6) H 7) C 13.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities?

A) desire to have a garden B) availability of more jobs in suburbs C) desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions D) concern over demographic transitions E) desire for close-knit communities Answer: C Section: 13.1, 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________.

A) the high population density B) the lack of resources C) that they spread environmental impact over a larger area D) that they decrease water quality E) the lack of nearby shopping Answer: C Section: 13.1, 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________.

A) unregulated urban sprawl produces severe air pollution B) a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion C) once roads are widened, traffic congestion decreases D) prohibition of motorized vehicles in urban areas reduces pollution and saves energy E) traffic flows smoothly once pedestrians and bicycles are eliminated Answer: B Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGBs (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.

A) went further by passing a bill capping population in all major cities B) passed a bill giving property owners some exceptions from UGB rules C) chose to remove UGBs and allow unregulated development throughout the state D) passed legislation forbidding the construction of any new single-family homes E) approved rules relinquishing private property rights in areas outside the area of Portland's UGBs Answer: B Section: 13.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) In 2010, the Portland area's Metropolitan Service District (Metro) made a historic agreement between landowners and citizens that ________.

A) included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed over the next 50 years B) put up undeveloped land at auction to be sold to the highest bidders, public or private C) preserved all undeveloped land as natural ecosystems D) prohibited agriculture on any undeveloped land in the region E) removed UGBs because they were deemed unconstitutional Answer: A Section: 13.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The world's urban populations are ________.

A) shrinking, compared to rural populations B) growing at a faster rate than the global population as a whole C) growing at about the same rate as the rural populations D) growing most rapidly in the developed nations E) shrinking in developing nations Answer: B Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) In developing nations such as India and Nigeria, ________.

A) most of the population is moving to the suburbs from the city centers B) very little change has occurred in the past 40 years regarding where people live C) small numbers of people have moved into the cities D) rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers E) more people are moving to the suburbs than to the city centers Answer: D Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) American cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, ________.

A) have steadily lost population over the past 100 years B) grew very rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries C) have always grown rapidly and continue to do so D) have maintained a steady-state population since the 1970s E) have increased their rate of growth dramatically in the past 20 years Answer: B Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________.

A) in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Illinois, and Portland, Oregon B) small cities in the southern United States, such as Austin, Texas, and Raleigh, North Carolina C) the megacities such as Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York City D) in developing nations, such as Delhi, India E) large cities worldwide, such as Paris, London, and Los Angeles Answer: D Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________.

A) urban decay B) white flight C) the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive D) an aging population and a declining tax base E) an increase in violent crimes and an increase in vacancy and abandonment of homes Answer: C Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) All of the following are landscaping features of green buildings EXCEPT ________.

A) rooftops planted with vegetation B) rain gardens that absorb runoff C) landscaping with AstroTurf in dry environments D) the use of plants that are native to the area where the building is being constructed E) planting deciduous trees to allow light to pass in the winter and shade buildings in the summer Answer: C Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Suburban living encourages ________.

A) increased use of automobiles B) investment in and improvement of downtown centers C) walking, riding bicycles, and other kinds of physical activity D) driving electric cars E) increased agricultural activities Answer: A Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________.

A) consume less energy and materials B) live more densely packed into urban areas C) remain connected while living in less centralized locations D) return to an agricultural society E) live within the UDB's demanded by smart city design Answer: C Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

A) the restoration of natural areas in inner cities B) the problems of decreased water use and decreased energy consumption C) the increased use of pesticides D) the increased use of fossil fuels E) more time for families to be together Answer: D Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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15)

This figure shows the population of Portland, Oregon, from 1850 to 2015. What is the explanation for the population trend from 1950 to 1980?

A) the adoption of urban growth regulations that prohibited population growth B) the exodus of residents to the suburbs C) the preservation of sensitive habitat within Portland's borders D) the downturn of Portland's economy caused by the crash of the stock market E) growth driven by the shipping trade Answer: B Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city to the suburbs.

Which of the following discussion points is valid?

A) If they move to the suburbs, it will cost much less for transportation.

B) If they stay in the city, they'll probably get less exercise.

C) If they stay in the city, they will contribute more to local pollution.

D) It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.

E) They'll experience more stress if they move to the suburbs.

Answer: D Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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17) Historically, large cities have tended to develop ________.

A) away from large bodies of water that might cause flooding during storms B) their own agricultural areas within city limits C) in locations where explorers first landed D) within walking distance of hunting and gathering grounds E) along trade routes Answer: E Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Mass-transit systems include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) light rail B) buses C) commuter rail D) subways E) taxicabs Answer: E Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) New urbanism seeks to ________.

A) develop walkable neighborhoods, with homes and businesses close together B) use zoning to keep small neighborhoods intact C) keep business in a central location, near transportation centers D) provide low-cost, long-distance mass transit systems E) use tiered taxation to maintain inner cities as vibrant, livable communities Answer: A Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

A) Give tax rebates to people who use only public transportation.

B) Designate lanes as carpool-only.

C) Make some public buildings and some communities accessible only by public transportation.

D) Provide bicycle lanes on freeways.

E) Provide motorcycle lanes in the center of rail lines.

Answer: B Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) Greenways ________.

A) are links that provide pathways for wildlife to travel between parks and preserves B) contain parks that are large enough to harbor populations of exotic flora and fauna C) prohibit hiking and biking or recreational opportunities D) are urban golf courses E) are waterways within city parks Answer: A Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Urban sprawl typically results in ________.

A) narrower highways B) increased commuting distances C) increased population densities D) decreased reliance on automobiles E) high-density housing outside of the central city Answer: B Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Which of the following approaches would earn points toward LEED certification?

A) building near a school B) building on a golf course C) building with mahogany imported from Brazil D) recycling all construction wastes E) building a children's cancer hospital Answer: D Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 24) A resource sink is ________.

A) an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs B) an area that is able to trade for all of the things that it needs C) an area that produces many things and needs to export them to a variety of places D) an area that produces a single resource and can control the price of that commodity or service E) a resource that is desirable, such that different cities must compete to obtain enough of it for their citizens Answer: A Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) People who live entirely within an urban environment ________.

A) have too many luxury goods at too expensive a price B) are never provided enough quality housing, even for those who can afford it C) may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities D) have insufficient choices for activities and lifestyles E) pay less for food and gasoline than rural areas Answer: C Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) From where does New York City get its drinking water?

A) reservoirs far to the northwest of the city B) desalination of seawater from the Atlantic Ocean C) reservoirs in the Rocky Mountains D) directly from the Hudson River E) groundwater aquifers beneath the city Answer: A Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) LEED-certified buildings could be described in all of the following ways, EXCEPT ________.

A) they are energy efficient B) they are built with sustainable materials C) they have a reduced ecological footprint D) their construction usually costs less than for conventional buildings E) they limit pollution and recycle wastes Answer: D Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) The urban heat island effect is caused by ________.

A) green buildings B) heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces C) nuclear power plants venting excess heat into the urban landscape D) street lighting and burning of wastes in landfills E) air warmed over adjacent oceans blowing into urban areas Answer: B Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) This figure shows the chloride concentration in Baltimore-area streams. What is the main source of the chloride shown in the figure?

A) road salt B) inorganic fertilizers C) swimming pools D) sewage treatment plants E) factory discharge Answer: A Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) This figure shows the chloride concentration in Baltimore-area streams. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data shown?

A) Urban streams are contaminated mainly with chloride flowing in from suburban areas.

B) Streams in rural areas are contaminated with nitrates and phosphates from the overuse of fertilizers.

C) Urban areas are more impervious than rural areas.

D) Chloride levels in suburban streams are safe for land plants.

E) Land plants contribute considerable amounts of chloride to urban streams.

Answer: C Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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31) In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals?

A) In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.

B) Phoenix has largely eliminated exposure to toxic chemicals, whereas the citizens of Baltimore suffer from extreme exposure to such hazards.

C) Minorities in both cities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards than white citizens, but minorities in Phoenix are provided with better health care to offset the costs related to exposure.

D) Baltimore was built before building codes and zoning laws prohibited building homes on contaminated sites, so all of the citizens of Baltimore are exposed to high levels of toxic chemicals, whereas Phoenix has been built more recently and so does not have problems related to toxic chemical exposure.

E) Baltimore has taken a zero-tolerance approach to polluters, so its citizens are much less exposed to toxic chemicals than the citizens of Phoenix.

Answer: A Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Research has suggested that sprawl may impact human health because of ________.

A) increased physical activity B) reduced physical activity C) reduced land use D) reduction of recreation E) increase of public transit Answer: B Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) ________ are legally binding lines on a map that separate areas zoned to be high density and urban from those areas desired to stay rural.

A) Urban growth boundaries B) City lines C) County boundaries D) Precincts E) Urban-wildland interface Answer: A Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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34) LEED stands for ________.

A) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design B) Large Efficiency in Energy Deductions C) Local Environmental Economic Development D) Long rangE Education Directive E) Less Energy Effective Design Answer: A Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Which is not one of the ten principles of "smart growth"?

A) create walkable neighborhoods B) provide a variety of transportation C) use compact building design D) redevelop farmland and open space into infrastructure E) strengthen existing neighborhoods Answer: D Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13.4 Essay Questions 1) Why do urbanized societies need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?

Answer: Large stretches of undeveloped land outside cities provide natural resources needed to support urban populations. This includes providing city dwellers with timber, food, and other resources. Areas of natural land of all sizes near to and far from urban centers provide ecosystem services, including purification of water and air, nutrient cycling, and waste treatment. Natural lands provide escape from the stresses of urban life. They provide open space, greenery, scenic beauty, and places for recreation. They also provide habitat for wildlife, which serves to satisfy biophilia, our natural affinity for contact with other organisms. In addition to the utilitarian reasons cited above, many people feel an ethical obligation to preserve wild landscapes and biodiversity for the sake of nonhuman organisms and/or the integrity of ecological systems.

Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Identify and explain at least three of the principles of smart growth.

Answer: Students should discuss three of the ten principles of smart growth: 1. Mixed land uses; providing for easy access within walking distance of homes, businesses, schools, and shopping 2. Compact building design; building up rather than out 3. Ranges of housing choices; large and small family units available at reasonable cost 4. Walkable neighborhoods to improve health by increasing activity levels 5. Distinctive communities with a strong sense of place; minimize grass lawns on mountaintops and in deserts, don't bring tropical plants to the northern United States, and enjoy what is distinctive about where you live 6. Preservation of open spaces, farmlands, and critical environmental areas, all needed to provide resources, goods, and services, and to absorb and neutralize the wastes produced by cities 7. Development and strengthening of existing communities; spending money to maintain and improve what is present now, rather than focusing on new growth and allowing current communities to languish and decline 8. Varied transportation choices; having flexible, low-cost, timely bus service, light rail, subways, or other systems to discourage automobile traffic and improve congestion, lowering pollution 9. Predictable, fair, cost-effective development decisions, with development fees and taxes for trucks, factories, and other sources that create wastes and damage resources; don't spend money on new resources without recycling and maintaining what is already available 10. Encouraging community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions; don't leave decisions to business people, whose major consideration may be short-term profits, or to politicians, who may not consider all their constituents; all voters need to be informed and to provide input to their regulatory bodies when new decisions are being made Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) What are some of the reasons for the development of parks and protected areas in and around U.S. cities?

Answer: First and most important, these areas keep ecological processes functioning by regulating climate, producing oxygen, and filtering out air and water pollutants. Second, parks have been created in and near cities to satisfy biophilia, our desire to be in contact with other organisms. A third reason we have set aside parks is for tranquility, enjoyment of lush greenery, and escape from the pollution and stress of the urban setting. A fourth reason for city parks (one of their earliest purposes) is as a pleasure ground for the wealthy, a place to relax. Fifth, many of the poverty-stricken immigrants who came to our cities wanted active recreation, as do modern city dwellers, such as places to play ball games, and needed open spaces to get away from overcrowded living conditions.

Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) List some of the reasons that urban dwellers move to the suburbs.

Answer: Global interconnectedness makes communication easy. Location on a river or seacoast is not vital because we have jet planes, television, cell phones, and the Internet. Fossil fuels make it easy to commute, as well as to import and export resources, goods, and waste. All of these make it easy to live farther apart from people and places with whom you need to interact. Other reasons why urban dwellers move to the suburbs include the desire to escape the stress, noise, pollution, crime, and traffic of a crowded city, plus the desire for room and privacy.

Section: 13.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Identify and describe the goals and accomplishments of the OneNYC (formerly PlaNYC) program.

Answer: OneNYC is an ambitious plan that former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg hoped would make NYC "the first environmentally sustainable 21st-century city." It is a 132item program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve mass transit, plant trees, clean up polluted land and rivers, and enhance access to parkland. As of 2015, OneNYC's accomplishments included the completion of over 100 energy efficiency projects in city buildings; the planting of 950,000 trees; the opening or renovation of 234 school playgrounds; the establishment of 129 community gardens; upgraded wastewater treatment facilities; acquisition of 36,000 acres upstate to protect New York City's water supplies; installation of bike lanes and bike racks and the launch of a bike-sharing program; the retrofitting of ferries to reduce pollution; the conversion of hundreds of taxis to hybrid vehicles; and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 19%.

Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) Discuss four of the findings that urban ecologists have described from their intensive analysis of urbanization in Baltimore and Phoenix.

Answer: Using old maps, aerial photos, and remote sensing satellite data, urban ecologists have discovered the following: 1. In Baltimore, the amount of forest has remained the same for the past 100 years, but development has fragmented the forest into smaller patches.

2. In Baltimore, studies revealed that soil compaction and rooftop drainage result in poor infiltration into soils and rapid runoff into streams. The rapid flow cuts streambeds deeply into soils while at the same time leaving the soil drier. This has resulted in wetlands-adapted plants being replaced by more dry-adapted species.

3. In Baltimore, because wetlands have dried up in many areas, nutrient-rich runoff from lawns is not broken down and metabolized as it should be in a healthy riverine ecosystem. Instead, Chesapeake Bay receives high loads of nutrients and has become eutrophic with a large hypoxic dead zone.

4. When roads are salted in Baltimore, the salt makes its way into streams where concentrations can be as much as 100 times normal, killing organisms and impairing the streams' capacity to remove nitrogen.

5. In both cities, residents import non-native plant species for landscaping which have become far more common than native species. Also, soil compaction and other factors have favored weedy generalist species rather than the more specialized native species of plants.

6. In Phoenix, food webs and relationships between species have been altered by several factors.

Food is available to wildlife because of bird feeders and garbage. Watering boosts primary productivity, and the urban heat island effect tends to moderate the climate, especially in the cool seasons. The result is that there are higher densities of animals, but with decreased biodiversity, as generalists replace specialists.

7. In both cities, researchers found that sources of industrial pollution tend to be located in neighborhoods that are less affluent and that contain racial and ethnic minorities. Mapping of air pollution and toxic chemical releases showed that children in these areas suffered from abnormally high rates of asthma.

8. In both cities, it was found that residences near to urban parks had a higher value, unless the robbery rates were very high (as in Baltimore), in which cases the property value decreased if it was close to a park.

Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

A military base a few miles from a medium-sized city is being decommissioned. The base is a large one, situated along a coastline, and includes some small hills, pristine woodlands and wetlands, streams, a river, and a small lake. There is a railroad spur that connects the base with the nearby city, as well as a four-lane highway. The base contains housing, schools, a hospital, shops, and recreational areas for a population of 10,000. The city's options for using, selling, or leasing the land are numerous, and many groups come forward with proposals. You work for the city as an environmental resource manager, with the role of preserving local ecosystem services for future generations.

1) One group proposes to convert the base to a new city suburb, with low-cost housing for several thousand of the current inner-city residents. A possible major problem with this might be ________.

A) that there is no guarantee that the buildings are in good condition B) that the inner-city residents may not be able to fully appreciate the natural areas and miss the inner-city quality of life C) the lack of a mass transit connection with the city D) insufficient recreational opportunities for the new suburb E) the lack of jobs in the new suburb Answer: E Section: 13.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) A development group wishes to turn the area into a recreational facility, including an RV resort, a major league sports arena, a small-craft harbor for water sports, a hunting lodge, and off-road activities, including motocross racing and dune buggy areas. An important ecological concern about this proposal would be ________.

A) that the parking facilities would need to be increased B) that the developer's fees might not be enough to justify the long-term lease C) habitat disturbance D) a need to widen the highway to sustain the increased traffic E) that the proximity of hunting activities to the other new development would increase the likelihood of accidental shooting Answer: C Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking, fishing, and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. The most likely issue raised by opponents is whether ________.

A) revenue generated from users will pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility B) water sports will be accessible to all C) there will be sufficient space for RV camping D) anyone will be interested in that kind of recreation E) whether such activities would irreparably harm the sensitive ecosystems Answer: A Section: 13.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) An ecological resource manager's preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________.

A) the financial situation of some potential investors is shaky B) the city needs to obtain a great deal of revenue from the final choice C) a new housing development just outside the city limits may increase traffic on the connecting highway D) the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish, which are supporting many local industries E) the lake should be provided with docks and a marina for sport fishermen Answer: D Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) As an ecological resource manager, you choose two of the proposals as the ones that you will recommend. You do this on the basis of ________.

A) the projected revenue they will bring in to the city B) the financial standing of the investors and their proven ability to finish projects C) the best use of the land for the highest numbers of people D) the suggestions made to you by members of the city council E) sustainability of the uses and compatibility with the environment Answer: E Section: 13.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 14 Environmental Health and Toxicology 14.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

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1) Figures such as these ________.

A) are used by epidemiologists in the assessment of a toxicant's effect B) are used by scientists in risk assessment C) are used to report the effects of a toxicant on wildlife populations D) represent typical dose-response curves for endocrine disruptors E) allow scientists to determine the exact quantity of a toxicant that will harm humans Answer: A Section: 14.4, 14.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) The LD50 indicates the ________.

A) amount of toxicant it takes to kill half the population B) lowest dose that kills any member of the population C) lowest dose that kills 50 out of 1000 members of the population D) lowest dose required to cure half of the population E) lowest dose required to cure the entire population Answer: A Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Assuming that the scales for graphs (a) and (b) are identical, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower LD50 compared to the toxicant shown in (a).

B) The toxicant shown in (b) has a higher toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a).

C) The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a).

D) Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (a) shows a higher dose than graph (b).

E) Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (b) shows a higher dose than graph (a).

Answer: C Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) The flat line at the left in (b) probably represents ________.

A) the fact that there is no physiological effect of the toxicant at low doses B) that no data were collected for the flatline area C) competing effects of some other substance whose effect wasn't measured D) no visible effect because the body's physiological processes can cope with low doses of a toxicant E) the fact that no toxicant was introduced until the response line begins to rise Answer: D Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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14.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) mercury B) aldicarb C) arsenic D) cadmium E) DDT F) thalidomide G) atrazine H) bisphenol-A I) "innocent-until-proven-guilty" approach J) precautionary principle K) asbestos L) nicotine M) lead 1) Most widely used herbicide in the United States; a probable endocrine disruptor Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Insecticide used to kill mosquitoes; banned in the United States in 1973 due to its toxicity Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Toxicant present in old paint and pipes; damages the brain, liver, kidney, and stomach when ingested Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Toxicant used as a flame retardant and insulator; a carcinogen and scars the lungs when inhaled Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Used as a sleeping pill for pregnant women; teratogen that now is banned Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Neurotoxin that magnifies within food webs; typically found in polluted bodies of water; poisoned thousands of people when it was dumped into a Japanese bay Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Approach to introducing new products to market that will result in unsafe products reaching the marketplace Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Component of plastics and epoxy resins; possible neurotoxin and estrogen mimic Section: 14.1, 14.2, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) G 2) E 3) M 4) K 5) F 6) A 7) I 8) H 14.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring focuses primarily on the environmental problems associated with ________.

A) aquifer depletion B) pesticide toxicity C) invasive species D) overpopulation E) deforestation Answer: B Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) ________ are substances that cause cancer.

A) Allergens B) Teratogens C) Carcinogens D) Neurotoxins E) Vectors Answer: C Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) ________ are substances that cause birth defects.

A) Allergens B) Teratogens C) Carcinogens D) Neurotoxins E) Vectors Answer: B Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ________.

A) they are the least common toxicants B) there is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease C) they are rare in nature D) there is no way to measure the carcinogenic potential of a substance E) most are invisible Answer: B Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) A risk manager would do which of the following?

A) assess the LD50 level of a new herbicide B) determine the neurological effects of a new herbicide C) establish rules restricting the use of a new herbicide D) determine the level of exposure of farm workers to a new herbicide E) set the purchase price of a new herbicide Answer: C Section: 14.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) All of the following statements are true of allergens EXCEPT ________.

A) allergens trigger an immune response when one is not necessary B) everyone is affected by an allergen at a high enough dose C) asthma can be triggered by allergies D) synthetic chemicals may trigger allergic reactions E) people with allergies have weakened immune systems Answer: A Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ________.

A) was the first book that discussed water pollution problems in Lake Apopka B) was the first book that discussed environmental problems with DDT C) was the first book to focus on the impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals D) was the first book to dispute claims in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring E) is credited with starting the environmental movement in the United States Answer: C Section: 14.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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8) The worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been attributed to ________.

A) DDT B) endocrine disruptors C) teratogens D) radon E) allergens Answer: B Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Bisphenol-A is ________.

A) an estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing B) produced when fossil fuels are burned C) released from aerosol spray cans D) a currently used herbicide E) a banned insecticide Answer: A Section: 14.0, 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following describes a scenario involving pesticide drift?

A) Pesticides run off into a local waterway that flows into a nearby fishing lake, killing some of the sensitive species of fish that live in the lake.

B) Pesticides leach into groundwater aquifers, sickening those who use the aquifers for drinking water.

C) Pesticides contain carcinogens that cause cancer in the workers using the chemicals.

D) Pesticides are copied by companies producing generic varieties, but the generic varieties have greater toxic effects than the original pesticides.

E) Pesticides being used in a mountain valley are carried by air currents into the surrounding hills, killing amphibians living in the hills' streams.

Answer: E Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 11) The ________ regulates pesticides in the United States.

A) FDA B) EPA C) USDA D) BLM E) PRA Answer: B Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12) The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates ________.

A) industrial chemicals B) drugs C) pesticides D) food additives E) cosmetics Answer: A Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) A person is more likely to die of ________ than any other cause.

A) old age B) infectious diseases C) starvation D) cardiovascular diseases E) cancers Answer: D Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Why are many contaminants found at higher concentrations in polar bears and people living in Greenland than they are in bears and people living in temperate and tropical areas?

A) There are fewer regulations regarding the release of toxic pollutants in Greenland than in other regions of the world.

B) Polar bears and people living in Greenland eat penguins, which are naturally high in toxic contaminants.

C) Global atmospheric circulation carries airborne toxins toward the poles, where their deposition exceeds evaporation.

D) Most of Greenland's GDP comes from importing toxic chemicals for disposal deep beneath its ice sheets.

E) The ice sheets in Greenland, which provide both people and polar bears with fresh water, were contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

Answer: C Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) ________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a) short persistence time(s).

A) DDT B) DDE C) PCBs D) PBDEs E) Bt toxin Answer: E Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) The bald eagle and peregrine falcon are ________.

A) found only in Florida B) U.S. invasive species C) overhunted for their feathers D) extinct E) top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT Answer: E Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) ________ is a quantitative description of the likelihood of a certain outcome that is used in risk assessment.

A) LD 50 B) Precision C) Probability D) Risk E) Threshold Answer: C Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) The first goal of the Stockholm Convention is to ________.

A) reduce global warming by preventing the manufacture of HFCFs B) reduce exposure to allergens and teratogens in developing countries C) end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous D) prevent the spread of the AIDS E) educate women about birth control in developing countries Answer: C Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) When a new substance enters the market, there are two main approaches: the "innocent-untilproven-guilty" approach, with limited testing, and the "________" approach, in which rigorous testing occurs before products are released.

A) LD 50 B) patent process C) precautionary principle D) TSCA E) OSHA Answer: C Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) Louis Guillette is well known for his studies of ________ in Florida.

A) gonadal abnormalities in frogs B) the effects of DDT on tadpole development C) the neurological effects of pesticide poisoning in flamingos D) reproductive and developmental abnormalities in alligators E) the contamination of soil near orange orchards Answer: D Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following is a cultural hazard?

A) a high-fat diet B) an earthquake C) Zika virus D) UV radiation from the sun E) flooding Answer: A Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 22) Infectious disease accounts for ________% of deaths globally.

A) less than 1 B) almost 15 C) almost 50 D) almost 64 E) almost 79 Answer: B Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Synergistic effects of toxicants ________.

A) have effects of individual toxicants that tend to cancel one another out B) typically exhibit additive effects of the individual toxicants C) are not numerous in the natural environment D) are greater than the sum of the effects of the components E) always involve synthetic toxicants Answer: D Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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24) The effect of a toxicant on fetuses and young children tends to be ________.

A) greater than it would be on adults B) less than on adults because their metabolism is higher C) higher for allergens than for teratogens D) higher in females than in males E) the same as for adults because all individuals generally have the same response to a toxicant Answer: A Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) The European Union's experience with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has shown that ________.

A) if the toxin is removed from the environment, concentrations in human tissues fall B) economic factors have superseded health concerns C) these molecules can be rapidly metabolized by decomposers D) human metabolism of these compounds could solve the problem without legislation E) exposure to these molecules results in birth ratios of 9 males : 1 female Answer: A Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) gonadal abnormalities B) lung cancer C) erectile dysfunction D) male feminization E) thyroid hormone abnormalities Answer: B Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) ________ is a naturally occurring substance that is potentially toxic to people.

A) Radon B) DDE C) Bisphenol A (BPA) D) Carbon dioxide E) PCB Answer: A Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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28) According to a 2002 study by scientists at the National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), ________% of U.S. streams contain traces of wastewater contaminants.

A) 100 B) 80 C) 50 D) 10 E) less than 1 Answer: B Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) What are the properties of toxicants that are likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation?

A) They are nonbiodegradable and lipid soluble.

B) They are biodegradable and water soluble.

C) They are gases that are readily carried by pesticide drift.

D) They contain nitrogen and sulfur.

E) They tend to enter higher trophic levels first.

Answer: A Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Which of the following are indoor chemical hazards?

A) BPA and PCBs B) DDT and DDE C) radon and asbestos D) petroleum and pesticides E) wastewater toxicants Answer: C Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Initiated in 2007, the REACH program ________.

A) requires all chemicals imported into the United States to have a material safety data sheet B) was passed by the European Union to protect its citizens from unsafe chemicals C) replaced the Toxic Substances Control Act with a policy that was more strict regarding chemical safety D) protects European companies who have patented trade secrets from revealing the chemical information about their products E) regulates the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing Answer: B Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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32) The "dirty dozen" POPs targeted by the Stockholm Convention include ________.

A) Dr. Pepper and Mountain Dew B) Bt toxin and isopropyl alcohol C) DDT and PCBs D) Roundup and glyphosate E) BPA and radon Answer: C Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33)

A student wants to test the toxicity of water on corn plants. After providing different amounts of water to different groups of corn plants for the duration of a growing season, the student graphed the results. The graph is most likely to look like which of the dose-response curves depicted above?

A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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34) Which of the following statements about chronic versus acute exposure is TRUE? A) Acute exposure to a toxicant is more difficult to study than chronic exposure.

B) Safe levels for chronic exposure to a toxicant are lower than safe levels for acute exposure.

C) Chronic levels of a toxicant are assessed for individuals with chronic conditions such as arthritis.

D) A person has experienced acute exposure if the exposure was at high levels for a long period of time.

E) A person getting an X ray is experiencing chronic exposure to radiation, whereas the radiologist is trying to minimize levels of acute exposure.

Answer: B Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 14.4 Essay Questions 1) Explain what endocrine disruptors are, and give examples. Explain why endocrine disruptors are a problem for humans, and discuss why they have not been banned.

Answer: Endocrine disruptors are toxicants that interfere with the body's hormones. Examples include DDT and bisphenol-A. Endocrine disruptors are problems for humans because human reproduction, growth, and development can be affected by hormone mimics. They have not been banned because scientific evidence for the problems they cause has been slow in coming.

Research documenting endocrine disruptor effects is controversial because it is relatively new.

Research poses economic threats to chemical manufacturers as well. For instance, Tyrone Hayes's work has been met with fierce criticism from scientists associated with atrazine's manufacturer, which will lose money if its use is banned or restricted.

Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Explain and give an example of biomagnification. Identify two key characteristics of toxins that become biomagnified.

Answer: When one organism ingests a toxicant, the toxicant may become concentrated within its tissues. When the higher-level consumer feeds, it eats multiple organisms at the lower trophic level, consuming magnified quantities of toxin with each feeding. Thus, with every step up the food chain from primary producer to top predator, concentrations of toxicant increase. An example of biomagnification in nature is when birds of prey consume toxic amounts of DDT because they eat big fish that have eaten small fish that have eaten zooplankton that have eaten algae that have ingested small amounts of DDT from polluted water. Another example of biomagnification in nature is seen in the polar bears of Svalbard Island in Arctic Norway. Polar bears feed on seals that have already experienced biomagnification of toxicants such as PCBs. Properties that biomagnified toxins have in common is being lipid soluble and nonbiodegradable or slowly degradable.

Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) What are epidemiological studies, and what is their value? Are there any disadvantages to epidemiological studies?

Answer: Epidemiological studies involve large-scale comparisons among groups of people, usually contrasting a group known to have been exposed to a toxicant with a group that has not.

They allow for the risk of exposure to a toxicant to be determined. They are realistic, but a long time is required for the results of the studies to be determined. Furthermore, they do not address future effects of new products. Results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously because many factors affect health, and results do not determine cause and effect; they only measure statistical association.

Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) How is the precautionary principle used in environmental health? What is an alternative philosophical approach?

Answer: The precautionary principle states that substances, such as potential toxicants, are assumed to be harmful until shown to be harmless. This approach allows us to identify troublesome toxicants before they are released into the environment, but it may also significantly impede the pace of technological and economic advance. Thoroughly testing every existing substance for its effects is time-consuming, complicated, and expensive, so some may favor the innocent-until-proven-guilty approach. This approach assumes that substances are harmless until shown to be harmful. This approach may lead to putting substances into wide use that may later turn out to be dangerous.

Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Debate over the use of DDT to control malaria is likely to continue. However, over the past several decades, much has been learned about how this insecticide works, and why its extensive use poses an environmental concern. Discuss three characteristics of this chemical that cause it to be problematic.

Answer: DDT is a synthetic chemical, developed in the mid-1940s as an insecticide to be used against malaria. This chemical has many of the critical characteristics which cause it to be particularly harmful to a wide array of warm-blooded organisms, including humans. Its persistence, transport in the environment, and uptake by many nontarget organisms contribute significantly to its environmental health concerns. DDT is not easily broken down in the environment, and even its by-products are toxic. DDT's environmental persistence is estimated to vary between 30 and 100 years. Because it is sprayed over wide areas, it easily gets into water supplies and affects aquatic food webs. Because it is taken up by insects and other small organisms found in lower trophic levels, its ability to bioaccumulate in higher organisms in the food chain is dependent on its fat-solubility characteristic. That is, DDT is able to be stored in the tissues of living organisms without breaking down, and this characteristic leads to its biomagnification in the food web. Organisms that feed on other organisms whose tissues have stored DDT are likely to store an even higher concentration. Some of the most well-documented environmental effects of DDT have been eggshell thinning in birds of prey; however, cancer and developmental abnormalities have also been documented in amphibians and other higher vertebrates.

Section: 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 14 ..

6) Explain risk assessment and risk management. Discuss how risk management combines science and other social factors.

Answer: The first step in risk assessment is to determine whether a substance has toxic effects by measuring dose-response effects of toxicant exposure. The second step is to assess the likely exposure that an individual will have to the toxicant including frequency, concentration, and time of exposure. Risk management consists of decisions and strategies to minimize risk. Federal agencies charged with managing risk consider findings in light of economic, social, and political needs and values. Costs and benefits are addressed with regard to both scientific and nonscientific concerns. While economic benefits are generally known, easily quantified, and of a definite and stable amount, health risks are hard-to-measure probabilities that impact a small percentage of people who will suffer greatly. For example, if a pesticide is used, people may suffer, but if it is not used, people may not have enough to eat. Both costs must be considered before banning the pesticide.

Section: 14.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Explain how response to hazards can vary based upon individual differences and type of exposure. Give examples, where appropriate.

Answer: Different individuals may have varying sensitivities to hazards. Differences can be genetically based, can result from varying abilities of the body's organs to detoxify substances, or can be due to a person's overall condition. People in poor health are often more vulnerable to hazards. Sensitivity can also vary with sex, age, and weight. Fetuses, infants, and young children tend to be more sensitive to toxicants because of their small size and rapid growth. Acute exposure, which is high exposure for short time periods, differs from chronic exposure, which is lower exposure over long time periods. Acute exposures are easier to recognize because they often stem from discrete events such as accidental ingestion, oil or chemical spills, or a nuclear accident. Chronic exposure is more common and more difficult to detect and diagnose. Chronic exposure often affects organs gradually, as when smoking causes lung cancer or when alcohol abuse induces liver or kidney damage. Pesticide residues on food or low levels of arsenic in drinking water also pose chronic risk.

Section: 14.2, 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 8) List the environmental factors and chemical properties that determine the rate of degradation of toxicants.

Answer: Environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, available oxygen, and sun exposure can affect the rate of degradation of toxicants. The chemistry of the toxicant determines how it is degraded and to what extent these environmental factors affect its degradation. Atrazine is an example of a toxicant that has variable persistence, depending upon environmental conditions. Biodegradable toxicants are quickly broken down under conditions that favor the sustenance of the organisms degrading them. DDT, PCBs, and toxicants used in the manufacture of plastics, however, resist breakdown under most environmental conditions, and often they are specifically designed not to degrade.

Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15 ..

9) What does the field of environmental health encompass?

Answer: The field of environmental health assesses environmental factors that influence human health and quality of life. It seeks to prevent adverse effects on human health and on ecological systems essential to environmental quality and long-term human well-being. The field of environmental health encompasses four types of hazards: (1) physical, which includes blizzards, hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, and floods; (2) chemical, which involves exposure to natural and synthetic substances; (3) biological, which involves exposure to pathogenic organisms and viruses; and (4) cultural, which includes occupational, social, and behavioral exposure such as coal mining, driving, and smoking cigarettes.

Section: 14.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Briefly explain dose-response analysis.

Answer: The dose-response analysis allows scientists to quantify the toxicity of a given substance by measuring how much effect a toxicant produces at different doses or how many animals are affected by different doses of the toxic agent. Dose is the amount of toxicant the test animal receives, and the response is the type or magnitude of negative effects the animal exhibits as a result.

Section: 14.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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14.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water.

Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish. People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle incoordination, and attention deficits.

Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury.

1) Which of the following U.S. agencies is primarily responsible for addressing issues regarding mercury pollution?

A) DOE B) EPA C) USDA D) BLM E) OSHA Answer: B Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Prior to 2005, no rules regulating mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants existed in the United States. This represents the ________.

A) precautionary principle B) innocent-until-proven-guilty approach C) dose-response initiative D) case-study approach E) Ames approach Answer: B Section: 14.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Based upon the specific health effects described in the scenario, mercury would be best classified as a(n) ________.

A) synergist B) neurotoxin C) carcinogen D) endocrine disruptor E) allergen Answer: B Section: 14.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Mercury is not readily excreted; it is stored in mammalian body tissues. This is best described as ________.

A) distillation B) toxification C) biomagnification D) bioaccumulation E) synergism Answer: D Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Concentrations of methyl mercury are higher in large fish than in their prey and in the air.

This is best described as ________.

A) distillation B) toxification C) biomagnification D) bioaccumulation E) synergism Answer: C Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) Pregnant women and children are warned not to eat certain kinds of fish that have high mercury content. Why do some fish tend to have higher mercury levels than other fish?

A) Some fish tend to thrive in habitats near factories that release high levels of mercury.

B) Fish that are high in the food chain eat prey that already have biomagnified levels of methylmercury, thus further biomagnifying the pollutant.

C) Fish that move between fresh and salt water up take more methylmercury.

D) Fish do not hold mercury but excrete it as methylmercury.

E) The high levels of mercury are an adaptation to avoid predation by humans.

Answer: B Section: 14.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 15 Freshwater Systems and Resources 15.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) Most of Earth's liquid fresh water is found ________.

A) in surface water B) in lakes C) underground D) in the oceans E) in the atmosphere Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Approximately ________% of Earth's total water is found in ice caps and glaciers.

A) 79 B) 20 C) 2.5 D) 2 E) 1 Answer: D Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) What percentage of Earth's total water is found in lakes?

A) 97.5% B) 52% C) 1% D) 0.52% E) 0.013% Answer: E Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following is TRUE? A) The majority of Earth's fresh surface water is found in rivers.

B) Most of Earth's fresh water would require desalination in order to make it suitable for consumption.

C) Most of Earth's fresh water is found within 100 miles of densely populated areas.

D) Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen.

E) Soil and atmospheric moisture comprise the majority of Earth's surface fresh water.

Answer: D Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) What percentage of Earth's fresh water is found in oceans?

A) 97.5% B) 79% C) 2.5% D) 0% E) Cannot be determined from the information in the figure Answer: D Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) What percentage of Earth's fresh water is found in rivers?

A) 1% B) 0.1% C) 0.01% D) 0.001% E) 0% Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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15.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) Ogallala aquifer B) Aral Sea C) levee D) sewage E) secondary treatment F) Caspian Sea G) reservoir H) turbidity I) effluent J) Pacific Ocean K) Okefenokee aquifer L) aqueduct M) aquifer N) primary treatment O) dam P) pH 1) A porous, spongelike layer of rock, sand, or gravel that is capable of holding water Section: 15.1, 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The world's largest known aquifer Section: 15.1, 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Any obstruction placed in a river or stream to block flow Section: 15.1, 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) A long, raised mound of earth used to control flooding along a river Section: 15.1, 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) A measure of the density of suspended particles (lack of clarity) in a water sample Section: 15.1, 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Aerobic bacteria break down organic materials during this stage of wastewater treatment Section: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Water leaving a wastewater treatment plant Section: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) The world's largest body of fresh water Section: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) M 2) A 3) O 4) C 5) H 6) E 7) I 8) F 15.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Only about 2.5% of all the water on our planet is fresh water, and ________.

A) most of this is in large, freshwater lakes B) most of this is far from where humans live C) most of this is in underground aquifers D) over half of this is extremely hard water and is nearly unusable for drinking or agriculture E) over half of this is in wetlands near coastlines and is becoming contaminated with saltwater Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Most of the precipitation that falls onto Earth's surface ________.

A) is already unusable because of acid rain B) evaporates back into the atmosphere C) either runs off to form rivers or filters down into underground aquifers D) falls in the form of ice or snow E) is taken up by plants or other organisms Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) One-fifth of Earth's total freshwater supply is in ________.

A) ponds B) the ocean C) groundwater D) estuaries E) the tundra Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) An artesian aquifer occurs where ________.

A) several aquifers have merged B) granite is overlain by a sandy substrate, allowing percolation into the aquifer C) a water-bearing layer is trapped between two layers that are less permeable D) a well is dug through layers of sand and gravel into the water table E) a water-bearing porous layer of rock, sand, or gravel has accumulated groundwater over a long period of time Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Humans use more fresh water for ________ than for any other purpose.

A) drinking and cooking B) washing and home use C) agricultural irrigation D) mining and industrial processes E) electrical production Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Which of the following best describes a floodplain?

A) a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows B) an area that is periodically flooded because humans have altered the landscape C) an area that is incidentally flooded when farming or mining operations change the course of rivers D) an area where flood irrigation of crops is used, such as a rice paddy E) a region of land that has been deliberately, permanently flooded due to human disturbance, such as in dam building Answer: A Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the future risks of decadal (11-year) and multi-decadal (35-year) droughts in the southwestern United States and Great Plains?

A) Models indicate that the southwestern U.S., including California, is more likely to experience these long-term droughts in the latter half of the 21st century, and much of the agricultural loss in that region will have to be offset in the Great Plains, where models indicate a very low probability of long-term drought.

B) Although El Niño patterns have caused short-term droughts in California and the Great Plains, neither region is expected to experience long-term droughts during the latter half of the 21st century.

C) Fewer multi-decadal droughts are likely, but more decadal droughts are expected to occur during the latter half of the 21st century.

D) Although the future risks of decadal droughts are low for both regions, multi-decadal droughts are expected to occur in both areas during the latter half of the 21st century.

E) Models indicate that both regions are more likely to experience decadal and multi-decadal droughts in the latter half of the 21st century than during the latter half of the 20th century.

Answer: E Section: 11.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Dam removal in the United States ________.

A) is controversial because dams provide such good habitats for native species B) will probably continue because the environmental impacts of dams are reviewed periodically C) will assist with our transition to more natural forms of renewable energy D) provides many new jobs and opportunities and so is economically beneficial E) will probably increase rapidly as we move to a more fossil-fuel-dependent society Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Why was the irrigation of Soviet cotton farming operations a problem?

A) There was governmental opposition that limited water access, killing crops.

B) Irrigation water came from rivers feeding into one of the largest lakes on Earth and resulted in major contamination of that source.

C) It drained the Aral Sea and increased the salt content of soils.

D) It angered local resort communities, which did not want farming in the region.

E) It was, for the most part, not a problem.

Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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10) Sinkholes can result from ________.

A) overconsumption of water from aquifers B) building on floodplains C) flood damage and chemical erosion D) poorly drilled wells in soft soils E) substrates that become weak following rain Answer: A Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Which of the following will contribute to water conservation?

A) using aerial sprays for crop irrigation B) planting non-native wetland plants for landscaping C) washing dishes by hand D) watering lawns at night, using low-flow faucets, and landscaping with native plants E) watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water most Answer: D Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Gray water can ________.

A) often be used for irrigation and watering lawns B) usually be used with little or no treatment for drinking water C) not be used for washing cars D) be used for fish ponds and park lakes E) be used in place of tap water for drinking Answer: A Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Which of the following is one of the major pollutants of groundwater?

A) acid rain B) treated sewage from cities C) agricultural chemicals D) radon E) pathogenic microbes Answer: C Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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14) The fish in the lake at the local park are dying, and a professor from the local college comes to investigate. First she measures the levels of dissolved oxygen because she wants to check for ________.

A) the presence of heavy metals B) the presence of bacteria C) hypoxia D) aquatic biodiversity E) the influence of acid precipitation Answer: C Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 15) A watershed is ________.

A) the area of land that drains into a river or lake B) an inland basin that connects to another inland basin C) a river that drains into the sea D) a term used to describe water stored underground E) the water held in the atmosphere prior to returning to Earth in the form of rainfall Answer: A Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) "Blue-baby" syndrome is a consequence of excess ________ in the water supply.

A) E. coli B) nitrates C) phosphates D) chlorine E) carbonation Answer: B Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Levees are used ________.

A) to block saltwater intrusion B) to pump water from an aquifer C) to prevent flooding and facilitate shipping D) to transport water from a river to an urban center E) along scenic byways so drivers can get a better view of a river Answer: C Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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18) A key characteristic of aquatic dead zones is ________.

A) a lack of water B) a low concentration of keystone species C) a high concentration of urban development D) a low concentration of oxygen E) low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus Answer: D Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Why is grain production in the Great Plains considered largely unsustainable?

A) The Ogallala aquifer is being depleted for irrigation water.

B) Competition with cattle ranching is resulting in a decline in crop production.

C) More and more people are becoming gluten intolerant, so there will be less and less demand for wheat, barley, and rye.

D) So many pesticides are needed for grain production that streams in the Great Plains are becoming dead zones.

E) The energetics of crop production in the Great Plains are such that more energy is needed to grow the crops than can be gotten from the crops.

Answer: A Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) A septic system is ________.

A) a toxic or badly polluted waterway B) a rural method of processing wastewater C) an early version of a wastewater treatment plant D) a second level mechanism to remove bacteria at a wastewater treatment plant E) the use of natural wetlands to cleanse wastewater Answer: B Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) In a municipal wastewater treatment plant, the primary treatment step includes ________.

A) micro-filtering the sewage B) chlorinating the sewage C) adding bacteria to the sewage D) letting sewage sit in large settling tanks so suspended solids can settle out E) stirring the sewage to increase oxidation Answer: D Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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22) "Biosolids" produced at a wastewater treatment plant are often ________.

A) trucked to special biohazard landfills for disposal B) used as part of the "fill" to develop wetlands into agriculture or housing areas C) loaded onto barges and sent to underdeveloped countries to use as fertilizer D) used as crop fertilizer E) placed in deep injection wells to keep it out of the water table Answer: D Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) The resource allocation of the Colorado River's water is being complicated by ________.

A) the rapid growth of Las Vegas B) large numbers of people moving out of Nevada C) sinkhole collapses in Arizona and southern California D) rapid growth of vegetable farms in southern Arizona E) saltwater intrusion into the Colorado estuary near San Diego Answer: A Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) A recent study has revealed that chlorinated solvents, gasoline, and radioactive compounds have become significant pollutants in ________ from ________.

A) groundwater; leaking storage tanks B) estuaries; fishing boats C) mangrove swamps; oil tanker spills D) coral reefs; discharge from nuclear power plants E) deep ocean currents; discharges from dams into coastal waters Answer: A Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable.

A) VOCs B) suspended solids C) hard water ions D) untreated sewage E) saltwater Answer: E Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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26) Xeriscaping can save water by ________.

A) replacing landscaping plants with rocks, sand, and sculpture B) creating wetlands instead of landscaping C) planting native or drought-resistant landscaping plants D) replacing lawns with artificial turf and gravel parking areas E) collecting rainwater and storing it in cisterns or tanks Answer: C Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Recent research that analyzed the content of commercial bottled water indicates that ________.

A) bottled water has no contamination from hormone mimic plasticizers B) bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water C) bottled water is generally much safer and purer than tap water D) bottled water consumes less fossil fuels in reaching the consumer than does tap water E) all surveyed brands had information about the source and how it was treated Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Methods for desalinating sea water to produce fresh water include ________.

A) treating with activated charcoal and clay B) making sea water acid to transform salts to solids C) reverse osmosis and distillation D) filtration and sedimentation E) treating sea water with salt-consuming marine bacteria Answer: C Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Artificial wetlands ________.

A) are the major program for replacing lost natural wetlands B) purify water for use as bottled drinking water C) are a source of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh D) are created using xeriscaping methods E) can help purify water and also provide wildlife habitat Answer: E Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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30) What is the main argument against removing O'Shaughnessy Dam in Yosemite National Park?

A) There are endangered species such as puffins and auklets that need the reservoir for habitat.

B) The reservoir is the main source of drinking water for the city of San Francisco.

C) The dam is the main source of electricity for Napa Valley.

D) The dam is a registered historic national landmark, so its removal would be unlawful.

E) Most visitors to Yosemite use the reservoir for parasailing and waterskiing.

Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Emergent vegetation such as cattails and reeds grow in the ________ zone of a lake.

A) aphotic B) limnetic C) benthic D) littoral E) profundal Answer: D Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) A 2009 study found that one-third of the world's 925 major rivers experienced reduced flow from 1948 to 2004, with the majority of the reduction attributed to ________.

A) the effects of climate change B) overuse for agriculture C) overuse by cities for drinking water D) dredging operations that make the rivers navigable E) municipalities diverting treated wastewater into artificial wetlands rather than the rivers themselves Answer: A Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Oxbow lakes are always found ________.

A) in agricultural areas where oxen have traditionally been used to plow fields B) alongside a river C) in association with a larger lake D) in steep, mountainous terrain E) in areas where the process of aquatic succession has occurred Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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34) The edge of a lake that is nutrient-rich and with large amount of plants and invertebrates is termed the ________ zone.

A) profundal B) littoral C) benthic D) eutrophic E) aphotic Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Using water to power electric generators in a dam is a ________ use of water.

A) nonconsumptive B) consumptive C) recharging D) recycling E) fracking Answer: A Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Flood and furrow irrigation accounts for about 90% of irrigation globally, but is inefficient as plants end up using only about ________% of the water applied.

A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 60 E) 70 Answer: C Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) An example of non-point-source pollution is ________.

A) sewage treatment plants B) factories C) oil spills D) residential septic tanks E) disposal sites Answer: D Section: 15.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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15.4 Essay Questions 1) Use the Three Gorges Dam on China's Yangtze River to illustrate the benefits and costs associated with building dams.

Answer: Dams generate hydroelectric power, enable boats and barges to travel farther upstream, and provide flood control and water for irrigation. The power generation may be enough to replace dozens of large coal or nuclear plants. One of the costs of the Three Gorges Dam, aside from its $39 billion construction price tag, is that its reservoir flooded 22 cities and the homes of 1.2 million people, requiring the largest-ever resettlement project. The reservoir behind the dam also inundated archaeological sites 10,000 years old and submerged productive farmlands and wildlife habitat. In addition, the reservoir slows the flow of the river so much that suspended sediment is settling and beginning to fill the reservoir, rather than being carried to tidal marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Other scientists worry about water quality, saying that the Yangtze's many pollutants will be trapped in the reservoir, making the water even more undrinkable than it already is, but the Chinese government plans to invest $5 billion into building hundreds of sewage treatment and waste-disposal facilities.

Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) How can agricultural irrigation practices be altered to decrease loss of fresh water?

Answer: Farmers can use technology to improve efficiency in a number of ways, including lining irrigation canals to prevent leaks and leveling fields to minimize runoff. Furthermore, some methods of applying irrigation water are more efficient than others. We can increase irrigation efficiency by using low-pressure spray irrigation that sprays water downward toward plants and by using drip irrigation systems that target individual plants and introduce water directly onto the soil. Both methods reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation and surface runoff. In addition, choosing crops to match the land and climate in which they are being farmed can save huge amounts of water. Presently, crops that require a great deal of water, such as cotton, rice, and alfalfa, are often planted in hot and arid areas where irrigation is government subsidized. The true cost of water, therefore, is not taken into account as part of the costs of growing the crop. Eliminating subsidies and growing crops in climates that provide adequate rainfall could greatly reduce water use in many parts of the world. In addition, the selective breeding and/or genetic modification of crops is resulting in some varieties that require less water.

Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Discuss the environmental, quality, and economic issues associated with the manufacture and consumption of bottled water.

Answer: First, let's discuss some data for the U.S. consumption of bottled water. The average American drinks 36 gallons of bottled water annually and paid collectively over $14 billion.

Americans paid more per gallon for water than for gasoline. In 2009, a study of the energy outlays for bottled water showed that 1000 to 2000 times the energy was expended compared to an equivalent amount of tap water. Most of the energy was used in manufacturing the product and transporting it, and both the material for the bottlers and the energy used to transport it require fossil fuels. After use, only one in four bottles is recycled. Second, there is a measurable environmental impact from the extraction of water used for bottling. A few large corporations account for the vast majority of the manufacturing, and the withdrawal of already limited ground water is drawing public opposition from many communities. Finally, recent chemical analyses of bottled water have shown that these products are no healthier or purer than most tap water and also contain many pollutants, some of the hormone mimic plasticizers leached into the water from the bottles themselves.

Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Define water pollution, point source, and non-point-source pollution. Which of the two (point source or non-point source) is easier to identify? Which is easier to legislate? Which currently poses the greater threat to fresh water?

Answer: The term pollution describes any matter or energy released into the environment, whether from human activity or from natural sources, that causes undesirable impacts on the health and well-being of humans or other organisms. Water pollution can be emitted from point sources–single locations such as a pipe from a factory–or can consist of non-point sources– multiple cumulative inputs over larger areas, such as farms, city streets, and residential neighborhoods. Point sources are easy to identify but sometimes difficult to regulate, especially if owners or supporters of industrial plants lobby politicians to pressure agencies not to enforce regulations. Non-point-source pollution is difficult to pinpoint and presents a different type of societal challenge, requiring public education and the willingness of citizens to change certain behaviors. Non-point-source pollution poses the greater threat to water quality in the United States. Many common activities give rise to non-point-source water pollution, including applying fertilizers and pesticides to lawns, applying salt to roads in winter, and changing automobile oil.

These activities are difficult to monitor and legislate, and they have a serious cumulative effect on our water resources.

Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) Describe the benefits obtained by the creation of artificial wetlands.

Answer: Artificial wetlands can do the same tasks that natural wetlands perform. First, using wetlands as filtering devices helps to cleanse wastewater and some types of agricultural runoff.

Wastewater treatment engineers are now manipulating wetlands and even constructing wetlands to employ them to cleanse wastewater. At the same time, these wetland areas serve as havens for wildlife and areas for human recreation. Artificial marshes can be constructed adjacent to conventional sewage treatment plants to filter contaminants from partially treated municipal wastewater and also comprise a wetland oasis that provides habitat for birds and wildlife.

Treated water is used to irrigate city parks, schoolyards, golf courses, and median strips. Water is channeled from the marshes into recharge basins, where it is allowed to infiltrate the soil. This can help to recharge the water table in an area where groundwater has been depleted by overpumping. The practice of treating wastewater with artificial wetlands is growing quickly; today, over 500 artificially constructed or restored wetlands in the United States are performing this service.

Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) It is estimated that by 2035, half of the people in the world will live under severe water shortages. Discuss three specific strategies for conserving water.

Answer: Since approximately 70% of the water that humans use goes to irrigate agricultural crops, improved technologies that can reduce evaporation and runoff from agricultural lands are essential. Drip irrigation, a process of delivering water to the roots of individual plants through a network of perforated tubes at the soil surface, has made a significant impact in reducing evaporation and runoff. A second strategy might be to reuse municipal wastewater, recycling it to irrigate crops and/or for landscape watering. An essential consideration is to ensure that this wastewater is not contaminated with industrial by-products (heavy metals) if it is to be reused for human agriculture. Since wastewater is naturally high in nitrogen and other nutrients, using it to irrigate crops reduces the need for additional fertilizers. Along those lines, one could also use gray water to water landscaping plants. A third strategy involves personal water conservation approaches. Reducing shower time, using a low-flow shower head, and for home yards, using native plants that are adapted to the region where one lives, rather than exotic grasses that require large amounts of water in order to thrive.

Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) How can algal growth be a problem in a freshwater system?

Answer: Algae that grow too rapidly can cover the water's surface, harming the deeper-water plants that depend on sunlight for survival. As algae die off, they provide food for decomposing bacteria. Because bacterial decomposition of organic matter requires oxygen, the increased bacterial activity drives down levels of dissolved oxygen. These levels can drop too low to support fish and shellfish, leading to dramatic changes in aquatic ecosystems and loss of biodiversity Also, the increasing turbidity and anaerobic metabolism have a destructive effect on coastal marine communities, especially coral reefs, making these eutrophic systems unappealing to fishermen and recreational users.

Section: 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 16 ..

15.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

The formation of sinkholes has become a fairly common phenomenon in the state of Florida.

Most sinkholes are small, but some sinkholes have led to catastrophic property damage and loss of life. One September day in 1999, folks began to notice that Lake Jackson, in the panhandle region, was shrinking. Within a few days, it was almost gone. A sinkhole had opened beneath the lake and drained it, along with all of the fish and alligators. Another sinkhole formed just 10 miles from Walt Disney World in August 2013, swallowing a 48-unit villa at Summer Bay Resort. As aquifers lose water, their substrates can become weaker and less capable of supporting overlying strata and any human structures built upon them. In such cases, the land surface above may subside. Sometimes subsidence can occur locally and suddenly, in the form of sinkholes, areas where the ground gives way with little warning. Once the ground subsides, soil becomes compacted, losing the porosity that enabled it to hold water. Recharging a depleted aquifer may therefore become more difficult.

1) Sinkholes can occur when ________.

A) too much weight above an aquifer causes it to cave in B) the water level in an aquifer rises, pushing through to the surface C) the water in an artesian aquifer is under sufficient pressure that it breaks through to the surface D) excessive water use lowers a water table and weakens the substrate E) nonconsumptive use lowers an aquifer Answer: D Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Sinkholes are an extreme and rapid form of ________.

A) aquifer B) water table C) subsidence D) artesian aquifer E) consumptive use Answer: C Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) A serious problem that results from excessive water withdrawn from aquifers is that ________.

A) the water tends to overflow and flood the entire area B) subsidence can occur, reducing the size of the aquifer C) the soils contaminate the aquifer, making it unfit for human use D) the aquifer increases in size, draining a larger surface area and leaving less water in rivers, streams, and lakes E) the aquifer decreases in size and new aquifers form Answer: B Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) One reasonable way to prevent sinkholes might be to ________.

A) install supports to maintain the shape of the underground aquifer B) increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater C) pump wastewater and sewage directly into the aquifer to maintain the water table D) have the local water company regularly transfer water from one local aquifer to the next, maintaining the average water level E) pump sand and gravel into the aquifer to fill in the bottom levels, thus raising the water table Answer: B Section: 15.1, 15.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) In July 2001, the town of Spring Hill, Florida, about 45 miles north of Tampa, had 18 sinkholes appear in a single day. The largest holes were nearly 100 feet deep. This is an indication that ________.

A) earthquakes had recently occurred, and the water table sank B) hurricanes had recently occurred, and the water table rose C) prolonged rainstorms had recently occurred, and the water table rose D) agriculture had increased, and the water table rose with irrigation recharge E) a drought had recently occurred, along with increased development and groundwater use Answer: E Section: 15.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) Besides drought and water removal, which of the following might also cause the water level of an aquifer to drop?

A) paving large areas of land B) placing rain gardens where water used to run off into creeks C) removing water-loving invasive species such as Russian olive trees D) creating artificial wetlands along a creek E) removing levees along a river to allow for seasonal flooding of the floodplain Answer: A Section: 15.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 18 ..

Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 16 Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources 16.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) This figure shows how atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration affects carbonate ion concentration in Earth's oceans. Which of the following represents the carbonate ion?

A) CO2 B) CO23C) CO32D) CO3E) CO42Answer: C Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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2) This figure shows the connection between ________.

A) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and declining coral reef communities B) the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and the 2011 tsunami in Japan C) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and the locations of major marine oil spills D) coral reef declines and sewage pollution in marine ecosystems E) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and ocean temperature Answer: A Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels would cause a decrease in ________ in the ocean.

A) carbonic acid B) H2O C) carbide ions and carbon dioxide D) carbonate and calcium ions E) carbon dioxide and calcium ions Answer: D Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following occurs as oceans absorb carbon dioxide?

A) Coral reefs thrive.

B) Oceans become more acidic.

C) Oceans become more alkaline (basic).

D) Concentration of carbonate ions increases.

E) Ocean water becomes more dense.

Answer: B Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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5)

According to the graph above, the final reduction of dolphin bycatch occurred because of ________.

A) the Marine Mammal Protection Act B) new fleets of fishing vessels C) market and consumer choices D) lawsuits brought on by NGOs E) international treaties Answer: C Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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16.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) estuary B) neritic zone C) littoral zone D) deep zone E) drift netting F) surface zone G) pycnocline H) salt marsh I) pelagic zone J) mangrove forest K) bottom trawling 1) Ecosystem that lies along the shoreline between the farthest reach of the highest tides and the lowest reach of the lowest tide Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Ocean zone where water is dense and sluggish and not affected by winds, sunlight, and daily temperature fluctuations Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Tree-dominated ecosystem in tropical and subtropical latitudes that consists of gently sloping sandy and silty coastal areas Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Area where a river flows into the ocean, mixing fresh water and saltwater Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Ocean layer that comprises approximately 18% of the ocean's water; where density increases and temperature decreases with depth Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Fishing technique for capturing groundfish Section: 16.1, 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Ocean zone that is heated by sunlight and is of fairly uniform density Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4 ..

Answers: 1) C 2) D 3) J 4) A 5) G 6) K 7) F 16.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) About 80% of the ocean's water is found in the ________.

A) surface zone B) pycnocline C) deep zone D) thermocline E) euphotic zone Answer: C Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Ocean water is saltiest ________.

A) where there is a large amount of glacial melting B) where rains are the heaviest C) where there is high evaporation and low precipitation D) in estuaries E) at the equator Answer: C Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part, ________.

A) low in oxygen B) the coldest C) the densest D) the saltiest E) well mixed Answer: E Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) All of the following are true of ocean currents EXCEPT ________.

A) they are always rapid and powerful B) they are driven by density differences C) they are driven by temperature D) they are driven by gravity E) they are driven by wind Answer: A Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) The ________ is the gently sloping area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents.

A) pycnocline B) topographic shelf C) continental shelf D) bathymetric zone E) surface zone Answer: C Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ________.

A) was a global treaty signed by all oil-transporting nations B) restricted oil movement to land rather than sea C) required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled D) increased gas taxes to pay for the Exxon Valdez spill E) is not effective at altering national oil incidents Answer: C Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) What are groundfish?

A) fish that form the base of the food web of deep-water habitats B) various species that live in benthic habitats, such as halibut and flounder C) various species that live in littoral habitats, such as tuna and whitefish D) various species that are found in estuaries E) fish that are ground up and used for bait Answer: B Section: 16.0, 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Where would you find a kelp forest?

A) in an estuary B) in a silty coastal area C) in a salt marsh D) along temperate coasts E) in a coral reef Answer: D Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Zooxanthellae are ________.

A) an endangered species of fish in the Pacific Ocean B) symbiotic bacteria that decompose tissues of dead animals in oceans C) symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in oceans D) symbiotic algae that provide corals with energy via their photosynthetic activity E) an invasive species of kelp in the Indian Ocean Answer: D Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following is TRUE of eutrophication in marine systems?

A) It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish.

B) It can aid corals by killing parasites.

C) It is rare and occurs only in bad weather.

D) It provides needed limiting nutrients.

E) It does not occur.

Answer: A Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) As water warms, it ________.

A) decreases in density B) decreases in temperature C) sinks D) dissolves increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere E) becomes more alkaline Answer: A Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) ________ involves the exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific.

A) The Coriolis effect B) A La Niña event C) An El Niño event D) A Pacific shallow-water warming event E) A Pacific deep-water warming event Answer: C Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine organisms and food webs is ________.

A) radiation B) oil spills C) plastic dumping D) overharvesting E) abandoned fishing nets Answer: D Section: 16.4, 16.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine whether ________.

A) ocean water is becoming more acidic B) global climate change may slow or alter their path C) they could be replaced with artificial currents if damaged by changing temperatures D) warm water from polar and glacial melt is affecting the chemistry of the currents E) fresh water is more dense than saltwater Answer: B Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) El Niño and La Niña events ________.

A) both decrease water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean B) both increase water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean C) both increase water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico D) occur in precise patterns every 10 years E) produce changes of opposite direction in temperature and precipitation patterns Answer: E Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing.

A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 50 E) 90 Answer: E Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) A report published in 2018 by Lebreton et al. estimated that there was ________ of floating plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

A) 79,000 B) 79,000 pounds C) 79,000 metric tons D) 79 acres E) 79,000 pieces Answer: C Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 18) Lebreton et al.'s 2018 report determined that ________% of the total mass of plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch was made up of large items (more than 5 cm).

A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 50 E) more than 75 Answer: E Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 19) Bottom trawling is most likely to harm ________.

A) mangroves B) estuaries C) coral reefs D) the ocean's photic zone E) sea turtles such as giant leatherbacks Answer: C Section: 16.2, 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 20) If you are a marine biologist who wants to study organisms that are capable of chemosynthesis, where would you collect organisms for your research?

A) in mangrove forests B) in kelp forests C) near deep-ocean hydrothermal vents D) in the pelagic zone E) in estuaries Answer: C Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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21) All of the following statements about mangroves are true EXCEPT ________.

A) mangrove forests are often destroyed to build shrimp aquaculture facilities B) mangroves are adapted to growing in a salty environment C) mangroves and kelp are usually found growing in the same area D) mangroves protect shorelines from tsunamis and storm surges E) mangroves have root systems that can act as snorkels for getting oxygen from the air Answer: C Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Salt marshes are ________.

A) typically found wherever violent wave action scours a shoreline B) found in temperate intertidal zones C) too salty (saline) for most species found in the intertidal zone D) typically found on remote tropical islands E) found where mangroves grow along shorelines Answer: B Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Approximately ________% of the world's marine fish populations are either fully exploited or overexploited.

A) 20 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60 E) 90 Answer: E Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) In 1992, the Canadian government ________.

A) ordered a ban on cod fishing B) gave subsidies to fishermen who were losing money owing to low fish harvests C) banned the use of trawl fishing D) enacted laws to protect many species of whales E) started harvesting manganese nodules from the ocean floor Answer: A Section: 16.0, 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) Which of the following is an example of bycatching?

A) A fishing fleet destroys a coral reef while they bottom-trawl for shellfish.

B) Canadian fishermen switch to catching capelin because of the moratorium on cod fishing.

C) A shark is captured and killed because it keeps swimming by a crowded public beach.

D) Fishermen accidentally catch sea turtles while driftnetting for pelagic fish.

E) Fishing fleets surround a marine reserve and try to capture any fish entering and leaving the reserve.

Answer: D Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 26) Most present-day fisheries managers ________.

A) wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference B) want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished C) favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems D) favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others E) favor taxes on commercial fishing boats Answer: A Section: 16.4, 16.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) All of the following are allowed in marine protected areas EXCEPT ________.

A) the harvesting of kelp B) the laying of fiber-optic cables C) the installation of oil pipelines D) oil drilling E) fishing Answer: D Section: 16.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Marine reserves ________.

A) are people responsible for policing the open ocean waters B) are people responsible for policing the coastlines C) are "no-take" areas in the oceans D) provide no benefits to fishers, so are unanimously opposed by them E) are opposed by most environmentalists Answer: C Section: 16.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) Red tides are caused by ________.

A) increased ocean oxygen content B) increased ocean carbon dioxide content C) sharks attacking harbor seals and walruses D) the position of the moon E) elevated nutrient levels Answer: E Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) In 2006, Congress ________ to address the issue of solid wastes in oceans.

A) passed the Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act B) passed the U.S. Oil Pollution Act C) first established marine protected areas D) passed the Mangrove Protection Act E) instituted the FAO Answer: A Section: 16.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) In thermohaline circulation systems, surface water is ________.

A) saltier and colder B) cold and dense C) less salty, less dense, and warmer D) warm and dense E) driven by winds from north to south Answer: C Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation by ________.

A) adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters in the North Atlantic B) adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the North Atlantic C) acidifying ocean waters of the North Atlantic D) adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters E) adding huge amounts of dense fresh water to the deep ocean in the North Atlantic Answer: B Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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33) Areas of ocean upwellings are often the sites of ________.

A) high primary productivity B) tsunamis C) storm surges D) sea ice and ice caps E) tanker and cruise ship accidents Answer: A Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is an aggregation of floating debris and plastic that measures ________ km2.

A) 65 B) 65,000 C) 0.6 million D) 1.6 million E) 1.6 billion Answer: D Section: 16.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16.4 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the importance of the goods and services that ocean ecosystems provide for humans.

Answer: The oceans facilitate transportation and commerce, influence global climate, teem with biodiversity, and provide us with many resources. Oceans provide an affordable means of moving people and products over vast distances. The historical impacts of shipping on human culture and commerce are profound, accelerating the global reach of certain cultures and the interaction of long-isolated peoples. The thousands of ships plying the world's oceans today carry everything from cod to cargo containers to crude oil. Due to water's high heat capacity, oceans can moderate climate by absorbing heat from the atmosphere. They are a source of thermal energy, and they can also release heat into the atmosphere. Humans use oceans as sources of commercially valuable energy. Oil and methane hydrate sediments represent fossil fuel resources in the ocean. In recent decades, engineers have developed turbines that generate electricity using the ebb and flow of the tides for energy. There are thousands of species of fish, shellfish, and algae in the oceans that provide us with food. People also extract minerals from the ocean floor. Also, the sea has always been a primal symbol and experience for humans, representing vastness, the beyond, and the abode of higher beings. Oceans have a great value in their intangible ecosystem services, giving us a source of artistic inspiration, beauty, and peace of mind, which are mainstays of the tourism industry worldwide.

Section: 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Explain the NADW in the context of global climate change.

Answer: The North Atlantic Deep Water circulation pattern is a sort of conveyor belt that moves less salty (fresher), less dense, warmer water from the equatorial zones northward, carrying heat to higher latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean, thus moderating Europe's climate. Recently, scientists have realized that interrupting the NADW could trigger climate change. If global warming causes large portions of the Greenland ice sheet to melt, freshwater runoff into the North Atlantic would increase. Surface waters would become less dense from the dilution and warming because warm fresh water is less dense than cold saltwater. This could stop the northward flow of warm equatorial water, and the entire North Atlantic region, including much of Europe, could cool rapidly as a result.

Section: 16.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Discuss the impacts of human-made pollution on ocean ecosystems.

Answer: Oceans have long been a sink for human wastes. Even into the mid-20th century, it was common for coastal cities in the United States to dump trash and pump untreated sewage onto mudflats and into bays. Coastal dumping practices have left a toxic legacy around the United States, but marine pollution continues today, including oil, plastic, industrial chemicals, sewage sludge, excess nutrients, and abandoned fishing gear. Pollutants such as crude oil are also a problem. Most oil pollution in the oceans comes not only from catastrophic large spills, such as the Exxon Valdez and BP's Deepwater Horizon blowout of 2010, but from cumulative small sources, including leakage from small boats and runoff from human activities on land. In addition, the amount of petroleum spilled into the oceans each year is equaled by the amount that seeps into the water from naturally occurring seafloor deposits. Pollution from petroleum products is extremely detrimental to the marine environment and the human economies that draw sustenance from that environment. The extent of this damage is only now being appreciated in the case of the Deepwater Horizon event in the Gulf of Mexico. Petroleum can physically coat and kill intertidal and free-swimming marine organisms, and ingested chemical components in petroleum can poison marine life. Plastic bags and bottles, fishing nets, gloves, fishing line, buckets, floats, abandoned cargo, and nearly everything else that humans transport on the sea or dispose into it can present problems for marine organisms (especially organisms living near ocean gyres) and for people who depend upon the sea. Because most plastic is not biodegradable, it can drift for decades before washing up on beaches. Some marine animals, including seabirds, fish, and endangered sea turtles, can mistake floating plastic debris for food (such as mistaking clear plastic for jellyfish), and many die as a result. Artificial pollution from fertilizer runoff or other nutrient inputs can also have dire effects on marine ecosystems, as we saw with the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone. The release of excess nutrients into surface waters can spur unusually high growth rates and population densities of phytoplankton, causing eutrophication in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems, particularly highly productive coral reefs and coastal shallows. Eutrophication can lead to hypoxic conditions called "dead zones" and can also result in algae blooms, such as red tides.

Section: 16.3, 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Discuss how fishing practices can damage ecosystems. Include problems associated with driftnets, longline fishing, and bottom-trawling.

Answer: The removal of species at high trophic levels from marine environments, particularly those that act as keystone species, can have serious ramifications for marine ecosystems. Fishing practices can also harm ecosystems in other ways. Many practices catch more than just the species they target. Such bycatch accounts for the deaths of many thousands of fish, sharks, marine mammals, and birds each year. Boats that drag driftnets through the water capture substantial numbers of large animals such as dolphins, seals, and sea turtles, as well as countless nontarget fish. Most of these end up dying from drowning or from air exposure on deck. Similar bycatch problems exist with longline fishing. Besides catching nontarget turtles and sharks, longline fishing kills many albatrosses. Other fishing practices can directly damage entire ecosystems. Bottom-trawling crushes many organisms in its path and leaves long swaths of sea bottom damaged, especially those areas with structural complexity, such as reefs, that animals use for shelter.

Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 15 ..

5) Explain the goals of traditional fisheries management. What approach do scientists think would improve current management techniques?

Answer: For decades, fisheries management has been based on scientific assessments and has sought to allow maximum sustainable yield. Historically, fisheries managers have studied fish population biology and used that knowledge to regulate the timing of harvests, the techniques used to catch fish, and the scale (size) of the harvest. The goal was to allow for maximal harvests of particular populations while keeping fish available for the future. If data indicated that current yields looked unsustainable, managers might limit the number or total mass of that fish species that could be harvested or might restrict the type of gear fishers could use. Numerous marine scientists and some managers now suggest a shift away from management of individual fish species and toward viewing marine resources as elements of larger ecological systems. This means considering the effects of fishing practices on habitat quality, on interspecific interactions such as trophic relationships, and on other ecological factors that may have indirect or long-term effects on populations.

Section: 16.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) What are the motives for establishing marine protected areas and reserves? How do marine sanctuaries differ from reserves?

Answer: With the great majority of commercial species overfished or fished to the limit, marine reserves and sanctuaries give some of these species' populations a change to recover. These protected areas allow habitats of marine life to recover in biodiversity and productivity, and the proven success of reserves in many types of ocean environments is having a "spillover" effect as protected species spread outside reserves. Although oil extraction is prohibited in both protected areas and reserves, other activities, such as fishing and laying of pipelines and fiber-optic cables, are allowed in protected areas but not in reserves.

Section: 16.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) What does it mean to say that we are "fishing down the food chain"?

Answer: Sizes of caught fish decline with higher rates of fishing. As we overfish the seas, we have largely eliminated stocks of large predators, many of whom are adult commercial fish species and are keystone species. Now we are fishing our way through more moderately sized consumers. Because food chains are not infinitely long, we will eventually be left with only primary consumers, which may not be very palatable. The removal of keystone species from any food has cascade effects that can produce serious and far-reaching disruptions. These include the possibility of allowing other species to replace the decimated fish species as new top consumers.

Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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8) Explain how increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and warmer coastal waters resulting from global climate change may affect coral reefs.

Answer: If water temperatures increase, many species of coral will eject their zooxanthellae, subsequently bleaching and dying. Also, rising carbon dioxide levels will increase the amounts of carbon dioxide that will dissolve in ocean waters. This results in the acidification of ocean waters, and increased acidity increases the conversion of limestone, which comprises the corals' skeletal material, into soluble bicarbonate, thus increasing the mortality of corals. On the other hand, corals may be able to colonize waters that were previously too cold for them and also move into low-elevation areas that may become flooded by expanding oceans.

Section: 16.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 9) Explain the response of Canadian cod populations in the area of the Grand Banks after the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing.

Answer: Cod populations did not immediately rebound after the initial moratorium, so in 1994, the Canadian government extended the moratorium. Meanwhile, populations of capelin (a fish that is normally preyed upon by cod) grew rapidly and began preying upon young cod. After cod populations did not rebound by 2003, the Canadian government extended the moratorium indefinitely. A portion of the Grand Banks was reopened for cod fishing in 2009 upon evidence of a slight recovery in cod numbers. A 2011 study showed that cod populations had climbed to 34% of their historic numbers (up from 5%). The rebound is attributed to the moratorium and the fact that capelin population numbers had crashed as a result of the combination of outstripping their food supply and being fished by fishermen.

Section: 16.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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16.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not the same, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks.

Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required for harvesting at sea. Better farmed fish choices are tilapia, striped bass, and sturgeon. In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because waters they inhabit usually contain high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues.

Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.

1) The main environmental problem caused by harvesting bottom-dwelling mollusks is ________.

A) removal of keystone species B) introduction of invasive species C) habitat destruction D) high bycatch E) bioaccumulation Answer: C Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Farm-raised shrimp are NOT a good environmental seafood choice because ________.

A) shrimp farms are often associated with reduction in mangrove forest habitat B) of the bioaccumulation of toxins C) of high bycatch D) trawling destroys coral reefs E) they require high quantities of wild fish feed Answer: A Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) All of the following are true about aquaculture EXCEPT ________.

A) aquaculture saves on the amount of fuel required to travel to and from fishing areas B) aquaculture helps protect wild populations from being overharvested C) aquaculture is currently viewed as not being financially feasible D) aquaculture can negatively affect the environment E) salmon can be raised via aquaculture Answer: C Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the following should be avoided because of PCB contamination?

A) mussels B) oysters C) wild salmon D) tuna E) tilapia Answer: D Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) All of the following are issues related to the harvesting of orange roughy EXCEPT ________.

A) toxicity B) overfishing C) trawling D) habitat destruction E) high bycatch Answer: E Section: 16.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 17 The Atmosphere, Air Quality and Air Pollution Control 17.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) What gas, if released today, would still be in the atmosphere in the year 2120?

A) SO2 B) CFCs C) NH3 D) NO3– E) CO Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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2) Which pollutant is the shortest lived in the atmosphere?

A) SO42– B) CFCs C) NH3 D) NO3– E) CO Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Which pollutant could affect both California and Tokyo?

A) SO42– B) HCFCs C) NH3 D) NO3– E) PM10 Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) A large release of ________ could impact both San Diego and Miami.

A) SO42– B) HCFCs C) NH3 D) NO3– E) PM10 Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

5) Which pollutant had the highest about of dry weight emitted in 2017?

A) PM B) CO C) NOx D) SO2 E) VOC Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) Which pollutant is mostly emitted through coal combustion?

A) PM B) CO C) NOx D) SO2 E) VOC Answer: D Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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7) Which pollutant is mostly emitted from consumer products?

A) PM B) CO C) NOx D) SO2 E) VOC Answer: E Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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17.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) geosphere B) thermocline C) Ferrel cells D) low-pressure system E) mesosphere F) temperate deciduous forest G) high-pressure system H) Hadley cells I) tropical rainforest J) troposphere K) stratosphere L) thermal inversion M) thermosphere N) desert 1) Convective cells near the equator Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The layer of Earth's atmosphere in which we live Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The highest level of our atmosphere, with relatively few molecules per unit area Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) A system containing cool air that spreads outward as it descends Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Reversal of normal vertical temperature distribution in the lower region of the atmosphere Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Biome that generally occurs around 30 degrees north and south of the equator Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The layer of Earth's atmosphere containing the "ozone layer" Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5 ..

Answers: 1) H 2) J 3) M 4) G 5) L 6) N 7) K 17.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) What gas comprises the largest portion of Earth's atmosphere?

A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) sulfur D) ozone E) argon Answer: B Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The relative humidity is the ________.

A) amount of oxygen in the atmosphere B) amount of oxygen a given volume of air holds relative to the maximum amount it could hold at a given temperature C) amount of water vapor in the atmosphere D) amount of water vapor a given volume of air holds compared to the maximum amount it could hold at a given temperature E) difference in available water vapor at midnight and at noon Answer: D Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Which of the following is a secondary air pollutant that can be formed in urban smog?

A) nitrogen oxide B) radon C) ozone D) sulfur dioxide E) carbon monoxide Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Seasons are a result of ________.

A) differences in the distance between Earth and the sun B) differences in the amount and intensity of sunlight brought about by the tilt of Earth's axis C) alterations in Hadley cells D) changes in day length E) the phases of the moon Answer: B Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) Near the equator, the patterns of convection currents are called ________.

A) Coriolis cells B) Hadley cells C) polar cells D) El Niño events E) Ferrel cells Answer: B Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions.

A) A scrubber B) An air filter C) A tall stack D) A coal washer E) A boiler Answer: A Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________.

A) were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change B) were the result of polar cells C) were the result of poor farming techniques D) were the result of glacier melt E) were the result of ozone depletion Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Carbon monoxide ________.

A) causes ozone depletion B) is a major component of the atmosphere C) blocks oxygen transport in human blood D) is produced by plants during photosynthesis E) is consumed by plants for photosynthesis Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time in the atmosphere?

A) NO B) NO2 C) SO2 D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) E) PM2.5 Answer: D Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Lead pollution is a problem because lead (Pb) ________.

A) is a precious metal, and it is being lost to the atmosphere B) will cause the ozone hole to increase C) causes central nervous system damage in humans D) can become attached to radon E) causes excess nutrification of waterways, resulting in eutrophication Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) ________ is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that may cause lung cancer.

A) Hydrogen sulfide B) Radon C) Carbon monoxide D) Helium E) Secondhand smoke Answer: B Section: 17.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it ________.

A) is formed only in the presence of sunlight B) has large quantities of soot C) is primarily composed of carbon monoxide D) consists of primary pollutants E) is an unhealthy mixture of pollutants Answer: A Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) One consequence of CFC pollution damage to the atmosphere is ________.

A) increased rates of skin cancer in humans B) increased rates of respiratory irritation and lung cancer C) accelerated damage to human red blood cells D) the movement of toxins into lakes and rivers, poisoning fish E) the eutrophication of waterways Answer: A Section: 17.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Residence time is the ________.

A) chemical change that occurs with time, when substances are altered by the sun or metabolized by microorganisms B) length of time a pollutant spends in the environment C) chemical change that occurs with time, when substances alter the growth and development of humans D) length of time it takes for chemicals to be stored in the tissues of living organisms E) length of time it takes to produce toxic chemicals in the environment Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) In industrialized nations, the two most deadly sources of indoor pollution are ________.

A) pesticides and cleaning agents B) synthetic furniture materials and radiation from electronic equipment C) radiation from electronic equipment and pesticides D) radon and cigarette smoke E) pesticides and cigarette smoke Answer: D Section: 17.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Bacteria and fungal spores are potential ________.

A) causes of "sick building syndrome" B) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) C) sources of radon in the home D) problems in degrading the ozone layer E) causes of high pesticide use in the home Answer: A Section: 17.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) Which of the following is a consequence of acid deposition?

A) It increases the likelihood of low-lying ground fogs.

B) It results in offshore eutrophication, damaging coral reefs.

C) It creates rainwater that can damage skin cells or cause cancers.

D) It leaches important minerals from soils.

E) It is increasing the rate of global warming.

Answer: D Section: 17.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) The Coriolis effect ________.

A) keeps Earth from spinning too fast B) is caused by the moon C) results in seasonal periods of 24-hour darkness at the poles in winter D) keeps the wind circulating at constant speed around the planet E) is caused by Earth's rotation Answer: E Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) The Coriolis effect contributes to ________.

A) global wind patterns B) global warming C) increased acidic deposition D) a reduction in eutrophication E) an increase in eutrophication Answer: A Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Most of the ________ released in the United States is from natural sources such as plants.

A) sulfur dioxide B) nitrogen oxides C) VOCs D) carbon monoxide E) lead Answer: C Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) In 1970, the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the United States was ________.

A) water pipes B) gasoline C) paint D) pencil factories E) coal-burning power plants Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) You have been hired by a rapidly growing small city to improve the air quality, which has deteriorated in the past 10 years. What would be a logical action to improve your local area?

A) Try to negotiate with the large city downwind whose factories produce large amounts of pollution.

B) Decrease the amount of CFCs used locally.

C) Move or close the cattle feedlots located along the nearby river.

D) Improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail.

E) Remove the hydroelectric dam on the nearby river.

Answer: D Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 23) Stratospheric ozone is important to ecosystems because it ________.

A) keeps atmospheric gases balanced B) absorbs and scatters UV light C) keeps the temperature of Earth stable D) provides the air we breathe E) ensures lakes and oceans do not lose water Answer: B Section: 17.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Temperature increases with altitude through most of the stratosphere because ________.

A) heat is released when oxygen and ozone absorb the sun's UV radiation B) sunlight is more intense in the stratosphere C) jet stream winds produce frictional heat D) water vapor levels are high and store heat E) greenhouse gases warm the air Answer: A Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) The decrease in NOx emissions in the United States. from 1970 to 2014 can be partially attributed to which of the following?

A) the use of scrubbers in motor vehicles B) the use of catalytic converters in motor vehicles C) a decrease in the amount of energy consumed D) a decrease in vehicle miles traveled E) a decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) The Montreal Protocol ________.

A) addressed transnational movement of acid-forming pollutants B) developed the framework for reduction of carbon dioxide in the United States and Canada C) developed the international treaty for eliminating sulfur emissions from nuclear power plants D) resulted in significant reduction in the production of CFCs by signatory nations E) is an example of a failed attempt to reduce international air pollution Answer: D Section: 17.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Earth's atmosphere is composed mostly of ________.

A) water and carbon dioxide B) oxygen and carbon dioxide C) nitrogen and carbon dioxide D) nitrogen and oxygen E) water and oxygen Answer: D Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) In the 1970s, sources of CFC pollution in the United States. included all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) aerosol spray cans B) refrigerators C) air conditioners D) polystyrene manufacturing plants E) coal-burning power plants Answer: E Section: 17.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) In the United States, which of the following has decreased since 1980?

A) energy consumption B) air pollution emissions C) population D) vehicle miles traveled E) gross domestic product (GDP) Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) In the United States, ambient air concentrations of which of the following have declined the most since 1980 compared to its health and safety standard?

A) SO2 B) ozone C) lead D) CO E) NO2 Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Which of the following U.S. cities still experiences over 3 months of unhealthy air per year, with air quality index (AQI) values of greater than 100?

A) Dallas B) Detroit C) Chicago D) Los Angeles E) New York City Answer: D Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17.4 Essay Questions 1) Define acid deposition, and explain its causes and effects.

Answer: Acidic deposition refers to the wet or dry deposition of acidic or acid-forming pollutants. This can take place by precipitation (primarily acid rain, but also including acid snow, sleet, and hail), by fog, by gases, or by the deposition of dry particles. Acidic deposition comes primarily from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, pollutants produced largely through fossil fuel combustion by automobiles, electric utilities, and industrial facilities. Once emitted into the troposphere, these pollutants can react with water, oxygen, and oxidants to produce compounds of low pH. Droplets of these acids may travel hundreds or thousands of kilometers. Acidic deposition can have wide-ranging, cumulative detrimental effects on ecosystems and on our built environment. It leaches basic minerals such as calcium and magnesium from the soil, changing soil chemistry and harming plants and soil organisms. Streams, rivers, and lakes may become significantly acidified from runoff. Some forests in eastern North America have experienced widespread tree dieback from these conditions. Acidic precipitation also may damage stone buildings, eat away at cars, and erase the writing from tombstones.

Section: 17.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Discuss the objective, and the success, of the 1987 Montreal Protocol. To what factors do scientists attribute its success?

Answer: The objective of the Montreal Protocol was to reduce the use of CFCs, which were contributing to the growth of the ozone hole, and which, subsequently, would increase the probability of humans developing skin cancer. The world community came together in 1987 to craft the Montreal Protocol, which has now been signed by over 180 nations. At this convention, nations agreed to cut CFC production in half. Today, the production and use of ozone-depleting compounds has fallen 95% since the late 1980s, and scientists can discern the beginnings of long-term recovery of the ozone layer. For these reasons, the Montreal Protocol and its follow-up amendments are widely considered to be the biggest success story thus far in addressing a global environmental problem. Environmental scientists have attributed this success primarily to scientific research that proceeded rapidly and used the latest technologies, government and industry working together to develop technological fixes and replacement chemicals. Finally, the process successfully followed an adaptive management approach, which allowed for changing strategies midstream in response to new scientific data, technological advances, or economic figures.

Section: 17.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) How do interacting masses of warm and cool air generate weather patterns?

Answer: Most changes in weather occur when air masses with different physical properties meet. The boundary between two air masses is called a front. The air behind a warm front rises over a cold air mass and then gradually cools and condenses, forming clouds that may descend and produce rain. A cold front is the boundary along which a cold air mass displaces a warm air mass. The cold air, being denser than the warm air, tends to wedge beneath the warm air, pushing the warm air upward where it cools and expands to form clouds, which have the potential to produce thunderstorms. Once a cold front passes through, however, the sky usually clears, and the temperature and humidity drop.

Section: 17.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Why is indoor pollution still such a large problem in developed nations? What are the most dangerous indoor pollutants in developing and developed nations?

Answer: Indoor air pollution was not recognized as a problem until fairly recently. The 1970 U.S. Clean Air Act did not even mention indoor air pollution; rather, indoor spaces were assumed to be safe havens from outdoor pollution. Even smoke from indoor fires was viewed merely as a nuisance, in the absence of data showing it to cause health problems. Furthermore, actions to seal buildings to improve energy efficiency have resulted in decreased ventilation of indoor air pollutants to the outdoors. Some of the biggest indoor air pollution problems come from dust, dander, and mites, as well as toxins given off by furniture and rugs. The two most dangerous indoor pollutants in developed nations are cigarette smoke and radon, but VOCs and microorganisms also play significant roles. In developing nations, the biggest problems are soot and carbon monoxide resulting from burning fuelwood. International health research estimates that 7% of all deaths in developing nations are attributed to these factors.

Section: 17.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Using the examples of Mexico City and Los Angeles, discuss the special problems that vehicles create for urban outdoor air pollution.

Answer: Mexico City and Los Angeles have one important thing in common: photochemical smog. Photochemical smog is a mixture of primary (nitrogen oxides and VOCs) and secondary pollutants (tropospheric ozone and more than 100 different toxic derivatives from their interaction in the presence of solar UV light). Both cities have geographic conditions that promote the formation of thermal inversions, which can trap the smog near the ground for long periods of time and produce dangerously high concentrations of pollutants. The result is an assault of human respiratory systems that has caused thousands to die premature deaths. Los Angeles and Mexico City have both greatly improved the levels of smog by developing mass transit and by requiring strict pollution control technologies on vehicles.

Section: 17.0, 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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17.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; many roads and schools were quickly built in an effort to keep pace with the rapid population growth. This rapid growth also meant that many of these families relied on automobiles to get around the new expanding area. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start.

In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage, where each family burned their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh their irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California.

1) Part of the reason that people's eyes would sting was ________.

A) the lead emissions from the burning trash B) the carbon monoxide from the burning trash C) the smoke and particulates from the burning trash D) the excess water vapor from the burning trash E) the plastics and chemicals in the burning trash Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) In the 1950s, Los Angeles became famous for its smog. Which of the following contributed to the smog problem?

A) the increase in the number of automobiles B) heavy industry along the coastline C) natural gas leaks from wells D) pollution from the dams on the Colorado River E) dust from inland farms Answer: A Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) One key contributing factor to the Los Angeles smog problem is the fact that ________.

A) the offshore breezes carry inland pollution to coastal Los Angeles B) the Hadley cell for that area drops cool air, and pollution, right over Los Angeles C) Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains D) incoming tides in the harbor push air pollution ahead of them E) there are so many rainy days, increasing the acidic deposition Answer: C Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The Los Angeles smog problem is made much worse by ________.

A) the foggy climate, which leads to acidic deposition B) nearby mountains and the warm sunshine, which cause inversion layers C) convection cells, which bring pollutants from other cities D) high cloud levels, which deplete the local ozone layer E) onshore breezes, which prevent pollution from dispersing Answer: B Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) A combination of events and situations, including Los Angeles' smog problem, led to Congress passing the ________ in 1963. This legislation and its major amendments in 1970 and 1990 fund research into pollution control, set standards for air quality, and encourage emissions standards for automobiles and point sources such as industrial plants. They also impose limits on emissions from new sources, fund a national air quality monitoring system, and enable citizens to sue parties that violate the standards.

A) Air Pollution Control Act B) California Air Act C) Environmental Protection Act D) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act E) Clean Air Act Answer: E Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) In 1958 trash collection programs were established, and backyard incinerators were banned in the hope of reducing smog. However, it was estimated that massive amounts of gasoline were evaporating from storage tanks, fuel pump nozzles, and delivery trucks. This was also considered a serious contributor to smog, and over the next 20 years several new rules, and several new devices, were put in place to alleviate it. Despite the changes, there was still a great deal of photochemical smog. The major remaining problem was ________.

A) backyard trash incineration B) the influx of new manufacturing, with new chemicals C) too many coal-fired power plants along the coast D) the large distances driven daily by solitary commuters E) insufficient city funding to improve waste dumps Answer: D Section: 17.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 18 Global Climate Change 18.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) The best fit between observed and model data is shown by the model that ________.

A) incorporates only natural factors B) incorporates observed global temperature changes C) incorporates both natural and anthropogenic factors D) reflects both observed and predicted temperature changes E) emphasizes natural factors over anthropogenic factors Answer: C Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) On average, how much warmer were observed global temperatures in the year 2000 than temperatures predicted by the climate change model that incorporates only natural factors?

A) Average global temperatures were about the same as temperatures predicted by the model.

B) 0.2°C C) 0.6°C D) 0.9°C E) 1.1°C Answer: C Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) If anthropogenic factors continue to increase, then in the future ________.

A) the lines for all three models should level out B) all the lines will look more like the line for observed data C) the lines for all three models should show decreases, while the observation line would be expected to increase D) the observed temperature trends shown in the figures should continue E) the lines for all three models and for observed data should show marked decreases Answer: D Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) According to the graph, how much warmer on average were observed global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900?

A) Average global temperatures were about the same both years.

B) 0.3°C C) 0.6°C D) 0.9°C E) 1.2°C Answer: D Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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18.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) tropics B) nitrous oxide C) biodiesel D) sulfate aerosol E) water vapor F) Arctic G) ozone H) ammonia I) carbon dioxide J) midlatitudes K) argon L) methane 1) Predominant greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Produced by microbes decomposing matter in landfills and swamps Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) By-product of feedlots, chemical manufacturing, and fertilizer use Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Most abundant greenhouse gas Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Compound that contributes to short-term atmospheric cooling Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Stratospheric greenhouse gas that absorbs the sun's incoming ultraviolet radiation Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Global warming has been greatest in this area of the planet Section: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) I 2) L 3) B 4) E 5) D 6) G 7) F 3 ..

18.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the United States is ________.

A) agriculture B) transportation C) nuclear power plants D) electricity generation E) tropical deforestation Answer: D Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Earth's atmosphere can cause global warming because ________.

A) warm air cannot escape, as in a greenhouse B) molecules in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from Earth's surface C) fossil fuels release heat when they are burned D) plants absorb CO2 E) plants release CO2 Answer: B Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Earth's climate ________.

A) has been stable over the history of the planet B) is changing as a result of natural and human processes C) will stabilize over the next century, according to the predictions of most scientists D) has been documented to have changed once due to the evolution of green photosynthesizing plants E) history is undeterminable because there is no method of studying the climatic history of the planet Answer: B Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4)

Which of the following greenhouse gases has (have) experienced at least a 50% increase in atmospheric concentration since 1750?

A) carbon dioxide only B) methane only C) nitrous oxide only D) carbon dioxide and methane E) carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide Answer: E Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Carbon dioxide is ________.

A) the most potent (per molecule of gas) of the greenhouse gases B) the most abundant greenhouse gas C) more potent (per molecule of gas) than methane D) produced during the combustion of fossil fuels E) the only greenhouse gas presently increasing in the atmosphere Answer: D Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Milankovitch cycles ________.

A) refer to shifts in the temperature of surface water in the middle latitudes of the Pacific Ocean B) are changes in Earth's rotation and orbit that may trigger climate variation C) describe the timing of the northern lights in the thermosphere D) describe the transpiration, evaporation, and precipitation of Earth's water E) describe upwelling and downwelling in the ocean Answer: B Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5 ..

7) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an international panel that ________.

A) constructed the Kyoto Protocol B) performed the research included in the climate change findings C) reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society D) fines companies that pollute E) could not achieve its objectives because of lack of popular support Answer: C Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Keeling's reports from Mauna Loa demonstrated ________.

A) an increase in tropospheric CO2 from the 1950s to the present B) that sediments deposited on the seafloor can yield clues about past climates C) that as distances from cities decreased, CO2 concentrations increased D) that CO2 levels have been stable over the last 40 years E) the presence of El Niño Answer: A Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) All of the following are anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change EXCEPT ________.

A) the combustion of fossil fuels B) breathing C) deforestation D) growing rice E) raising livestock Answer: B Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) The Kyoto Protocol ________.

A) increased federal funding for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants B) required equal concessions from all countries involved in greenhouse gas emission C) required increases in nuclear power generation D) would have resulted in overall increases in greenhouse emissions E) was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990 Answer: E Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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11) Human sources of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere include all the following EXCEPT ________.

A) burning fuel wood B) animal feedlots C) chemical manufacturing plants D) automobiles E) synthetic nitrogen fertilizers Answer: A Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Which of the following technologies is currently allowing us to decrease carbon emissions from automobiles?

A) nuclear cars B) solar cars C) the internal combustion engine D) electric cars E) wind-powered vehicles Answer: D Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Raising livestock, growing rice, and depositing organic material in landfills result in the release of ________ into the atmosphere.

A) methane B) sulfur oxides C) ozone D) nitrous oxide E) sulfate aerosols Answer: A Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________.

A) troposphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) thermosphere E) ionosphere Answer: A Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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15) Which of the following may result in a positive feedback mechanism that would intensify climate change?

A) Warmer temperatures result in increased evaporation of water, leading to an increase in cloud cover.

B) Warmer temperatures result in the melting of permafrost.

C) At higher temperatures, trees increase rates of photosynthesis.

D) A large volcano emits huge quantities of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere.

E) An increase in rainfall results in increased plant growth.

Answer: B Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 16) Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change?

A) replacing incandescent lightbulbs with LED bulbs B) increasing fuel efficiency of new automobiles C) a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls D) building a nuclear power plant to replace an outdated coal-burning power plant E) replanting a tropical rainforest Answer: C Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 17) Which of the following states is expected to experience the greatest increase in temperature by the year 2100?

A) Florida B) Alaska C) California D) Hawaii E) Iowa Answer: B Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, ________.

A) many nations have severed diplomatic relations with the United States B) U.S. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions C) the United States has shown that it is a leader in carbon emission reduction without having signed the Protocol D) dozens of other nations pulled out of the Protocol E) oil-exporting nations have refused to sell to the United States Answer: B Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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19) The most recent analyses of polar ice cores have given us the ability to profile global climate change back as far as ________ years.

A) 800,000 B) 100,000 C) 1000 D) 50,000 E) 300,000,000 Answer: A Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, global carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last 800,000 years.

A) 500 B) 1000 C) 25 D) 300 E) 200 Answer: D Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output ________.

A) is the major factor driving temperature change B) is greater than all the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change C) has a radiative force of 20 watts/m2 D) is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change E) will increase by a hundredfold over the next century Answer: D Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Rising sea levels result in all the following EXCEPT ________.

A) saltwater contamination of drinking water supplies B) increased flooding from hurricanes C) ocean acidification D) increased beach erosion E) more dangerous storm surges Answer: C Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23)

What proportion of incoming solar radiation reaches Earth's surface?

A) 7% B) 47% C) 54% D) 67% E) 77% Answer: C Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 24) Small island nations such as the Maldives are in the international spotlight because they ________.

A) may be among the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels B) are accepting climate change refugees from other nations C) have exceeded the emissions reductions set by the Kyoto Protocol D) are the largest emissions producers in their respective areas E) opposed China's proposals for global carbon neutrality at the Copenhagen Conference in 2009 Answer: A Section: 18.3, 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change?

A) international treaties from global conferences B) carbon taxes C) cap-and-trade and carbon offsets D) mitigation and adaptation E) carbon neutrality and carbon aggression policies Answer: C Section: 18.3, 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Scientists are beginning to agree that one of the reasons climate change is leading to more extreme weather events stems from polar warming and weakened ________.

A) jet streams B) tides C) Coriolis effect D) tectonic activity E) lunar pull Answer: A Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which of the following is a mitigation approach to climate change?

A) redirecting water flow to combat saltwater intrusion B) redesigning a city drainage system C) building a levee D) replanting forests E) restricting coastal development Answer: D Section: 18.3, 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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18.4 Essay Questions 1) How certain are scientists that humans are causing global climate change? Describe the language used by scientists and some of the particular climate trends they have identified. Why is there still debate about global climate change?

Answer: Nearly all environmental scientists agree that Earth's atmosphere and climate are changing. Most environmental scientists have concluded that human activity, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases, is the primary reason for this change. Scientists express conclusions as probabilities, so reports are often written in language that the lay public may interpret as uncertain. Particular climate trends include changes in surface temperature, snow and ice cover, rising sea level and warmer oceans, and alterations to precipitation intensity and patterns. Scientists debate some of the exact mechanisms, how the mechanisms interact in making predictive models, and the extent of the effects of global climate change on humans. The debate continues over how to address climate change in political and economic arenas. There is sometimes discourse among scientists, economists, business leaders, policymakers, and others over these issues because some critics of human-induced global climate change have a vested interest in continuing the widespread use of fossil fuels, and they may purposively cast doubt on scientific findings. Furthermore, some greenhouse skeptics and scientists are funded by industries such as the coal, petroleum, and auto industries that benefit from fossil fuel use. Some of these skeptics have considerable sway over policymakers, particularly in the United States.

Finally, there is continuing confusion, often in the popular media, between short-term "weather" events and the long-term processes of climate change. For example, an unusually cold winter in some areas is often reported as a contradiction to scientific evidence for anthropogenic factors contributing to global climate change.

Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry.

Answer: The overall effect of a warmer climate on agricultural productivity is difficult to predict because the effect will vary regionally. Productivity might increase in some areas and decrease in others. Some croplands already stressed by heat and water availability could be pushed beyond their ability to produce food. If average temperatures increase by more than a few degrees, most tropical and subtropical areas will likely see decreased crop production, and farmlands in midlatitudes may begin to see significant declines. Conversely, warmer temperatures could potentially lead to longer growing seasons and increase agricultural productivity at higher latitudes. In addition, temperate areas that begin to experience a more subtropical climate may see the invasion of more tropical crop pests into regions that have not experienced them before.

Plants need warmth and carbon to grow. Forests may become more productive because additional carbon dioxide can act as a fertilizer. However, the frequency and intensity of drought and forest fires could increase. Forest communities could in general move northward and upward in elevation as temperature and moisture levels change. Finally, both agricultural and forest systems may experience changes in pollinator populations that could affect the abundance and distribution of many plant species.

Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) Describe how freshwater ecosystems face challenges of global climate change.

Answer: In regions where climate change increases precipitation and stream flow, erosion and flooding could threaten the structure and function of aquatic systems. Where human activities have altered the landscape, flooding could bring increased pollution. In regions where precipitation decreases, water bodies could shrink, affecting organisms in these habitats, as well as human health and well-being. Also, low-lying coastal wetlands, such as the Florida Everglades and Gulf coast marshlands, will very likely make a transition either to brackish water ecosystems or even to marine ecosystems as seal levels rise.

Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) How can scientists learn about Earth's climatic history?

Answer: Scientists can directly measure gases known to change climate. They also can use models such as coupled general circulation models. They can drill into Earth's ice caps and glaciers to extract cores of ice, which contain trapped air bubbles of the ancient atmosphere.

Atmospheric gases, temperature trends, precipitation, and solar activity can be determined from these bubbles. Scientists also collect cones of sediments at lake bottoms, which contain pollen and other plant remnants that can indicate regional climate. Plant fossils of cones, tree stems, and bark indicate vegetational and climatological history of local areas. Soot indicates where forest fires may have occurred. Ice core analysis has given information about climate more than 800,000 years ago, while sediment, soot, and plant remains give data about more recent times.

Section: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Distinguish between the terms weather and climate and briefly discuss how each affects species distribution within ecosystems.

Answer: Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions such as temperature, moisture content, wind, precipitation, barometric pressure, solar radiation, and other characteristics.

Climate is an area's long-term pattern of atmospheric conditions. Weather can cause annual changes in population size, but climate tends to have a much larger and longer-term influence over geographic distribution of organisms. Confusion of these two concepts leads to a great deal of public misconception about the nature of global climate change. Thus, a cold winter in New England may be reported as proof that global climate change is not a valid concept, or an unusually hot summer may be inappropriately ascribed to the long-term processes of climate change.

Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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6) Explain how human health may be affected by global climate change.

Answer: People may face increased likelihood of exposure to some health risks due to global climate change. These risks include heat stress, infectious diseases resulting from flooding and failed sewage systems, the movement of disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes into new warmer and wetter areas, and injuries due to increased storm frequency and intensity. A warmer world might, however, present fewer cold-related diseases and injuries such as hypothermia and famine. Then there are the obvious health problems that will arise as agriculture and water supplies gradually fail in some populated areas, producing refugees and the logistics of supplying them with food, water, and medical treatment.

Section: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Briefly explain why water vapor may either contribute to or slow global warming.

Answer: If temperatures continue to rise, the oceans and other water bodies could transfer increasingly more water vapor into the atmosphere. This positive feedback could amplify the greenhouse effect. Alternatively, increased atmospheric water vapor could increase cloudiness, which could slow global warming by reflecting more incoming solar radiation back into space.

Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 8) Why is the concept of radiative forcing critical to understanding the causes of global climate change?

Answer: Radiative forcing is the amount of change in thermal energy units (watts/square meter on Earth's surface) caused by a given factor. This allows a quantitative scientific evaluation of the many variables that make up the equation of Earth's heat balance. The variables include solar output, ocean absorption, ocean circulation, changes in albedo, Milankovitch cycles, aerosols, and anthropogenic factors. Positive values indicate a warming effect, while negative values have a cooling effect. This analytical approach strengthens the scientific conclusions drawn about the relative importance of each variable contributing to climate change.

Section: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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18.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that physical, biological, and economic evidence confirms global climate change due to human-produced greenhouse gases.

Although the United States emits most of Earth's carbon dioxide, its policies do not reflect concern over its environmental effects. The United States failed to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement signed by other developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Requested voluntary reductions of carbon dioxide emissions have not been effective in reducing greenhouse gases. Revisions to the 1970 Clean Air Act, called the "Clear Skies Initiative," were proposed to limit mercury, nitric oxides, and sulfur oxide emissions from power plants.

Nicknamed by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.the "Clear Lies Initiative," this proposal did not specifically address emission of carbon dioxide, and its loopholes excluded older power plants from having to modernize, seemingly supporting pollutive industries with political influence.

Environmentalists are arguing for immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy. They favor "portfolio standards," requiring electric companies to provide clean energy alternatives to consumers and "green tags," "wind certificates," and "green pricing" to support the use of alternative fuels.

1) It can be argued that the United States should enact laws slowing global climate change because ________.

A) the United States is the most populous nation on Earth B) U.S. industry supports the legislation C) the United States is a major source of the problem D) global climate change effects are most significant in the United States E) no other nations have initiated efforts to slow global climate change Answer: C Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Environmentalists and scientists advocate immediate intervention regarding global climate change because ________.

A) they are concerned about future global economic losses that will result from climate change B) they fear the consequences of inaction caused by lack of full scientific certainty C) most are Cornucopians D) most live in areas that are already seriously affected by global climate change E) they favor anthropogenic principles Answer: B Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) One factor contributing to U.S. resistance to legal intervention regarding global climate change is ________.

A) lack of scientific evidence supporting global climate change B) the political influence of the petroleum, coal, and automobile industries C) the success of voluntary reductions of carbon dioxide emissions by U.S. power plants D) lack of support from other developed nations around the world E) the precautionary principle Answer: B Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy?

A) No laws currently exist to regulate these industries.

B) Environmentalists do not want to anger farmers, even though agriculture produces the most carbon dioxide.

C) Power companies do not have labor unions that oppose legal restrictions.

D) These industries export goods to all other nations on Earth.

E) These industries produce the most greenhouse gases.

Answer: E Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which of the following is an alternative fuel that could decrease carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector?

A) gasoline B) compressed natural gas C) coal D) nuclear fuel rods E) vaporized water Answer: B Section: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 19 Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency 19.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) According to the figure, very little ________ is/are used to generate electricity.

A) natural gas B) coal C) nuclear energy D) renewables E) oil Answer: E Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 1 ..

2) In the United States, the majority of ________ is used for transportation.

A) all energy sources B) oil C) natural gas D) coal E) no energy source Answer: B Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) In the United States, which of the following is used almost exclusively, but not entirely, for electricity production?

A) oil B) natural gas C) coal D) nuclear E) renewables Answer: C Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) Of the sectors shown in the figure, which one is least efficient?

A) transportation B) industrial C) commercial D) residential E) electricity generation Answer: A Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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19.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) mulch B) geothermal C) natural gas D) carbon dioxide E) aerobic F) hydrogen fuel cell G) anaerobic H) nuclear I) peat J) coal K) ethanol L) crude oil 1) An environment that has little or no oxygen Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Organic matter that has formed solid carbon structures while under high compression Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A gaseous by-product of anaerobic microbial decomposition Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Coal power plants emit copious amounts of this gas Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Energy from processed uranium Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) A renewable energy source Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) G 2) J 3) C 4) D 5) H 6) B

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19.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) All of the following are standard steps at a coal-fired power plant in the United States.

EXCEPT ________.

A) heating B) cooling C) pulverization of coal D) rotation of a turbine E) carbon capture Answer: E Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which of the following is the most cleanly burning fossil fuel available, producing the least carbon dioxide per unit of energy released?

A) coal B) kerosene C) natural gas D) nuclear energy E) petroleum Answer: C Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable?

A) fossil fuel energy B) solar energy C) geothermal energy D) tidal energy E) wind energy Answer: A Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including ________.

A) wind energy B) tidal energy C) geothermal energy D) chemosynthetic energy E) nuclear energy Answer: A Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) Which country leads the world in coal production and consumption by extracting and consuming approximately half of the world's annual coal yield?

A) United States B) Russia C) Canada D) China E) India Answer: D Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Scientists search for fossil fuels in many ways. Sending a sound wave into the ground (by exploding dynamite, thumping the ground with a large weight, or using an electric vibrating machine) and measuring its return to the surface at receiving stations is called ________ surveying.

A) dynamite B) destructive C) seismic D) sonar E) geologic Answer: C Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) What happens at an oil refinery?

A) Oil is heated to high temperatures to evaporate off harmful impurities such as radon.

B) Oil is microfiltered to remove small dirt and rock particles.

C) Oil is made more viscous by evaporating off most of the water.

D) Oil is separated into its component compounds.

E) Oil is turned into a cleaner-burning material called synfuel.

Answer: D Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by ________.

A) switching from natural gas to coal B) switching from coal and natural gas to windmills and solar technologies C) increasing the efficiency of energy consumption D) using more nuclear power instead of fossil fuels E) building more coal-burning power plants Answer: C Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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9) Crude oil is ________.

A) composed of three different hydrocarbon molecules B) usable in its raw form C) formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed D) formed in a wide range of temperatures and pressures E) refined to provide the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products Answer: E Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Natural gas ________.

A) consists primarily of octane B) can be extracted via hydrofracking C) was discovered by M. King Hubbert in 1885 D) will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates E) is transported primarily by truck and rail Answer: B Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The various classes of coal have been exposed to high heat and pressure for different periods of time. Which of the following lists in order the classes of coal from lowest to highest energy content?

A) lignite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite B) lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthracite C) lignite, anthracite, sub-bituminous, bituminous D) sub-bituminous, bituminous, lignite, anthracite E) anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite Answer: B Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) What was the primary cause of the decline in oil prices in 2016 to only one-fourth of the prices in 2008?

A) the war against ISIS B) the vast increase of oil supply caused by fracking C) energy conservation and the use of renewable technologies D) a typographical error in a Black Friday sale ad E) a prolonged period of peace in the Middle East Answer: B Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________.

A) it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere B) those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries C) multinational companies often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country D) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations E) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country Answer: C Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The Keystone XL pipeline ________.

A) carries petroleum from northern Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska B) carries natural gas from gas fields near Keystone, South Dakota, to the eastern United States C) was a hotly debated oil pipeline that would have carried petroleum from Canada to the southern United States D) was a hotly debated gas pipeline that would have passed through Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona E) would have allowed Canada to import more oil from Brazil Answer: C Section: 19.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Alaskans benefit from the trans-Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________.

A) is used as a main source of funds to reduce environmental damage B) pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships C) pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents D) is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices E) is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools Answer: C Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster ________.

A) is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills B) is the worst environmental disaster in American history C) resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters D) eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500% E) was quickly cleaned up, preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries along the Gulf Coast Answer: B Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Energy conservation in the United States ________.

A) can be accomplished only through changes in technological efficiencies B) is unlikely to ever occur C) can be accomplished by changes in tax laws D) becomes more difficult during times of war E) can be achieved through personal actions and more efficient technologies Answer: E Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Energy can be conserved by ________.

A) using heat from a power plant to heat nearby homes B) using cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs C) replacing compact florescent with incandescent bulbs D) replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks E) repealing the law of entropy Answer: A Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) In 2008—2009, the auto industry received a governmental bailout and agreed to raise average fuel economies to ________ mpg by the year ________.

A) 25; 2025 B) 35; 2035 C) 54.5; 2030 D) 48; 2025 E) 54.5; 2025 Answer: E Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) What is the current status of offshore oil drilling in the Arctic Ocean?

A) Although newly open waters are now making offshore drilling more feasible, weather conditions have thus far hampered efforts to pursue offshore drilling there, as it is too costly.

B) Melting sea ice has allowed many companies to successfully drill for oil in waters that were previously off-limits because of icebergs and a solid layer of sea ice.

C) An international treaty similar to the one protecting Antarctica has been ratified by 184 nations. This treaty bans oil development and other ecologically detrimental activities in the open waters of the Arctic Ocean.

D) Canada, Russia, Denmark, Norway, and the United States have exclusive rights to all offshore drilling in the Arctic Ocean, although these countries may sell drilling rights to other countries as they see fit.

E) There has been a moratorium on new offshore drilling projects in the Arctic Ocean as a result of the BP accident in the Gulf of Mexico.

Answer: A Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following would be put at risk by the Keystone XL pipeline?

A) Lake Michigan B) Yellowstone National Park C) the Nebraska Sandhills D) the American bison E) the Ogallala Aquifer Answer: E Section: 19.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) In the United States, the energy source used predominantly to produce electricity is ________.

A) hydropower B) nuclear power C) solar power D) coal and natural gas E) renewable energy Answer: D Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23) What is the current status of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the United States?

A) Many coal power plants are currently voluntarily retrofitting their systems to capture carbon emissions.

B) The U.S. government is currently requiring all coal power plants to institute carbon capture and storage technologies by the year 2025.

C) Carbon is now captured and converted to plastics at most coal power plants in the United States.

D) CCS technologies are currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants, reducing coal's EROI. E) The rejection of Yucca Mountain as a carbon storage site has resulted in coal power plants storing carbon on-site until a permanent storage location can be approved.

Answer: D Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) In recent years the United States has been importing most of its oil from ________.

A) OPEC nations B) Canada, Mexico, and Colombia C) Russia D) Saudi Arabia E) Iraq Answer: B Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) In the United States, per capita energy use ________, and energy intensity ________.

A) has been increasing since 1950; has also been increasing since 1950 B) has been increasing since 1950; has been declining since 1950 C) increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; decreased from 1950 to the 1970s but has since increased D) increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; has been declining since 1970 E) was stable from 1950 to 1970 but has since increased sharply; has been increasing since 1950 Answer: D Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Natural gas is primarily composed of ________.

A) methane B) oxygen C) nitrite D) nitrogen E) sulfur dioxide Answer: A Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10 ..

27) Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of eminent domain?

A) The U.S. government pays subsidies to the fossil fuel industry despite the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel use.

B) Settlers in the Oklahoma Territory were allowed to claim land during the land rush.

C) Residents of the Chicago area who were in the proposed path of Interstate 355 were forced to sell their homes and move when the interstate was built.

D) The transportation sector has shifted away from using coal as an energy source and now relies almost entirely on oil.

E) The conversion of landscapes is an inescapable effect of our reliance on fossil fuels.

Answer: C Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 28) When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________.

A) energy returned minus energy invested B) energy returned plus energy invested C) amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment D) money invested in extraction and processing minus income from sales E) energy returned divided by energy invested Answer: E Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) In the coming decade, the United States is predicted to ________.

A) revert to importing from OPEC nations B) become a net exporter of petroleum C) become dependent on oil from Russia and Asia D) switch to 100% renewables E) switch to majority clean coal Answer: B Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) The extraction of oil peaked in 1970 and began to decline until ________, which led to more oil production.

A) tax breaks were implemented B) the invention of fracking and deep offshore technologies C) solar energy crashed D) the discovery of a new Texas reserve E) Venezuela began exporting Answer: B Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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19.4 Essay Questions 1) Identify and explain the ultimate sources of all of Earth's energy.

Answer: Most of Earth's energy comes from the sun. We can harness energy from the sun's radiation directly, but solar radiation also makes possible several other energy sources. Solar radiation drives wind patterns and the hydrologic cycle, and plant growth gives us wood to burn.

A great deal of energy also emanates from Earth's core, enabling us to harness geothermal power. A much smaller amount of energy results from the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

An immense amount of energy resides within the nuclei of atoms, and this energy provides us with nuclear power.

Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Discuss two specific oil-use strategies that could be employed to move toward a more sustainable lifestyle.

Answer: First, to reduce one's individual use of oil, one could focus on utilizing public transportation, walking, bicycling, and driving more fuel-efficient vehicles. Putting a greater emphasis on any of these approaches would lessen the amount of oil needed to be refined for transportation purposes. Second, subsidies and tax breaks for oil companies could be eliminated, with the external costs of producing oil instead included in the cost of gasoline at the pump. The consumer cost of gasoline would then be much higher and would encourage consumers to drive less and use more public transportation.

Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Why is it that in most parts of the world, local people do not benefit from the removal of fossil fuels from their local environment? Discuss the economic, political, and environmental reasons that locals may not benefit.

Answer: In most parts of the world where the oil industry has extracted oil, local residents have not seen great benefits. To the contrary, in many instances, they have experienced disruption and harm to their way of life. This has occurred repeatedly when multinational corporations have extracted oil in developing countries, paying concessions to those countries' governments for access to the oil. All too often, the money has not trickled down to residents of the region from which the oil is extracted. Furthermore, oil-rich developing countries such as Ecuador and Nigeria often have few environmental regulations, and existing regulations may be infrequently enforced if a government does not want to risk losing the large sums of money associated with oil development. Some critics accuse multinational oil corporations of furthering environmental degradation and political repression in developing countries by funding dictatorships and by threatening to withdraw investment and development money if environmental protection regulations are enforced.

Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Compare and contrast the three patterns of energy use in developing and developed countries– the amount of energy used, the type of energy used, and the major uses.

Answer: Citizens of developed nations generally consume much more energy than do those of developing nations. Per person, the most-industrialized nations use up to 100 times more energy than do the least-industrialized nations. Industrialized nations rely more on equipment and technology, so they use more fossil fuels. People in developing countries often rely on manual or animal energy sources, and use much more wood as a fuel source. Developing nations devote a greater proportion of energy to subsistence activities such as food preparation, home heating, and food growing, whereas industrialized countries use a greater proportion for transportation and industry.

Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Identify specific ways in which the transportation and electricity-generating sectors could reduce and/or conserve energy in an effort to become more sustainable.

Answer: Transportation: Currently, the combustion of oil-derived fuels accounts for 31% of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. The use of electric or hybrid cars, and increasing the opportunities for buses and other mass transit options that are more energy efficient, are options moving us in the direction of a more sustainable transportation future. With higher gasoline prices and more stringent regulatory standards being instituted worldwide, incentives are being created to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles and vehicles powered by alternative energy sources.

Electricity: We can conserve energy needed by power plants through cogeneration, in which excess heat produced during the generation of electricity is captured and used to heat nearby workplaces and homes and to produce other kinds of power. Cogeneration can almost double the efficiency of a power plant. Likewise, in the process of coal gasification and combined cycle generation, coal is treated to create hot gases that turn a gas turbine, while the hot exhaust of this turbine heats water to drive a conventional steam turbine, producing more electricity than would be produced in a standard coal power plant.

Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) What are some of the alternative, unconventional resources for oil and natural gas?

Answer: Both oil shale and oil sands (tar sands) are potential major and largely untapped resources for petroleum, and marine deposits of methane hydrate may have large supplies of natural gas. Oil shale and tar sands have not been cost effective until recently. Canada is now producing a major fraction of its petroleum from oil sands. Oil shale may become more economically attractive as conventional supplies are depleted and retail prices rise. The technology for safely extracting methane hydrate has yet to be developed. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and accidental release of large quantities might significantly accelerate global climate change.

Section: 19.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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19.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

In Johannesburg, South Africa, the South West Township (Soweto) was one of several areas established early in the last century for blacks to live away from the white ruling minority. On the hills surrounding Soweto, the company that provides South Africa's electricity, Eskom, built a large coal-burning power plant. The electricity was intended for white areas of Johannesburg, miles away from the plant; the residents of Soweto had no electrical connections.

1) The fact that there is a high sulfur content in the coal burned in South African power plants means that the ________.

A) power plants contribute to acid deposition B) power plants burn cleanly, with little pollution C) power plants emit high levels of radioactive pollution D) coal is very inexpensive, leading to an improved economy E) coal is very expensive, forcing most poor people to go without electricity Answer: A Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The heavy levels of soot from the electrical plant upwind of Soweto, along with dust from gigantic gold and coal mines, created particulate pollution more than three times the recommended level. This would be expected to result in ________.

A) high levels of heart disease B) increased incidence of lung disease C) high levels of birth defects D) problems with running local automobiles and other machinery E) enriched agricultural fields and increased crop yields Answer: B Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Along with many other governmental reforms that began in 1994, the electrical plant just outside Soweto was closed in 2000, and other plants were brought into use. Some parts of Soweto were then wired for electricity. It is estimated, however, that only about 30% of the more than 1.2 million black inhabitants have electricity in their homes; the remainder either cannot afford the costs involved or live in areas that have no electrical access. These inhabitants probably use ________ for fuel.

A) natural gas and solar cells B) natural gas and backyard windmills C) charcoal and candles D) wood and coal E) gas-powered home generators Answer: D Section: 19.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 14 ..

4) In the year 2000, the worst air pollution levels in the region were in downtown Johannesburg and Soweto. The probable explanation is that in downtown Johannesburg ________, while in Soweto ________.

A) coal-fired electrical plants were the cause; automobile traffic in overcrowded areas was the problem B) automobile traffic was the cause; automobile traffic was also the cause C) automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, lighting, and cooking was the major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution D) gasoline-powered electrical generators were the cause; trash incinerators were a problem E) trash incinerators were a problem; gasoline-powered electrical generators were the cause Answer: C Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The major long-term global problem with using coal to generate electricity is the ________.

A) environmental damage in the area around the mine B) water pollution C) effect of the released carbon dioxide on global climate D) particulate pollution E) sulfur dioxides released Answer: C Section: 19.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The high demand for electricity in South Africa has resulted in years of scheduled blackouts.

Which of the following pricing scenarios is most likely to INCREASE the demand for electricity and make the blackouts worse?

A) flat-fee pricing, where every household pays the same regardless of how much electricity is used B) allotting a small amount of free electricity to each household to provide just enough electricity for the needs of the poorest households, with a premium price charged per kilowatthour used beyond the amount provided for free C) charging each household a rate based solely on the amount of electricity used D) charging each household a rate based on the amount of electricity used and what time of day it is used E) charging each household a different rate based on annual income and amount of electricity used Answer: A Section: 19.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 20 Conventional Energy Alternatives 20.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) The power source with the most stable U.S. consumption pattern since 1970 is ________.

A) oil B) nuclear C) coal D) natural gas E) hydropower Answer: E Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 1 ..

2) Which of the following shows the smallest percentage increase in use in the United States from 1950 to 2015?

A) nuclear power B) oil C) coal D) natural gas E) bioenergy Answer: E Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) Between 1995 and 2000, ________.

A) coal consumption decreased B) fossil fuel use stabilized C) oil consumption exceeded nuclear, hydropower, and biomass combined D) bioenergy consumption increased rapidly E) there was a clear transition from nonrenewable to renewable energy resources Answer: C Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) From 2000 to 2015, which of the following shows the greatest rate of increase in use in the United States?

A) coal B) oil C) hydropower D) natural gas E) nuclear power Answer: D Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) What percentage of U.S. energy production is from renewable sources?

A) 2.4% B) 4.9% C) 7.4% D) 11.5% E) 18.4% Answer: D Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6) From the three-year period of 2012 to 2015, new renewables jumped from 1.9% to 2.4% of U.S. energy consumption. If this rate of change were to continue, in approximately what year would the use of renewables exceed 10% of total energy consumed?

A) 2050 B) 2060 C) 2070 D) 2080 E) 2090 Answer: B Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

7) In what year did ethanol production from outside the United States surpass 10 billion gallons?

A) 2000 B) 2006 C) 2010 D) 2015 E) 2018 Answer: D Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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8) In what year did countries other than the United States and Brazil begin to contribute to global production?

A) 2000 B) 2002 C) 2008 D) 2015 E) 2018 Answer: B Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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20.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) nuclear B) cellulosic ethanol C) Hoover D) hydropower E) shale oil F) Love Canal G) Chernobyl H) Three Gorges I) Los Alamos J) Fukushima Daiichi K) Black Canyon L) gasoline M) Yucca Mountain N) Three Mile Island 1) Location of the most serious nuclear power plant accident in the United States Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Location of the most severe nuclear power plant accident in the world Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Biofuel whose production does not require the growing of food crops Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Location evaluated then rejected in 2010 as a possible repository for radioactive waste in the United States Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Energy source with the highest energy return on investment (EROI) Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The world's largest hydroelectric dam Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) An earthquake and tsunami caused a meltdown at this nuclear power plant Section: 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5 ..

Answers: 1) N 2) G 3) B 4) M 5) D 6) H 7) J 20.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Worldwide, the most widely used renewable energy source is ________.

A) solar B) hydroelectric C) biomass D) wind E) nuclear Answer: C Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which of the following is a benefit of using nuclear power?

A) Core meltdown of reactors can provide "bonus" energy for electricity production.

B) Few greenhouse gases are emitted.

C) Mining activities enhance ecosystems.

D) The increasing costs of nonrenewable energy sources make nuclear energy more economically viable.

E) Using nuclear power requires greater use of fossil fuels.

Answer: B Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The amount of energy generated by a hydroelectric dam depends largely on ________.

A) the temperature of reservoir water B) latitude C) the phase and position of the moon D) the volume of water released and the height of the fall E) the temperature of water in the boiler and turbine Answer: D Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The run-of-river approach to hydropower often involves ________.

A) impounding water in reservoirs behind concrete dams B) the purchase of state-run dams by major corporations C) dams that are reliable but unsustainable D) the most expensive type of dams to build and maintain E) diversion of a portion of a river's flow through pipes Answer: E Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) Biomass energy is derived from ________.

A) the sun B) organisms such as plants C) water D) wind E) the Earth's heat Answer: B Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) One key advantage of hydropower is that ________.

A) it does not rely on fossil fuels to generate electricity B) it is widely available throughout the world C) it produces no negative environmental effects D) it is the oldest of the renewable energy resources E) it is the most economically feasible of all the renewable energy resources Answer: A Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) ________ is/are the source of energy used in the production of electricity by nuclear power plants.

A) Nuclear fusion B) Breeder reactions C) Nuclear fission D) Nuclear reactions E) Natural gas Answer: C Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 ________.

A) limits dams to no less than 5 miles apart B) permits dams of no more than 10 feet in height to be built along a designated waterway C) protects most of the remaining undammed rivers from being dammed D) no longer protects waterways because the act has been repealed to build more hydroelectric dams E) is an agreement between the United States and Canada to protect rivers that cross the boundary between the two countries Answer: C Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Which of the following currently has the highest energy returned on investment (EROI)?

A) nuclear fusion B) hydropower C) corn-based ethanol D) nuclear fission E) petroleum Answer: B Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) In the United States, nuclear power experienced the most growth during which of the following decades?

A) 1950s B) 1960s C) 1970s D) 1990s E) 2000s Answer: C Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Which of the following would produce a nuclear reaction?

A) bombarding uranium-235 with protons B) bombarding uranium-238 with protons C) bombarding uranium-235 with neutrons D) bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons E) bombarding uranium atoms with electrons Answer: C Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 12) The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will be a ________.

A) prototype nuclear fusion reactor B) prototype nuclear fission reactor C) prototype reactor to decrease global temperatures by extracting nuclear gases from the atmosphere D) prototype reactor fueled by rutherfordium rather than uranium E) project aiming to extract more energy from spent uranium Answer: A Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) In the near future, the benefits of biofuel production may be enjoyed while reducing the impact on the global production of grain. One such promising approach is to ________.

A) bioengineer cattle and goats to produce ethanol in their milk B) produce biofuels from grasses instead of corn C) use the large amounts of animal wastes to produce ethanol D) find ways to convert oil and natural gas into ethanol E) gasify coal to increase the efficiency of coal power plants Answer: B Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Effects attributed to Chernobyl ________.

A) were contained within 40 km of the plant B) have not been extensively documented C) include serious respiratory illnesses but no fatalities D) include increased incidence of thyroid cancers E) include increased incidence of emphysema Answer: D Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Nuclear power plants in use today rely on ________.

A) fission reactions to generate heat to boil water to generate electricity B) fission reactions to directly generate electricity C) fusion reactions to generate heat to boil water to generate electricity D) fusion reactions to directly generate electricity E) fusion reactions to create a flow of electrons to generate electricity Answer: A Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) E-85 ________.

A) was an international summit of 85 nations that met to restrict greenhouse gas emissions B) was an international summit of 85 nations that met to determine vehicle fuel efficiency standards C) was an international summit of 85 nations that met to restrict CFC use D) is an isotope of uranium used to generate electricity E) is an ethanol-gasoline mixture Answer: E Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) Worldwide, the most widely used source of renewable energy for generating electricity is ________.

A) solar B) hydroelectric C) biomass D) wind E) nuclear Answer: B Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) A self-amplifying reaction and a nuclear explosion in a nuclear power plant are prevented in large part by ________.

A) the regular addition of uranium-239 to the fuel B) control rods that absorb neutrons C) the production of plutonium-239 D) fuel rods that absorb tremendous amounts of heat E) "sponges" that absorb liquefied uranium that leaks out of the reactor core Answer: B Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 19) U.S. hydroelectric dam construction peaked during the ________.

A) industrial revolution B) 1960s C) 1980s D) late 1800s E) early 21st century Answer: B Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following is a documented negative impact of hydroelectric dams?

A) alteration of river sediment deposition B) alteration of river salinity C) acid deposition D) increased atmospheric CFCs E) decreased rainfall Answer: A Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of electricity generated from nuclear power plants?

A) France B) United States C) Canada D) Sweden E) Russia Answer: A Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Which of the following countries leads the world in overall nuclear power production?

A) France B) United States C) Canada D) Sweden E) Russia Answer: B Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) In a nuclear power plant, the amount of electricity generated is regulated by ________.

A) moving the nuclear fuel in and out of water B) changing the water levels that surround the control rods C) releasing surplus heat out of cooling towers that are always part of nuclear power plants D) moving control rods into or out of spaces between the fuel rods E) the Federal Trade Commission Answer: D Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 24) Although hydroelectric dams generate electricity without producing greenhouse gases, they ________.

A) are short-lived structures that must be rebuilt about every 20 years B) contribute only about 5% of the electrical power throughout the world C) cannot provide a consistent supply of electricity during times of naturally low river flow D) can harm aquatic organisms downstream by affecting water levels and disrupting flood cycles E) still produce more greenhouse gases per unit of electricity produced than coal power plants Answer: D Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) Biofuels and nuclear power may prove useful ________.

A) as pollution-free sustainable energies B) to bridge the time between fossil fuel depletion and new renewables C) as replacement fuels for motor vehicles D) as stages in the development of fusion generators E) as inexpensive technologies for developing nations Answer: B Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 26) Whether using a food crop as a source of biofuels is environmentally sustainable would depend upon all the following EXCEPT ________.

A) the impact on food supplies and prices B) the amount of fertilizers used and their impact on aquatic ecosystems C) the amount of pesticides used and their impact on biodiversity and groundwater D) the corporate profits that would be made E) the amount of water and land necessary for the crops Answer: D Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 27) Most of the world's ethanol is produced in the United States and ________.

A) China B) Brazil C) the Maldives D) Tuvalu E) Mexico Answer: B Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Both pyrolysis and gasification are ways of producing ________ from ________.

A) electricity; biomass B) electricity; coal C) biodiesel; limestone D) hydroelectric fuel; coal E) pesticides and fertilizers; biomass Answer: A Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) Sweden had to rescind its pledge to completely replace nuclear power with renewable energy because ________.

A) the Copenhagen Conference of 2010 rescinded the Kyoto agreements B) renewable energy was taking longer to develop than expected C) they found a way to rapidly detoxify nuclear wastes D) there was a strong public demand to return to fossil fuels E) the pollution from wind and hydroelectric generators had contaminated groundwater Answer: B Section: 20.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Globally, almost 80% of all primary energy for today's economies comes from ________.

A) nuclear power B) hydropower installations C) biofuels D) fossil fuels E) solar, wind, and ocean tides and waves Answer: D Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) EROI is a measure of ________.

A) the amount of electricity received from an energy source B) the energy needed to balance out the amount of energy emitted by an energy source C) the amount of energy invested into a source of energy compared to the amount of energy received from the source D) the amount of electricity required to extract the energy from a power source such as coal E) the quality of energy released in the combustion of a certain kind of fuel Answer: C Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) A hydroelectric dam contains all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) magnets B) turbines C) rotors D) a combustion chamber E) generators Answer: D Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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33) What renewable energy source provides Brazil, Venezuela, and Norway with more than twothirds of the energy for their electricity needs?

A) biomass B) hydropower C) nuclear D) solar E) wind Answer: B Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Radiation fallout from the Fukushima Daiichi crisis drifted primarily ________.

A) to the north B) to the east C) to the south D) to the west E) into the Answer: B Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Poor farmers in developing areas primarily use ________ for an energy source.

A) hydroelectric B) biomass C) oil D) geothermal E) wind Answer: B Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20.4 Essay Questions 1) Why must we develop alternatives to fossil fuels?

Answer: Harvesting and transporting fossil fuels disturbs and pollutes critical wildlife habitat.

Burning fossil fuels creates air pollution and greenhouse gases that drive global climate change.

In addition to these adverse environmental impacts, there is concern that easily extractable supplies of oil and natural gas may not last more than 50 years. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable and are unequally distributed among nations—some have huge supplies, while others have little or none. Falling supplies coupled with increased world demand for energy are outpacing our ability to meet our energy needs and contributes to international conflict. We must develop new energy sources, or our economies may become disrupted. Development of alternatives to fossil fuels now will help diversify the mix of available energy commodities and lessen price volatility and dependence on foreign energy imports. New energy sources can create new employment opportunities and sources of income and property taxes for local communities, often in rural areas passed over by other types of economic development.

Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Discuss the conventional alternatives to fossil fuels. Why are we not using more renewables?

Answer: Many renewable energy sources depend on technologies that are not yet fully developed and are more costly than fossil fuel use in the short term. Nuclear energy, hydroelectric power, and energy from biomass are three conventional alternative energy sources that are currently the most developed and widely used. Because these alternatives currently play substantial roles in the energy and electricity budgets of most nations, they are classified as "conventional" alternatives to fossil fuels. They are usually considered to have less environmental impact than fossils fuels but more environmental impact than the "new renewable" alternatives. Finally, in some nations, particularly the United States, corporate interests with heavy investments in fossil fuels have used political pressure and media campaigns to delay the development of renewable energies.

Section: 20.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Identify examples of biofuels. Assess the feasibility and sustainability of using biofuels for power generation.

Answer: Biofuels include wood from trees, charcoal from burned wood, combustible animal waste (used directly for biopower), and products such as ethanol, methanol, and biodiesel, which are derived from processing once-living matter. Captured landfill methane can be used as fuel as well, which consequently reduces methane gas emissions. Using biomass can be energy- and cost-efficient, and biomass is an inexpensive fuel for combustion in power plants. Although combustion of biomass releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, emissions are lower than from burning fossil fuels. There is no net addition of carbon to the atmosphere (carbon neutrality) because biomass is the product of recent photosynthesis—the carbon output of its combustion is balanced by the carbon input of the photosynthesis that created it. Whereas waste costs money to dispose of, using waste for fuel can save money. Liquid fuels made from biomass are competitive in price with petroleum gasoline. Gas–ethanol mixtures and biodiesel successfully fuel vehicles, stoves, and heaters, and these biofuels burn cleaner than conventional gasoline and petrodiesel. The technology used to process biomass is important, however, because processing biomass into biofuels can be energy-intensive. Growing crops exclusively for energy is not sustainable if monocultures are grown on land that could otherwise be preserved and if farmers apply petroleum products, such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, to their crops to increase yields. In addition, these agrochemicals cause damage to biodiversity, promote eutrophication, and contaminate water supplies. Overharvesting wood and crops is also unsustainable because it can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and desertification, which damages landscapes, eliminates biodiversity, and impoverishes human societies dependent on an area's resources. Careful long-term planning and analysis are necessary to decide what level of crop-produced biofuels can be sustainable in a given area.

Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation 4) Explain the process of nuclear fusion, and describe its role in commercial power generation.

Answer: Nuclear fusion is the process responsible for the immense amount of energy that the sun generates and the force behind hydrogen and thermonuclear bombs. It involves forcing together small nuclei of lightweight elements under extremely high temperatures and pressures.

For example, the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium can be fused to form helium, releasing a neutron and a tremendous amount of energy. Because fusion requires extremely high temperatures, researchers have not successfully developed nuclear fusion for use in commercial power generation. If we find a way to control fusion in a reactor, we could produce vast amounts of energy using water as a fuel; the potential payoffs would be immense. The process would create only low-level radioactive wastes, without air pollution or the risk of dangerous accidents, sabotage, or weapons proliferation. A prototype reactor (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is slated for completion in 2025, but even if this project succeeds in unlocking the secrets to commercial power generation using nuclear fusion, we will not see commercial production of electricity via nuclear fusion in the foreseeable future.

Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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5) Explain the reactions that occur in a nuclear power plant.

Answer: A nuclear power plant is fueled by uranium rods containing 3% radioactive uranium235. When an atom of U-235 is hit by a neutron, it splits into two smaller atoms, such as barium and krypton. "Extra" neutrons are also released, along with energy in the form of heat. The released neutrons strike other atoms of uranium-235, creating a chain reaction and continuing the process. Control rods control the rate of the reaction by absorbing neutrons and slowing the process.

Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Biomass energy represents a potential energy source that offers a number of obvious advantages over other energy sources. However, there are growing concerns over a number of possible negative impacts associated with bioenergy. Discuss at least two specific advantages and two specific concerns relating to the use of biomass energy.

Answer: Using bioenergy offers a number of obvious environmental advantages over other forms of energy; however, it is the possible negative impacts associated with bioenergy that are attracting so much attention. Although the use of bioenergy is theoretically carbon neutral and thus would not contribute to rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, in reality the use of many biofuels is not, as greenhouse gas emissions occur at many points in the biofuel production cycle, such as the use of farm machinery to grow the corn used to make ethanol. Significant quantities of fossil fuels are also used in shipping and processing the crops. Although biomass is generally thought of as renewable (unlike traditional fossil fuels), the use of biomass such as corn and soybeans may have an impact on the world economy, increasing the cost of food and even possibly causing food shortages. When land that normally is used to grow food is then transferred into fuel production, less land is available for food production. As the world population continues to grow, this change in land use could have a significant effect.

Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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7) Compare the events at the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants.

Answer: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima Daiichi were the sites of catastrophic nuclear power plant accidents that spawned a great deal of public anxiety over nuclear power. As a result of mechanical failure and human error, Three Mile Island experienced a partial reactor core meltdown. Most of the radiation remained within the containment building. The incident at Chernobyl was much more extensive and harmful than that at Three Mile Island. When engineers turned off safety systems to conduct tests, human error and unsafe reactor design caused an explosion that completely destroyed the reactor and released radioactive debris and fallout into surrounding areas for up to 10 days. The accident directly killed 31 people and sickened many more. Atmospheric currents carried radioactive fallout across much of the Northern Hemisphere, and radioisotopes were detected as far away as Sweden. The Soviet government did not admit to the accident until days later. Many cases of thyroid cancer resulted from exposure to radiation from Chernobyl. The nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi resulted from a catastrophic earthquake and tsunami. The earthquake shut down the power, and the tsunami overtopped the plant's seawall, thus flooding the emergency power generators, located in the basement of the plant. Without electricity, workers could not use moderators and control rods to cool the uranium fuel, and the fuel began to overheat as fission proceeded. Several explosions and fires occurred over the next few days, and eventually three reactors experienced full meltdowns. The amount of radioactivity released during and after these events was about onetenth of that released from Chernobyl. Much of the radioactivity spread by air or water into the Pacific Ocean.

Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 8) Compare the environmental effects of coal and uranium as power sources.

Answer: Coal and uranium are both mined, which creates landscape damage and harmful tailings that can contaminate waterways. Uranium generates more power than coal by weight or volume, so less of it needs to be mined. Combusting coal for electricity emits sulfur and nitrogen oxides that contribute to acidic deposition. Coal burning also emits particulate matter, which threatens human health and creates carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. Even considering all the steps involved in building plants and generating power, researchers from the International Atomic Energy Agency calculated that nuclear power lowers emissions 4 to 150 times below fossil fuel combustion. Because of safety regulations, nuclear power plants are safer for workers than coal-fired power plants. However, uranium from nuclear power plants creates radioactive waste that must be disposed of and sequestered for centuries. Also, people fear the catastrophic consequences of accidents and sabotage to nuclear power plants.

Section: 20.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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9) Briefly discuss the pros and cons of hydropower.

Answer: Hydropower is renewable and clean; it produces enormous amounts of energy with little air pollution. Fossil fuels are used in the construction and maintenance of dams, however, and recent evidence suggests that reservoirs release some methane, a greenhouse gas. Damming rivers destroys habitat because it floods areas above dam sites and reduces water flow below dam sites. Dams disrupt flooding cycles of rivers, affect the dynamics of estuaries, and prevent floodplains from receiving nutrient-laden sediments. Dams also cause thermal pollution that kills native fish. They block the passage of fish and other aquatic organisms within the ecosystem, fragmenting rivers and reducing biodiversity. Because of these concerns, extensive environmental impact studies must be made prior to undertaking a hydropower project.

Section: 20.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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20.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

The United States consumes approximately 20% of the world's petroleum. Most is used for transportation, and most of it is imported. In 1992, after the first Gulf War, the federal government passed the Energy Policy Act, whose goal was to replace transportation-related petroleum with alternative fuels. Biodiesel made from vegetable oil or animal fat is an economical alternative to petroleum-based fuels. It is safe, biodegradable, and nontoxic and has the highest energy balance of any liquid fuel. It is renewable and emits far less air pollution when combusted as compared to petrodiesel. The raw material used to produce biodiesel exists in the billions of gallons of vegetable oil used by restaurants each year, as well as in crops. Although biodiesel burns well in its pure form (B100), commonly it is blended with petrodiesel in mixtures such as B20 and B5, the use of which reduces toxic air pollution proportional to the biodiesel content. Biodiesel is currently available at over 1000 filling stations nationwide. Vegetable oil can be used directly, but that requires modifying engines. Demand for biodiesel is increasing due to federal and state tax incentives as well as the increased price and decreased availability of petrodiesel. More than 600 domestic fleets use biodiesel, including the military, NASA, Yellowstone National Park, and local governments. Many school districts use biodiesel-powered school buses. Musicians Neil Young, Bonnie Raitt, and Willie Nelson fuel their tour buses with biodiesel. Nelson, a lifelong supporter of American farmers, who benefit when their crops are used for fuel, sells his own brand, BioWillie biodiesel, at many truck stops. Because biodiesel can be manufactured locally, fuel transportation costs are low, and dependence on foreign petroleum and the need for domestic oil exploration and development of sensitive wildlife areas, such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, can be reduced when biodiesel is used as an alternative fuel. There is concern, however, that biodiesel from crops may not be sustainable in the long term. Crops that are potentially food for humans, such as rapeseed and soy, affect the price of foods and require land, pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation, which may contribute to environmental degradation and stress on already limited resources.

1) Compared to other uses of biomass, biodiesel from restaurant waste represents one of the best environmental alternatives to fossil fuels because it ________.

A) can be manufactured without the development of additional cropland agriculture B) requires less processing than other forms of biomass C) is the only form of biomass that reduces fossil fuel use D) is the only form of biomass that is renewable E) is the most available Answer: A Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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2) Vegetable oil ________.

A) is a necessary ingredient in biodiesel B) must be processed into biodiesel to operate engines C) is a fossil fuel D) is nonrenewable E) can be directly burned as fuel Answer: E Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) As a fuel, biodiesel ________.

A) is a beneficial alternative for buses B) requires moderate engine retrofitting prior to use C) has low lubricity D) is less efficient than petrodiesel because it has a low energy yield E) has been met with considerable resistance by American farmers Answer: A Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) A major barrier preventing more widespread use of biodiesel is/are ________.

A) the lack of government support B) a readily available supply of domestic petroleum C) the lack of support from the public D) political and economic inertia and current lack of abundant fueling stations E) the excessive cost Answer: D Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) B20 is ________.

A) a new vitamin recently isolated from sugarcane bagasse B) a synthetic compound that can be mixed with fossil fuel to give more energy C) a diesel fuel blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% petrodiesel D) a bacterial strain used to ferment corn to make ethanol E) a variety of broccoli used in the production of cellulosic ethanol Answer: C Section: 20.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 21 New Renewable Energy Sources 21.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) The major energy source for electricity in the United States is ________.

A) hydropower B) renewables C) fossil fuels D) bioenergy E) wind Answer: C Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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2) The major renewable energy source for electricity in the United States is ________.

A) hydropower B) wind C) fossil fuels D) nuclear E) bioenergy Answer: A Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Electricity from hydropower accounts for approximately ________% of the total electricity produced in the United States.

A) 7.0 B) 13.6 C) 44.2 D) 24.7 E) 2.4 Answer: A Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) The data in the figure reflect energy use in the United States in 2018. In 2012, renewable energy accounted for 9.3% of total energy consumed. If the trend from 2012 to 2018 continues, in approximately what year will renewable energy account for 20% of total energy consumed in the U.S.?

A) 2050 B) 2041 C) 2081 D) 2097 E) 2115 Answer: B Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Which of the following is most likely to be used for purposes other than the production of electricity?

A) wind B) hydropower C) nuclear D) bioenergy E) solar Answer: D Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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21.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) gasoline B) hydrogen C) uranium D) quadrathermal cells E) photovoltaic cells F) solar G) flat plate solar collectors H) cellulosic ethanol I) wind J) natural gas 1) Most of the homes in Iceland are heated using this energy source Section: 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) An inexhaustible, nonpolluting, decentralized energy source Section: 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A form of kinetic energy that can be harnessed with turbines Section: 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) A form of biofuel Section: 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) A method of converting sunlight to electrical energy Section: 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) B 2) F 3) I 4) H 5) E

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21.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Alternative energy sources that are often called "new renewables" include ________.

A) solar, wind, and geothermal B) wind, wood, and alcohol C) hydropower and biomass D) coal and natural gas E) fusion and fission Answer: A Section: 21.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which new renewable energy source experienced the most rapid rate of growth from 2010 to 2015, mostly due to Germany and China's production?

A) nuclear B) wind C) geothermal D) hydropower E) photovoltaic (PV) solar Answer: E Section: 21.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) PV technology is best described as ________.

A) a passive solar technology B) using the sun's energy to warm a room without mechanical devices C) using sunlight to generate electricity D) trapping the sun's heat and storing it for various uses E) using mirrors to concentrate sunlight in order to heat water and produce steam for electricity generation Answer: C Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The primary motivation to develop new renewable energy sources comes from ________.

A) those who believe conservation is important B) those who believe human health is impacted by smog and pollution C) those who believe fossil fuel dependence is suicide because it makes us vulnerable to the Middle East D) concerns over diminishing fossil fuel supplies and the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel use E) concerns that oxygen production by trees is endangered by fossil fuel use Answer: D Section: 21.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5)

According to the model depicted in this figure, in approximately what year are fossil fuels and nuclear power first expected to provide less than half of the energy consumed in the United States?

A) 2020 B) 2025 C) 2030 D) 2040 E) 2045 Answer: B Section: 21.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) Which of the following methods is considered a type of passive solar energy collection?

A) using heat-absorbing construction materials B) rooftop solar panels C) ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) D) photovoltaic cells E) rooftop flat-plate solar collectors Answer: A Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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7) Solar represents a minuscule portion of U.S. energy production because of ________.

A) technological limitations B) costs and lack of investment C) lack of scientific interest D) poor potential for this energy source E) air and water pollution from this source of energy Answer: B Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) A major advantage of solar power is that ________.

A) it is inexpensive compared to other renewable energy sources B) the only emissions are carbon dioxide and water C) all regions are sunny enough to provide adequate power with current technology D) there is a lack of knowledge on its long-term impacts E) solar systems provide local, decentralized control over power Answer: E Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 9) A major disadvantage of solar power is ________.

A) antiquated and unreliable technology B) its efficiency level compared to other types of power C) the uneven distribution of sunshine around the world D) lack of knowledge about long-term economic impacts E) decentralization of control of electrical energy Answer: C Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Wind turbines are generally more productive if they are ________.

A) higher, to minimize turbulence and maximize wind speed B) lower, to minimize turbulence and maximize wind speed C) smaller, to minimize the number of birds that interfere with blade turning D) larger, to increase heat convection from the ground E) smaller, to increase heat convection from the ground Answer: A Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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11) Passive solar power involves using ________.

A) the energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices B) mechanical devices to heat water and buildings or electrical devices to generate electricity C) photovoltaic cells to produce light energy D) mirrors to concentrate the sun's rays on a tower or a series of pipes holding water E) silicon wafers to generate light energy Answer: A Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) A major obstacle to the establishment of wind farms near populated and scenic areas is the ________.

A) lack of infrastructure to support wind-generated electricity B) not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome C) lack of financial support for the construction of wind farms D) we-want-solar-power (WASPY) syndrome E) lack of large land areas needed to construct wind farms Answer: B Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) One benefit of offshore wind farms is that ________.

A) they are more aesthetically pleasing than wind farms on land B) unlike land-based wind farms, they do not interfere with bird migration routes C) wind speeds are higher and turbulence is lower over water than over land D) costs to erect the turbines are lower, and land does not need to be purchased E) maintenance costs are less than they are on land Answer: C Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The current practice of geothermal power generation may not always provide a practical renewable energy source because ________.

A) in some cases, the heated groundwater is used much faster than it is recharged B) in many cases, the magma is used faster than it is recharged C) power plants have high maintenance costs D) in some instances, pollution emissions can be very high E) geologically heated groundwater is unsuitable for these plants and must be purified first Answer: A Section: 21.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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15) A potential energy source from oceans is ________.

A) chemiluminescent bacteria B) ocean thermal energy C) solar reflection D) lightning strikes in salt water E) magnetic field generators Answer: B Section: 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Compared to the use of fossil fuels for generating electricity, wind energy ________.

A) is more consistent B) requires very little investment C) produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change D) is less renewable E) is more widely used in the United States Answer: C Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) The largest problem with adopting the new technologies of renewable resources is that ________.

A) the energy sources are generally unavailable B) the startup costs may be high C) the long-term maintenance costs are much higher than those for fossil fuels D) technological advances have not been made in the last 30 years to meet our energy needs E) energy production facilities are not located near consumers Answer: B Section: 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Although photovoltaic electricity is considered a "clean" power source, one issue with this electricity is that it ________.

A) is dangerous if stored too long B) cannot be stored easily in large quantities C) is not sufficiently understood D) will be replaced shortly with other sources of power for homes E) is less efficient than fossil fuels Answer: B Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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19) A solar cooker is an example of ________.

A) PV solar technology B) passive solar technology C) concentrated solar power D) a hydrogen fuel cell E) OTEC technology Answer: C Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) One difficulty with the process of using hydrogen as a power source is that it ________.

A) first needs to be converted to helium through nuclear fission B) is less efficient than fossil fuels C) requires a fuel that is a nonrenewable resource D) requires a substantial energy investment to produce the fuel E) has highly volatile and explosive components Answer: D Section: 21.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Whether a hydrogen-based energy system is environmentally cleaner than a fossil fuel system depends on ________.

A) the car driven B) the source of oxygen used for the process C) the source of energy used to produce the hydrogen D) governmental incentives for research E) the amount of fossil fuels that are invested in long-term storage Answer: C Section: 21.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Wind turbines kill more birds than which of the other major causes of bird mortality?

A) towers B) collisions with windows C) cats D) pesticides E) All of these kill more birds than wind turbines.

Answer: E Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23) The chemical product produced by a hydrogen fuel cells is ________.

A) carbon monoxide B) acid C) water D) nontoxic ash E) carbon dioxide Answer: C Section: 21.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Every winter morning when the sun is shining bright, a man living in Montana pulls back the drapes on a large, south-facing window. In this way, he helps heat his home using ________.

A) conductive solar B) active solar C) radioactive solar D) passive solar E) photovoltaic Answer: D Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 25) Which two nations account for almost half of the global production of wind power?

A) China and Russia B) United States and Canada C) United States and Germany D) United States and China E) Bangladesh and Swaziland Answer: D Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) U.S. geothermal energy is most available in ________.

A) the Northeast B) the Southeast C) Texas D) the West E) the Florida Keys Answer: D Section: 21.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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27) Wind energy has been harnessed for hundreds of years to ________.

A) generate electricity B) regulate climate C) pump water and grind grain D) heat and cool houses E) drain water from land so it can be farmed Answer: C Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Which of the following countries currently has the most progressive renewable energy policies and is considered a world leader in solar power?

A) United States B) Spain C) Iceland D) Brazil E) Germany Answer: E Section: 21.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Batteries utilize ________ to store energy.

A) solar energy B) magnetic fields C) gravity D) water E) chemical reactions Answer: E Section: 21.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Our primary way to store energy is via ________.

A) nuclear B) lithium batteries C) pumped storage hydropower D) lead-acid batteries E) wind Answer: C Section: 21.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21.4 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of wind power.

Answer: Advantages: Wind produces no emissions once the necessary equipment is manufactured and installed. As a replacement for fossil fuel combustion in the average U.S. utility generator, running a wind turbine can prevent the release of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury. Wind power appears considerably more energy-efficient than conventional power sources. Wind farms also use less water than do traditional generating plants. Wind turbine technology can be used on many scales, from a single tower for local use to fields of thousands for utilities to supply large regions. Small-scale turbine development can help make local areas more self-sufficient. Currently, the startup costs of wind farms are considerable, but the farms incur fewer expenses once up and running.

Disadvantages: We have no control over when wind will occur; it is an intermittent resource.

This poses little problem if wind is one of several sources contributing to a utility's power generation. Moreover, several available technologies can help address the problem. For example, batteries or hydrogen fuel can store energy generated by wind and release it later when needed.

Some areas are windier than others. Global wind patterns combine with local topography– mountains, hills, water bodies, forests, cities–to create local wind patterns. Good wind resources are not always near population centers. Thus transmission networks would need to be greatly expanded. Moreover, when wind farms are proposed near population centers, local residents sometimes oppose them. Many people object to wind farms for aesthetic reasons. Wind turbines also pose a threat to birds and bats, which can be killed if they fly into the rotating blades.

Studies estimate that the number of birds killed this way is far less than the millions already being killed annually by other human causes. The key for protecting birds seems to be selecting sites for wind farms that are not in the midst of prime habitat.

Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) In general, what has spurred the use of renewable energy, and what are the benefits of its use in environmental and economic terms?

Answer: Renewable energy use is growing fast, due to advances in technology and increasing concern over the environmental impacts of fossil fuel combustion. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable sources are inexhaustible on time scales relevant to human societies, and their use will help alleviate air pollution and the greenhouse gas emissions that are driving global warming.

Renewable energy can also bring economic benefits. Developing renewables can help diversify an economy's mix of energy, lowering price volatility and protecting against shocks, such as the 1973 oil embargo, by lessening dependence on foreign fuel. New energy sources require more hands-on labor than fossil fuel industries and so can create new employment opportunities and sources of income and property tax for local communities, often rural areas passed over by other types of economic development. In Germany, China, and Spain, government policies have encouraged the funding and development of solar and wind power. Germany and Spain have utilized feed-in tariffs, where public utilities are required to purchase renewably generated power from whoever produces it. These and other government incentives in addition to public enthusiasm for green technologies place these nations in the vanguard of progress in moving to renewable energies.

Section: 21.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 12 ..

3) Compare and contrast passive solar collection and active solar collection.

Answer: Passive solar energy collection features buildings that are designed, and building materials that are chosen, to maximize direct absorption of sunlight in winter, even as they keep the interior cool in the heat of summer. One passive solar design technique involves installing low, south-facing windows to maximize sunlight capture in the winter (in the Northern Hemisphere, or north-facing windows in the Southern Hemisphere). Overhangs that block light from above can shade these windows in the summer when the sun is high in the sky and when cooling, not heating, is desired. Strategically placed deciduous trees can likewise shade windows in the summer but let light pass through in the winter. Passive solar techniques also include the use of heat-absorbing construction materials. Often called thermal mass, these materials absorb heat, store it, and release it later. Thermal mass (of straw, brick, concrete, or other materials) most often makes up floors, roofs, and walls, but also can comprise portable blocks. Any of these may be strategically located so that in cold weather the mass receives a great amount of sunlight and can radiate heat in the interior of the building. In warm weather, the mass should be located away from sunlight so that it absorbs warmed air in the interior to cool it. Passive solar design can also involve using vegetation planted in particular locations around a building. By heating buildings in cold weather and cooling them in warm weather, passive solar methods help conserve energy and reduce energy costs. This approach contrasts with active solar energy collection, which requires some outside energy input and makes use of technological devices to focus, move, or store solar energy. One active method for harnessing solar energy involves using solar panels or flat-plate solar collectors, which are most often installed on rooftops. These panels generally consist of dark-colored, heat-absorbing metal plates mounted in large, flat boxes covered with glass panes. Water, air, or antifreeze solutions are run through tubes that pass through the collectors, transferring heat throughout a building. Heated water can be pumped to tanks designed to store the heat for later use and through pipes designed to release the heat into the building. Such systems have proven especially effective for heating water for residences.

Section: 21.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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4) What is geothermal power? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the use of geothermal power?

Answer: Definition: Geothermal energy involves the radioactive decay of elements deep in Earth, generating heat that rises to the surface through magma and through fissures and cracks.

Where this energy heats groundwater, natural spurts of heated water and steam are sent up from below. Terrestrial geysers and submarine hydrothermal vents are the surface manifestations of these processes. Geothermal power plants use the heat energy of natural hot springs to generate electricity.

Advantages: Like other renewable sources, geothermal power greatly reduces emissions relative to fossil fuel combustion. Geothermal sources currently used produce no nitrous oxides or sulfurous gases and only one-sixth of the carbon dioxide produced by natural gas-fueled plants.

Geothermal developments using the latest technology produce virtually no emissions. Recently, experiments with enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have developed the technology to drill very deep into the earth and then inject cold water. The water is heated geothermally and then pumped back to the surface to generate power. The amount of heat energy available beneath the United States has been estimated to be enough to supply the world's energy needs for several millennia.

Disadvantages: Geothermal sources may not always be truly sustainable, such as when a power plant uses heated groundwater faster than it can be replenished. In addition, the water of many hot springs is laced with salts and other minerals that corrode equipment and can pollute the soil and air, so these may shorten the lifetime of plants and increase maintenance costs. Like solar and wind power, geothermal power involves substantial development costs but low operations costs compared to fossil-fuel-fired processes. Adopting the technology will likely save money in the long run. Finally, geothermal power is limited to being used in certain areas where it occurs.

Nonetheless, many more hydrothermal resources remain unexploited around the world, awaiting improved technology and economic and policy encouragement by governments. EGS, although holding enormous promise as a source of renewable energy, has been plagued because the process can trigger earthquakes. We await the technical means to use EGS safely before application can proceed at full speed.

Section: 21.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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5) Describe some of the possible ocean energy sources.

Answer: There are three approaches developed so far: Two involve motion and one involves temperature. Two types of kinetic energy show the most promise: the energy of wave motion and the energy of tidal motion. We can harness tidal energy by erecting dams across the outlets of tidal basins. The incoming tide is allowed through sluices past the dam, and the outgoing tide is passed through the dam, turning turbines to generate electricity as is done in dams for conventional hydroelectric power. Tidal stations release few or no pollutant emissions, but they can have substantial impacts on the ecology of estuaries and tidal basins. Many coastal cities, such as New York, Portland, and San Francisco, are in various stages of testing and constructing smaller scale tidal turbines in rivers and harbors to generate electricity. Wave energy could be developed at a greater variety of sites than could tidal energy. The principle is to harness the motion of wind-driven waves at the ocean's surface and convert this mechanical energy into electricity. Wave energy is greater at deep-ocean sites, but transmitting the electricity produced to shore would be expensive. Other designs are for coastal onshore facilities. Potential negative impacts include harm to coastal and marine ecosystems, hazards to boats, and aesthetic impacts on scenic beaches. Other oceanic energy sources we have not yet tapped include the motion of ocean currents and the immense thermal energy contained in the oceans. The concept of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) has been most developed. The ocean's sun-warmed surface is higher in temperature than its deep water, and OTEC approaches are based upon this gradient in temperature.

Section: 21.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) What are some of the benefits and obstacles to using hydrogen as a fuel?

Answer: Hydrogen fuel is clean, nontoxic, and produces few pollutants. It is comparatively safe to transport and store and is energy-efficient. The basic source for hydrogen is water, which can be broken down to component hydrogen and oxygen gases either by electrolysis or by high temperature pyrolysis. Both these processes require large amounts of energy inputs. If the power needed is from nonrenewable fossil fuels, there is a question of whether it can be sustainable and not contribute to global climate change and other sorts of air pollution. If the power can be provided by solar technologies, then large-scale hydrogen usage has a clearer future. Both Iceland and Germany are planning large-scale hydrogen transportation projects by converting bus fleets to hydrogen. However, the general economic downturn since 2008 has delayed the progress of establishing the hydrogen infrastructure.

Section: 21.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 7) Describe how hydropower is used to store energy.

Answer: In pumped storage, water is pumped uphill from one reservoir to another when demand for electricity is low and prices are cheap and then is allowed to flow downhill through turbines to generate electricity when demand is strong and prices are high. By using excess electricity generated by wind and solar sources during windy and sunny time periods to pump the water, pumped storage puts this "extra" renewable energy to use and helps utilities maximize electricity generation when needed to satisfy consumer demand.

Section: 21.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15 ..

21.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

The oldest wind farm in Pennsylvania is Humboldt Industrial Park, in Luzerne County, which went online on December 31, 1999. The two 65-kilowatt wind turbines were predicted to generate 200,000 kilowatt-hours of wind energy each year, replacing conventional electric generation that would otherwise annually produce 140 tons of carbon dioxide–the primary source of global climate change. Wind energy from these first two turbines also avoids the annual production of 800 pounds of nitrogen oxides and 1900 pounds of sulfur dioxide. The local community in Luzerne County had mixed reactions to the news that another wind farm was being installed in 2005. Some were excited about the possibility of lower energy bills, some were concerned about the effects on the environment, and others wondered if there was enough local wind (average wind speed = 10 miles per hour) to make such an investment worthwhile. An average wind speed of 9 to 13 mph is sufficient for most sizes of wind turbines. The power available in the wind is proportional to the cube of its speed, which means that doubling the wind speed increases the available power by a factor of eight.

1) If the wind speed averages 11 mph on Ashley Hill and 12 mph on Genevie Hill, then a turbine operating on Genevie Hill could, in theory, generate about ________% more electricity than a turbine on Ashley Hill.

A) 1 B) 10 C) 20 D) 30 E) 50 Answer: D Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Using wind turbines to produce electricity avoids the production of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, which are the major pollutants ________.

A) in acid rain B) damaging the ozone layer C) that trigger asthma and other respiratory ailments D) causing eutrophication of waterways E) in fertilizers Answer: A Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) An average household uses about 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. The first two turbines installed at Humboldt Industrial Park provide enough electricity to completely provide for the needs of approximately how many households?

A) 20 B) 200 C) 2000 D) 20,000 E) 200,000 Answer: A Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) An average household uses about 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. How many tons of carbon dioxide would be produced if the household's electricity were generated using only conventional energy sources?

A) 2,800,000 B) 1,400,000 C) 700 D) 70 E) 7 Answer: E Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) The production and consumption of electricity are most commonly measured in kilowatthours (kWh). A kilowatt-hour is one kilowatt (1000 watts) of electricity produced or consumed for one hour. A 10-kW wind turbine can generate about 10,000 kWh annually (enough to power a typical household) at a site such as Spirit Lake, Iowa, with wind speeds averaging 12 miles per hour. The 250-kW turbine installed at the elementary school in Spirit Lake provides about ________ of electricity annually.

A) 250 kWh B) 250 mWh C) 2500 kWh D) 25,000 kWh E) 250,000 kWh Answer: E Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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6) Using wind as a power source to do work ________.

A) is something that has been developed only in the past 10 years B) is a process that has been worked on for over 50 years C) began in Europe over 800 years ago D) began over 40,000 years ago in Australia E) has been discovered in Asian ruins over 5000 years old Answer: C Section: 21.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 22 Managing Our Waste 22.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) According to the figure, which of the following trends occurred from 1960 to 2000?

A) a decrease in the amount of waste produced B) a decrease in the amount of waste sent to landfills C) an increase in the amount of waste being recycled D) a decrease in the amount of waste being combusted E) an increase in the number of functioning landfills Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) In which of the following years was the greatest volume of material recycled?

A) 1970 B) 1980 C) 1990 D) 2000 E) 2015 Answer: E Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) Which decade was associated with the greatest percentage increase in the amount of waste disposed of in landfills?

A) 1970s B) 1980s C) 1990s D) 2000s E) 2010s Answer: A Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) According to the figure, which of the following trends has occurred since 1990?

A) an increase in the amount of waste being composted B) an increase in the amount of waste being landfilled C) an increase in the amount of waste being combusted D) a decrease in the amount of waste being recycled E) a decrease in the amount of waste produced Answer: A Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) In 2013, how many millions of tons of U.S. municipal solid waste were either recycled or composted?

A) 250 B) 160 C) 90 D) 130 E) 20 Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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22.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) plastic B) composted C) food scraps D) steel cans E) wood F) aluminum cans G) paper H) radioactive materials I) landfilled J) glass containers 1) The largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The largest contributor to municipal solid waste once materials have been composted and recycled Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Containers in the waste stream that are recycled at the highest percentage Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The largest portion of the municipal solid waste stream Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Items made of this material are currently recycled at a rate of only 9% Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) G 2) C 3) D 4) I 5) A

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22.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) In the United States, which of the following produce(s) the largest amount of unregulated hazardous waste?

A) industry B) households C) agriculture D) utilities E) military Answer: B Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The average American generates approximately ________ lb of solid waste per day.

A) 40 B) 1.5 C) 4.5 D) 13.7 E) 9 Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) To safeguard against groundwater contamination, sanitary landfills are ________.

A) located on slopes so water runs downhill B) lined with plastic and compacted clay C) lined with cement D) located in unpopulated areas E) located on industrial sites where groundwater is not used for drinking or agriculture Answer: B Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The amount of e-waste being produced in the United States is ________, and the amount of ewaste being recycled is ________.

A) increasing; increasing B) decreasing; decreasing C) increasing; decreasing D) stabilizing; increasing E) increasing; leveling off Answer: D Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) The first bottle bills were ________.

A) designed to provide glass for road construction B) initiated in the 1990s C) designed to cut down on litter D) designed to provide incentives to industry E) a consequence of landfill regulations Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The Fresh Kills Landfill ________.

A) collapsed onto a residential neighborhood because it had been filled to too great a height B) will remain open until late 2020 C) is being converted into a public park D) is a Superfund site located in Philadelphia E) is New York's first and only modern sanitary landfill Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) What do the Valley of the Drums outside of Louisville, Kentucky, and the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York, have in common?

A) Both recently won presidential recycling awards.

B) Both were evacuated because of contamination by toxins.

C) Both have banned the use of plastic grocery bags.

D) Both have municipal programs for dealing with e-waste.

E) Both were built on closed municipal landfills.

Answer: B Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) In the United States today, the approach that best reduces the volume and weight of municipal solid waste is ________.

A) compaction B) composting C) sanitary landfills D) incineration E) recycling Answer: D Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is a U.S. law enacted in the 1970s that ________.

A) reduces environmental levels of the 12 most toxic chemicals, called the "dirty dozen" B) requires states to pass bottle bills C) requires states to enact strict recycling standards D) regulates how hazardous waste is managed E) restricts use of off-road vehicles in national parks Answer: D Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following is produced by anaerobic decomposition in landfills?

A) carbon dioxide B) ozone C) nitrogen oxides D) methane E) methylmercury Answer: D Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Lining a landfill with a thick, tough, plastic barrier is a strategy to address problems related to ________.

A) methane production B) settling C) incomplete decomposition D) leachate E) mudslides and trash slides Answer: D Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Recycling aluminum cans saves ________% of the energy needed to make the same amount of aluminum from virgin bauxite.

A) 95 B) 80 C) 70 D) 50 E) 25 Answer: A Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) Over half of all U.S. municipal solid waste before recycling and composting consists of ________.

A) toxic waste B) plastics and metals C) glass, rubber, and wood D) paper, food waste, and yard waste E) plastics, metals, and glass Answer: D Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Industrial ecologists ________.

A) favor an economy that moves linearly rather than circularly B) advocate taxes on green industries C) redesign industrial systems to maximize physical and economic efficiency D) urge an emphasis on internal manufacturing costs rather than external costs E) primarily analyze industrial inputs Answer: C Section: 22.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Life-cycle analysis ________.

A) is an environmental movement designed to reduce municipal traffic and encourage alternative forms of transport B) defines how different organisms interact within ecosystems C) examines the cycling of carbon in the environment D) is the study of statistical changes in the human population E) examines the life of a product to increase efficiency Answer: E Section: 22.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Which of the following represent the categories of hazardous waste?

A) inorganic and organic B) ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and toxic C) nonbiodegradable and biodegradable D) municipal, industrial and agricultural E) solid, liquid, and gaseous Answer: B Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) Heavy metals ________.

A) become less hazardous after incineration B) become less hazardous over time as they degrade chemically C) are unregulated by the U.S. government D) persist through time and are prone to bioaccumulate E) are not harmful unless they are directly ingested Answer: D Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) E-waste often leaches hazardous levels of which of the following metals?

A) gold B) silver C) lead D) uranium E) platinum Answer: C Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) ________ is the intercollegiate recycling competition that began in Ohio in 2001.

A) The Green Giant Challenge B) Go Green C) Recyclemania D) The Recycle-or-Die Games E) The 3R Games Answer: C Section: 22.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) E-wastes are a source of ________.

A) compostable organic compounds B) flammables C) heavy metals D) radioactive materials E) acid corrosives Answer: C Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) Decomposition in a landfill will happen faster if there is more ________.

A) sunlight B) moisture C) garbage D) methane E) natural gas Answer: B Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The Superfund, established to clean up hazardous waste sites in the United States, is a part of what legislation?

A) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act B) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act C) Superfund Authority Act D) Hazardous Waste Management Act E) Superfund Management and Liability Act Answer: B Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Deep-well injection ________.

A) is a method of disposing of hazardous wastes into benthic seafloors B) is a pool of strong acids on the land surface used for breaking down e-waste C) involves putting hazardous wastes into layers of porous rock deep beneath human water supplies D) is the EPA-approved method of disposing of low-level radioactive wastes E) has been banned as unsafe by the Department of the Interior Answer: C Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) The EPA is charged with cleaning up brownfields, which are ________.

A) agricultural lands polluted by acid and heavy metals B) urban areas contaminated by acid drainage from mining C) lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials D) coastal seagrass beds damaged by industrial dumping E) desert regions used for unsafe nuclear waste disposal Answer: C Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) ________ pay for the cleanup of Superfund sites.

A) Polluters and/or taxpayers B) The EPA and the Department of the Interior C) State and local governments D) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability (CERCLA) Act of 1980 and the EPA E) The U.S. and Canadian governments Answer: A Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) In regard to the current state of e-wastes in the United States, ________.

A) only because of the actions of charitable organizations, the recycling rate is 5% B) although the recycling of e-wastes has improved, 60% of e-wastes are still being landfilled and incinerated C) because the EPA has classified e-wastes as toxic, more than 95% are being recycled D) the recycling rate has dropped significantly between 1999 and 2010 E) by EPA mandate, all metals in electronics have been replaced by biodegradable materials Answer: B Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) In general, buying in bulk is environmentally friendly because it ________.

A) reduces packaging waste B) recycles materials that would otherwise wind up in a landfill C) encourages people to eat or use just a little bit more than smaller sizes D) encourages people to eat less or use less of a product E) allows consumers to save money by purchasing larger amounts of an item for less Answer: A Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Bottle bills ________.

A) have been passed in all 50 states and Puerto Rico B) have been passed in just over half of the states in the United States C) usually involve consumers paying a nickel deposit on a beverage container D) have not effectively increased recycling rates in states that have them E) are fees paid by beverage companies in certain states Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) In 2018, China stopped importing recyclables from the United States and other countries.

China now requires that imported recyclables not exceed a contamination rate of ________%.

A) 0.5 B) 1.5 C) 2.5 D) 3.5 E) 5.0 Answer: A Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) U.S. households throw away more than 300 million electronics per year, with about ________% of them still functional.

A) 15 B) 20 C) 35 D) 65 E) 80 Answer: D Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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22.4 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the benefits and disadvantages of modern-day landfills in the United States.

Answer: In contrast to open landfills, modern-day sanitary landfills are lined and covered to prevent waste from contaminating the environment and threatening public health. They are regulated by state or local governments and must meet federal standards. U.S. regulations specify that landfills must be located away from wetlands and earthquake-prone faults, and be 6 meters (20 feet) above the water table. The bottom and sides must be lined with heavy plastic and clay to prevent aquifer contamination. Leachate must be collected in pipes, treated, and monitored.

Anaerobic bacteria that decompose landfill waste produce methane, which can be captured and used as an energy source. If this landfill gas is not captured, however, it can contribute to smog and global climate change. It also can explode. Many experts believe leachate escapes from landfills due to liner breakage. The dry state of landfills precludes rapid waste decay because decomposers thrive in wet conditions. Paper has been found to survive intact for decades. It has become increasingly difficult to find areas to locate new landfills. Most communities do not want large landfills in their midst for aesthetic reasons and for fear of potential health risks. Also, an uneven distribution of landfills decreases efficiency, requiring waste shipments over long distances.

Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) There are three main disposal methods for hazardous waste. One is landfills. Describe how hazardous waste landfills differ from ordinary sanitary landfills. Briefly discuss the other two ways that hazardous waste is contained.

Answer: There are three primary means of hazardous waste disposal in the United States and most other developed countries: landfills, surface impoundments, and injection wells. Secure landfills store hazardous waste so that it is isolated from people, wildlife, and ecosystems. The standards for landfills that receive hazardous waste are higher than those of ordinary sanitary landfills. They must have several impervious liners and leachate removal systems and must be located far from aquifers. Another method for storing hazardous waste, particularly liquid hazardous waste or waste in dissolved form, is in ponds or surface impoundments. To create a surface impoundment, a shallow depression is dug and lined with plastic or an impervious material such as clay. Water containing small amounts of hazardous waste is placed in the pond and allowed to evaporate, eventually leaving a residue of solid hazardous waste on the bottom.

The dry material is removed and transported elsewhere for permanent disposal. Surface impoundments may leak waste and some toxic material may evaporate, blow away, or travel in floodwater to surrounding areas. Therefore, impoundments are usually used only for temporary storage. The third disposal method is deep-well injection. In this long-term disposal method, a well is drilled deep beneath an area's water table. The well must reach below an impervious soil layer and must enter into porous rock. Wastes are injected into the well with the idea that they will be absorbed into the porous rock and remain deep underground, isolated from groundwater and human contact. Sometimes wells become corroded and leak waste into soil and aquifers.

Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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3) What are the benefits and drawbacks of incinerating trash? How have these problems been dealt with in most developed countries?

Answer: Incinerating waste reduces its weight by up to 75% and its volume by up to 90%. Most North American incinerators today also generate electricity in a process called waste-to-energy (WTE). The remaining ash is generally shipped to hazardous waste landfills; even though hightemperature incineration can destroy certain pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, it does not always eliminate all toxins, and such combustion actually can create new hazardous chemicals. Particulates, acids, dioxins, and heavy metals may be contained in incinerator smoke.

Early incinerators did not include mechanisms for mitigating air pollution, and many citizens still fear the health effects of released incinerator gases. Most developed nations now regulate incinerator emissions, and some have banned incineration outright. Scrubbers have been installed in some incinerators to remove hazardous combustion by-products and neutralize acidic gases.

Baghouse filters have been installed to reduce particulate emissions. Most incinerators are required to test their emissions to ensure that discarded ash meets safety standards.

Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) If reducing waste can increase efficiency, why is the output of industrial waste still so great?

What is the application of industrial ecology and life-cycle analysis to these problems?

Answer: Physical efficiency is not always equivalent to economic efficiency. Often it is cheaper for industry to generate waste than to avoid it. Market prices drive industry's decisions, even though market prices do not reflect external societal and ecological costs. Possible solutions to decrease waste and increase physical efficiency include the following: raising corporate wastedisposal costs and offering tax incentives to corporations that reduce waste; creating market systems that internalize ecological costs into the production process; and encouraging consumers to purchase recycled goods through price supports on recycled goods or taxes on goods not made from recycled raw materials. The most recent progress is coming from the field of industrial ecology and its life-cycle analysis of waste. Companies that subscribe to life-cycle analysis concentrate on every category of waste and try to identify other companies that may be able to use their wastes as a resource or try to recycle materials. The Swiss Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (ZERI) has sponsored many such innovative projects of this type all over the world, such as projects to minimize brewery waste in Canada, Sweden, Japan, and Namibia.

Section: 22.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 5) Describe the growing problems in dealing with e-waste.

Answer: E-wastes include cell phones, computer components, fax machines, televisions, VCRs, and other electronic equipment. Many are turning up in landfills. These items contain heavy metals and flame retardants, which make them candidates for hazardous waste designation. This designation would keep them out of ordinary landfills. Many discarded electronic devices can be disassembled for recycling. There are many businesses and nonprofit groups that collect items for recycling. Because of the toxic materials risk, guidelines for the recycling industry need to be developed. Although recycling rates have improved in the last decade, approximately 60% of ewastes are still ending up in landfills and incinerators.

Section: 22.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13 ..

6) Describe the advantages of composting.

Answer: In natural systems, there is no solid waste. All organic waste is used for food by other organisms. Conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus through the natural biological processes of decomposition reduces landfill waste, enriches soil and helps it retain water and resist erosion, encourages soil biodiversity, makes for healthier plants and more pleasing gardens, and reduces the need for irrigation and chemical fertilizers.

Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Identify steps that can be taken to reduce the size of the waste stream.

Answer: Industry can decrease waste by making their practices more efficient with regard to wastes produced and by minimizing packaging. Consumers can minimize waste by purchasing fewer goods, choosing products with minimal packaging (e.g., buying a case of toilet paper that does not contain individually wrapped four-packs), reusing goods they already own, buying used items, and donating unwanted items rather than disposing of them. Consumers can also recycle items such as cardboard, newspaper, metals, glass, and plastics, and they can compost yard waste and food scraps.

Section: 22.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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22.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

A "throwaway mentality" and increased packaging have amplified the consumption of paper and plastic in our society. Disposable plates, cups, and utensils are convenient, sanitary, and inexpensive, and packaging preserves freshness, prevents breakage, protects against tampering, provides information to consumers, and allows shipment of products over long distances.

However, paper and plastic do not degrade readily in sanitary landfills. Garbologist William Rathje found legible newspapers in landfills decades after disposal. Because trees used to make virgin paper and petrochemicals used to make plastics may soon become depleted, source reduction is the best solution to the waste dilemma. Denmark has banned the use of nonrefillable beverage containers, and McDonald's restaurants in Austria and Sweden have been using biodegradable, compostable cutlery. Recycling has value as well, as long as the recycling loop is closed and people purchase recycled items. Bottle bills and municipal curbside collection provide recycling incentives. Paper recycling is profitable if waste is properly sorted. All kinds of paper and cardboard are recyclable. Food and paperboard (non-corrugated thin coated board such as cereal boxes) can contaminate collections, however, reducing their value. After processing, paper and cardboard are used to make paper towels and paperboard for packaging cereal, shoes, and toys. Uncapped, washed, and flattened plastic is recycled into carpets, pillows, and new bottles.

Although low-density polyethylene (LDPE), from which grocery bags are made, is the most widely used plastic, beverage bottle polyethylene terephthalate, or PET(E), and high-density polyethylene, or HDPE, are the most widely recycled plastics. Containers from toxic substances such as motor oil, pesticides, and solvents are not usually accepted with collected plastic because of contamination. Methods to reuse and recycle polystyrene are in development, although presently Styrofoam is not collected with other plastics and is considered a contaminant as well.

1) Closing the recycling loop refers to ________.

A) avoiding contamination of plastic and paper collectables during sorting B) finding ways to recycle all plastics, including polystyrene C) covering landfills once they have outlived their usefulness and converting the sites to public parks D) composting biodegradable plastic E) purchasing items made from recycled materials Answer: E Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Plastic ________.

A) containers from motor oil are recycled with beverage bottles to make new bottles B) polystyrene is considered a plastic contaminant C) not made from recyclables is made from renewable raw materials D) from beverage containers is easily recyclable if uncapped, washed, and flattened E) from grocery bags is labeled with recycling symbols #1 and #2 Answer: D Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 15 ..

3) ________ can contaminate wastepaper and decrease the value of collected paper and cardboard.

A) Corrugated cardboard boxes B) Cereal boxes C) Office papers D) Newspapers E) Paper shopping bags Answer: B Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 4) LDPE is ________.

A) not currently recyclable B) the most widely recycled plastic C) the plastic used to make grocery bags D) banned in Denmark E) a toxin found in most plastics Answer: C Section: 22.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 7e (Withgott) Chapter 23 Minerals and Mining 23.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) At present rates of consumption, what year would cobalt no longer be obtainable?

A) 2050 B) 2100 C) 2193 D) 2255 E) 2400 Answer: C Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) Until what year can companies still be profitable by recovering lead at current prices?

A) 2035 B) 2120 C) 2235 D) 2470 E) 2520 Answer: A Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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3) How many years do we have left to harvest titanium?

A) 150 B) 200 C) 325 D) 400 E) 500 Answer: C Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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23.2 Matching Questions Match the following.

A) open pit mining B) subsurface mining C) remuneration D) reclamation E) placer mining F) straw mining G) recreation H) solution mining I) prospecting J) mountaintop removal mining K) strip mining 1) Mineral extraction by removing up to several hundred vertical feet from hill and mountaintops Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Sifting through sand and silt in riverbeds for minerals using flowing water Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Tunneling deep underground to extract minerals Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Removing surface layers to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Restoration of mined areas to pre-mining conditions Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Extracting minerals from underground by dissolving them and then sucking or pumping the dissolved minerals out of the ground Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Answers: 1) J 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) K 6) D 7) H 3 ..

23.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A ________ is a naturally occurring solid chemical element or inorganic compound with a distinct composition and a crystal structure.

A) rock B) sediment C) mineral D) nutrient E) horizon Answer: C Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The General Mining Act of 1872 ________.

A) requires remediation and reclamation of areas damaged by mining operations B) officially legalized mountaintop removal C) encouraged the prospecting for minerals on federal lands D) was named after a Civil War general who died at the Battle of Gettysburg E) legalized the mining for gold in California Answer: C Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, and malleable and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________.

A) element B) gemstone C) radioactive element D) metal E) crystal Answer: D Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Smelting of iron ore involves ________.

A) crushing and heating the ore to its melting point B) heating the ore beyond iron's melting point and separating it from the other material C) washing the ore with acid to extract iron D) dissolving the ore in hot water to separate iron and aluminum E) oxidizing iron to ferric oxide and then adding silicon and boron Answer: B Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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5) If you want to avoid buying a "blood diamond," you should avoid purchasing ________.

A) any rose-colored diamonds B) a diamond from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, or Liberia C) a diamond mined from a subsurface mine in the Ukraine D) a synthetically produced diamond E) a diamond that has been manufactured from mercury via alchemy Answer: B Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 6) In Appalachia, many miners are out of work because ________.

A) of a moratorium on mountaintop removal B) they are not needed, since mountaintop removal is highly mechanized C) coal extraction has decreased because the region is beginning to run out of coal D) they were fired for protesting mountaintop removal E) of local protests that shut down mining operations Answer: B Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Tantalum is used primarily for the manufacture of ________.

A) electronics such as cell phones, computers, and digital cameras B) high-quality steel C) plastics D) aerospace engines and aircraft hulls E) pesticides, fertilizers, and biodiesel fuel Answer: A Section: 23.1, 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________.

A) coltan B) coal, diamonds, and gold C) oil sands D) limestone, natural gas, and peat Answer: B Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) It takes ________ energy to produce aluminum from ore than to obtain it from recycled sources.

A) 20 times more B) 20 times less C) roughly the same amount of D) 7 times more E) 7 times less Answer: A Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Coltan ore contains ________.

A) coal B) tantalum C) uranium D) aluminum E) cobalt Answer: B Section: 23.0 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires ________.

A) mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted B) 20% of sales revenues to be donated to national park maintenance C) restoration of the identical ecosystem and biodiversity present before mining began D) no remediation of water pollution, except in the case of uranium mining E) all mined minerals to be processed and sold only within the United States Answer: A Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) According to critics, the U.S. General Mining Act of 1872 ________.

A) opens mining rights to foreign nations that stake claims on U.S. land B) makes mining unprofitable except for the largest corporations C) has pollution and remediation clauses that are too strict D) has allowed mining in urban centers with dense commercial development E) practically gives away resources located on public land Answer: E Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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13) The dwindling supplies of rare metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________.

A) exploit known deposits more efficiently B) relax environmental requirements for mining C) recycle existing supplies D) reduce demands for social and economic justice E) increase demand for the products in which they are used Answer: C Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) In 2010, geologists from the U.S. military discovered nearly $1 trillion worth of minerals in ________.

A) Vietnam B) Iraq C) Nevada D) Afghanistan E) Peru Answer: D Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all the following EXCEPT ________.

A) lowering prices for products using these minerals B) finding more available substitutes for these minerals C) recycling D) exploring for new mineral reserves E) researching more efficient extraction techniques Answer: A Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 16) Bauxite ore is a source of ________.

A) lead B) tantalum C) aluminum D) coal E) coltan Answer: C Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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17) The newest bonanza for recycling scarce and toxic metals is to recover them from ________.

A) car batteries B) construction sites C) closed landfills D) e-wastes such as computers E) compact discs, LPs, and 8-track tapes Answer: D Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Many types of mining, such as coal mining, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________.

A) eutrophication B) acid drainage C) chlorinated pesticides D) sludge E) suspended limestone particles Answer: B Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Examples of valuable nonmetallic minerals extracted by mining are ________.

A) gold, platinum, and copper B) nitrogen, hydrogen, and neon C) lead, cadmium, and mercury D) diamonds, gravel, and phosphate E) radon, radium, and sodium Answer: D Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Placer mining involves the use of ________.

A) draglines and heavy dump trucks B) screens or pans and running water C) explosives and support beams D) a pickaxe and rock hammer E) seismic activators and thermal couplers Answer: B Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) A(n) ________ is a solid aggregation of ________.

A) mineral; rocks B) crystal; rocks C) mineral; crystals D) element; crystals E) rock; minerals Answer: E Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) A(n) ________ is formed by the fusion of a metal with another metal or a nonmetal.

A) alloy B) ore C) tailing D) smelting E) aggregation Answer: A Section: 23.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) At today's rate of consumption, the world's known reserves of tantalum will last about ________ more years, but if everyone in the world began consuming tantalum at the rate of U.S. citizens, then it would last for only ________ years.

A) 2016; 131 B) 56; 7 C) 377; 5 D) 314; 159 E) 129; 31 Answer: E Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Toxic slurries of tailings created by mining operation are often stored in reservoirs called ________.

A) smelters B) strip mines C) artesian wells D) deep well injections E) surface impoundments Answer: E Section: 23.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) Many nations now require mining companies to perform ________, which is the process of returning the mining site back to its pre-mining condition.

A) placer B) smelting C) impoundment D) solution mining E) reclamation Answer: E Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 23.4 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the facets of sustainable mineral use.

Answer: Minerals are nonrenewable resources and therefore need to be mined and utilized efficiently. Otherwise, scarce minerals such as indium, copper, gold, and tantalum will rapidly reach the depletion point, past which their extraction and processing will be prohibitively expensive. A cornerstone of sustainable minerals use is recycling. The greater the volume of recycled scarce minerals and the more efficient the recycling process, the longer the supplies will last and the longer we have to discover more available, cheaper, and renewable replacements.

Practical goals are those already attained for gold, where more metal is recycled than consumed, and lead, where most of U.S. lead consumed comes from recycled items such as car batteries.

Finally, new deposits need to be sought, and more efficient extraction technologies need to be developed.

Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Discuss the major environmental impacts of mining operations.

Answer: Because mineral resources are solids that are part of Earth's crust, extracting them can involve serious ecological disruptions, landscape alteration, and sometimes large-scale pollution of water and air. Mountaintop removal is a technique of coal extraction in which more than 100 vertical meters of a mountaintop are blasted and removed to expose deposits. This causes debris to rain down the hillsides, clogging and polluting stream sources and thus water supplies, destroying wildlife habitats and causing the loss of biodiversity. In the case of mining in Appalachia, physical destruction of homes and other buildings also occurs. Smelting of iron and other ores may produce large of amounts of sulfur oxides, which cause acid precipitation and ecosystem destruction. In mining operations that require extraction and washing techniques, streams and groundwater are likely to become contaminated by sulfates (acidification) and soluble toxic metal ions such as aluminum, manganese, cadmium, and nickel. In addition, other chemicals used in the extraction process may be present in mine tailings and cause further water pollution. The operations of strip mining and open pit mining remove extensive areas of native vegetation, damage fertile soils, and increase rates of erosion. They also can cause acid drainage, when sulfide ores are exposed to and oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. The sulfates thus formed are mixed with rainwater and cause the same sorts of damage to soils and plants found in acid deposition from coal-fired industries and electrical generating plants.

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23.5 Scenario-Based Questions Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

In 2010, geologists working for the U.S. military operations in Afghanistan discovered a literal treasure trove of mineral deposits with a preliminary estimated value of nearly U.S. $1 trillion.

So far, no proposals have been made for extracting these resources, but already parallels have been drawn to the many dimensions of human rights issues that have plagued coltan production in the Congo, oil drilling in Nigeria, and the "blood diamonds" of Sierra Leone. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) manages a program called the Mining Investment and Development for Afghanistan Sustainability (MIDAS) project, whose goal is to assist the Afghan government in responsibly developing the nation's mining industry. You have been appointed as a chief advisor for the MIDAS project.

1) Regarding costs of restoration and reclamation of mining sites, you should strongly recommend that ________.

A) the Afghan central government take responsibility for all costs incurred B) the U.S. military take responsibility for all costs incurred C) any corporation wishing to invest post a bond for reclamation and hire Afghans to do the work D) the U.S. EPA oversee the operation and pay for it E) the costs be shared by the Afghan central government and by the most powerful tribal leaders Answer: C Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 2) USAID is likely to do or support all the following actions EXCEPT ________.

A) deploy mineral exploration teams of Afghan geologists and engineers to search for mineral deposits B) provide technical assistance to Afghanistan's Ministry of Mines and Petroleum C) train Afghans to become mining technicians D) encourage international mining corporations to regulate mining activities in Afghanistan E) aid in environmental protection and help plan future reclamation of mined areas Answer: D Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 3) A useful benefit from mining profits could be ________.

A) permanent enclaves of foreign scientists and mine managers located near mining sites B) training for Afghan mining technicians and establishing Afghan mining institutes C) creation of improved roads into and around mining sites for corporate transport and mining machinery D) using the U.S. military to provide security at mines E) establishing high-end tourist hotels for visiting foreign mine executives and their families Answer: B Section: 23.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 11 ..