Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications, 12th Edition GEOFFREY E MILLS Test

Type:

Test Bank

Educational Research Resource: Competencies for Analysis and Applications Edition:

12th Edition

Author(s):

Geoffrey E. Mills L. R. Gay

Test Bank For

Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications Twelfth Edition Geoffrey Mills, Southern Oregon University Lorraine Gay, Late of Florida International University

Table of Contents

Test Items: Chapter 1 Introduction to Educational Research ........................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Ethics in Educational Research ................................................................... 11 Chapter 3 Selecting and Defining a Research Topic ................................................... 14 Chapter 4 Reviewing the Literature ............................................................................. 21 Chapter 5 Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan .................................................. 26 Chapter 6 Selecting a Sample ...................................................................................... 31 Chapter 7 Selecting Measurement Instruments ........................................................... 39 Chapter 8 Survey Research .......................................................................................... 50 Chapter 9 Correlational Research ................................................................................ 57 Chapter 10 Causal-Comparative Research .................................................................... 66 Chapter 11 Experimental Research ................................................................................ 75 Chapter 12 Single-Subject Experimental Research ....................................................... 87 Chapter 13 Narrative Research ...................................................................................... 94 Chapter 14 Ethnographic Research .............................................................................. 101 Chapter 15 Case Study Research ................................................................................. 110 Chapter 16 Mixed Methods Research .......................................................................... 115 Chapter 17 Action Research ........................................................................................ 122 Chapter 18 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................. 130 Chapter 19 Inferential Statistics ................................................................................... 142 Chapter 20 Qualitative Data Collection ....................................................................... 151 Chapter 21 Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation ............................................ 160 Chapter 22 Preparing a Research Report ..................................................................... 166 Chapter 23 Evaluating a Research Report ................................................................... 173 Answer Key …………………………………………………………………………... 183

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Chapter 1 Test Items 1.

Of the following, which is a type of qualitative research? a. Correlational b. Causal-comparative c. Ethnographic d. Experimental

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Of the following, which is a type of qualitative research? a. Experimental b. Survey c. Prediction d. Case study

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After reviewing the literature, the qualitative researcher will select participants. The participants in a qualitative study differ from those in a quantitative study in that a. the number of participants are usually larger in qualitative studies. b. the participants are purposefully selected. c. the participants provide no personally identifiable information. d. the time commitment for participants is generally shorter.

4. The first step of the scientific method is to a. recognize and define a problem. b. describe and execute research procedures. c. analyze the collected data. d. formulate hypotheses.

5. Developing generalizations from a limited number of related observations or experiences is referred to as a. deductive reasoning. b. inductive reasoning. c. scientific method. d. reliance on tradition.

6. Which of the following is indicative of most survey research? a. This method relies on controlling independent variables. b. This method relies on internal and external criticism. c. This method relies on tests and questionnaires. d. This method relies on interviews and observations.

7. Narrative is a method employed by a. quantitative researchers. b. qualitative researchers.

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c. experimental researchers. d. empirical researchers.

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One difference between qualitative and quantitative research is that a. quantitative researchers develop deep relationships with their participants. b. qualitative researchers rely on objective analysis of the data. c. qualitative researchers manipulate the research context. d. quantitative researchers state hypothesis prior to beginning the study.

9. Case Study is a method employed by a. quantitative researchers. b. qualitative researchers. c. experimental researchers. d. empirical researchers.

10. Which of the following is an example of a causal-comparative question? a. Are there gender differences in the effectiveness of computer-based simulations? b. Is there a relationship between computer-based simulation training and attitudes about computers? c. What happens in a typical science lesson that includes computer-based simulations? d. What are the reasons a school would include computer-based simulations in their instructional materials?

11. Which of the following is an example of a correlational study? a. What are the attitudes of the parents about our districts new homework policy? b. Is there a relationship between student achievement and homework completion? c. Are there differences in parent attitudes about homework between mothers and fathers? d. How much homework does the average fifth grade teacher in our district assign?

12. Karen is a school principal. She has been collecting data all year regarding the benefits and costs of an after-school community service program. She thinks the program is effective but must make a decision about whether or not the outcomes of the program for the children justify the cost. She collects data from the students, parents, and those that have benefited from the program to assist in making her decision. Karen is engaging in which type of research? a. Evaluation b. Experimental c. Correlational d. Causal-comparative 13. Max is a trainer with the "Information Technology Consulting Firm." The CEO of a large business hired Max's firm to do a long-term training for her company. Max wants to gain a sense of how the training is going so he can make any necessary changes over the next few months. Max is illustrating which of the following?

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a. b. c. d.

Basic research Qualitative methods Formative evaluation Summative evaluation

14. A publishing company is interested in determining if there is a need for a new reading curriculum. The research they will conduct is best categorized as a. experimental research. b. correlational research. c. action research. d. research and development.

15. Paula is a materials scientist. She does research on the effects of environmental toxins on various materials samples. She carefully designs these studies and collects data in order to derive theory about how toxins affect these materials. Of the following, Paula's research could best be described as a. basic. b. correlational. c. ethnography. d. applied.

16. Michele is interested in the effects on learning outcomes of questions within instructional materials delivered to learners via the web. She randomly assigns students to groups given either materials with questions or materials with no questions, and assesses the effects of the questions based upon student performance on multiple-choice questions administered after learning. Of the following, Michele's research could best be described as a. survey. b. correlational. c. experimental. d. narrative.

17. Chris is interested in the role of attitudes about weight training. He developed a questionnaire and sent it out to a sample of 30- to 59-year-old males and females. Of the following, Chris's attitude study could best be described as ________ research. a. survey b. correlational c. experimental d. narrative 18. Kai is a qualitative researcher. The topic of his study is the homework strategies used by middle school children in an after-school homework club. He has reviewed the literature on both homework strategies and after-school programs, and he has selected five children to study over the next three months. Of the following, which is most likely the next step in Kai's study? a. Random assignment of participants to condition 3 .

b. Reporting his results c. Collecting data d. Conducting statistical analyses 19. Katelin is interested in examining the relationship between years of gymnastics classes taken as a child and osteoporosis as an adult. She is concerned only with females because more girls take gymnastics than do boys, and more women have osteoporosis than do men. Katelin addressing this concern and then developing research questions and hypotheses involves which step of the research process? a. Selection and definition of a problem b. Execution of procedures c. Analysis of data d. Drawing and stating conclusions 20. Won is interested in academic procrastination. She provides her participants a number of instruments on academic procrastination and then examines the relationships among the answers they provide. Of the following, which type of research does Won's study represent? a. Survey b. Causal-comparative c. Experimental d. Case study 21. Leslie is finishing her final research report on challenges faculty face when using new technologies. She includes some direct quotations from her participants to best illustrate her main findings. Of the following, which type of research best represents Leslie's study? a. Experimental b. Research and Development c. Survey d. Narrative 22. Basic researchers collect data primarily to a. determine methods for practical problems. b. make decisions about programs. c. develop theories. d. develop educational "best practices."

23. Which of the following examples illustrates reliance on deductive reasoning? a. Paul believes a vaccine works because his doctor says that it does. b. Bill concludes that his car uses unleaded fuel because it is an Escape and all Escapes use unleaded fuel. c. Juan assumes that black holes exist because scientists have told him that they do. d. Jack concludes that all mammals have fur based upon observing his cat and dog.

24. Which of the following research questions is most consistent with a correlational study?

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a. Is there a relationship between amount of silent independent reading time allocated in a classroom and reading standardized test scores? b. What are the characteristics of a typical classroom's silent independent reading session? c. Are there grade level differences in the effectiveness of independent silent reading? d. How many minutes is the typical independent silent reading session?

25. Which of the following research questions is most consistent with a survey study? a. What are the behaviors users display while they play violent video games? b. Is there a relationship between violent video game use and aggressive behavior in school? c. How many hours per week does the average 6th grader play video games? d. Are there gender differences in types of violent behavior of children who play video games?

26. The main purpose of research and development efforts in education is to a. contribute to science. b. formulate theory. c. develop products. d. make educational decisions.

27. Marge is conducting a study that addresses the effects of a funded program that recently concluded. Marge is likely conducting a. basic research. b. experimental research. c. formative evaluation. d. summative evaluation.

28. Dean is a quantitative researcher who studies attitudes about computer use. Which of the following data collection strategies is most consistent with a quantitative research design? a. Observe a few participants over an extended period of time as they work on computers. b. Conduct focus group interviews to determine computer users' attitudes. c. Interview a few participants and ask them to refer others to the study. d. Develop and administer a Likert-type survey to collect attitude data.

29. Of the following which is likely a statement made by a qualitative researcher in a study that addresses social skills training? a. I would like to interview a few of the participants to understand their training. b. I would like to give participants a test to determine their skill level. c. I would like to use teacher ratings to see if the program worked. d. I would like to control which students get the training so we can compare groups of children that did and did not get training.

30. Correlational research is concerned with a. differences between conditions. b. examining relationships among variables.

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c. describing the preferences of some group of people. d. controlling treatment conditions for appropriate comparison.

31. Action research is used to a. find and solve educators' problems. b. control independent variables. c. promote generalization of research findings. d. examine historical educational trends.

32. Roger is a narrative researcher who studies the steeltown communities of the 1950s. Of the

following which is a data source Roger will likely use in his work? a. A new book on the subject b. A recording of a journalist's visit c. A newspaper story written overseas d. An interview with longtime residents 33. Which of the following illustrates Aaron, a qualitative researcher, collecting data for an ethnographic study on alternative schooling? a. Aaron sends out surveys to directors of alternative schools. b. Aaron examines achievement measures of students enrolled in alternative schools. c. Aaron invites students from alternative schools to visit him and conducts interviews. d. Aaron goes to an alternative school and volunteers on the staff.

34. Of the following, which is a type of qualitative research? a. Narrative b. Causal-comparative c. Experimental d. Correlational 35. Experimental research differs from causal-comparative research in that a. causal-comparative research is interested in statistical relationships between variables and experimental research is not. b. experimental research relies on data collection from multiple pools of participants while causal-comparative research relies on participants from a single pool. c. experimental research controls the dependent variable in the study and causalcomparative does not. d. experimental research controls the selection of participants from a single pool and divides them into groups while causal-comparative research does not.

36. Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a qualitative research study? a. Data collection is ongoing. b. Control over contextual factors c. Generalization of findings d. Statistical procedures for data analysis 6 .

37. Given the following portion of a research manuscript, "Three hundred sixty students were asked about their attitudes toward school. Findings indicate positive attitudes in the lower grades and more negative attitudes as learners age." What type of study does this suggest was conducted? a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Survey d. Ethnography 38. A research study led to the following finding, "Students in the treatment condition indicated significantly better achievement on the recognition assessment than those in the control condition." What type of research was likely conducted? a. Survey b. Action c. Correlational d. Experimental 39. Evaluation researchers collect data primarily to a. determine methods for practical problems. b. make decisions about programs. c. develop theories. d. develop educational "best practices."

40. In a causal-comparative study that examines differences in psychomotor skills between young, suburban, middle-class Hispanic children and young, urban, middle-class Caucasian children, the dependent variable is a. Hispanic. b. psychomotor skills. c. urban. d. middle class.

41. The type of qualitative research that includes conducting research on a unit of study or bounded system is most often referred to as a. narrative. b. case study. c. ethnography. d. survey.

42. Which of the following, by law, is a required characteristic of Institutional Review Board (IRB) membership composition? a. A minimum of seven members b. Both qualitative and quantitative researchers c. Gender diversity d. Cultural diversity 7 .

43. Researchers seek approval from the IRB prior to a. generating a hypothesis. b. collecting research data. c. developing a research plan. d. conducting a literature review.

44. The Federal Act that protects privacy of educational records is referred to as the a. National Family Rights and Privacy Act. b. National Family Research Act. c. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. d. National Research Act. 45. Jackie is conducting a study at the local skate park on youths' use of slang language. She is unsure if she needs to submit her research to the IRB and asks for your opinion. How would you respond? a. She does not need IRB permission because of anonymity. b. She needs IRB permission because of personal privacy. c. She does not need IRB permission because she is observing only. d. She does not need IRB permission because there is no deception.

46. Which of the following illustrates anonymity? a. After interviewing participants, the researcher assigns each participant pseudonyms. b. Although she can identify responses on the attitude measure by their handwriting, Kate does not report the names. c. Kristi replaces the participants' names on their research materials with a random number. d. Because Kelly does not know who participated in her study, she cannot report their names.

47. Genna has told parents that their children's responses to a spatial ability measure that she used in research will not be reported in the research report. However, she intends to report the data. This ethical concern relates to a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. debriefing. d. deception.

48. One of the reasons why ethical concerns for qualitative researchers are enhanced is because a. the researcher is engaged in the research context. b. the research generally addresses sensitive topics. c. qualitative researchers do not obtain informed consent. d. qualitative researchers generally employ deception.

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49. Of the following, informed consent accurately refers to a a. minor child participant's agreement to participate in a study knowing the true nature of the study. b. parent's legal permission for their children to participate in a study knowing the true nature of the study. c. school's formal agreement to allow researchers to conduct work in their school knowing the true nature of the study. d. teacher's formal permission to allow researchers in his or her classroom knowing the true nature of the study.

50. James conducted a qualitative study in a fraternity house. As a researcher, he pledged the frat and conducted an ethnography about the nature of fraternity life at a large university. When he wrote up the study he did not use real names of the other members. He also did not identify the university in his research report. He did not tell the other fraternity members he was a researcher and that he was collecting data. Which of the following addresses ethical considerations of James's study? a. There are not ethical violations, it was an ethnography and participants were kept confidential. b. There are not ethical violations, it was an ethnography and the participants were kept anonymous. c. There are ethical concerns, participants did not given their informed consent for the study. d. There are ethical concerns, clear potential to harm participants was included within the study design.

51. Bruce studies the effects of class size on standardized test scores. He recently approached a school district about conducting a study in their school. The school personnel were really excited to work with Bruce so they provided hard copies of students' individual standardized test results. Although the school district was being helpful, this illustrates a violation of a. The National Research Act. b. The Family Research Act. c. The National Family Rights and Privacy Act. d. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. 52. Michele wants to conduct a study in a local charter school. Which of the following is likely a first step? a. Contact the parents by sending a mailing that introduces her study so they consent. b. Determine required procedures for entry into the school for research. c. Send a letter to the superintendent, the principal, and the classroom teacher introducing the study. d. Arrive at the school, obtain a visitor's pass, and observe several classrooms to assure this is an appropriate site.

53. In order to gain approval to conduct a study in a certain school, researchers usually need to first obtain permission from a. the superintendent.

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b. the state. c. the children. d. the classroom teacher.

54. Kyle, age 10, heard about a great research study and wants to participate. His parents do not wish him to participate and have not signed a consent form. Can Kyle participate? a. Yes, Kyle is old enough that he does not need parental consent. b. Yes, Kyle wants to participate and his assent overrides parental consent. c. No, Kyle can not participate unless his parents consent. d. No, Kyle can not participate because the study involves deception.

55. Sara conducted a study in her sixth grade classroom. The study focused on students' interests in science classes. Sara shared what individual students said about their interest in science with the seventh grade teachers to help place students in next year's classes. What can one conclude about Sara's sharing this information? a. In this case, it was ethical to share students' data since it will help them in their education. b. In this case, it was ethical to share students' data since the study was conducted in school. c. In this case, it was unethical to share students' data since that information was confidential. d. In this case, it was unethical to share students' data since the information was anonymous.

56. Nigel, age 17, is a high school student attending classes at a local community college. He was asked to sign consent to participate in a research study for one of his classes for extra credit. Can Nigel participate without his parents' consent? a. Yes, because he is attending a postsecondary institution, his parents' consent is not necessary. b. No, Nigel can only participate if his parents consent to his participation. c. Yes, Nigel wants to participate and at his age his assent overrides parental consent. d. No, it is always unethical for students to participate in studies for extra credit.

57. The philosophical assumption that addresses the nature of reality is referred to as a. epistemology. b. phenomenology. c. ontology. d. methodology.

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Chapter 2 Test Items 1. Research studies are primarily built on trust between a. researchers and participants. b. researchers and the IRB. c. participants and the IRB. d. researchers and professional organizations.

2. When in need of ethical guidance, where should a researcher first look? a. A colleague b. Google c. Professional organizations d. A textbook 3. One professional organization offering ethical guidance in social science research is the a. Alternative Education Resource Organization. b. Council for Educational Research. c. American Bar Association. d. American Psychological Association.

4. Which act authorized the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research? a. Individuals with Disabilities Act b. National Research Act of 1974 c. Civil Rights Act d. No Child Left Behind 5. Most hospitals, colleges, and universities have a review group, usually called the Human Subjects Review Committee or the a. Institutional Review Board. b. Internal Review Board. c. Research Review Board. d. Ethics Guidance Committee.

6. What is the minimum number of members needed to constitute an HSRC or IRB? a. 5 b. 10 c. 4 d. 2 7. The most basic and important ethical issue in research is the a. assurance of sound methodology. b. protection of participants. c. guidance of researchers. d. assurance of publishable results.

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8. The process through which a participant agrees to participate in research of their own free will and is informed of their rights as a participant is known as obtaining a. involuntary participation. b. rights to study. c. permission to study. d. informed consent.

9. Which of the following populations cannot give informed consent? a. Minors b. Teachers c. Adults in a non-deceptive study d. Deidentified adult participants 10. When can a research participant choose to withdraw from a research study? a. Only during the consent process b. Within one week of data collection c. At any time d. Only at the conclusion of the study 11. If the identity of the participant is hidden from the researcher, the data are a. anonymous. b. deidentified. c. confidential. d. secure.

12. When a researcher knows the identity of a participant but does NOT disclose this identity, then the data are considered to be a. anonymous. b. deidentified. c. confidential. d. secure.

13. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 is also referred to as the a. Research Amendment. b. Johnson Amendment. c. Freedom Amendment. d. Buckley Amendment.

14. A common ethical dilemma in research that occurs when a researcher wants to study a topic that he/she cannot disclose completely to participants without influencing behavior or responses is known as a. bribery. b. anonymity. c. confidentiality. d. deception.

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15. One major way qualitative research differs from quantitative research is that qualitative researchers a. personally engage in the research process. b. conduct more rigorous research. c. conduct less rigorous research. d. follow more stringent ethical standards.

16. Action researchers are both researchers and a. participants. b. change agents. c. ethics reviewers. d. administrators.

17. Gaining entry to a school research site usually requires participation from a a. university IRB. b. school or district level administrator. c. trusted colleague. d. teacher.

18. The first code of the American Anthropological Code of ethics is to a. avoid harm. b. be transparent. c. obtain informed consent. d. make results accessible.

19. A research study in which the research plan evolves and changes as the researcher is immersed in the research process is most likely what classification of study? a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Qualitative d. Quantitative 20. An institutional review board must include at least one a. historian. b. educator. c. non-scientist. d. psychologist.

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Chapter 3 Test Items 1. According to your text the first step in applying the scientific method is a. searching the existing literature. b. generating and testing a hypothesis. c. selecting and defining a research problem. d. drawing conclusions from data.

2. One drawback of initial research problems is that they are often a. not relevant. b. too broad. c. too narrow. d. not ethical.

3. Chyna is conducting a study with college students reading science texts that explores the role of interest apart from knowledge as articulated in Patricia Alexander's Model of Domain Learning. Chyna's research problem is best described as a study that a. tests theory. b. is a replication. c. is developed through library search. d. comes from personal experiences.

4. Jill is a history teacher interested in whether differences exist in motivation to study history between students who are taught concepts sequentially through time and those who are taught concepts by geographic region. Jill's research problem is best described as a study that a. tests theory. b. is a replication. c. is developed through library search. d. comes from personal experiences.

5. Jack just read an interesting study regarding middle school children's use of computer animated simulations to learn introductory chemistry. Although he is a physics professor he wants to see if the benefits of simulations are also found in college physics learners. Jack's research topic is best described as a study that a. tests theory. b. is a replication. c. is developed through library search. d. comes from personal experiences.

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6. The first step in selecting a research problem is a. going to the library and searching. b. asking an authority for opinion. c. selecting a problem related to your interest and expertise. d. reading theories and determining which to examine further.

7. An organized body of concepts, generalizations, and principles defines a. a theory. b. a hypothesis. c. an experiment. d. a model.

8. Based upon your textbook's discussion, overview sources, such as handbooks in a particular area of research can best assist you in a. selecting a topic you will consider for further study. b. narrowing a topic you are considering for further research. c. developing a theoretical basis for a study you have conducted. d. determining the best methodology for a study you have designed.

9. Which of the following is the best example of a researchable problem? a. Should children who are in the primary grades be allowed to walk to school? b. Are children in the primary grades best taught to read by home-based experiences? c. Are there differences in the amount of time spent reading in classrooms of non-native speakers? d. Should teachers hold parent-teacher conferences?

10. Which of the following is an example of a researchable problem? a. Should homeschoolers include their children in cooperative schools for high school level courses? b. Are homeschooled students happier than are students in traditional schools? c. Should homeschooled students be included in our district's prom planning committee? d. Are there differences in achievement test scores between those homeschooled for part of the day or not at all in a certain school district?

11. The following are characteristic of a good research problem EXCEPT a. the problem has theoretical or practical significance. b. the problem can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data. c. the problem can be investigated within a set period of time. d. the problem investigates what individuals should do.

12. Sarah is really excited about her research problem. There are many homeschoolers in her state, and she wants to research if homeschoolers should hire professional educators to assist them with curriculum development. Of the following, which is the most important concern with Sarah's research problem as currently developed? a. It is not researchable. b. It is not ethical.

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c. It is not of interest to Sarah. d. It is not relevant to educational theory or practice.

13. Of the following, which is a quantitative research problem? a. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of first-year principals. b. This study describes the decision making process of school board members during redistricting. c. The goals of this study are to report what nurse practitioner-teachers should do to prepare today's nurses. d. This study tests the effects of a new alternative education program on students' selfesteem.

14. Of the following, which is a quantitative research problem? a. The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers should help students during office hours. b. The purpose of the study is to explore the experiences of students who seek help from faculty during office hours. c. The purpose of this study is to compare the grades of students who go to office hours and those who do not. d. The purpose of this study is to suggest how many office hours faculty should hold each week.

15. Of the following, which is a quantitative research problem? a. The purpose of the study is to study the characteristics of female students in advanced mathematics courses. b. The purpose of this study is to examine relationships between future career goals and enrollment in advanced mathematics courses. c. This study examines what teachers should do to enroll more female students in advanced mathematics courses. d. The goals of this research were to describe two female students' experiences in advanced mathematics.

16. Of the following which is NOT part of a research problem statement? a. The variables of interest b. The specific relations among variables c. The significance of the study d. The important participant characteristics 17. Of the following which is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis statement? a. It is testable within a reasonable time frame. b. It is supported by everyday experiences and intuition. c. It provides a reasonable explanation for the predicted outcome. d. It clearly states the expected relationship between the defined variables.

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18. To operationalize a variable means to ________ the variable. a. manipulate b. control c. define d. mediate 19. Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: Children who are given a free breakfast at school perform better on achievement tests and are more motivated for school than are those children who are not given breakfast. a. Achievement tests b. Free breakfast c. Children d. Motivation 20. Read the following hypothesis: Middle school students in an urban school who are trained in discussion techniques perform better on written tests of persuasive essays than those students who are not trained in discussion techniques. The independent variable in the stated hypothesis is a. urban school. b. training in discussion techniques. c. persuasive essay tests. d. middle school students.

21. Pedro studies inclusion. He needs to generate a directional hypothesis for his study. Which of the following is an appropriate research hypothesis for Pedro? a. Children who are fully included do not learn in school. b. There are no differences in student learning between children who are fully included and those who are not. c. There are differences in learning between children who are fully included and those who are not. d. Children who are fully included learn more than children who are not fully included.

22. Which of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis? a. There are no differences in motivation between students who are given a free breakfast at school and those students who are not given breakfast at school. b. There are differences in motivation between students who are given a free breakfast at school and those students who are not given breakfast at school. c. Children given breakfast at school are more motivated than children who are not given breakfast at school. d. Children given breakfast at school are less motivated than children who are not given breakfast at school.

23. The hypothesis statement, Children in elementary school who exercise at least five hours a week are more popular in school than children who do not exercise at least five hours a week, illustrates which type of hypothesis statement? a. Null hypothesis 17 .

b. Nondirectional c. Directional d. Correlational 24. The hypothesis statement, There are no differences in long term achievement between those who are taught through a face-to-face only class and those who are taught through blended instruction, illustrates which type of hypothesis statement? a. Null hypothesis b. Nondirectional c. Directional d. Correlational 25. Which of the following is a null hypothesis for the research question: Are there differences in final class grades between students who are taught psychology in a lecture format or selfpaced? a. There are differences in final class grade between students taught psychology in lecture versus self-paced format. b. There are no differences in final class grade between students taught psychology in lecture versus self-paced format. c. Students taught psychology in lecture format receive higher class grades than those in self-paced conditions. d. Students in self-paced conditions have higher class grades in psychology than those in lecture classes.

26. Which of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis for the research question, Are there differences in end of course biology test grades between those who use simulated labs and those who use traditional labs? a. There are differences in end of course biology test grades between those taught through the use of simulated versus traditional labs. b. There are no differences in end of course biology test grades between those taught through the use of simulated versus traditional labs. c. Those taught in simulated labs perform better on end of course biology tests than those taught in traditional labs. d. Those taught in traditional labs perform better on end of course biology tests than those in simulated labs.

27. Of the following, which is most likely addressed as a quantitative research problem? a. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between IQ score and postgraduate GPA. b. The purpose of the study is to describe the typical day of a high school history teacher. c. The current study shares a summary of the coping strategies used by an ADHD student in an inclusion classroom. d. This work shares the history of the events that led to consolidation of two local rural high schools.

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28 Dei read this really interesting study that examined the benefits of a structured program that taught problem-solving to disadvantaged children. Although the population that he works with is not considered disadvantaged, Dei would like to conduct a similar study at his school.

Of the following types of studies, which best describes Dei's idea? a. Extension b. Generalization c. Application d. Replication 29. Servio is particularly interested in how families react to an initial learning disability diagnosis. Unfortunately he needs more participants than there are actual new diagnoses in his school. Therefore, in the design of his study he proposes to tell parents that their children have been tested and diagnosed as learning disabled and will conduct an interview with the parents to get their initial reactions. However, the children will not have been diagnosed. His advisor tells him that he cannot conduct the study. Of the following what is the likely reason why? a. The study is too broad. b. The study is not ethical. c. The study is not relevant. d. The study is too narrow.

30. Which of the following is an example of a researchable problem? a. Should we teach children formal reading skills before they enter school? b. Is there a relationship between SES and children's amount of reading in the home? c. Are high school students best served by taking numerous electives or a core curriculum? d. Should all children be exposed to exercise at school daily?

31. Candace is conducting a research study and is having trouble with her variable "selfconcept." She decides to define self-concept as one's beliefs about one's capabilities in a given domain. She will measure it using a common Likert-type scale. Candace is engaging in which of the following research tasks? a. Generating hypothesis b. Operationalizing variables c. Defining a sample d. Interpreting findings 32. Of the following, which is the best example of a qualitative research problem? a. The purpose of the study is to assess learning gains in students enrolled in a summer reading program. b. This work addresses gender differences in spatial reasoning. c. This study extends previous research on relations between students' decision-making and creativity. d. The goal of this study is to describe experiences of transgendered adolescents.

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33. Given the hypothesis statement: Those students enrolled in instrumental music programs experience less transition anxiety as they enter middle school in a large urban district than do those students not enrolled in instrumental music programs. The dependent variable in this study is a. middle school students. b. urban district. c. transition anxiety. d. instrumental music programs.

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Chapter 4 Test Items

1. Jose is interested in researching English as a second language classes in large middle schools in the Midwest United States. Which of the following keywords would Jose likely use in a database search? a. Second language instruction b. Learners c. Middle school d. United States education 2. Makayla is interested in researching early childhood reading programs for children with preschool special education. Which of the following keywords would be best for Makayla to use first in her database search? a. Special education b. Preschool reading c. Early childhood d. Reading programs 3. Rudo is interested in researching leadership styles of elementary principals in rural districts.

Which of the following keywords would be best for him to use in a database search? a. Rural schools b. Principals' style c. Elementary schools d. Principals' leadership style 4. The review of the literature includes a. the participants included in the study. b. the procedures for data collection. c. the research problem of the study. d. the discussion of the data analysis conducted.

5. The first step in conducting a literature search is a. to identify the journals you will search. b. to identify keywords related to the research. c. to select the database you wish to search. d. to specify a search strategy.

6. Lexx needs primary sources for her research proposal. Which of the following will she likely select? a. Educational Psychology Review b. Journal of Experimental Education c. Encyclopedia of Educational Research d. A text reviewing pertinent research

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7. Sanai needs to review a secondary source to introduce her to the topic of her study on the effects of cooperative learning. Which of the following will she likely select? a. Journal of Experimental Education b. Review of Educational Research c. Child Development d. Educational Policy Analysis 8. Vernard needs to access only primary sources for his research methods class proposal. Which of the following should Vernard consult? a. Psychology Today b. Review of Educational Research c. What Works Clearinghouse d. Journal of Educational Psychology 9. Jim is doing a computer literature search for a motivation study. He has identified the keywords he will use. The next step he will conduct is to a. select primary sources. b. select a database he will search. c. specify his search strategy. d. download identified sources.

10. When reporting the literature review, what should come last, just prior to the statement of hypothesis? a. The references that are most recent b. The references that are least recent c. The references most related to your problem d. The references least related to your problem 11. In an ERIC search, the following research label described a potential source: ED52881.

Given this label, what is one conclusion that can be drawn about the source? a. The reference is peer-reviewed. b. The reference is available to download. c. The reference is likely a legal case. d. The reference may be a secondary source.

12. If you were to set a priority on searching one database for your educational literature review for a study, what database would you search? a. ERIC b. PsycINFO c. Sociofile d. EDUC ABSTRACTS 13. According to the text, the review of literature is important early in a qualitative study because it a. demonstrates assumptions of the research questions. b. minimize the literature review by holding it early in the study.

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c. provides a general understanding of the educational topic. d. identifies the important variables for investigation in the study.

14. To evaluate a source the first step is to a. determine the quality of the publication. b. check the date of publication. c. identify the source of publication. d. determine whether it is relevant to your research problem.

15. Of the following which characteristics of a potential source might be the most concerning? a. The source was found in a non-refereed journal. b. The source was a very short research study. c. The source was published in the 1990s. d. The source did not contain any data.

16. The annotating process is conducted a. with the oldest references first. b. with the most recent references first. c. with the review articles first. d. with the primary sources first.

17. The first step of annotating is to a. skim the entire article. b. make mental notes of the study. c. determine the article's relevancy. d. record the full article's reference.

18. Of the following, which is likely a peer-reviewed source for an instructional design study? a. A class textbook b. A chapter from an edited book c. A magazine article d. An article in a scholarly journal 19. Glenda's study addresses a current topic in education, case libraries. Glenda is concerned about her sources. Although the studies come from peer-reviewed journals, none of them have methodology sections and it appears they include prominent researchers' opinions.

What is likely Glenda's concern? a. Her sources are too dated. b. Her sources are secondary references. c. Her sources are popular, not scholarly. d. Her sources are subjective.

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20 According to your text, one reason researchers should annotate sources is because a. it will save time when writing the literature review. b. it assures accuracy in the data analysis. c. it rewrites the existing abstract in your own words. d. it includes why a source is important for your research.

21. According to your text, what is the best way to organize the report of the literature? a. Present each reference by date with a mini-abstract. b. Present each major finding in turn. c. Present the studies that have similar findings. d. Provide a meaningful summary of the studies related to main problems.

22. Chanya needs to start a library search to examine her research topic "A comparison of two types of problem-based learning strategies in postsecondary school biological science classes." Which of the following keywords will Chanya likely select in her initial search? a. Learners b. Postsecondary students c. Instruction d. Problem-based learning 23. What is the most important advantage of using a database (e.g., ERIC) over an internet search (e.g., Google)? a. A database is likely to return more hits. b. A database is organized by humans using subject headings. c. A database will only return primary sources. d. A database will have the full text of the article.

24. Valdez conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of instructional interventions that benefit study strategies of middle school children. In his study he reported a relatively small effect of the interventions. Which of the following is a potential effect size from Valdez's study? a. -.60 b. .00 c. .21 d. .58 25. Which of the following is a common criticism of meta-analysis? a. Meta-analysis is descriptive without numerical data. b. Meta-analysis only includes experimental studies. c. Meta-analysis often includes poorly-designed studies. d. Meta-analysis is not as systematic as a traditional literature review.

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26. Kajol is reviewing the literature on teaching efficacy for his study of collective efficacy in middle school urban schools and has found some potential relationships between collective teaching efficacy research and organizational climate. Of the following, what would you suggest to Kajol regarding the inclusion of this content in his literature review? a. He should include literature related to variables with relations to teaching efficacy in all settings. b. He should ignore the organizational climate literature; it is not related enough to his review. c. He should review only studies that address middle school teachers in urban settings in his review. d. He should mention a potential relationship in his review and provide citations for the reader.

27. Which of the following is the largest educational database? a. ERIC b. Education Index c. Wilson Index d. PsycINFO 28. Bora is conducting a literature review regarding the relationship between physical condition of schools and student achievement. Of the following, which source is likely the best source for his study? a. An article in Review of Educational Research b. A published study in American Educational Research Journal c. A comprehensive published monograph on the topic d. A edited volume that overviews the topic from several perspectives 29. Candace is completing a review of research on early childhood reading interventions that have adequate efficacy data. Of the following, which represents the most important question that Candace should pose as she evaluates her sources? a. Were their findings significant? b. Did they adequately review the literature? c. Where were their findings published? d. Who was the author that conducted the study?

30. Wheldon is conducting a review of the existing research on community members motivation to serve on school boards. Of the following, which represents the most important question that he should consider as he evaluates the sources? a. Does the source apply to his research problem? b. From which institutions were the authors from? c. Is there a book on the topic? d. Was the study quantitative or qualitative?

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Chapter 5 Test Items 1. Often researchers field-test their instruments and research plan procedures prior to conducting research. This strategy is referred to as a(n) a. a priori testing. b. reliability test. c. validity test. d. pilot test.

2. Peggy is planning to conduct a study in a small rural school. She recognizes it is important to include the setting information in her study. Where should Peggy place this information? a. Introduction b. Method c. Data Analysis d. Discussion 3. Nate has proposed to do a motivation study that includes three self-report measures of motivation for his dissertation. His committee told him he must include reliability and validity information about the scales he is using within his research plan. Where should he place this information? a. Introduction b. Method c. Data Analysis d. Discussion 4. Lance is studying self-esteem of low achieving children. He needs to include an operational definition of self-esteem. In what section would this information be included in his research plan? a. Research procedures b. Instruments c. Method d. Statement of the hypothesis 5. Where in the method section of a research plan should a researcher place any assumptions and limitations of a study? a. Participants b. Materials c. Procedure d. Design

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6. Gary has developed a research plan that involves collecting problem-solving ability of preschool children. In which portion of the methods section will Gary include how he gained entry into the research site? a. Participants b. Materials c. Procedure d. Design 7. In the review of the literature for a research plan, qualitative researchers are likely to a. identify assumptions and theories that underlie research questions. b. write their hypotheses prior to reviewing the literature. c. identify the important variables to be studied. d. not include any review of literature.

8. Jessica is proposing a grounded theory study of Professional Development Schools as her dissertation. She provides a research plan to her committee members. Of the following, which is likely TRUE of her research plan? a. Her plan includes stated hypothesis. b. Her plan includes operational definitions for variables of interest. c. Her plan is flexible to meet the needs of the context and setting. d. Her plan includes a description of the statistics that will be conducted.

9. The following are purposes your text provides for research plans, EXCEPT a. it helps the researcher anticipate problems. b. it helps you to think through all aspects of the study. c. it provides an opportunity to obtain valuable feedback. d. it is often required to gain entry into research sites.

10. Generally, as part of the research plan qualitative but not quantitative researchers include the a. design to be used in the study. b. means for data analysis. c. prior fieldwork. d. description of the sample.

11. A research plan includes all of the following EXCEPT a. the interpretation of the findings. b. the nature of the participants. c. the instruments used to collect the data. d. the techniques to analyze the data.

12. One difference between quantitative and qualitative research plans is that a. qualitative plans are developed earlier in the research process. b. qualitative plans are flexible throughout the research process. c. qualitative plans state the hypothesis and a means to test the hypothesis. d. qualitative studies do not rely on research plans.

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13. The data analysis strategies subsection in a qualitative research plan typically includes a. the procedures for storing the data. b. the procedures to collate and categorize the data. c. the interview or survey questions. d. the procedures to ensure validity and reliability.

14. Farhat is interested in the reading practices of Turkish families. He needs to prepare a research plan for the Ministry of Education to be able to conduct the study. Which of the following is NOT likely part of his shared plan? a. A description of his instrumentation for the study b. A time schedule for how the study will progress c. A discussion of his sampling procedure d. An analysis of the data he has collected 15. Which of the following components is a qualitative research plan most likely to include? a. A description of the hypothesis b. A discussion of the representativeness of the sample c. A section that demonstrates relevance of the study d. A presentation of the initial findings 16. Sophie is preparing a qualitative research plan for her study that explores the stories of young cancer survivors. The primary data collection strategy in Sophie's study most likely includes a. interviews. b. questionnaires. c. medical tests. d. surveys.

17. In which of the following quantitative research plan sections is the description of the research participants generally presented? a. Introduction b. Method c. Data analysis d. Appendix 18. In which of the following qualitative research plan sections is the sample consent form generally presented? a. Data collection b. Site and sample selection c. Data analysis d. Appendixes 19. George is preparing for a study that examines the role of community service in students' character development. As part of his study he will be using a survey regarding community service activities students may engage in. In which section of his research plan will he describe the survey? a. Introduction 28 .

b. Method c. Data Analysis d. Appendix 20. Matt studies the role of instructions in how much intermediate grade level students learn from things that they have read. In his work it is critical that the texts he uses are hard enough for the readers so that they cannot easily remember everything but easy enough so that they can read them independently. Which of the following is the best strategy for Matt to use to assure that his materials are working well? a. Use the readability checker on his computer to make sure the materials are the right grade level. b. Do post-hoc analyses to assure that the internal consistency of the instruments was sound. c. Conduct a pilot study with a sample of participants from the same population as his study. d. Consult with fourth grade teachers to get feedback as to their perceptions of the materials.

21. Which of the following is a suggestion for qualitative researchers regarding conducting fieldwork prior to their proposal? a. Fieldwork is conducted only after the research plan is approved. b. Fieldwork conducted prior to the proposal is unethical. c. Fieldwork prior to proposal is unadvisable as it may decrease potential participants. d. Fieldwork conducted prior to the formal proposal is advisable.

22. In which of the following sections are data management strategies included in a quantitative research proposal? a. Method b. Appendix c. Data Analysis d. Introduction 23. The statement of the research problem is found in which of the following research proposal sections? a. Appendix b. Method c. Data Analysis d. Introduction 24. Given Gabriel is sharing his dissertation proposal and Franklin is reporting on his final dissertation, which of the following is an accurate statement of the content of their work? a. Franklin's report but not Gabriel's proposal references existing research. b. Gabriel's proposal but not Franklin's report includes a time line. c. Franklin's report but not Gabriel's proposal includes a method section. d. Gabriel's proposal but not Franklin's report includes conclusions.

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25. Allie is writing a title for her qualitative study of elementary student experiences with guided inquiry in science. According to the text, what is the importance of a good title? a. It will persist through the study and any publications. b. It provides a frame of reference for the researcher. c. It conveys the analysis strategies used in the study. d. It anticipates problems that may arise throughout the study.

26. Kim has developed a research plan and would like to critique it before submitting it to her advisor. Which of the following guidelines does the text recommend? a. Engage a good editor to help with writing mechanics and flow. b. Compare it to existing proposals available online. c. Ask a colleague not involved in her research to review it critically. d. Develop a list of all potential problems that may arise in the study.

27. Jaytee recognizes that there are limitations to her proposed research study that explores students' perceptions of campus mental health resources. As she writes her plan, where will she share these limitations? a. Introduction b. Hypothesis c. Research Procedures d. Data Analysis

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Chapter 6 Test Items 1. The first step in probability sampling is to a. identify the sampling technique to use. b. identify the population. c. determine the sample size. d. select the sample.

2. Which of the following is a type of random sampling? a. Intensity b. Criterion c. Systematic d. Snowball 3. Ken randomly selected 75 students to participate in his study and then randomly assigned them to one of three conditions. When he examined his groups he found he had very unequal gender by condition. Ken's samples illustrate a. sampling bias. b. sampling error. c. nonrandom sampling. d. purposive sampling.

4. Sophia needs to conduct a survey for the Alumni Association. She takes the list of all the alumni and calls every 10th name on the list. Sophia is best illustrating a. stratified random sampling. b. cluster sampling. c. systematic sampling. d. simple random sampling.

5. Francisco is studying young children's color preferences by age. He is interested in comparing three-, four-, and five-year-old children's color preferences. He is reluctant to use simple random sampling because he wants to assure that he has comparable numbers of children at each age. Which quantitative sampling strategy is the approach for Francisco to use? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Systematic sampling 6. Jane is conducting a study at a small liberal arts school on the East Coast that addresses the reasons why male college students are less likely to graduate within a four-year time frame than are female students. She would like her study to generalize to all of the college student population in the United States. Given Jane's study which of the following is the accessible population? a. The participants in Jane's study b. The students at small liberal arts schools on the East Coast 31 .

c. All college students in the United States d. The students at the school from which the participants were sampled 7. Joe is the director of middle school science education for the state and is interested in differences between teaching science content in thematic units or by teaching the content in the units as presented in the students' text. He randomly selects classrooms in the state to participate. This best illustrates a. simple random sampling. b. systematic sampling. c. stratified sampling. d. cluster sampling.

8. Some researchers have complained that most of the research that has been conducted with the benefits of animation for student learning has been done on college students enrolled in introductory courses at large research institutions. Assuming this is TRUE what does this problem illustrate? a. Cluster sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Convenience sampling 9. A large marketing firm has decided to do a study that describes the needs of practicing teachers regarding instructional materials. The vice-president wants data from 400 practicing teachers. Shawna, a researcher with the firm, sends a mass mailing and when 400 surveys are returned she analyzes the data. Shawna is best illustrating which sampling strategy? a. Cluster sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Convenience sampling 10. If all participants in a given sample have an equal and independent chance of being selected for a study it is said that the sample has been selected a. randomly. b. systematically. c. biasedly. d. conveniently.

11. Jacki is conducting a study that examines the effects of multivitamins on common cold symptoms. She hopes to generalize her findings to the school-age population of children in a specified region in her state. The population of children is 9,000. She is going to conduct a survey and decides to sample 7,000 children. Regarding Jacki's sample we know that a. it is substantially too small. b. it is not representative. c. it will result in large sampling bias. d. it is substantially too big.

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12. Sean knows a lot about racial tensions in public schools. He wants to conduct a quantitative study that examines the current state of affairs in public schools. He contacts two school districts that he identified; one has a history of problems and one does not. He randomly selects students from these schools to participate in his study. Sean used a. convenience sampling. b. purposive sampling. c. quota sampling. d. multistage sampling.

13. Ken is conducting a qualitative study for the university regarding the institutional variables that racial and ethnic minority doctoral students face in completing their degrees. He feels he needs to interview about 35 graduates. He interviews a small initial sample identified though formal complaints filed regarding the issue. He then asks each of those he interviews to identify any additional participants they can think of and then interviews those individuals until he has reached his sample size. Ken is best illustrating a. random purposive sampling. b. systematic sampling. c. intensity sampling. d. snowball sampling.

14. Jill examines the career interest of children of international diplomats. She selects the children of international diplomats from the United States who were in service between 1980 and 1990. The children had to be at least eight years old but less than 16 at the time of their parent's service and had to be stationed outside the United States with their diplomat parent for at least 24 continuous months. Jill is using which type of sampling? a. Random purposive sampling b. Homogeneous sampling c. Intensity sampling d. Snowball sampling 15. Participants identified as those from whom to seek information is the definition of a. a sample. b. a population. c. a target population. d. an accessible population.

16. Bonnie is conducting a study on the social skills of those children who have identified speech and language needs. She selects children who have Individual Education Plans for speech and language only and not any other educational exceptionalities. Bonnie is illustrating a. homogeneous sampling. b. intensity sampling. c. criterion sampling. d. snowball sampling.

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17. The group that the researcher would ideally like to generalize findings to is referred to as a. a sample. b. a population. c. a target population. d. an accessible population.

18. In simple random sampling, after the researcher has determined the desired sample size, the next step is to a. identify the population. b. define the population. c. list all members of the population. d. select an arbitrary number from the table of random numbers.

19. Derrick is conducting a stratified sampling procedure. His target sample is 250 from a population of 489 high school algebra students within a particular district. He wants to ensure he has the appropriate representation of students from each ability level. Next he will a. identify and define the population. b. determine desired sample size. c. classify all members of the population as members of the subgroups. d. randomly select an appropriate number of individuals to represent the subgroups.

20. The college dean asked Meg to conduct a study to survey one-half of the college students regarding their opinions of change in course offerings. Which nonrandom sampling approach is Meg likely to use? a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Systematic sampling 21. Abby is conducting research on the perceived role of arts within medium-sized suburban communities. She wants to survey people with an affinity for some from of the arts. She goes to a local theatre production of The Music Man to recruit participants. Abby is illustrating a. convenience sampling. b. quota sampling. c. purposive sampling. d. systematic sampling.

22. All forms of random sampling include the following steps EXCEPT a. listing all members of the population. b. identifying the population. c. determining sample size d. selecting the sample.

23. Graham recruited student volunteers to participate in his dissertation study. He set up several times for students to come to a specified classroom and read various types of instructional materials and to be tested. He ran all of his control conditions first and then for each session 34 .

he placed all students at the session in the same treatment condition. This is problematic because those who volunteered early are likely different than those who volunteered later.

This problem is primarily due to a. error rates. b. sampling error. c. researcher bias. d. sampling bias.

24. In homogeneous sampling, researchers a. compare differences of two or more levels of the problem. b. select a small group of participants who fit a narrow problem. c. identify participants who meet a defined criterion and select a sample. d. allow initial participants to identify additional study participants.

25. The type of random sampling that targets groups, not individuals, is a. criteria. b. cluster. c. homogeneous. d. simple random.

26. When employing random purposive sampling, the initial sample is selected a. randomly. b. by criterion. c. purposively. d. systematically.

27. Marc is a qualitative researcher who needs to interview both expert and novice teachers for a study. He expects to interview about 50 teachers. Which sampling strategy will Marc likely use? a. Simple random b. Systematic c. Criterion d. Intensity 28. One benefit of cluster sampling is that it a. is effective for use in school research. b. assures limited sampling error. c. is more generalizable than simple random sampling. d. assures all members of the population can be in a treatment condition.

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29. Sammy collected data from 18 pre-service secondary science majors at a small university in the Western United States regarding their opinions of inquiry as an instructional approach.

Which of the following is likely Sammy's target population? a. All pre-service science teachers b. Pre-service science teachers in the Western United States c. Pre-service science teachers at the university d. Pre-service science teachers in her sample 30. Allie collected data from 22 medical education faculty at a large research university in the Midwest United States regarding their opinions of problem-based learning. Which of the following represents Allie's accessible population? a. All medical education faculty b. Medical education faculty in the Midwest United States c. Medical education faculty in her sample d. Medical education faculty at the university 31. Peggy is conducting a reading intervention study that involves many children in many classrooms in many schools. The intervention is delivered by the teacher to the entire classes.

Peggy would like to use a random sampling approach. Which of the following is Peggy likely to consider? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Purposive random sampling d. Multistage sampling 32. Kim needs to select 80 students from a group of 400 using simple random sampling. After listing all potential participants what will Kim do next? a. Identify and define the population b. Determine the sample size c. Assign all individuals a consecutive number d. Go to the random number table and start to select 33. Maria needs to randomly select 90 participants from a pool of 5,000. With how many digits in each entry of the random number table will Maria need to be concerned? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 34. Generally, qualitative researchers select a sample that is a. selected purposely. b. as large as possible. c. generalizable to a target population. d. diverse demographically.

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35. Maude is conducting an ethnographic study that concerns the transitions that older Americans face as they move into transitional housing. She is particularly interested in the potential differences in the challenges for men and women. She therefore is careful to include both men and women in her sample. Maude's strategy can best be categorized as a. systematic sampling. b. intensity sampling. c. homogeneous sampling. d. cluster sampling.

36. Sally is completing a narrative study on the rehabilitation of middle-aged women runners after stress fractures in their feet. She therefore selects only women in the 35-45 year age range who are just beginning rehabilitation at one particular clinic. Sally's sampling strategy can best be described as a. simple random sampling. b. cluster sampling. c. homogeneous sampling. d. random purposive sampling.

37. Charleon is conducting a study to examine TechState employees' use of university computers for non-work related tasks. She would like to generalize her findings to all of the employees of the TechState University community. Given Charleon's study, which of the following is the target population? a. Members of university communities in the United States b. Staff members of TechState University c. Employees including faculty and staff of TechState University d. Employees of the universities in her geographic region 38. Matt is a qualitative researcher interested in the benefits of community gardens on respect for cultural diversity. To conduct his study he selects eight members of a community gardening group who are Anglo Americans whose families have been in the country for at least three generations and who have been members of the gardening community for at least two years.

The sampling strategy Matt is using is best described as a. homogeneous. b. criterion. c. stratified. d. intensity.

39. Which of the following are two general indicators that determine adequacy of a qualitative sample size? a. Representativeness and redundancy b. Generalizability and representativeness c. Redundancy and clarity d. Responsiveness and generalizability

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40. Missy is a key informant in Allison's study on teenage girls' study habits. Of the following, which is likely the strategy by which Missy was selected? a. Random sampling b. Stratified sampling c. Criterion sampling d. Cluster sampling 41. Of the following, which is a common example of demographic information collected in a survey study? a. Opinion b. Gender c. Interest d. Ability 42. A coach running numerous training camps over the summer is interested in whether it is better to distribute practices into four sessions instead of two sessions daily. You have several hundred possible participants distributed at training camps in multiple schools throughout multiple districts. Which of the following is the best possible sampling strategy to use if you are interested in generalizability? a. Snowball sampling b. Multistage sampling c. Intensity sampling d. Quota sampling

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Chapter 7 Test Items 1. Gender is considered a(n) ________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio 2. Time is considered a(n) ________level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio 3. Standardized test scores are often given as percentile ranks. These data are considered ________ level measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio 4. Political party affiliation is considered ________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio 5. Marty assesses teachers' attitudes toward inclusion based upon number of years of teacher experience. He groups his teachers as those that have 4 or less years of experience, 5-10 years of experience, 11-20 years of experience, and more than 20 years. The variable of years of experience in Marty's study illustrates an example of ________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

6. A local government group recently conducted a survey to ask those living in the community if they would like to see a new pool facility built. Example survey items are: Given the following scale answer questions 1 and 2.

1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3 =Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree 1. Our community should build a new indoor pool facility.

12345 2. I support spending tax dollars for recreational opportunities. 1 2 3 4 5

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The two items best represent examples of which of the following types of items? a. Semantic Differential Scale b. Likert Scale c. Mann-Whitney Scale d. Wilcoxon Scale 7. Given the following research question: "Are there differences in individual student achievement scores in advanced science classes between classes where students sit in the lecture style seating and those where students sit in cluster seating?" What type of variable does achievement scores represent? a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Extraneous variable d. Affective variable 8. Dan is a researcher interested in self-esteem. He develops an instrument that he administers to 500 middle school learners. He calculates a self-esteem score for each child in the study and then groups the students as low, medium, or high self-esteem. The instrument illustrates what type of assessment? a. Affective b. Cognitive c. Projective d. Aptitude 9. Mitch's study addresses the role of parental involvement in the classroom and the effects on student grades. In his work, final averages in the core subject areas are compared between children who are in classrooms with parent volunteers and those in classrooms with no parent volunteers. His dependent measure, final averages in core subjects, illustrates which type of assessment? a. Cognitive b. Aptitude c. Attitude d. Personality 10. Hanna is conducting a problem-solving study that relates learners' motivation to number of challenging problems attempted. She defines motivation as self-efficacy. She uses a selfreport instrument to measure self-efficacy. Hanna has operationalized which of the following variables? a. Self-efficacy b. Motivation c. Problem-solving d. Challenging problems 11. A respondent's score on a self-efficacy measure is considered a. a variable. b. a construct.

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c. data. d. knowledge.

12. Of the following, which is considered an affective measurement? a. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) b. Preschool Reading Ability Measure c. A Field Dependence Test d. A self-esteem measure 13. Sam is a psychology researcher interested in personality differences between university faculty who do and do not include computer-assisted technology in their class lectures. He groups the faculty based upon use of computer-assisted technology, and he administers a 13item Likert scale personality assessment. Which of the following would best classify this personality measure? a. Nonprojective instrument b. Projective instrument c. Standardized instrument d. Alternative assessment 14. Which of the following is the best example of a standardized test? a. A classroom-based teacher developed test b. An attitude measure developed by a researcher c. The national achievement test d. The outcome measures of amount learned in an experimental study 15. Jill correctly answered 15 items on a 50-item, 150-point biology test correctly. The 15 items represent Jill's a. percentile score. b. raw score. c. stanine score. d. grade-equivalent score.

16. A formal, systematic procedure for gathering information about cognitive and affective characteristics is a(n) a. measurement. b. observation. c. test. d. score.

17. Assessments include all of the following EXCEPT a. measurements. b. tests. c. observations. d. interviews.

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18. Of the following which is a supply method for collecting data? a. Multiple choice b. True/false c. Fill-in-the-blank d. Matching 19. Selection methods of assessment include a. essays. b. authentic assessments. c. short answer. d. matching.

20. Of the following, the best examples of performance assessments are a. fill-in-the-blank. b. lab demonstrations. c. multiple choice. d. true/false.

21. Susan has her life skills class keep a bank account and "pay bills" throughout the semester.

Susan's assessment strategy illustrates a. performance assessment. b. supply methods of assessment. c. selection methods of assessment. d. problem-based assessment.

22. Which of the following illustrates norm-referenced scoring? a. Sally got all the items correct on her exam. b. Sally performed at the average of the class. c. Sally's score on the exam was an 85. d. Sally's score indicated improvement.

23. Of the following, which is an example of self-referenced approach? a. Jon finished first in the race. b. Jon performed worse than his teammates. c. Jon ran the mile in less than six minutes. d. Jon ran the mile faster than his last race.

24. Of the following which illustrates criterion-referenced scoring? a. Jody got the highest score on the test. b. Jody performed worse than she did on the midterm. c. Jody received an 86 which was a B. d. Jody received an 86 which was the average.

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25. On the test report Sheri received from the standardized achievement test, it included scores for reading, math, vocabulary, and listening. This indicates that the test represented a(n) a. affective test. b. multitrait test. c. test battery. d. subtest.

26. Tests of logical reasoning are generally found on a. achievement tests. b. aptitude tests. c. affective tests. d. attitude scales.

27. Jillian is struggling in mathematics. Her teacher wants to administer a test to assist in a decision about whether to provide remedial math classes for Jillian. Of the following, which is the test most likely the type of assessment to be administered for this purpose? a. An attitude assessment b. A cognitive test c. An affective test d. A self-referenced test 28. The type of instrument that examines our values is classified as a(n) a. diagnostic assessment. b. projective assessment. c. affective assessment. d. cognitive assessment.

29. Some individual differences, such as cultural differences for example, may distort information obtained from an assessment. This is referred to as a. response set. b. bias. c. interpretation error. d. sampling error.

30. Generally projective tests, but not achievement tests, are administered a. in groups. b. across several testing sessions. c. by the classroom teacher. d. individually.

31. Assessments administered to all children at varying levels in their schooling are designed to be a. aptitude tests. b. achievement tests. c. attitude tests. d. affective tests.

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32. Assessments to be administered to all children at varying levels in their schooling are used as ________ assessments. a. criterion-referenced b. self-referenced c. norm-referenced d. individual-referenced 33. Stephenie recently took an interest inventory to determine which career might be good for her. She answered "strongly interested" to almost every question. The career counselor suggested a different strategy because her results were not informative. What is most likely the reason for Stephenie's answers? a. Bias b. Validity c. Reliability d. Response set 34. In a semantic differential scale a neutral response is recorded as a a. 0. b. 3. c. 5. d. 50.

35. Sal recently took an instrument that asked him to rate his opinions about the effectiveness of different instructional practices as "Strongly Agree," "Agree," "Uncertain," "Disagree," "Strongly Disagree."

This instrument is using a a. Semantic Differential Scale. b. Guttman Scale. c. Likert Scale. d. Thurstone Scale.

36. The type of validity that focuses on the extent to which the test relates to future performance is referred to as ________ validity. a. predictive b. concurrent c. content d. construct 37. The type of validity that addresses if the test appears to measure the variable of interest is referred to as ________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential

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38. The extent to which unintended outcomes arise from the testing activity is referred to as ________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential 39. The extent to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is referred to as ________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential 40. Gavin recently administered a science test to his fourth grade class. He questions the validity of the test as a science test because although it looks as if it measures science content, it relies heavily on reading ability. Gavin's concern is with the ________ validity of the test. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct. d. consequential 41. Michael left the physics final and complained. The content on the cumulative final only covered about one-quarter of the physics concepts for the course. Michael is questioning the ________ validity of the test. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential 42. The district is considering changing the achievement tests that they administer. A new alternative test is much shorter and if valid to measure student achievement could save substantial instructional time. This year the school will administer both tests and assess the ________ validity. a. content b. concurrent c. predictive d. sampling 43. According to your text the most important type of validity is ________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential

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44. The degree to which an instrument consistently measures the construct of interest is referred to as a. predictive validity. b. criterion-related validity. c. content validity. d. reliability.

45. Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability are both measures of a. test-retest reliability. b. alternate forms reliability. c. internal consistency reliability. d. external reliability.

46. Mike will have to administer two different versions of his history test. With which of the following reliability constructs should Mike be most concerned? a. Internal consistency b. Split-half c. Test-retest d. Alternate forms 47. A recent study reported about a new instrument that measures students' motivation for challenging academic tasks. In the study the instrument had been given to a number of children at the beginning of their academic year. After reading the study, Susan wondered if students' responses would be different at the end of the academic year. She decides to conduct a study that administers the instrument several times over the course of an academic year and measures the correlation across administrations. Susan has addressed a concern with which of the following types of reliability? a. Internal consistency b. Split-half c. Stability d. Equivalence 48. The university uses an algebra test to screen students into statistics courses. Students' responses are scored as correct or incorrect and are summed for a total score. The test is long and seems to cover the content thoroughly. Carlos divides the test in two and assesses the reliability of the entire test and the reliability of the two halves. Carlos is assessing the ________ of the test. a. content validity b. internal consistency reliability c. test-retest reliability d. criterion-related validity 49. Robert scored an 87 on a recent mathematics placement test. John scored an 86. The standard error of measurement of the test is 4. What can we conclude about the two students' actual measures? a. Robert's true score is higher than John's.

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b. John's true score is higher than Robert's. c. Robert's true score may be higher than John's. d. The two student's true scores are equal.

50. Lori has found two measures of attitudes about technology that she thinks might work for her dissertation. She would like to examine reviews of the two instruments. From the following choices which should Lori consult for actual reviews? a. PRO-ED b. Tests in Print c. Mental Measurements Yearbooks d. ETS test collection 51. In order to calculate the Standard Error of Measurement (SEm), which of the following information regarding a test must you know? a. The number of items and reliability coefficient b. The number of items and standard deviation c. The standard deviation and reliability coefficients d. The average score and the standard deviation 52. The relationship between reliability and SEm is that a. if reliability increases SEm increases. b. if reliability increases SEm decreases. c. if reliability is positive SEm is positive. d. if reliability is positive SEm is negative.

53. The Buros Center for Testing's Mental Measurements Yearbook provides a. a directory of all test publishers. b. reviews of various forms of tests. c. copies of tests to use for research and practice. d. formulas to use to compute reliability coefficients.

54. When considering a particular test, the most important consideration is a. ease of administration. b. cost of the administration. c. reliability. d. validity.

55. The local school district administers two different writing assessments. One requires learners to identify errors in examples and answer them objectively. The second requires the learners to write an essay. Of the following which is likely TRUE regarding these assessments? a. The objective test is more reliable than the essay. b. The objective test is less reliable than the essay. c. The objective test is less valid than the essay. d. The objective test is more consequentially valid than the essay.

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56. Gwen is conducting a study on mathematics skills. She is interested in a test that measures computation of basic algebra. She found one with a reported KR-20 of .34. What is one conclusion Gwen can make regarding the test as a measure of algebra skills? a. The reliability is generally low. b. The content validity is generally valid. c. The predictive validity is moderately valid. d. The consequential validity is moderately valid.

57. The required information needed in order to compute KR-21 includes a. number of items on the test, mean score, and median score. b. number of items on the test, mean score, and standard deviation. c. mean score, standard deviation, and median score. d. mean score, reliability coefficient, and standard deviation.

58. Given a 50-item multiple-choice test with a mean of 30, standard deviation of 4, and a reliability coefficient of .84, calculate the Standard Error of Measurement. a. 2.60 b. 1.80 c. -2.40 d. 1.60 59. Given the following information about a test, compute the KR-21. The test has 50 items, the median is 36, the mode is 34, the mean is 35, and the standard deviation is 4. a. .30 b. .35 c. .40 d. .45 60. Jonah has developed a new scale to measure tolerance of software engineers during technology renovations. He selects a sample of software engineers and administers the draft instrument to them and calculated a KR 20 of .45. Given the KR 20 value, which can you conclude about this instrument? a. It demonstrates high reliability. b. It demonstrates sound reliability. c. It demonstrates average reliability. d. It demonstrates inadequate reliability.

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Chapter 8 Test Items 1. Of the following, which is an example of a survey research question? a. Does the intervention increase reading skills? b. Is there a relationship between task performance and age? c. What are the participants' opinions regarding effective instruction? d. Are there differences by SES on the new aptitude measure?

2. According to your text, one particular challenge of survey studies is that a. people do not believe the findings from survey studies. b. survey studies are more challenging to conduct than other types of research. c. survey studies often suffer from lack of participant response. d. it is not possible to obtain valid results from survey studies.

3. Of the following, which is most likely a survey research question? a. Is there a gender difference in science achievement on The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)? b. Do parents believe that the new middle school science club is worth the funds the district spent? c. What is the experience of ten-year-olds at the summer science day camp held at the university? d. Is there a relationship between science self-efficacy and students' science grades in eleventh grade?

4. Melanie is conducting a survey for her thesis that examines administrative policies in middle schools that are intended to decrease bullying. After developing her survey and piloting the instrument with a small group, she then administers the instrument to a sample of 2,300 middle school administrators. Which of the following survey research designs best describes Melanie's study? a. Cross-sectional b. Trend c. Cohort d. Panel 5. Ms. Wang's study addresses the reasons that parents report for sending their children to dance lessons. She has defined her research problem, reviewed the literature, and stated her questions. The next step in Ms. Wang's study is to a. identify and select research participants. b. create her research instrument. c. seek informed consent permission. d. report on her research findings.

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6. The two primary survey research designs are a. self-report and achievement. b. cross-sectional and longitudinal. c. interviews and questionnaires. d. projective assessments and observation.

7. Ida is a teacher who is interested in other teachers' opinions of full day versus part day kindergarten programs. Ida's study can best be described as a a. developmental survey. b. school survey. c. practical survey. d. sample survey.

8. Survey data are often collected via which of the following? a. Standardized tests b. Ability measures c. Questionnaires d. Observations 9. After identifying a topic, survey researchers next a. select an appropriate sample. b. review the literature. c. collect valid and reliable data. d. examine the research context.

10. As a researcher you are interested in self-reported changes in interest in music in the senior population. You will collect data at the time of retirement and select a new sample of individuals at the time of retirement each year for five years. This type of research can be classified best as a(n) a. trend survey. b. panel poll. c. cohort survey. d. follow-up survey.

11. Seth sends out a survey to all parents and teachers in the district to gather opinions about local school safety. Seth's study is an example of ________ survey research. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel

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12. The ________ survey consists of the same group but different samples from that population surveyed over time. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel 13. Jane administers a survey to a sample of individuals graduating from college and repeats the survey with those same individuals each year for four years. What type of survey has she used? a. Cross-sectional b. Panel c. Trend d. Cohort 14. Don studies high school seniors' concerns about world events during their postsecondary experiences. He surveys the entire senior class statewide. Every year, for eight years, he surveys the senior class that year. Don is using a ________ type of survey. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel 15. A census survey is a. a large scale cohort survey. b. a survey of the full population. c. a combination of a panel survey and a trend survey. d. a follow-up survey of all potential participants.

16. A cross sectional survey design compared to cohort design differs in that cross sectional surveys collect data a. more frequently than in a cohort design. b. once compared to multiple times in a cohort. c. from different groups compared to same group in a cohort. d. twice as compared to once in a cohort.

17. Which of the following is the best advantage of cross-sectional survey designs? a. Data are more generalizable than longitudinal designs. b. Data are more reliable than longitudinal designs c. Data are provided more quickly than longitudinal designs. d. Data are more valid than longitudinal designs.

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18. Of the following, which is the sample technique most often used in survey research? a. Cluster b. Stratified c. Systematic d. Purposive 19. The advantages of a telephone survey data collection include a. less expense. b. less training. c. ability to obtain depth in data. d. quick data collection.

20. One of the primary benefits of interview survey methods is a. a relative decrease in administration time. b. that they allow for confidentiality and anonymity. c. that the return rate is usually high. d. the relative ease of scoring procedures.

21. The majority of surveys use ________ as the primary data collection method. a. mail or e-mail b. observation c. interview or personal administration d. telephone 22. One drawback of personal administration methods is that a. it is difficult to get personal data. b. there is a strong possibility of response sets. c. administrators must be trained. d. there is possible interviewer bias.

23. Compared to mail as a survey data collection method, interviews generally a. cost less. b. take less time. c. are more reliable. d. have higher return rates.

24. The typical response rate first mailings of questionnaires is approximately a. 10-30%. b. 30-50%. c. 50-70%. d. 70-90%.

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25. Pam conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 34%.

She sent a second mailing and obtained an additional 6%. What do you suggest for Pam now? a. Her response rate is adequate. Analyze her data and report her findings. b. Her response rate is low. Send a third mailing. c. Her response rate is low. Redesign the survey. d. Her response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why.

26. Max conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 68% with his first mailing. What do you suggest for Max now? a. His response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why. b. His response rate is low. Send a second mailing. c. His response rate is adequate. Send a second mailing. d. His response rate is too high to send a second mailing. Analyze his data and report his findings.

27. An advantage of the interview over questionnaires is that they a. are less expensive. b. provide in-depth data. c. are less time consuming. d. are easier to score.

28. Marcy developed a survey to administer to parents of college students living on campus. One of the questions on her survey was, "Describe your level of satisfaction with your child's residence life experiences." Marcy found that few people answered this question. This is likely because a. the item is sensitive. b. the respondent is not in a position to answer the item. c. the item is open-ended. d. the item is unclear.

29. Money and time are both limited at the charter school. Jill, the director, sent out a survey of parents' perceptions of purchasing priorities for the school. She had a group of parents respond to the questionnaire as a pilot. She had them rate their priorities on a rating scale with the points "necessary," "very important," "purchase if money is available," "not necessary," "don't purchase."

She was disappointed to find that the pilot parents rated everything as necessary. This will not help her make purchasing decisions. Of the following, what is the best strategy for Jill? a. Send it out as it is. The larger general population of parents will have more variance than the small pilot. b. Revise the instrument to include open-response items to get richer data. c. Revise the instrument so parents must rank items to purchase relative to each other. d. Conduct in-person interviews with the same items.

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30. The most common way to present results of individual survey items is to a. report mean responses by item. b. report the percent who selected each alternative for each item. c. present median responses. d. present modal responses.

31. Generally, as number of items increases on a survey the a. reliability increases. b. reliability decreases. c. content validity increases. d. content validity decreases.

32. Which of the following is a criterion for writing questionnaire items? a. Do not include potentially controversial items. b. Include questions that influence respondents. c. Organize items from specific to general. d. Limit items to the same format.

33. According to your text which of the following should be included in the cover letter? a. The human subjects' protocol number b. The purpose of the study if it is for your thesis or dissertation c. The intended results of the study d. The purpose of the study 34. Li sent out a survey and received an initial response rate of 44%. If her study follows typical response patterns from the literature, what can she expect her response rate to be after a second mailing? a. 50% b. 54% c. 60% d. 64% 35. Chuck administered a web-based survey and received a low response rate. What would be the best initial strategy to address the low response rate? a. Draw a new sample from the population. b. Resend the initial cover letter. c. Send a reminder e-mail. d. Mail a copy of the initial cover letter.

36. The Hidden Valley school district has space concerns. They are considering moving the fifth grade students to the middle school. However, they would like to obtain students' input. In an effort to get the best information, they administer a survey regarding whether fifth graders should move to the middle school to every fourth grade student. The survey study is best described as a a. projective survey. b. census survey.

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c. population survey. d. sample survey.

37. Jabar developed a survey to administer to measure untenured faculties' perceptions of support by their deans. One of the questions on his survey was, "Do you receive adequate support from the dean?" Jabar found that few people answered this question. This is most likely because a. the item is sensitive. b. the respondent is not in a position to answer the item. c. the item is open-ended. d. the item is unclear.

38. Hakeem developed an attitudes about the importance of green space on campus. The measure was five items long and he administered it to 25 people in his pilot study. He conducted a reliability analysis of the scale and found it to be quite low (.25). Given he needs to have a reliability estimate of .80 to appease his dissertation committee, which of the following would you suggest to Hakeem? a. Administer the pilot to more people and do the analysis again. b. Lengthen the scale and send it out without another pilot. c. Lengthen the scale and conduct another pilot to see if it goes up. d. Reduce the number of items to two or three to increase reliability.

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Chapter 9 Test Items

1. Correlational studies are used primarily to a. examine relationships among quantifiable variables. b. examine if differences between groups exist. c. determine causal relationships. d. determine if experimental treatments work.

2. Joyce read a study that reported students' age was correlated r = -.68 with classroom management referrals. This correlation indicates as age increases a. classroom management referrals are about equally likely to decrease or increase. b. classroom management referrals are more likely to decrease. c. classroom management referrals are more likely to increase. d. classroom management referrals are likely to remain at the same level.

3. Kevin's analysis indicated that in his dataset SES was correlated r = .25 with absenteeism.

This indicates that a. as SES increases there is a corresponding increase in absenteeism. b. SES is moderately correlated with absenteeism. c. SES is weakly correlated with absenteeism. d. absenteeism is strongly correlated with SES. 4. Qi's analysis indicated that for those students who took calculus in high school and then introductory calculus in the first year of university, grades were correlated r = .45. This indicates that high school grades and university grades are a. strongly related. b. independent. c. moderately related. d. mutually exclusive.

5. Suzanne reported a correlation between reading ability and math grades of r = .90 in the first grade. This correlation indicates that in Suzanne's study a. reading ability is strongly related to math grades. b. reading and math grades are independent. c. reading ability and math grades are mutually exclusive. d. reading ability and math grades are moderately related.

6. According to your text, the fewest number of participants required for a correlation study is a. 15. b. 30. c. 45. d. 60.

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7. A strong negative correlation coefficient indicates that a. two variables are not related. b. two variables are inversely related. c. there has been measurement error. d. there has been calculation error.

8. Of the following, which is most likely an example of a correlational study? a. A study that indicated differences in GPA between ROTC and non ROTC students b. A study that examines organizational variables that predict retention of special education teachers c. A study that examines characteristics of exchange student host families d. A study that examines the effect of overt displays of teacher empathy on student class behavior 9. Given the graph below what is the most likely correlation between these variables?

a. b. c. d.

-.60 .30 .80 1.0

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10. Which of the following correlation coefficients best represents the plot below?

a. b. c. d.

-.45 -.25 .15 .75

11. Which of the following CANNOT be a correlation coefficient? a. -.80 b. 0.0 c. .72 d. 2.1 12. Which of the following demonstrates the strongest correlation coefficient? a. 0.0 b. 1.5 c. .65 d. -.72

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13. Correlation studies must include a. two or more levels of independent variable. b. two or more quantifiable variables. c. three or more variables and two groups. d. one independent variable and two dependent variables.

14. Which of the following represents the strongest correlation? a. -.85 b. 0.0 c. .35 d. .65 15. Given a correlation of r = .60, the common variance shared by the variables is a. 16%. b. 36%. c. 60%. d. 90%.

16. Sam concluded in his research report that as class size increased teaching efficacy also increased. Of the following which correlation coefficient would best support Sam's claim? a. -.82 b. .09 c. .24 d. .68 17. The correlation that Kim found in her study between math self-efficacy and enrollment in advanced mathematics was r = .25. Her correlation can be described as a. weak. b. meaningful. c. strong. d. predictive.

18. Computing the statistical significance of a correlation requires the a. mean, sample size, level of significance. b. mean and level of significance. c. level of confidence and sample size. d. sample size and mean.

19. In a prediction study of low achieving students academic motivation, Hillary was surprised that achievement scores were not a significant predictor of motivation. Hillary's analysis is most likely is displaying a. shrinkage. b. attenuation. c. standard variance. d. restriction of range.

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20. Attenuation refers to a. stating there is not a relationship between two variables when there is one. b. lowered accuracy in a prediction equation when it is applied to a new sample. c. combining many variables in order to predict the most amount of variance. d. reduction of correlation coefficients when measures have low reliability.

21. Shrinkage refers to a. lowered accuracy in a prediction equation when it is applied to a new sample. b. combining many variables in order to predict the most amount of variance. c. effects of unreliable instruments underestimating the correlation. d. a measure of the error found in a regression equation.

22. Low reliability of variables a. does not affect interrelatedness of variables. b. decreases the chance of finding significant relationships. c. increases the chance of finding number of significant relationships. d. may either increase of decrease the chance of finding significant relationships.

23. Data collection for types of correlation studies is generally a. longer than most qualitative approaches. b. shorter for prediction studies than for correlation studies. c. longer than most types of quantitative research. d. shorter than most types of quantitative research.

24. A Pearson r correlation is best used for data that are expressed as a. ordinal and continuous. b. only rank. c. only ordinal. d. only continuous.

25. Joni teaches a preschool class. She has eight students and ranks them based upon math and reading ability. She would like to see if there is a relationship between how well her students are ranked in math and in reading. Which of the following correlations should she use? a. Kendall's tau b. Phi coefficient c. Biserial d. Eta 26. A Phi coefficient is used for a. rank level data. b. continuous level data. c. artificial dichotomous level data. d. true dichotomous level data.

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27. Gretchen wanted to see whether, given a sample of teachers that graduated from colleges and universities, GPA in college was related to starting salary as a teacher. Which correlation coefficient should Gretchen calculate? a. Pearson r b. Eta c. Kendall's tau d. Spearman rho 28. George suspects that there is a curvilinear relationship in his data set. Which of the following correlation coefficient should George calculate? a. Pearson r b. Eta c. Kendall's tau d. Spearman rho 29. Regarding sampling, one strategy to facilitate obtaining accurate results when there will be subgroup correlations is to select a a. stratified sample. b. cluster sample. c. random sample. d. purposive sample.

30. The criterion variable in a prediction study is the name for a. the variable used to select participants. b. the variable that is predicted. c. the variable used to make a prediction. d. the independent variable.

31. Generally, when more variables are added to a prediction equation a. more variance in the criterion variable is accounted for. b. more variance in the predictor variables is accounted for. c. less variance in the criterion variable is accounted for. d. less variance in the predictor variable is accounted for.

32. In a single prediction question (Y = a + bX), X represents a(n) a. predicted criterion score. b. distribution of scores in the sample. c. individual's score on the predictor variable. d. constant calculated from the scores.

33. In a single prediction question (Y = a + bX), Y represents a(n) a. predicted criterion score. b. distribution of scores in the sample. c. individual's score. d. constant calculated from the scores.

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34. The common variance shared by the predictor and criterion variables is referred to as the a. coefficient of determination. b. standard error of regression. c. coefficient of regression. d. standard error of determination.

35. Which of the following measures is used when the criterion variable in a prediction study is categorical? a. Multiple regression b. Path analysis c. Discriminate function analysis d. Canonical correlation 36. Cheryl used age, education, and income to predict scores on a life satisfaction survey. Her regression equation accounted for 58% of the variance in life satisfaction. She collects a new sample and applies her equation. This process is referred to as a. discriminate testing. b. sample attenuation. c. regression reliability. d. cross-validation.

37. Joe uses age, family size, and income to predict scores on a survey of happiness. The results were statistically significant with a coefficient of determination of 64%. He collects a new sample and examines the regression equation. In Joe's second sample, the common variance will likely ________ due to ________. a. decrease, attenuation b. increase, replication c. decrease, shrinkage d. increase, regression 38. When using correlational analysis with multiple predictors and multiple criterion variables, the appropriate procedure is a. multiple linear regression. b. canonical correlation. c. discriminate function analysis. d. path analysis.

39. Jack administered an achievement test with an internal consistency reliability of .65. Jack should interpret this result as a. high internal consistency reliability. b. moderate internal consistency reliability. c. acceptable internal consistency reliability. d. low internal consistency reliability.

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40. A correlation between reading and math achievement scores on a national standardized test for first graders indicates a correlation of r = .90. How much variance do these scores share? a. 30% b. 45% c. 81% d. 90% 41. When considering the use of Spearman rho or Pearson r for use with a small sample of less than 30 a. Spearman's rho is more accurate than Pearson r. b. Spearman's rho is easier to calculate. c. Pearson r is the appropriate measure to use. d. Pearson r is easier to calculate.

42. Which of the following illustrates a correlational research topic? a. Do weight and number of days per week of exercise predict life satisfaction? b. Are there differences between men and women in life satisfaction? c. What is someone with a high life satisfaction score like? d. Are there self-esteem differences in children from either families with or without high life satisfaction?

43. Duffy's research addresses the relationships among amount of practice time, race times, and motivation for running in high school athletes. He measures motivation for running by a Likert scale. Given Duffy's research, which one of the following correlation coefficients should he use to analyze his data? a. Kendall's tau b. Spearman's rho c. Pearson r d. Phi coefficient 44. Kenji reported a correlation of r = -.85 between hours spent in community service and adolescent drug use. This finding suggests that a. there is no relationship between community service and adolescent drug use. b. the more community service one performs the more likely one is to use drugs. c. the more community service one performs the less likely one is to use drugs. d. Kenji has calculated the correlation incorrectly because he has a negative number.

45. Monica reported a correlation of 3.4 between community service and interest in helping professions among adolescents. This finding suggests that a. there is no relationship between community service and interest in helping professions. b. the more community service one performs the more likely one is to have interest in a helping profession. c. the more community service one performs the less likely one is to have interest in a helping profession. d. Monica has calculated the correlation incorrectly because 3.4 is not a possible correlation coefficient.

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46. Of the following research topics, which is most likely to be a relationship study? a. The relationship between motivation and achievement b. The difference in minutes a day exercising between boys and girls c. The types of exercise students engage in after school d. The experiences of John at after school track practice 47. Of the following research topics, which is most likely to represent a prediction study? a. The mathematics activities found in a sixth grade math class b. The teaching philosophy of a new mathematics teacher c. The relationship between mathematics grades and math class in the next semester d. The differences in mathematics grades based upon parents' educational level 48. Jamie found an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .60 for his measure of spatial ability. Jamie's instrument a. shows high internal consistency reliability. b. shows adequate internal consistency reliability. c. shows minimally acceptable internal consistency reliability. d. shows poor internal consistency reliability.

49. Yeung reported a correlation of .70 between hours of exercise and self-reported stress-level in graduate students. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding this result? a. The two variables were unrelated in her study. b. As hours of exercise increased, stress generally increased. c. Her finding represents a moderate effect. d. Her results represent significant differences.

50. Laura is designing a study of the extent to which standardized achievement test scores in high school predict college GPA using a large dataset of 50,000 students. Which of the following potential problems is most important to consider? a. The sample size may be too small to detect a correlation. b. The sample size may result in a correlation that is practically unimportant. c. The variables require the use of a phi coefficient. d. The sample size may require factor analysis.

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Chapter 10 Test Items

1. One similarity between causal-comparative and correlational research is that both a. can determine causal events. b. can be treated as a type of descriptive research. c. attempt to establish causes. d. rely on the same research procedures.

2. Causal-comparative and experimental research both a. examine differences between groups. b. manipulate the independent variable(s) in the study. c. assign participants to conditions. d. have the same ethical considerations when considering independent variables.

3. In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally a. randomly assign participants. b. can establish causation. c. do not manipulate independent variables. d. examine relationships between two variables.

4. One similarity between causal-comparative and experimental research is that both a. employ random assignment. b. attempt to establish cause-effect relationships. c. manipulate independent variables. d. examine relationships after the events have occurred.

5. Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study? a. Mathematics achievement b. Time to complete a problem c. Amount of content learned from instructional materials d. Type of instructional treatment administered 6. Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study? a. Discipline referrals b. Attitudes about science c. Country of origin d. SAT scores 7. Laura is designing a study that examines difference in social skills between children raised in a three-generation family household compared to those raised in a two-generation family home. Laura is most likely to study this research problem by use of causal-comparative research because a. the events have already happened.

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b. she will not attempt to explain any reasons for differences in social skills. c. she wants to manipulate the independent variable, type of home environment. d. she will only address relationships and not levels of an independent variable.

8. A causal-comparative study requires a. a researcher manipulated grouping variable. b. established groups that differ on some variable. c. beginning with effects and investigating causes. d. three or more levels of grouping variable and one dependent variable.

9. Of the following, which is considered an organismic variable? a. Age b. Marital status c. Intelligence d. Self-esteem 10. All of the following are relative weaknesses of causal-comparative research when compared with other forms of quantitative research EXCEPT a. lack of randomization. b. manipulation of independent variables. c. time to conduct the study. d. control of research variables.

11. Of the following which is an example of a prospective causal-comparative study? a. Katie was interested in whether differences in university persistence are found between students coming from large versus small high schools. She compared the percentage of students who had dropped out of college that had attended either a large or small high school. b. Carrie compared college GPA of students who had either enrolled in high school AP classes and those who had not. c. Molly compared the amount of time spent independently reading between those who were given phonics instruction in first grade and those who were given whole language. d. Jason investigated whether assigning vocabulary homework for a high school history class would help their performance on his final. He identified one class that had weekly vocabulary homework and then compared their final exam scores to those of another class to which no weekly vocabulary homework was assigned.

12. Of the following, which is an example of a retrospective causal-comparative approach? a. Allison believed allowing students open campus for lunch would promote better school attendance so she allowed one high school in the district to have open campus while the others maintained their closed campus. She then assessed differences in attendance at the end of the semester. b. Ben was interested in the benefits of outdoor recess on classroom behavior. One class he had take year-round outdoor recess and the other he scheduled for indoor recess in the gym. At the end of the school year he examined referrals for classroom management for both classes.

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c. James hypothesized that adults who were scouts as children would possess more sophisticated environmental attitudes. He compared the environmental attitudes of adults who were scouts to those of adults who were not scouts. d. Lisa was curious whether after-school snacks promoted healthier dinner eating habits so she compared children from one day care setting that provided after-school snacks to one that did not. At the end of the semester she had parents rate dinner eating behaviors for both groups of children.

13. One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that causal-comparative studies can examine ________ while experimental studies cannot. a. more than one dependent variable b. causal relationships among variables c. variables that should not be manipulated d. variables that can be manipulated 14. Wendy is investigating differences in cardiovascular health between children who are involved in extracurricular activities and those who are not. She decides to investigate only children who are average height and weight, with no existing heart conditions and no family history of obesity. Wendy has employed which method for controlling the extraneous variable in her study? a. Matching b. Comparing homogeneous subgroups c. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) d. Manipulation of independent variable 15. Paula examined differences in college persistence between students who took the SAT either before their junior year or during their junior year of high school. She compared students with the same score and found that students had taken the SAT before their junior year of high school were more likely to stay in college than those who had taken the SAT during their junior year. Paula employed which method for controlling the extraneous variable, performance, in her study? a. Matching b. Comparing homogeneous subgroups c. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) d. Manipulation of independent variable 16. Stan's study examined the differences in self-concept between children enrolled in a summer outdoor adventure program and those who were not. The adventure group children had slightly higher self-concept prior to the program than the comparison group, so Stan took individual's initial self-concept score into consideration when he examined his data. Which of the following strategies for controlling extraneous variables did Stan employ? a. Matching b. Comparing homogeneous subgroups c. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) d. Manipulation of independent variable

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17. The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of central tendency is the a. range. b. mode. c. mean. d. median.

18. The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of spread around the mean is the a. range. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. t test.

19. The following are primary statistical procedures employed to analyze data in a causalcomparative study EXCEPT a. Spearman rho. b. ANOVA. c. t test. d. chi square.

20. Of the following, which describes a likely causal-comparative study? a. Typical management procedures used by experienced teachers in a child-care setting b. Relationship between teacher job satisfaction and years of teaching c. Differences in problem solving performance between children provided exposure to a computer training program and those who were not given the same exposure d. Differences in acclimation to high school between children from small and large middle schools 21. Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below.

E X O C O a. Susan compares mathematics achievement scores between those students who received after school instruction and those who did not. b. Susan compares number self-esteem levels of children who are in ability grouped versus non-ability grouped classrooms. c. Susan examines the relationship between school violence incidences and number of children in a typical class. d. Susan describes how fathers and mothers feel about moral education curriculum legislation.

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22. Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below.

E X1 O C X2 O a. Susan compares mathematics achievement scores between those students who received after school instruction and those who did not. b. Susan compares self-esteem levels of children who are in ability grouped versus nonability grouped classrooms. c. Susan examines the relationship between school violence incidences and number of children in a typical class. d. Susan describes how fathers and mothers feel about moral education curriculum legislation.

23. Ruth collected data on boys' and girls' self-esteem. Which statistical procedure will Ruth employ to analyze differences between conditions? a. Spearman's rho b. t test c. chi square d. ANOVA 24. Gretchen is comparing second grade students' spelling ability across three existing groups.

One group has had phonemic instruction, one group has used invented spelling, and the final group has had weekly spelling activities with high frequency words. Gretchen will likely use which of the following data analysis techniques to examine differences between these groups on a spelling test? a. chi square b. t test c. Pearson r d. ANOVA 25. Diana examines violence prevention programs. She is interested in the differences in number of referrals for violent behavior between two schools. One school has implemented a violence prevention program and the other has not. Diana is likely to use which of the following statistical procedures to analyze her data? a. chi square b. t test c. Pearson r d. ANOVA 26. Of the following, which likely describes a causal-comparative study? a. The hygiene procedures followed during a day in a high school alternative schooling environment b. The differences between mathematics learning outcomes in traditional and alternative schooling 69 .

c. The relationship between alternative schooling and later youth criminal offenses in urban youth offenders d. The qualifications or credentials of teachers in a typical alternative school located in the southwest United States 27. Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below.

E X1 O C X2 O a. Ned examines how fourth graders who were provided after-school homework help and those who were not on the end of year mathematics test. b. Ned describes the typical mathematics standardized test that fourth graders are required to take in his state. c. Ned compares how fourth graders given either after-school homework help via the phone or the Internet perform on the end of year mathematics test. d. Ned examines how the amount of homework help available after school relates to performance on the end of year mathematics test.

28. Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below.

E X O C O a. Ned examines how fourth graders who were provided after-school homework help and those who were not on the end of year mathematics test. b. Ned describes the typical mathematics standardized test that fourth graders are required to take in his state. c. Ned compares how fourth graders given either after-school homework help via the phone or the Internet perform on the end of year mathematics test. d. Ned examines how the amount of homework help available after school relates to performance on the end of year mathematics test.

29. Alice's study examined the benefits of early morning exercise on young children's attention during circle time. She had two groups of students, one who came to circle time first and then had recess and a second group that had recess before circle time. She is comparing the groups' attention based upon a frequency of off-task behaviors by group at circle. The likely descriptive statistic for Alice's dependent variable is a. the range of off-task behavior by group. b. the mode off-task behavior by group. c. the mean off-task behavior by group. d. the median off-task behavior by group.

30. Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala identifies two 70 .

types of schools in her district, schools that provide awards or schools that do not. She compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the dependent variable? a. School location b. Student achievement c. School type d. Participation rate 31. Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala identifies two types of schools in her district, schools that provide awards or schools that do not. She compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the independent variable? a. School location b. Student achievement c. School type d. Participation rate 32. Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study? a. Achievement b. Gender c. Intelligence d. Attitude 33. Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study? a. Gender b. Ethnicity c. Achievement d. Grade level 34. Steve studies diet and endurance during extended swim practices. Which of the following represents a causal-comparative research question he might examine? a. Is there a relationship between calories consumed at breakfast and endurance during after-school practice? b. Are there differences between year-round swimmers' versus summer swimmers' endurance after 12 weeks of winter practice? c. What is the typical fatigue response in ninth grade female swimmers? d. How long does the typical competitive middle school swimmer train before he first shows signs of fatigue?

35. Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She had firstgrade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compared the scores of students who attended formal pre-kindergarten programs with those who did not.

What is the dependent variable in Katrina's study? a. First grade 71 .

b. Pre-kindergarten programs c. Social skills d. First grade teachers 36. Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She had firstgrade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compared the scores of students who attended formal pre-kindergarten programs with those who did not.

What is the independent variable in Katrina's study? a. Social skills b. First grade teachers c. Pre-kindergarten program d. First grade 37. Ms. Angelo examines whether there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three. What is the dependent measure in Ms. Angelo's study? a. Type of books read b. Eighth grade students c. Gain achievement scores d. Number of books read 38. Ms. Angelo examines whether there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three. What is the independent measure in Ms. Angelo's study? a. Type of books read b. Eighth grade students c. Gain achievement scores d. Number of books read 39. Which of the following is considered an ability variable? a. Scholastic aptitude b. Self-concept c. Socioeconomic status d. Sex 40. Jon is interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. Which of the following might be a causal-comparative research question Jon first posed prior to designing his study?

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a. What types of community service do students say that they would like to complete? b. Is five hours of community service enough for students to gain benefits in self-esteem? c. Is there a relationship between self-esteem scores taken before and self-esteem scores taken after community service? d. Are there differences in students' self-esteem after engagement in three types of community service activities?

41. Jon is interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. When he analyzes his data, Jon will use which of the following tests to examine differences between groups? a. Pearson r b. ANOVA c. Dependent t test d. Independent t test 42. Katlyn examined attitudes about a new portfolio assignment she included in her advanced graphics class. She felt this assignment might result in more positive attitudes in her male students than in her female students. She is concerned about extraneous variables and would like to control use ACT scores as a control. Which of the following is the best control procedure? a. Matching b. t test analysis c. Grouping variable analysis d. Factorial analysis of variance 43. Carol conducted a causal-comparative study of the effects of attendance on math achievement. She found a statistically significant relationship between math achievement and school attendance. What would be the most appropriate next step? a. Conclude that math achievement causes improved attendance b. Conclude that attendance causes improved math achievement c. Conduct an ANOVA to examine achievement for each level of attendance d. Examine reverse causality to proceed cautiously with interpretation 44. Of the following, which best represents a causal-comparative study? a. The typical number of hours spent studying mathematics in cyber-learning b. The differences in mathematics learning outcomes between students enrolled in traditional and cyber learning c. The relationship between cyber-learning and attitudes about utility of mathematics d. The most common personality profiles of those students who are not injured but enrolled in cyber learning experiences

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Chapter 11 Test Items

1. Compared to all other types of research, experimental research a. requires greater number of participants. b. provides evidence concerning cause-effect relations. c. measures dependent and independent variables. d. collects samples to generalize to populations.

2. Treatment variable is another name for a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. mediating variable.

3. Replications in experimental research are generally conducted to facilitate a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. internal reliability. d. external reliability.

4. Gavin's study compared reading error rates and reading comprehension scores between two groups of 50 third-grade students that received different reading programs. His t test data analysis did not indicate any differences between the two types of instruction. The most likely reason for his findings is that a. his measures did not measure reading. b. his sample is too small. c. he conducted the wrong analysis. d. his groups were too similar.

5. Gavin's study compared reading error rates and reading comprehension scores between two groups of 50 third-grade students that received different reading programs. The treatment variable in Gavin's study is a. error rates. b. third graders. c. reading instruction. d. reading comprehension.

6. Patsy conducted an experiment that included two groups of junior high girls. One group received no training while the other received a three-hour intervention about the benefits of careers in math and science domains. Patsy compared the willingness of girls to enroll in subsequent math courses as her outcome measure. Her t test analysis indicated no differences between her treatment group and the no-exposure control. This finding is likely due to a. preexisting group differences. b. limited treatment exposure. c. sampling error.

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d. too small a sample size.

7. The final step in an experimental study is the a. selection and definition of a problem. b. execution of procedures. c. formulation of conclusions. d. analysis of data.

8. In experimental studies, but NOT in other studies a. the researcher manipulates the dependent variables. b. the researcher manipulates the independent variables. c. the researcher tries to eliminate the effects of extraneous variables. d. the researcher examines a priori differences between groups.

9. In experimental studies, the sample may be derived from a. one population. b. two populations. c. three populations. d. more than three populations.

10. A researcher's efforts to remove influence of variables other than the independent variable is referred to as a. control. b. assignment. c. sorting. d. determination.

11. The type of validity concerned with whether findings can be generalized to other groups or other settings is referred to as a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. content validity. d. construct validity.

12. The type of validity concerned with whether differences between groups are due to the manipulation of the independent variable is referred to as a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. content validity. d. construct validity.

13. Marcy is concerned that her findings may be due to an extraneous uncontrolled variable and not her treatment. Marcy is most concerned with a. internal consistency reliability. b. inter-rater reliability. c. external validity.

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d. internal validity.

14. Consider the example of Roy, a researcher who studies the role of worked examples in engineering education. He measures students' test performance and ratings of their instructors. He randomly assigns classes to condition. The independent variable in Roy's research is a. engineering education. b. worked example exposure. c. test performance. d. teacher ratings.

15. Consider the example of Roy, a researcher who studies the role of worked examples in engineering education. He measures students' test performance and ratings of their instructors. He randomly assigns classes to condition. Roy argues that his research is experimental. However, you argue that it is quasi-experimental given the following reason. a. He randomly assigned intact groups not individual students. b. Ratings of instructors are not measured in experiments. c. He uses a correlational approach to the study. d. There is no dependent variable in his research study.

16. A laboratory study compared learning from text in two conditions, one with underlining of important terms and one without underlining, found that the underlining group did better on factual items. Marina then conducted a study with tenth-grade history students and compared one group that read a chapter with the important text underlined and one group that read a chapter without any underlining. Marina's study illustrates an example of a(n) a. test for reliability. b. internal validity study. c. replication study. d. regression study.

17. Which of the following is a threat to external validity? a. Statistical regression b. Testing effects c. Specificity of variables d. Instrumentation 18. Which of the following is a threat to internal validity? a. Differential selection of participants b. Selection-treatment interaction c. Posttest sensitization d. Multiple-treatment interference 19. The threat to validity defined as the effects of the occurrence of events that are not part of the treatment but affect the dependent variable is a. history. b. testing.

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c. statistical regression. d. instrumentation.

20. Laura was conducting a study on two treatment interventions to increase patriotism. During her study, terrorist attacks on a federal building occurred. Laura should be concerned with which of the following validity threats? a. Statistical regression b. Instrumentation c. History d. Testing 21. Anne's study compared pre-post differences in prekindergarten children's strategies for alternatives to violent displays when frustrated by others. She found that there were differences between pre- and posttesting. With which validity threat should Anne be most concerned? a. Differential selection b. Statistical regression c. Maturity d. Instrumentation 22. In Katia's remedial mathematics study, she collected pretest data from a group of participants. She divided the participants into three groups. One group received no treatment, one group received instruction by a teacher-delivered intervention, one group received peer tutoring on the same problems. After the intervention she tested their math skills. With which validity threat should Katia be most concerned? a. Maturation b. Testing c. Instrumentation d. Pretest-treatment interaction 23. In an experimental study, the loss of participants in the experimental condition can be referred to as a. a placebo effect. b. attenuation. c. mortality. d. a novelty effect.

24. PJ conducts an experimental study on the effects of soft music during high stakes science testing. He randomly assigns students at the school. In one condition he does not provide music for testing while in the other group he does provide the music. He administers a pretest at the beginning of the year and a posttest at the end of the year. PJ's design is best represented by which of the following? a. Static-group comparison b. Pretest-posttest control group design c. One-shot case study d. One-group pretest-posttest design 77 .

25. PJ conducts an experimental study on the effects of soft music during high stakes science testing. He randomly assigns students at the school. In one condition he does not provide music for testing while in the other group he does provide the music. One concern in his study is that during the year the music teacher at the school he administered the study shared with students the physiological benefits of soft music. The introduction of the benefits of music during the duration of his study can be considered which of the following threats? a. History b. Maturation c. Mortality d. Testing 26. As a secondary mathematics teacher, Hernandez conducted a study that explored whether giving children recess prior to testing helped their test performance. For one of the semesters, he sends half of his classes out for 10 minutes of recess prior to testing; for the other half, he provides 10 minutes of free time after the test. Which of the following best represents the design of Hernandez's study? a. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups b. One-group posttest only control group design c. Solomon four-group design d. One-group pretest-posttest design 27. In an experiment in a school the researcher is also the teacher administering the conditions.

The situation introduces which potential threat to validity? a. Experimenter b. Placebo c. John Henry d. Instrumentation 28. Hernandez conducted a study that explored whether giving children recess prior to testing helped their test performance. For one of the semesters, he sends half of his classes out for 10 minutes of recess prior to testing; for the other half, he provides 10 minutes of free time after the test. Given the study was conducted in a school, students in the recess condition classes told students in the other classes that they were allowed to go to recess before the tests. This is an example of which of the following? a. History effect b. Instrumentation bias c. Treatment diffusion d. Placebo effect 29. An experiment examined whether giving children recess prior to testing helped their test performance. For one of the semesters, the researcher sends half of the classes out for 10 minutes of recess prior to testing. For the other half, he provides 10 minutes of free time after the test. The students in the non recess condition decided they would try harder on the tests because they did not go to recess. This is an example of a(n) a. experimenter threat. b. John Henry effect.

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c. placebo effect. d. Hawthorne effect.

30. Lisa's study assessed the effects of an intervention to facilitate the math skills of lowachieving second grade learners. She administered a treatment to the students in the form of structured computer lesson and found that students' skills increased. With which validity threat should Lisa be most concerned? a. History b. Statistical regression c. Instrumentation d. Mortality 31. Max's study compared the differences in teachers' attitudes about inclusion before and after a Saturday in-service training. He assessed their post-intervention attitudes with a self-report questionnaire. With which of the following threats to validity should Max be particularly concerned? a. Instrumentation b. Mortality c. Selection d. History 32. Russell's study compared GPA of those students who volunteered for academic study skills training and those who did not elect to take the training. He found that those who had the training also had higher GPA. With which validity threat should Russell be most concerned? a. Maturation b. Instrumentation c. History d. Selection 33. Of the following, the best way to decrease the threat of pretest-treatment interaction is a. lengthen the duration of the study. b. decrease the sample size. c. increase the significance level. d. use an attitude scale for the pretest.

34. According to your text the research should report any difficulty obtaining samples because of the increased threat of a. pretest-treatment interaction. b. multiple-treatment interference. c. selection-treatment interaction. d. experimenter effects.

35. Molly's study examines the benefits of exercise on weight loss. In one group she advocates exercise as well as a new diet program. In the comparison group she only presents the diet program. Those in the comparison group find out that some of Molly's clients are in an exercise program too, so they form an exercise group. This is an example of 79 .

a. b. c. d.

compensatory rivalry. placebo effect. treatment diffusion. experimenter effects.

36. Nadine conducted a pretest-posttest control group design. The comparison group received traditional lecture of course content while the treatment group received the lecture and instructor-provided summary notes. She found, however, no differences between conditions, due in part to students sharing the instructor summaries across conditions. This is an example of a. compensatory rivalry. b. treatment diffusion. c. placebo effect. d. experimenter effects.

37. Given a choice of the following research designs, which design controls the most threats to internal validity? a. One-group posttest-only design b. One-group pretest-posttest design c. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups d. Pretest-posttest control group 38. The most significant threat to internal validity of the time series design is a. history. b. maturation. c. regression. d. mortality.

39. Linda is conducting a federally funded research project that examines literacy skills in middle school learners. Bonnie recently started a new study that specifically focuses on reading strategies. Some of the students are participating in both studies. a. This is of no concern because there are two different studies. b. This is a mostly a threat to internal validity. c. This is mostly a threat to external validity. d. This is an example of the placebo effect.

40. Of the following, the design that best controls for internal validity threats is the a. posttest only control group design. b. pretest-posttest group design. c. time series design. d. Solomon four-group design.

41. Which of the following is the primary drawback of the posttest-only control group design? a. History b. Selection-treatment interaction c. Mortality 80 .

d. Maturation 42. For which of the following designs is multiple-treatment interference a substantial threat? a. Time series design b. Counterbalanced design c. Solomon four-group design d. Posttest-only control group design 43. Which of the following is a drawback of the Solomon four-group design? a. Lack of control for threats to internal validity b. The large number of participants needed c. Systematic desensitization d. Increased experimenter effects 44. Of the following, which is an example of a pre-experimental design? a. Time series design b. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups c. Posttest only control group design d. Nonequivalent control group design 45. Which of the following threats to validity is the MOST concerning with the nonequivalent control group design? a. Selection interactions b. Instrumentation c. Mortality d. Testing 46. A factorial design includes a. one manipulated independent variable. b. more than one manipulated independent variable. c. two or more independent variables, one of which is manipulated. d. multiple dependent variables.

47. Jack wants to test whether runners on his cross-country team improve with his new training regimen. He measures their run times at the beginning of the season and again at the end of the season. Runners in Jack's study improving their times due to running generally and not necessarily due to the new regimen is an example of which of the following threats? a. Selection b. Maturation c. History d. Instrumentation 48. The third-grade teachers in one school are interested in the effects of seating assignments on self-esteem of students. Half of the teachers uses a new seating strategy for the year and half use the existing strategy. All students take a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year. At the end of the school year, students take a self-esteem measure. This study 81 .

best illustrates which of the following designs? a. Nonequivalent control group design b. Solomon four-group design c. Pretest-posttest control group design d. One-group pretest-posttest design 49. Jorge studies the effects of mnemonic training on learning vocabulary. He randomly assigns half of the students to a no treatment control group and assigns the others to a mnemonic training group. He assesses students at the end of the study and compares how many words they know. Which of the following designs is Jorge best illustrating? a. Pretest-posttest control group design b. Nonequivalent group control group design c. Posttest-only control group design d. Time series design 50. Nora is interested in differences in amount of content retained from a lecture based on time of class. She compares her two sections, one that meets at 8 AM and one that meets at 2 PM, by testing them, unannounced, on content that she taught two weeks ago. Which of the following designs is Nora best illustrating? a. One-group posttest-only design b. One-group pretest-posttest design c. Posttest-only control group design d. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups 51. Given the following notation, which design is illustrated?

X a. b. c. d.

O One-group posttest-only design One-group pretest-posttest design Posttest-only control group design Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

52. Given the following notation, which design is illustrated?

X1 O X2 O a. One-group posttest-only design b. One-group pretest-posttest design c. Posttest-only control group design d. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups 53. Given the following notation, which design is illustrated?

O X1 O O X2 O a. Pretest-posttest control group design 82 .

b. Posttest-only control group design c. Nonequivalent control group design d. Static group comparison design 54. Given the following notation, which design is illustrated?

R R a. b. c. d.

X1 O X2 O Pretest-posttest control group design Posttest-only control group design Nonequivalent control group design Static group comparison design

55. Kari wants to make sure that all students in her study receive both of the treatments she is testing. To ensure all subjects receive both interventions, which of the following designs should Kari consider? a. Time-series design b. Solomon four-group design c. Counterbalanced design d. Nonequivalent groups control group design 56. How many cells does a 2 × 4 factorial design have? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 57. A study that investigates the effects of three different types of instruction (text only, text with pictures, text with animation), and spatial ability (high, low) would be symbolized as a a. 2 × 2 factorial design. b. 3 × 2 factorial design. c. 2 × 3 factorial design. d. Solomon four-group design.

58. A study that addressed the effects of gender and four types of practice (manipulated by the researcher) would be symbolized as a. 2 × 2 factorial design. b. 4 × 2 factorial design. c. 2 × 4 factorial design. d. Solomon four-group design.

59. One caution with factorial designs is that a. they present more validity threats than most designs. b. they permit investigation of fewer variables than other designs. c. with more factors interactions are difficult to interpret. d. they are not used in educational studies.

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60. Chin-Hsing conducted a study that examined motivation for sport and academics in a Taiwanese school for gifted athletes. One concern that Chin-Hsing has is that the results from the study may not generalize to another school or country. The validity threat most evident in his concern is a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Construct validity d. Predictive validity 61. Grace conducts research on race and achievement in mathematics. She designs a study to investigate whether a new intervention she designed increases African-American students' math achievement scores. She randomly assigns college-bound African-American students to the intervention or to a control condition. Grace gives a mathematics achievement test in September to both groups. Through the academic year the treatment condition receives the intervention. She uses end of year achievement tests to see whether there are differences between conditions. Which of the following best represents the design of Grace's study? a. One-group posttest-only b. One-group pretest-posttest c. Pretest-posttest control group d. 2 × 2 factorial 62. Grace randomly assigns college-bound African-American students to the intervention or to a control condition. Grace gives a mathematics achievement test in September to both groups.

Through the academic year the treatment condition receives the intervention. She uses end of year achievement tests to see whether there are differences between conditions. Grace found that students studied together for the end of year achievement tests. She believes that some of the students in the treatment condition shared intervention information with the control group. Which of the following threats does Grace now have to be most concerned about? a. Maturation by treatment b. Treatment diffusion c. Selection by treatment d. Statistical regression 63. Grace randomly assigns college-bound African-American students to an intervention to improve mathematics achievement or to a control condition. A participants in a control group told Grace, the researcher, that his group found out that "the other kids were getting a program to help their math scores" and therefore they decided to get together in a study group once a week to help each other. Grace was very concerned. What threat does this student action represent? a. John Henry effect b. Multiple treatment interference c. Experimenter effects d. Treatment diffusion

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64. Audrey examines students' learning of science principles from interactive games. She randomly assigns the fifth grade students in her study to a control condition with no play time, a timed play condition, or an unlimited time play condition. She also groups her students into either high or low ability groups. She measures her students with a knowledge pretest, a posttest, and a delayed posttest. Which of the following best represents Audrey's study design? a. Pretest-posttest control group design b. A 3 × 3 factorial design c. A 3 × 2 factorial design d. A 3 × 2 × 3 factorial design 65. Audrey examines students' learning of science principles from interactive games. She randomly assigns the fifth grade students in her study to a control condition with no play time, a timed play condition, or an unlimited time play condition. She also groups her students into either high or low ability groups. She measures her students with a knowledge pretest, a posttest, and a delayed posttest. Which of the following is an independent variable in Audrey's study? a. Ability b. Fifth grade c. Posttest exam d. Science principles 66. Khalad is conducting a study to determine if motivational posters inspire middle school students to be more prosocial and to complete more homework. He goes to a large school district to conduct his study. In one of the district's middle schools he puts the posters up and in the second school he does not. After the posters are up for two months he compares the GPA and number of disciplinary referrals between the two schools. Which of the following designs is most representative of Khalad's study? a. 2 × 2 factorial design b. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups c. Posttest-only control group design d. Solomon four-group design 67. Laura has developed a new treatment to increase spatial ability. She randomly assigns students to either her intervention or a control condition. In the treatment condition students engage in working puzzles for twenty minutes a day for 10 days. Unfortunately, students do not like her intervention and refuse to do puzzles for all of the days. When she examines posttest means on the spatial ability measure, there are no differences between her treatment and the control condition. Which of the following demonstrates a threat to validity demonstrated in this study? a. Maturation b. Testing c. Instrumentation d. Mortality

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Chapter 12 Test Items 1. Which of the following symbolizes the treatment phase in a single-subject design? a. A b. B c. S d. T 2. Which of the following symbolizes the non-treatment phase in a single-subject design? a. A b. B c. S d. T 3. Data analysis in single-subject studies generally includes a. chi square. b. Visual analysis. c. Nonparametric tests. d. Path analysis 4. All of the following are types of replication in single-subject design EXCEPT a. systematic. b. direct. c. clinical. d. generalized.

5. Karen is replicating a study she did for her thesis. She uses the same classroom and the same intervention with a new student. Karen is displaying which type of replication? a. Thematic b. Direct c. Clinical d. Generalized 6. Which of the following represents the type of replication that includes a different researcher, different behaviors, and different setting? a. Systematic b. Direct c. Clinical d. Generalized 7. Which of the following represents a primary concern with the B-A-B design? a. The participant ends the study without treatment. b. The lack of initial baseline makes it difficult to assess effectiveness. c. Participant mortality is commonly an issue. d. History effects can make it difficult to assess effectiveness.

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8. Jacob is a child with aggressive behavior toward his peers. His counselor is trying a new intervention with him. First she observes his behavior during free-play time for five days.

Next she administers a new self-monitoring strategy with him. She observes his behavior during free play time. Next she removes the self-monitoring requirement and observes his free play. Which of the following designs is Jacob's counselor illustrating? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B 9. Rachel is acting out in her mathematics class. She gets so frustrated that she starts to throw things. The school psychologist provides her with a relaxation strategy as an intervention and observes her behavior. The relaxation strategy is removed as a requirement and her classroom behavior is again observed. The school psychologist then again adds the relaxation strategy. Which of the following designs is the school psychologist illustrating? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B 10. Janice is conducting a single-subject study with four speech and language support students with speech disfluency. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering.

She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her student in the general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for six sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times. Which of the following designs is Janice's study? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B 11. Jane conducts an A-B-A single-subject study to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. In Janice's study the "B" represents the a. stuttering. b. baseline. c. intervention. d. observation.

12. The single-variable rule suggests that single-subject designs a. should only have one participant at a time. b. should add or withdraw one variable during any study phase. c. should only be conducted by a single researcher and not teams of researchers. d. Should be generalizable to only one participant at a time.

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13. Which of the following designs best represents an "additive" design? a. Case Study Design b. A-B Design c. B-A-B Design d. A-B-A Design 14. Which of the following is NOT a type of multiple baseline design? a. Across behavior designs b. Across subjects designs c. Across settings designs d. Across baseline designs 15. Another name for the simultaneous treatment design is the ________ design. a. alternating treatment b. experimenter manipulated c. multiple baseline d. return to baseline 16. Which of the following is a benefit of the alternating treatment design? a. There are rarely carryover effects. b. No baseline data are necessary. c. There is higher external validity than other designs. d. The need for researcher intervention is diminished.

17. According to your text, which of the following represents a critical internal validity threat of single-subject designs overall? a. Instrumentation b. Generalization c. History d. Selection 18. Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a patient with brain injury. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique and still collects minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Bryce has employed which of the following types of single-subject designs? a. Case study design b. A-B design c. B-A-B design d. A-B-A design 19. Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a patient with brain injury. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique and still collects minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then 88 .

reintroduces the graphing technique. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Bryce has selected? a. Selection of experimental participant b. No baseline data were collected. c. Withdrawal of treatment condition d. Ethics of treatment reversal 20. Kim learns about the graphing strategy that Bryce used with a patient with brain injury in a single-subject study. Kim wants to replicate the study with her patient who scratches until she causes herself injury. The type of replication that Kim's use of the graphing strategy illustrates in this case is a. direct replication. b. transfer replication. c. systematic replication. d. clinical replication.

21. Bryce is using the graphing technique he used with a patient with brain injury in a singlesubject study by replicating it with another patient, Paul. By so doing, Bryce is illustrating which type of replication? a. Direct replication b. Transfer replication c. Systematic replication d. Clinical replication 22. In single-subject research, the most important type of significance is a. generalized significance. b. statistical significance. c. effect size significance. d. clinical significance.

23. Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. Which of the following designs is Millie employing? a. Multiple baseline b. Alternating treatment c. Time series d. Treatment-withdrawal 24. Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. In this study, which of the following threats does Millie control? a. Order effects b. Selection effects 89 .

c. Treatment effects d. History effects 25. Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. The benefits of Millie's design include all of the following EXCEPT a. no withdrawal is necessary. b. no baseline is necessary. c. more than one treatment is considered. d. multiple-treatment interference is controlled.

26. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days to determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior does not change.

Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett obtain signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book and observes improved behavior. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. In Frank's study, the signed assignment book represents which of the following? a. A b. B c. S d. T 27. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days to determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior does not change.

Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett obtain signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book and observes improved behavior. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. If Frank's study is typical, what would one expect regarding Garrett's behavior after the requirement of the assignment book was taken away? a. He will now forget his things more often than while he was using the assignment book but less than before he started. b. He will now forget his things more often than before he started using the assignment book. c. He will now forget his things less than both before the assignment book and while he used the assignment book. d. His forgetting will substantially decrease and he will continue to use the assignment book.

28. Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three-minute 90 .

period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three-minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Stefanie has employed which of the following types of single-subject designs? a. Case study design b. A-B design c. B-A-B design d. A-B-A design 29. Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three-minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three-minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Stefanie has selected? a. Selection of experimental participant b. No baseline data were collected. c. Withdrawal of treatment condition d. Ethics of treatment reversal 30. Aaron has decided to use the audio recording modeling strategy from a single-subject study with his client who also has struggles with initial word sounds. The type of replication that Aaron illustrates in this case is a. direct replication. b. transfer replication. c. systematic replication. d. clinical replication.

31. Of the following, which is an example of clinical replication? a. A researcher develops a package of two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing to administer to his student Tracey. b. A researcher implements two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease offtask behaviors while testing, in succession with return to baseline between the interventions to his student Tracey. c. A researcher implements an intervention known to work for off task behavior for homework completion with Sam his student to test with off-task behavior while testing. d. Marcus tests an intervention for off-task behaviors for testing with his student Maria. He developed the intervention for use initially with his student Travis.

32. Ike would like to implement a single-subject design to test interventions for several behaviors of her student Mildred. She would like to target hitting behavior and yelling in class. Of the following, which single-subject design would be most appropriate? a. Alternating treatments design 91 .

b. Multiple-baseline design c. A-B-A changing criterion design d. A-B-A-B design 33. Regarding the practice of manipulating two variables simultaneously in a single-subject study, one should conclude a. this practice is acceptable as researchers now believe that we can tease out interactive effects. b. this practice is acceptable because we can statistically manipulate individual variables. c. this practice is unsound because in so doing we are unable to assess effects of either variable. d. this practice is unsound because in so doing we confuse the participant as a threat to validity.

34. Which of the following presents an example of an additive design? a. A) OOOO XOXOXOXOXO b. B) XOXO XOXOXOXOXO OOOO c. C) XOXO OOOOOOOOOO d. D) OOOO XOXOXOXOXO OOOO

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Chapter 13 Test Items 1. As identified in your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research? a. Increased emphasis on teacher accountability b. Increased emphasis on student learning c. Increased emphasis on teacher reflection d. Increased emphasis on student self-regulation 2. Which of the following research topics is most conducive to narrative research? a. The gain scores of SAT after preparation classes b. The experiences of an average-achieving student prepping for the SAT c. The differences in SAT gain scores between preparation class participants and nonparticipants d. The effects of two types of preparation classes on student SAT scores 3. Which of the following research topics is most conducive to narrative research? a. A study of the number of students statewide who use school vouchers b. A study that tracks the finance shifts in a state that recently implemented school vouchers c. A study that shares the experiences of one large urban district as vouchers were introduced d. A study that surveys community members regarding perceived strengths and weaknesses of school vouchers 4. Which of the following is NOT considered a type of narrative research? a. Personal accounts b. Autoethnography c. Participant observations d. Life writing 5. All of the following inform how a narrative research approach is categorized EXCEPT a. the scope of the narrative. b. who authored the narrative account. c. the underlying relationship between the researcher and the participant. d. the theoretical framework that influenced the study.

6. Which of the following is an element that characterizes narrative research? a. Narrative research focuses on group experiences. b. Narrative research relies heavily on triangulation. c. Narrative research is constructed by the researcher. d. Narrative research incorporates context and place.

7. Nancy studies moving and social relationships in adolescents. Which of the following is likely a topic for her narrative research study? a. The relationship between number of moves and high school GPA b. The average number of moves in lower SES children 93 .

c. The effects of moving on number of intimate friends in high school seniors d. The experiences of a student with multiple moves 8. As a narrative researcher interested in acts of extreme school violence, you have identified the purpose of your study and the phenomenon to explore. What is your next step? a. Pose initial narrative research questions. b. Describe data collection methods. c. Describe the researcher's role. d. Select an individual to learn about the phenomenon.

9. As a narrative researcher you have established a relationship with Saud to better understand the experiences of a father from Saudi Arabia with children growing up in the United States.

What is your next step? a. Develop initial narrative research questions. b. Describe the researcher's role. c. Describe data collection methods. d. Complete the writing of the narrative account.

10. Barb is a narrative researcher interested in the experiences of first generation college students in rural Appalachia. Of the following, who might be the best person to serve as an individual to learn about the problem? a. Maxine, a university guidance counselor working with first generation students b. Joseph, a high school teacher who teaches advanced students in rural Appalachia c. Sam, a first generation university student from rural Appalachia with junior standing d. Roger, the father of a first generation university student from rural Appalachia 11. Donny is a narrative researcher studying the experiences of wildlife rescue personnel. Which of the following will Donny primarily rely on for data collection? a. Certification tests required of wildlife personnel b. Career interest surveys of those in rescue work c. Attitude measures given to personnel regarding the status of wildlife in our country d. Interviews with wildlife rescue personnel 12. Mollie is a doctoral student conducting her research on the volunteer experiences of those involved in programs such as Teach for America. Her dissertation chair, Ruth, asked her about the status of her human subjects review. Mollie was surprised because she had not intended to submit a protocol for human subjects review. Given this scenario, what can be said about the ethical standards in Mollie's study? a. Mollie does not need informed consent because she is only interviewing participants. b. Mollie needs to submit a protocol for review, and she will need participants to sign an informed consent. c. Mollie does not need to submit a protocol for review because she is developing stories. d. Mollie needs to submit a protocol for review, but she will not need an informed consent.

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13. According to your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research in education? a. Increased interest in school cultures b. Increased interest in international education c. Increased number of students with first language other than English d. Increased emphasis placed on teacher knowledge 14. Ken is a narrative researcher. Of the following, which is the most likely purpose for his study of multiethnic classrooms? a. To help the school create policies to assist incoming students b. To understand a teacher's experiences in a dynamic multiethnic classroom c. To correlate student performance with teacher experiences teaching in multiethnic schools d. To examine differences in student achievement by teacher ethnicity in multiethnic schools 15. Which of the following research topics is most conducive to narrative research? a. Differences in mathematics interest among middle school students who were taught with either manipulatives or via a traditional curriculum in the primary grades b. The effects of ability grouping in primary grades on standardized test scores c. The experiences of women from coeducational high schools now enrolled in women's colleges d. The relationship between number of hours of television viewing and electronic gaming with obesity in children 16. Regarding data collection, narrative researchers generally a. rely primarily on empirical data. b. rely on a single source of data. c. rely on more than one participant. d. use only methods accepted by quantitative researchers.

17. To address issues of trustworthiness, narrative researchers a. use only valid instruments. b. rely on inter-observer reliability. c. triangulate their data. d. rely on a single participant to assure validity.

18. Which of the following is considered an example of a "field text" technique? a. Norming a new assessment tool b. Having participants share oral histories c. Calculating the inter-rater reliability while scoring student responses d. Comparing observation protocols with other researchers conducting similar studies 19. Marty is a narrative researcher interested in teachers who are children of teachers. He identifies participants and collects the stories of the role that their parents as teachers provided to them and the ways in which their parent's occupation shaped their own career 95 .

path. He analyzes common themes and creates a description that applies across the stories. In so doing, which of the following types of narrative research is Marty best displaying? a. Narrative analysis b. Narrative critique c. Analysis of narrative d. Interpretive narrative 20. Kadeem collected interview data and conducted observations regarding the experiences of very rural children enrolled in "country schools" with students from all grades in attendance.

He reports his data in the form of a story. Which of the following types of narrative research is Kadeem is best displaying? a. Narrative analysis b. Narrative critique c. Analysis of narrative d. Interpretive narrative 21. Seth collected data regarding the experiences of students struggling while learning to read.

He interviews students and observes their experiences in their classroom, special support room, and in their homes. He frames his findings in the form of a unified story of their experiences. Which of the following is Seth best displaying? a. Narrative analysis b. Narrative critique c. Analysis of narrative d. Interpretative narrative 22. Narrative researchers who collect their participants' stories of their experience and analyze those stories to create a description of themes across the stories are said to be illustrating which type of narrative research? a. Narrative analysis b. Narrative critique c. Analysis of narrative d. Interpretive narrative 23. Which of the following is NOT a specific method discussed in your text as a narrative data source? a. Oral History b. Biographical Writing c. Letter writing d. Census findings 24. The final step in the narrative research process is a. developing a collaborative relationship with the participant. b. collaborating with the participate to write the narrative and validate. c. working with the participant to describe data collection. d. describing the role of the researcher and relationship with the participant.

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25. Saeed, a narrative researcher who studies speech and language challenges in adults, has asked Darina to construct a time line and divide the timeline into segments that represent significant events in her life related to her speech and language development. Saeed is best illustrating which of the following data collection approaches? a. Oral history b. Narrative analysis c. Letter writing d. Biographical sharing 26. Shelly is a narrative researcher interested in the challenges of being a first year teacher in a small rural school. Given the suggestions in your text, who might be the best individual for Shelly to consider as a primary participant? a. Maria, a second year teacher b. Alfred, a new teacher's spouse c. Sarah, a veteran teacher in the district d. Jim, the superintendent of the school 27. Which of the following is a key characteristic of narrative research? a. Narrative research is best conducted independently. b. Narrative research is concerned with experiences of individuals. c. Narrative research is concerned with generalizability of findings. d. Narrative research is concerned with internal validity.

28. Compared to quantitative research methods, narrative research is more a. objective. b. valid. c. interpretive. d. generalizable.

29. Kathy has identified the purpose of her study and her phenomenon to explore. She proceeds to select individuals to study to learn about the experience with, and poses initial research questions, next she will a. consider her role as the researcher. b. develop her data collection methods. c. determine how she will analyze her data. d. construct the story with the participants.

30. Marge is a narrative researcher. Which of the following is most likely the goal for her study of young boys' sports injuries? a. To catalog the number and type of injuries in a single calendar year b. To increase awareness of sports injuries in youth sport c. To help to develop awareness of the long-term consequences of youth sport injuries d. To explore the experiences of injured youth athletes and their families 31. Carol would like to study the experiences of individuals recovering from strokes during their therapy sessions. It has been her observation that there are many challenges for these clients, 97 .

and she wants to better understand those challenges. How might she collect data when conducting narrative research? a. Storytelling of clients' experiences b. Surveying of the challenges experienced c. Examining test scores related to symptoms d. Interviewing caregivers of individuals recovering from strokes 32. Mo is conducting a narrative research study on the experiences of certified teachers who must be recertified or alternatively certified in order to continue to teach in their current positions. The purpose of her study is to describe these teachers' experiences. She has decided to focus on Jenn, a certified elementary teacher and licensed school psychologist who must complete work to be certified to teach in one of the districts new pre-kindergarten classes. What is the next step Mo will take in her study? a. Collaborate with Jenn to construct data collection methods b. Deeply consider her relationship with Jenn c. Develop narrative research questions d. Conduct a literature review to see what is written on the topic 33. Mo is conducting a narrative research study on the experiences of certified teachers who must be recertified or alternatively certified in order to continue to teach in their current positions. Why is it important for a Mo to "restory" the stories she collects from the research participant? a. The stories of the participant may not be told in a logical sequence. b. The participant may not know the actual story that needs to be told. c. The researcher can better explain the meaning of the stories. d. The participant generally does not tell about past, present, and future.

34. Which of the following best characterizes activities during the first phase of restorying? a. The researcher shares his version of the narrative and solicits feedback. b. The researcher conducts interviews and transcribes the recording. c. The researcher constructs an initial narrative of the data. d. The researcher presents her personal narrative to be ethical.

35. Don is conducting narrative research on the nature and development of national educational policy. Which of the following includes a primary source in his work? a. Interviews with a select few informants who developed policy b. An analysis of the last four administrations' policies c. A survey of all current employees of the Department of Education d. White papers and press releases from the Department of Education 36. Which of the following is an example of the speech recognition tools that the text suggests may facilitate the narrative research process? a. MSWrite b. Speechwrite c. Dragon Dictate d. TypeTALK 98 .

37. Graham is a new researcher and has questions regarding the role of technology in the narrative research processes. Given knowledge from your text, which of the following recommendations would you make to Graham? a. Narrative researchers rely only on traditional, face-to-face, methods of communication. b. E-mail and other forms of electronic communication can inform narrative research. c. Narrative researchers rely only on field notes in order to remain "closer" to their data. d. Narrative researchers today rely only on electronic communication.

38. Which of the following is the best strategy for collaborating with participants in a narrative research study? a. Focus the restorying on times the participant collaborated. b. Negotiate relationship between the researcher and participant. c. Code the data into themes or categories. d. Organize the data into a chronology of events.

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Chapter 14 Test Items 1. Daniel is an ethnographic researcher who studies the daily lives of migrant children. Which of the following is most likely a primary data collection technique for Daniel to use in his study? a. Surveys b. Standardized assessments c. Interviews d. Participant observation 2. Daniel is an ethnographic researcher who studies the daily lives of migrant children. Of the following, which is the most likely field of study for Dan's training? a. Cultural anthropology b. Clinical psychology c. Demographic sociology d. Spatial geography 3. Ethnographers are most interested in data that support a. relationships among variables. b. predictions variables can make. c. cultural patterns of participants. d. calculation of pertinent statistics.

4. Which of the following researchers most clearly illustrates behavior similar to that of an ethnographer who is studying gifted education? a. Laurie conducts observations in several classrooms for one week each. b. Mindy surveys the gifted students regarding their self-concept and correlates self-concept with their IQ score. c. Len conducts a database study that compares the standardized test scores of students in gifted programs and those enrolled in advanced classes. d. Dave observes in a single gifted classroom for the academic year.

5. Which of the following researchers most clearly illustrates behavior similar to that of an ethnographer who is studying character education programs? a. Mickey compares achievement of those in character education programs to achievement of those not in such programs. b. Maya examines how enrollment in character education programs predicts career outcomes. c. Michele assists as a support teacher in a character education program for the academic year. d. Mindy surveys students in character education programs about why they enroll in such programs.

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6. Kent is an ethnographer interested in the experiences of superintendents who deal with serious school violence incidents. Of the following which is most likely a primary research strategy for Kent? a. He will survey superintendents regarding the strategies they have in place to handle such incidents. b. He will shadow a superintendent during and for six months after a serious incident. c. He will interview superintendents who have dealt with such incidents regarding the perceived strengths and weaknesses of their approach. d. He will observe and interview parents whose children were affected by a serious school violence incident.

7. Which of the following is the most likely primary data source for Jane, an ethnographic researcher who studies the lives of those who train service animals? a. Surveys of her population about why they became trainers. b. Personality assessments of animal trainers. c. Interviews of eight animal trainers. d. Observations as an assistant to an animal trainer.

8. Which of the following researchers most clearly illustrates behavior similar to that of an ethnographer who is studying homeschoolers' practices? a. Tina examines Department of Education data to determine how many hours a day homeschoolers teach. b. Danylko compares the incidence of homeschooling in the United States versus in Ukraine. c. Oakes studies three homeschoolers daily routines over the course of a two-year span. d. Vachel surveys homeschoolers to determine how many teach languages to their pupils.

9. One of the goals while engaging in participant observation is to a. remain objective. b. be brief. c. engage in activities. d. seek truth.

10. Chuck is interested in understanding the PDS movement spearheaded by a consortium of teacher-researchers, university researchers, and funding agents. He wants to understand the "culture of change" within the group and how that evolves over time. Of the following, which type of data collection strategy will be of primary concern for Chuck? a. Participant observation b. Surveys about culture c. Achievement tests d. Teacher constructed assessments 11. Danika recently presented her dissertation study at a national conference. The focus of her research was standardized testing. If she conducted ethnographic research, which were likely primary data sources for her study? a. A district's scores on the tests administered 101 .

b. A matrix showing correspondence between curriculum and the test c. Observations of curriculum coordinators d. Interviews with parents whose students did not fare well on the test 12. According to your text, which of the following should ethnographic researchers consider when describing culture? a. Shared cultural knowledge b. Descriptive culture c. Cultural understanding d. Cultural orientation 13. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a form of ethnographic research? a. Critical ethnography b. Immersion ethnography c. Ethnographic case study d. Realist ethnography 14. According to your text, which of the following is a form of ethnographic research? a. Objective ethnography b. Realist ethnography c. Empirical ethnography d. Descriptive ethnography 15. Of the following research topics, which would most likely be addressed through ethnographic research? a. The benefits of drama experiences on standardized tests b. The relationship between drama experiences and personality type c. The drama skill development of novice actors in their first production d. The differences between novice and experienced actors on acting attitude profiles 16. Jill is an ethnographic researcher who is interested in the before school gymnasium club (BSGC) students. Students in the BSGC come to school early each day to play unstructured games in the middle school gym. Which of the following is a typical data collection scenario for her research? a. Jill collects surveys from parents and teachers regarding the BSGC. b. Jill considers the trends of number of students in the BSGC for an academic year. c. Jill goes to BSGC and observes student behaviors for the academic year. d. Jill surveys BSGC students' and non BSGC students' overall activity level and BMI. 17. The purpose of ethnographic research project that examines study hall behaviors might be to a. understand the nature of students' study hall behaviors. b. report the number of study hall minutes wasted by typical sophomore students. c. demonstrate the value of study hall for all students. d. show the relationship between study hall time and academic achievement.

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18. According to your text, the first step in ethnographic research is to a. describe the site. b. select the sample. c. identify the purpose of the study. d. seek permissions to study the setting.

19. Eadan, an ethnographic researcher, is interested in studying the experiences of emerging scholars navigating their dissertation committees as they conduct narrative research. Which of the following is a typical primary data collection strategy for Eadan? a. He will use a LimeSurveyPro to distribute a survey to all students at his university conducting qualitative research. b. He will scour all recently completed dissertations to interview those scholars about their experiences. c. He will interview faculty members about their opinions about the feasibility and the challenges of completing a narrative dissertation. d. He will select a couple of emerging narrative scholars to follow and observe through the dissertation process.

20. According to your text, after determining the site and sample selection, an ethnographic researcher will then a. identify the purpose of the study. b. describe the researcher's role in the study. c. secure permissions and negotiate entry. d. begin data collection, including observation.

21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic research? a. Prolonged time in the research setting b. Multiple data collection techniques c. A deductive approach to data collection d. Discerning patterns and regularities of human behavior 22. Which of the following is a primary purpose of the ethnographic researcher? a. To describe and interpret culture b. To generate findings that are replicable c. To objectively report general findings d. To measure educational constructs 23. Qing is an ethnographic researcher interested in understanding the culture of youth track and field athletics. He needs to focus on behaviors that will help him to do so. Which of the following is something Qing will attend to? a. Ethnographic understanding b. Deductive reasoning c. Narrative reasoning d. Cultural understanding

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24. Recent research in early childhood literacy motivation has indicated that a subset of learners report being very motivated for reading but their teachers and parents do not report them to be motivated. Ingram, an ethnographic researcher, wants to further study this discrepancy.

Which of the following is the most likely research strategy for Ingram? a. Ingram will correlate students' comprehension scores with their reported motivation. b. Ingram will examine the differences in reading achievement between students who reported being motivated and those who did not report motivation. c. Ingram will observe children in classroom settings during literacy activities. d. Ingram will determine the range of responses generally found on her motivation scales.

25. Those interested in school violence are concerned with alienated middle school children.

Eada, an ethnographic researcher, wants to explore the experiences of these children in more depth. Which of the following is the most likely research strategy for Eada? a. Eada will assess alienated children from several schools with Likert scales that address violent tendencies. b. Eada will observe, question, and study a subset of alienated children in one middle school over the course of a semester. c. Eada will provide a questionnaire to a single alienated child in a middle school and follow up with counseling. d. Eada will observe, question, and study a subset of alienated children in one middle school for an entire day.

26. Paulo is an ethnographic researcher interested in studying career transitions. He has identified the purpose of his study, framed the study within a larger theoretical orientation, described the rationale for the study, and posed initial ethnographic research questions. Next, Paulo will a. write the ethnographic account. b. write an initial ethnographic account. c. determine the site and sample selection. d. begin data collection at the site.

27. An ethnographic account is generally written as a(n) a. narrative. b. technical report. c. autobiography. d. biography.

28. Of the following, which is often considered a significant challenge of ethnographic research? a. The lack of reliability in ethnographic research b. The lack of internal validity of ethnographic research c. The amount of time ethnographic research takes d. The number of instruments needed to conduct ethnographic research

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29. Jaytee wants to conduct an ethnography to bring attention to inequality among ESL students in school and advocate for changes. Which of type of ethnographic research generally found in education? a. Ethnographic case study b. Critical ethnography c. Realist ethnography d. Ethnographic novels 30. Which of the following types of ethnography is defined as an ethnography written in objective style with common categories for cultural description? a. Realist ethnography b. Life history c. Critical ethnography d. Ethnographic novel 31. Of the following types of ethnographies, which represents a report of the ethnographer's field work experiences? a. Microethnography b. Critical ethnography c. Ethnographic case study d. Confessional ethnography 32. Vasha is a member of a relatively large number of African Americans in Appalachia. Her ancestors escaped the slave states and set roots in southern West Virginia. She is studying the role that informal education in the home plays in this cultural group. Her work will be a reflective self-examination as she is a member of the culture that she is studying. Which of the following types of ethnographies is Vasha likely conducting? a. Realist ethnography b. Authoethnography c. Feminist ethnography d. Confessional ethnography 33. Anu has focused his ethnography on teenagers in the foster care system. The aim of his work is to advocate for a larger number of placements for these children as many families feel the challenges of raising foster teenage children are too great, and therefore select to foster younger children. Anu's ethnography would be best classified as a(n) a. autoethnography. b. critical ethnography. c. realist ethnography. d. confessional ethnography.

34. In a recent study, Gaia spent a full cycle in a home school community. She worked with homeschool families and their children to better understand the homeschooling community and culture. Gaia has written a report of her fieldwork experiences. What type of ethnography does Gaia's report present? a. Confessional ethnography 105 .

b. Life history c. Critical ethnography d. Ethnographic case study 35. Mia has completed an ethnographic study of the role of achievement testing in a Taiwanese gifted school. Of the following, which type of ethnography does her study most likely represent? a. Ethnographic case study b. Feminist ethnography c. Life history d. Autoethnography 36. Which of the following is a characteristic of ethnographic research? a. Data are primarily collected through fieldwork experiences. b. Ethnographic research is most often completed by research teams. c. Ethnographic research requires little training but instead relies on intuition. d. Ethnographic research is objective and devoid of political context.

37. Brad is researching the incidence of eating disorders in boys' Olympic development sports programs. As an ethnographic researcher, which of the following is likely part of Brad's work? a. Brad is testing the hypothesis that some Olympic development programs have a high incidence of boys' eating disorders. b. Brad uses a survey technique and collects data from several different sports to compare incidence of eating disorders. c. Brad goes to Olympic development sports programs and follows a couple targeted athletes for several years as they progress through their programs. d. Brad interviews coaches about the acceptance and incidence of boys' eating disorders in Olympic development programs worldwide.

38. When researchers rely on more than one means of data collection to describe, analyze, and interpret a research setting, they are said to be using which of the following procedures? a. Context validity b. Triangulation c. Generalization d. Integration 39. As an ethnographic researcher studying new teachers' voice, Wes goes to a school and observes the activities and other aspects of the school. He goes to faculty meetings and spends most days shadowing his two participants for the academic year but has no responsibilities in the setting other than observation. Wes is engaging in a. active participant observation. b. systematic observation. c. privileged, active observation. d. passive observation.

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40. Millie is an ethnographic researcher studying the development of language in young children from bilingual homes. She studies these children in childcare settings in which the child's second language is the language used. She observes the children as a "visitor'' in their classes for the first three months of their emersion in their new school setting. While there she takes down extensive notes in a notebook as she observes. She also often records small brief notes to herself on little green sheets that she keeps separate from her notebook. Given this scenario, Millie is most likely demonstrating which of the following types of ethnography? a. Life history b. Confessional ethnography c. Autoethnography d. Ethnographic case study 41. Millie is an ethnographic researcher studying the development of language in young children from bilingual homes. She takes down extensive notes in a notebook as she observes. She also often records small brief notes to herself on little green sheets that she keeps separate from her notebook. The extensive notes Millie records in her notebook best represent a. memos. b. protocols. c. field notes. d. jottings.

42. Xavier is an ethnographer studying doctor/patient relations. As a certified Physician's Assistant, he agrees to donate some of his skills in the weekend clinic in return for the opportunity to conduct his study. While doing his work, he meets with patients and physicians and is able to play both the role of observer and physician's assistant. In this scenario, Xavier best represents which of the following types of observer? a. Active participant observer b. Privileged, active observer c. Passive observer d. Nonformal observer 43. Xavier is an ethnographer studying doctor/patient relations. As a certified physician's assistant, he agrees to donate some of his skills in the weekend clinic in return for the opportunity to conduct his study. By agreeing to donate hours in the weekend clinic to gain access for his study, Xavier is best illustrating a. reciprocity. b. tolerance for ambiguity. c. triangulation. d. maintaining rapport.

44. Which of the following statements regarding field notes is consistent with recommendations made in your text? a. Field notes should only contain factual observations. b. Field notes should be as concise as possible. c. Field notes should be written as soon as possible after an observation. d. Field notes are generally used as a secondary data source in ethnographic research.

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45. Which of the following is considered an important social behavior for participant observation? a. Maintaining a "social distance" from the participants b. Critiquing the participants that you are observing c. Allowing a tolerance for ambiguity and maintaining patience d. Keeping your work privileged for ethical considerations 46. Which of the following is NOT consistent with the guidelines for fieldwork and field notes as presented in your text? a. Clearly separate description from interpretation and judgment. b. Maintain a "clear distance" and use informal observation when possible. c. Gather a variety of information from different perspectives. d. Represent people in their own terms.

47. Shar is interested in the experiences of high profile community members who serve community service for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. For her study she is going to engage in community service with several offenders. Shar's status would best be described as which of the following types of observers? a. Passive observer b. Determined observer c. Privileged, active observer d. Active participant observer 48. Shar is interested in the experiences of high profile community members who serve community service for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. For her study she is going to engage in community service with several offenders. Shar's ethnographic report will most likely represent which of the following types of ethnographies? a. Autoethnography b. Critical ethnography c. Microethnography d. Ethnographic case study

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Chapter 15 Test Items

1. Which of the following is a typical characteristic of case study research? a. Case studies are generally more quantitative than qualitative. b. External validity is a critical component of case study research. c. Case studies focus on a bounded system. d. Case studies often employ modeling statistical procedures.

2. Which of the following represents a topic most suitable for study using case study methodologies? a. Do students in Germany experience different motivational orientations than students in the United States? b. How is the NCLB legislation changing teacher education at Adaptive University? c. Are there differences in teacher preparation between Japan and the United States? d. Is there a relationship between NCLB legislation and teacher stress?

3. Which of the following represents a topic most suitable for study using case study methodologies? a. Is the role of the academy decreasing as a result of online universities? b. How does an enrolled student navigate her curriculum and degree process at an online university? c. What are the differences in the types of students that traditional and online universities attract? d. What were the life experiences of a student who is now attending an online university?

4. Val decides to study one district as a case in her study of teacher professional development opportunities and outcomes. Of the following, which is a primary data source for her study? a. Students' standardized test scores b. The district's operating budget c. Demographic data of the school's students and personnel d. Interviews with teachers in the district 5. Which of the following is the statement most consistent with your textbook's perspective of case study research? a. Case studies are generally considered a type of quantitative research. b. Case studies focus on mixed methods designs. c. Case studies only include qualitative data. d. Case studies are generally considered a type of qualitative research.

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6. Case study research is most appropriate under which of the following conditions? a. The researcher is interested in a product as an outcome. b. The researcher is interested in process. c. The researcher is interested in external validity. d. The researcher is a paid consultant to study a context.

7. Case studies are referred to as particularistic.This definition assumes which of the following characteristics? a. Case studies are focused on describing a particular phenomenon. b. Case studies are focused on a interviewing a particular person. c. Case studies are focused on relationships within a particular society. d. Case studies are focused on predicting a particular phenomenon.

8. Which of the following describes the end result of a case study? a. Brief b. Narrative c. Report d. Case 9. Which of the following represents an appropriate application of a case study? a. Jared wants to study how a school board weighs the options of a new bond proposal. b. Jorge studies the relationship between interest in science and game playing time in multiuser computer games. c. Janey wants to use a large extant database to study family relationships. d. Jillian surveys how superintendents prioritize qualifications when making hiring decisions.

10. Which of the following represents the most appropriate topic of a case study? a. Ned seeks to determine the variables that best predict university retention. b. Nala interviews teachers about their role in effective university student retention. c. Neal surveys students about the factors that they feel contribute to university retention. d. Nairobi studies the efforts of Shaw College in retaining students.

11. Which of the following represents the most appropriate application of case study research? a. Donna studies how teachers use narrative stories in their content area teaching. b. Lisa studies how middle school science teachers present nanotechnology. c. Chris studies how a four-year liberal arts school developed an MBA program. d. Roger explores the experiences of authors as they publish through publishing houses.

12. Which of the following illustrates the most viable case study research problem? a. Marina examines the experiences of new educated immigrants from Brazil. b. Jeff tests differences in overall achievement between those exposed to a rich arts curriculum and those not exposed to the curriculum. c. Katrina explores the relationships among perceived leadership characteristics and faculty satisfaction. d. Priya describes how a start-up IT business gained market share.

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13. Nate conducted a study with the purpose of describing the role of teachers' collective efficacy in work climate. He examined four schools in the Philadelphia City School District. Nate's case study can best be described as which of the following? a. Multi-site case study b. Unique-site case study c. Cross-site case study d. Matrix case study 14. Of the following, which is the best example of a multiple case study? a. Josh compares the results of two studies conducted on the outcomes of environmental education programs. b. Maricella compares the experiences of two different families as they cope with medical decisions related to their newborn children. c. Kenya compares the self-reported family dynamics between male and female singleparent families. d. Nadia examines the differences between student writing outcomes between those provided personal laptops in school and those who are not provided laptops.

15. Which of the following is a strategy for cross-site analysis? a. Coordinate concept matrix b. Cross-site analytic matrix c. Unordered meta-matrix d. Multi-dimensional site matrix 16. Which type of cross-site analysis tool would be the best way to examine the history of events that led to the decision of principals to implement an educational change? a. Multi-dimensional site matrix b. Site-ordered descriptive matrix c. Site-ordered predictor matrix d. Time-ordered meta-matrix 17. Jamal needs a cross-site analysis tool to assist him in creating master charts. Which of the following would best serve his purpose? a. Unordered meta-matrix b. Site-ordered predictor-outcome matrix c. Multi-dimensional site matrix d. Site-ordered meta-matrix 18. James is interested in describing some plausible cause and effect relations within his case study data. Which of the following will James find most useful in his analysis? a. Scatterplot b. Time-ordered matrix c. Site-ordered effects matrix d. Cross-site matrix

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19. The tool used in cross-site analysis designed to assist the researcher in seeing differences across cases is best described as a a. site-ordered descriptive matrix. b. cross-site analytic matrix. c. time-ordered matrix. d. causal model matrix.

20. Which of the following is the most common form of sampling in case study research? a. Random b. Convenience c. Purposive d. Cluster 21. Of the following, which is the most accurate statement regarding sample selection in case study research? a. The available sample defines the unit of analysis. b. The researcher selects the unit of analysis. c. The client defines the unit of analysis. d. The unit of analysis is determined by the context.

22. Ruth is conducting a case study of typical ways of working in a college registrar's office. Of the following, which is appropriate practice for Ruth as she selects participants for her study? a. Ruth should select all workers as participants for her identified case. b. Ruth should screen potential participants and include only those who can contribute to her understanding. c. Ruth should screen potential participants and include those with a strong perspective. d. Ruth should allow the administrator in the office to select the participants given their individual roles in the context.

23. To state that a case study is heuristic means that a. it represents a strategy employed by scholars. b. it relies on participant knowledge. c. it shares something new about the phenomenon. d. it supports a priori hypotheses.

24. A researcher is conducing a case study of three teachers within a school. Which of the following data collection procedures is the researcher most likely to take? a. Spend at least four months in the classrooms collecting data. b. Emphasize field notes and observations of the school's cultural scene. c. Focus on active collaboration between the researcher and teachers. d. Collect as many types of data as possible for an in-depth understanding.

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25. George is employing a case study methodology to examine the role of principals in increasing inter-staff communication. As he starts to work with his case study participants, he realizes two of the three are unwilling to talk to him about the principal. Which of the following strategies might George have employed to combat this situation? a. Pilot testing b. Screening c. Sifting d. Fact checking

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Chapter 16 Test Items 1. Of the following, which is a characteristic of qualitative research methods? a. Qualitative researchers employ deductive approach. b. Qualitative researchers describe relationships. c. Qualitative researchers focus on cause-effect relationships. d. Qualitative researchers identify hypotheses to test.

2. Of the following, which is a characteristic of quantitative research methods? a. Quantitative researchers employ an inductive approach. b. Quantitative researchers describe relationships. c. Quantitative researchers focus on cause-effect relationships. d. Quantitative researchers work with a "guiding hypothesis."

3. According to your text, mixed methods research designs a. include both relationship questions and difference questions in the same study. b. include both descriptive and inferential statistics in the analysis. c. include both quantitative and qualitative data. d. include a number of quantitative measures of student performance.

4. Of the following, which best illustrates an example of a mixed methods study? a. Jenka uses interviews and observations in her study of transitional students. b. Vanda conducts observations and supplements her findings with class grades. c. Micky uses percentages of successful transitions from the district and class grades. d. Svec interviews both parents and their children regarding transition.

5. Of the following, which best illustrates an example of a mixed methods study that addresses students' selection of a major at a large land-grant university? a. Karen uses high school grades, university grades, and scores on a career placement survey to predict students' major. b. Jonna uses high school grades, SAT scores, and university placement exam scores to classify likely success in a given major. c. Bonnie interviews high school students about their career aspirations and follows them through their second year of university collecting interview data every three months. d. Pui-wa collects career placement survey data and conducts follow-up interviews with a portion of the respondents selected based upon their major.

6. Of the following, which best illustrates an example of a mixed methods study that addresses homework practices and student achievement? a. Barb conducts interviews with students and parents and examines student standardized test scores. b. Akasha collects PSAT scores, class grades, and end of year standardized test scores. c. Lee conducts observations of activities during a homework club and interviews parents, teachers, and students. d. Kareem uses SES data collected from the school, including parents' education level, family income, and neighborhood and student test scores.

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7. Which of the following is a concern regarding mixed methods studies compared to either qualitative or quantitative research? Mixed methods research a. generally includes instrumentation that is deemed less reliable than other forms of research. b. has greater external validity threats than are found in other forms of research. c. requires greater understanding of a broad range of research methods than other forms of research. d. is generally less ethical when compared to other forms of research.

8. A study that relies primarily on quantitative data and uses qualitative data to follow up is considered an example of a(n) ________ approach to mixed methods design. a. convergent parallel b. interpretation integration c. exploratory sequential d. explanatory sequential 9. Paola is interested in what young children pay attention to when they play online games. She uses an eye gaze measure that gives her the location and duration of what the children look at while playing, over time. She conducts interviews with children that seem to display specific patterns of behavior based upon the eye gaze data. Paola's strategy can best be described as a(n) ________ approach to mixed methods design. a. experimental design b. exploratory sequential c. explanatory sequential d. convergent parallel 10. A study that relies primarily on qualitative data and then uses quantitative data for building findings through administering a survey is referred to as a(n) ________ mixed methods design. a. multistage evaluation b. exploratory sequential c. explanatory sequential d. convergent parallel 11. Hadasa conducted systematic observations of high school sports teams and coded displays of student athlete frustration. It appeared from these observations that coaching style might be related to athlete frustration. She conducted a self-report survey that asked student athletes to respond regarding their degree of perceived frustration and coaching style so she could conduct correlational analyses to further explore her question. Hadasa's study can best be described as a(n) ________ mixed methods design. a. multistage evaluation b. exploratory sequential c. explanatory sequential d. convergent parallel

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12. Those studies that use quantitative and qualitative methods equally and concurrently to examine a research question are referred to as which type of mixed methods designs? a. Convergent parallel b. Equalization prioritization c. Exploratory sequential d. Explanatory sequential 13. Lisa is interested in how the general public feels about nanotechnology. She conducts a survey through the mail and also follows up by identifying key personnel in the community and interviewing them. Lisa's mixed methods study is best described as one that employs a(n) ________ design. a. social justice b. exploratory sequential c. explanatory sequential d. convergent parallel 14. Pete is interested in the effectiveness of the new creative writing curriculum. He begins with interviews of teachers to assess needs and develop the curriculum. After implementation, he observes classes using the new curriculum, interviews students and teachers about their perceptions of the curriculum, and then examines end of year statewide writing test grades.

Pete's mixed methods study is best described as one that employs a(n) ________ design. a. multistage evaluation b. exploratory sequential c. explanatory sequential d. convergent parallel 15. Tacita is interested in how teachers' classroom management practices change over time. She conducts observations of eight teachers' classrooms over the course of five years. She interviews the teachers and follows up with counts of referral data, disciplinary notes in children's files, and number of notes home per teacher per year. Tacita's design can best be described as a ________ mixed methods design. a. convergent parallel b. social justice c. exploratory sequential d. explanatory sequential 16. In convergent parallel mixed methods designs a. the researcher equally weighs the two forms of data collection. b. the researcher might supplement quantitative data with case vignettes. c. the researcher might supplement qualitative data with questionnaire data. d. the researcher might start with case studies and add census data.

17. Nancy is studying after-school programs that are housed in the district's school buildings.

She interviews staff, students, and parents, observes programs, and reviews school board documents that illustrate how the after-school programs developed. She then administered a survey to enrolled children that rated satisfaction with their program in order to generalize 116 .

her findings. Which type of research design does Nancy's study illustrate? a. Qualitative b. Quantitative c. Exploratory sequential d. Explanatory sequential 18. Chris is studying computer lab culture in postsecondary schools. He goes to the local 24-hour lab and observes four times a week for an academic year. He occasionally seeks some information from those in the lab about what they are doing via informal interviews. Chris is best illustrating a. qualitative research. b. convergent parallel research. c. exploratory sequential research. d. explanatory sequential research.

19. The following are characteristics that distinguish mixed methods research designs EXCEPT a. the weight given to quantitative and qualitative data. b. the sequence of collecting quantitative and qualitative data. c. the analysis techniques for the two forms of data. d. the use of quantitative and qualitative data in multiple studies.

20. Babukar is conducting a study on children who are suspended for bringing weapons to school. He collects data from achievement tests, aptitude measures, and questionnaires that consider children's connection to school. He also conducts interviews with suspended children, their teachers, and their parents. He interprets these data together to decide if there is a typical profile of students who are suspended for such offenses. Babukar is best illustrating which type of mixed methods designs? a. Convergent parallel b. Social justice c. Exploratory sequential d. Explanatory sequential 21. Which one of the following is an advantage of using a mixed methods design in an educational research study? a. The weaknesses of quantitative data are offset by the advantages of qualitative data. b. Mixing different forms of data suggests that the researcher knows multiple forms of research. c. Faculty committee members on a student's committee may not be familiar with qualitative research. d. The use of two forms of data provides a complete picture of the databases.

22. Brenda studies first-generation college students. She uses institutional data that tracks these students from high school into college until subsequent drop-out or graduation. She uses their student grades, major, and inventories of their feelings of success and attitudes about college.

She then interviews a select number of the students to better understand the results. What is the notation for Brenda's study?

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a. b. c. d.

QUAN + QUAL qual + QUAN QUAL quan QUAN qual

23. In the wake of a recent school violence incident, Laura studied people's reactions at the school through the simultaneous use of observations, interviews, and surveys, and examined the similarities and differences of these datasets. The notation for Laura's research design is a. QUAL. b. QUAN + QUAL. c. QUAL quan. d. QUAN qual.

24. Which one of the following is the best justification for why you might use mixed methods research as your design? There is need to a. converge two forms of qualitative data to better understand a trait. b. converge quantitative and qualitative data to better understand a problem. c. keep quantitative and qualitative data separate within a study. d. test the quantitative interpretations using qualitative data.

25. Which of the following research questions best fits the convergent parallel design? a. Is the instrument we develop in the second phase (as a result of exploring in the first phase) a better instrument that those available to measure the variables? b. How do the quantitative and qualitative databases compare and present consistent findings or diverge and show contradictory findings? c. How does the qualitative follow up data help us to better understand the quantitative first phase results? d. How can the social issue be better addressed using results from both quantitative and qualitative findings?

26. QUAL quan represents which of the mixed methods designs? a. Convergent parallel b. Experimental c. Exploratory sequential d. Explanatory sequential 27. When researchers use qualitative methods to follow up on outliers or extreme cases based upon their quantitative data, they are employing a(n) ________ mixed methods research design. a. convergent parallel b. interpretation c. exploratory sequential d. explanatory sequential

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28. When researchers obtain themes and specific statements from individuals to create new scales and items for questionnaires, they are said to be employing a(n) ________ mixed methods research design. a. convergent parallel b. instrumental c. exploratory sequential d. explanatory sequential 29. For classification purposes, the primary differences among mixed methods designs as presented in your text, relate to all of the following EXCEPT a. data analysis. b. sequence. c. interpretation. d. weight.

30. The following are good places to look to identify a mixed methods study EXCEPT a. the study title. b. the literature review. c. the purpose statement. d. the method section.

31. The best way to differentiate between a basic and advanced design is a. the addition of another phase. b. the number of qualitative methods c. the use of an overarching framework. d. the weight given to phases of data collection.

32. Jordon conducts interviews and observations at several residential camps. She finds that the first-time camping experience seems to vary considerably based upon birth order. She uses birth order as a nominal variable as she analyzes her satisfaction survey results. Jordon is best displaying which type of mixed methods designs? a. Convergent parallel b. Explanatory sequential c. Exploratory sequential d. Social justice 33. Roy collected test data and open-ended questionnaire data when studying Native American students' rates of college enrollment. One of Roy's purposes in conducting the study is to bring attention to disparities in college entrance for Native Americans. Roy's approach best illustrates which mixed methods design? a. Convergent parallel b. Explanatory sequential c. Exploratory sequential d. Social justice

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34. Ms. Crabtree is conducting a study that examines time in rank for university professors of higher education at teaching colleges. She collects institutional data from a sample of teaching colleges in the Midwestern United States. She follows that up with interviews of representative deans, department heads, and program directors. Her sampling for the interviews should involve a. purposive sampling from a new set of participants. b. all participants from the quantitative phase. c. random sampling of participants from the quantitative phase. d. purposive sampling of participants from the quantitative phase.

35. When evaluating a mixed methods study, which of the following questions is most important to ask? a. What is the researcher's training in mixed methods research? b. How large was the sample size for the qualitative data collection? c. Does the study use both quantitative and qualitative data analysis appropriately? d. What was the overarching framework for the study?

36. Jane proposes a study to her adviser. She explained that she intends to investigate college students' perception of student affairs and wants to use a mixed methods design. What would her adviser most likely ask her to consider first? a. Develop a proposal for the IRB b. Prepare a sampling plan for her mixed methods study c. Identify a rationale for using a mixed methods research design d. Begin with initial data collection 37. Mechteld is primarily interested in strategies that increase students' interest and achievement in mathematics. She begins with interviews of students. Based on those qualitative findings, she then develops an interest questionnaire. Mechteld's sampling for the questionnaire should involve a. purposive sampling from a new set of participants from the same population. b. all participants from the qualitative phase. c. random sampling from a new set of participants from the same population. d. purposive sampling of participants from the qualitative phase.

38 Dalina, a mixed methods researcher, first identifies the purpose of the study she will conduct.

Next she will a. state the design of the study. b. state the research questions. c. determine which data will have more weight. d. begin to collect initial data.

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Chapter 17 Test Items 1. Educational action research is generally conducted by a. school board members. b. superintendents. c. policy analysts. d. teachers.

2. Which of the following is the last step in the action research process? a. Data analysis b. Data interpretation c. Action planning d. Generalizing the findings 3. Two main types of action research, as presented in your text, are a. professional stance and theory-based action research. b. critical action research and practical action research c. practical action research and applied action research d. dialectic action research and critical action research 4. The text discusses all of the following levels of action research EXCEPT a. individual teacher research. b. district-wide research. c. single department research. d. schoolwide research.

5. Emancipatory action research is also known as ________ action research. a. practical b. applied c. critical d. reflective 6. That action research should be socially responsive is a component of ________ action research. a. practical b. applied c. reflective d. critical 7. One primary criticism of critical action research is that it is NOT a. conducted in a timely manner. b. socially responsive. c. practically feasible. d. consistent with teachers' values.

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8. Which of the following is a component of critical action research as presented in your text? a. Teacher researchers want to reflect on their practices so that they can effectively train other novice teachers. b. Teacher researchers have decision-making authority to change education from inside the classroom at the district level. c. Teacher researchers examine taken-for-granted ways in which they carry out professional practice. d. Teacher researchers will use a systematic approach for reflecting on their practice both inside and outside of classroom communities.

9. Which of the following is a component of a practical action research as presented in your text? a. Teacher researchers are participatory and democratic. b. Teacher researchers are socially responsive. c. Teacher researchers want to reflect on their practices. d. Teacher researchers conduct action research without compensation.

10. According to your text one of the reasons that teachers might avoid conducting action research involving multiple schools is the a. organizational complexity of schools. b. politics of working with other districts. c. concerns of parents in different communities. d. limited experiences of teachers conducting research.

11. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of action research? a. Action research is persuasive. b. Action research is relevant. c. Action research is intricate. d. Action research is accessible.

12. Which of the following is an action research reconnaissance activity as presented in your text? a. Self-reflection b. Pragmatic application c. Taking action d. Follow-through 13. Lyla feels she may not be as successful as she would like to be in conveying to her students the connections between current Middle Eastern relationships and the historical foundations of the region. She has identified this as an area of focus for her action research study. She now is engaged in reconnaissance. Which of the following activities is Lyla likely to engage in? a. Persuasive activities b. Descriptive activities c. Application activities 122 .

d. Implementation activities 14. Given what you know about types of research data, of the following, which is the most likely data source for an action researcher? a. Classroom test scores b. Interview data c. Survey data d. Preexisting achievement data 15. According to your text, which of the following statistics is the one most likely to be used by an action researcher? a. t test b. Standard deviation c. Correlation coefficient d. ANOVA 16. Which of the following is the best example of action research? a. As requested by the school board, Maurice examines motivation for second language acquisition by fifth-grade students. b. Samantha assesses her fifth grade learners' second language acquisition during the school year and issues each a grade. c. Dana examines whether the way she is teaching second language vocabulary is successful. d. Nina tests whether there should be a second language program for middle school children in the state.

17. Which of the following is the best example of an action research study topic for Ron, a third grade teacher, to pursue? a. The decrease in the schools' scores on the third grade statewide mathematics scores b. The effectiveness of a new creative writing program he is implemented in his class c. The effects of the recent publication of third grade teachers' qualifications by the local media d. An examination of the nutritional needs of his students compared to the national standards 18. Eve wants to conduct a study that examines the benefits and drawbacks of using thematic units to teach core concepts in her middle school. Of the following, who is the most likely collaborator for Eve to work with on her study? a. Kerry, her principal b. Kim, her superintendent c. Pat, a University researcher d. Carol, another middle school teacher 19. Nina is engaged in the action research process for a study that considers the role of oral reading during instruction. She is considering the educational values that she holds. In which phase of the action research process is Nina currently engaged? a. Identifying an area of focus 123 .

b. Data collection c. Data analysis and interpretation d. Action planning 20. Aggie is a paraprofessional conducting an action research project that examines the role of structured cooperative seatwork in mathematics classes in her school. She is sharing her findings with other teachers and paraprofessionals. Aggie is now likely engaged in which phase of the action research? a. Identifying an area of focus b. Data collection c. Data analysis and interpretation d. Action planning 21. Which of the following is a question one engaged in descriptive activities might ask? a. What educational values do I hold? b. What is the historical context of my school? c. What evidence do I have that this is a problem? d. How can I make sense of these data?

22. Liz is a coach who wants to examine the ways in which her coaching addresses sportsmanship. Which of the following is the most relevant data for Liz to consider? a. National trends in sportsmanship among athletes b. Parents' perceptions of her athletes' sportsmanship c. Athletes' behaviors on the field d. Data from a survey administered in the school 23. According to your text, one of the main goals of action research is a. informing educational policy for stakeholders. b. determining district-wide curriculum for teachers. c. educational change that improves student outcomes. d. data collection for the benefit of school personnel.

24. For teachers working in school districts, who best determines the action research topics addressed in a school? a. The district school board b. Teachers conducting the research c. Parents of children in the district d. The children in the school district 25. Tasa is a primary grade teacher in a rural school district. She and the other teachers have found that after kindergarten there are large differences among the rising first grade students.

Some are reading and writing well and others are still "catching up." Tasa would like to investigate this further. Tasa's issue is appropriate for an action research study because a. the study involves something Tasa would like to change. b. the study should not cost too much to conduct. c. administrators and policy makers will support the study.

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d. there is a body of relevant related empirical research.

26. Jane has noticed that after kindergarten, some students are reading and writing well, but others are far behind. Jane would like to investigate these differences. Her research study is best described as a(n) ________ action research study. a. experimental b. critical c. practical d. reflective 27. Marcus, a new coach, is concerned with the ways in which summer football camp is conducted. Although he is very cautious about the amount of water breaks and rests he employs, he is concerned the athletes may become seriously injured during football camp.

Marcus decides to conduct an action research study on the issue. Marcus starts to look into the history of football camp at the school and how the camp developed over time. Marcus is involved in which phase of reconnaissance? a. Application b. Description c. Explanation d. Self-reflection 28. Marcus, a new coach, is concerned with the ways in which summer football camp is conducted. Although he is very cautious about the amount of water breaks and rests he employs, he is concerned the athletes may become seriously injured during football camp.

Marcus decides to conduct an action research study on the issue. Marcus starts to look into the history of football camp at the school and how the camp developed over time. Of the following, which is the next process Marcus will likely employ? a. Marcus will next engage in fully describing the football camp situation he would like to change. b. Marcus will collect data to make decisions about changes to football camp. c. Marcus will carry out his action planning and share his findings with school administrators and parents. d. Marcus will take action, and change football camp to protect the health of his athletes.

29. Which of the following is the most likely research team to conduct an action research study on the role of simulated driving experiences in a school district's driver education curriculum? a. The superintendent, a school administrator, and the driver's education teachers b. A parent committee and the driver's education teachers c. A committee of teachers, parents, and insurance agents d. The teachers who teach the course 30. Naima is a speech and language specialist. She works with several students in a large elementary school. She uses mixed age groupings to work with children with specific needs.

For example, she places all the students who are disfluent in one group. This year the age discrepancies in her groups seem particularly large and this has made her consider this as an 125 .

area of focus for an action research study. Given the dialectic action research spiral, the next step for Naima is a. collecting data. b. developing an action plan. c. analyzing data. d. interpreting data.

31. Naima is a speech and language specialist. She works with several students in a large elementary school. She uses mixed age groupings to work with children with specific needs.

For example, she places all the students who are disfluent in one group. This year the age discrepancies in her groups seem particularly large and this has made her consider this as an area of focus for an action research study. By asking students how they feel about the mixed age groups, Naima may be demonstrating several characteristics of action research. In doing so, she is best illustrating which of the following characteristics of action research? a. Action research is democratic. b. Action research is equitable. c. Action research is liberating. d. Action research is enhancing.

32. According to your text, which of the following is a key characteristic of action research? a. Action research is intricate. b. Action research is positivist. c. Action research is persuasive. d. Action research is objective.

33. Noah is a pack leader conducting an action research study on the structure of his group's scouting experiences. Which of the following data sources is Noah most likely to consult within the context of his study? a. Statewide demographics of the type of children enrolled in scouting in Noah's state b. Data from an experimental study that addressed the effects of scouting on students' selfesteem c. Correlational data regarding the relationship between scouting and later environmental activism d. Data from semistructured interviews he conducted with his group members and their families 34. Takota works in a school with racial and ethnic conflict among the students. He questions whether implementing a peer tutoring program could reduce tensions and is interested in conducting an action research project on the topic. Takota's issue is appropriate for an action research study because a. the study will appeal to the students and parents in the district. b. the study involves something Takota is interested in exploring further. c. the district administrators will support the study. d. peer tutoring is widely accepted in school districts.

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35. Takota works in a school with racial and ethnic conflict among the students. He questions whether implementing a peer tutoring program could reduce tensions and is interested in conducting an action research project on the topic. When Takota collects data he should consider collecting data that has which of the following characteristics? a. The data should be objective. b. The data should be persuasive. c. The data should be quantitative. d. The data should be causal.

36. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of practical action research? a. Teacher researchers have decision-making authority. b. Teacher researchers will use a systematic approach for reflecting on practice. c. Teacher researchers will anonymously collect data. d. Teacher researchers will reflect on their practices.

37. The first step in the action research process is to a. collect data. b. identify an area of focus. c. develop an action plan. d. analyze and interpret data.

38. In an action research study conducted in an early childhood education setting, Kemen is engaged in the action research process to address emerging number sense in his classroom.

He stated to his colleague, "I believe that manipulatives are a successful mechanism to teach numeracy to young children. I believe it is motivating for them to use toys as their numeracy skills emerge." Kemen is best illustrating which aspect of the dialectic action research spiral? a. Developing an action plan b. Collecting data c. Analyzing and interpreting data d. Identifying an area of focus 39. Alex is a middle school teacher concerned with social rejection of second language learners at her school. She questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. Alex's research study is best described as a(n) ________ action research study. a. influential b. reflective c. practical d. critical 40. Alex, a middle school teacher, questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. Alex's issue is appropriate for an action research study because 127 .

a. b. c. d.

the study will provide insight into the national curriculum for second language learners. the study involves something that is within Alex's area of focus. community members will advocate for the study. isolated instruction in English is common practice in schools.

41. Taylor is conducting an action research study of the acceptance of second language learners in her school by other students. According to typical practice and your text, the types of data sources Taylor will collect for her action research study will most likely include a. national standardized reading test scores administered by the district. b. observations of student interactions during school hours. c. surveys of parents' preferences for the nature of English language instruction. d. interviews of administrators' opinions about second language learning.

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Chapter 18 Test Items 1. Statistical formulas use ________ letters as shorthand. a. Greek b. Latin c. capital d. ordinal 2. Kari's research study measured the effects of cooperative learning on learners' ability to solve complex problems. After scoring the problems and entering the data, her advisor told her she must have another researcher score the problems. Interestingly, the scores she gave the participants did not match the scores that the other researcher gave. Kari's scoring problem is indicative of a problem with a. internal consistency reliability. b. inter-rater reliability. c. content validity. d. consequential validity.

3. Machine-scored data can best assist with a. the validity of the assessment. b. the reliability of the assessment. c. the reliability of the scoring. d. the validity of the scoring.

4. Tabulation of data refers to a. initial organization of quantitative data. b. final "counts" of qualitative data. c. initial inferential statistics. d. creating manuscript tables after analysis.

5. If data are categorical, tabulation includes a. creating graphs. b. coding responses. c. counting responses. d. statistical analysis.

6. A numerical index calculated for an entire population is referred to as a a. statistic. b. inferential. c. parameter. d. correlation.

7. A numerical index calculated for a sample drawn from a population is referred to as a a. descriptor. b. inferential. c. parameter.

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d. statistic.

8. Francis wants to present the average mathematics score attained by the participants in her study. She needs to report a measure of a. dispersion index. b. variability. c. central tendency. d. relative position.

9. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency? a. Mode b. Standard deviation c. Mean d. Median 10. The measure of central tendency appropriate for nominal data is the a. mode. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. median.

11. The measure of central tendency often used for ordinal data is the a. mode. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. median.

12. The measure of central tendency used for interval and ratio data is usually the a. mode. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. median.

13. The measure of central tendency that represents the midpoint of the scores in a distribution is the a. mode. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. median.

14. The mode of the following distribution is 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is a. 2. b. 4. c. 5. d. 6.

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15. The median of the following distribution 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is a. 2. b. 4. c. 5. d. 6.

16. The range of the following distribution 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is a. 4. b. 8. c. 9. d. 10.

17. The mean of the following distribution 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is a. 2. b. 4. c. 5. d. 6.

18. Given the following, 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9, what can be said regarding their distribution? a. It resembles a normal distribution. b. It is negatively skewed. c. It is positively skewed. d. It is bimodal.

19. Given the following test scores, what can be said regarding their distribution? 92, 92, 73, 68, 80, 82, 91, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97. a. It resembles a normal distribution. b. It is negatively skewed. c. it is positively skewed. d. It is unimodal.

20. Given the following test scores, what score represents the median? 92, 92, 73, 68, 80, 91, 82, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97. a. 68 b. 87 c. 92 d. 97 21. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the mode is a. 5. b. 6. c. 7. d. 9.

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22. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the median is a. 6. b. 7. c. 9. d. 10.

23. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the mean is a. 5. b. 6. c. 8. d. 10.

24. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the range is a. 6. b. 7. c. 9. d. 10.

25. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the variance is a. 3.25 b. 5.40 c. 6.76 d. 9.0 26. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the standard deviation is a. 1.8 b. 2.3 c. 2.6 d. 3.0 27. If there are extreme scores in a data set, what is the most appropriate measure of central tendency to indicate the most typical score? a. Mode b. Standard deviation c. Mean d. Median

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28. Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability? a. Standard deviation b. Mean c. Quartile deviation d. Range 29. The most commonly used measure of variability used with interval and ratio data is the a. standard deviation. b. mean. c. quartile deviation. d. range.

30. The measure that represents the difference between the highest and lowest score is the a. standard deviation. b. mean. c. median. d. range.

31. A small deviation indicates that a. there are a small number of data points. b. the median score is relatively small. c. the data points are close to the mean. d. there are a number of missing data points.

32. Of the following, which represents a negatively skewed distribution? a. Mean < median b. Median < mean c. Mode < median d. Mode < mean 33. Of the following, which represents a positively skewed distribution? a. Mean < median b. Median < mean c. Median < mode d. Mean < mode 34. A score at -1 standard deviation represents a percentile rank of approximately a. 1%. b. 16%. c. 34%. d. 68%.

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35. Given a person who has a T score of 30 on a norm-referenced assessment, what can we conclude regarding his performance compared to the norm group? The student a. did well on the assessment. b. performed average on the assessment. c. performed within 1 standard deviation of the mean. d. performed poorly on the assessment.

36. Given a person with a z score of 0 on a norm-referenced assessment, what can we conclude regarding her performance? Compared to the norm group a. the person performed poorly. b. the person performed at the mean. c. the person performed above average. d. the person performed at the 34 percentile.

37. In a distribution with a mean of 28 and a standard deviation of 2, almost all the scores fall between a. 22-34. b. 24-32. c. 22-30. d. 26-30.

38. In a distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, a T score of 30 equals a score of a. 35. b. 40. c. 45. d. 55.

39. In a distribution with a mean of 68 and a standard deviation of 4, approximately 84% of scores fall below a. 64. b. 72. c. 76. d. 80.

40. Given a mean of 15 and a median of 22 what can we say about the distribution of scores? a. It is negatively skewed distribution. b. It is positively skewed distribution. c. We cannot determine its distribution. d. It is normally distributed.

41. Measures of relative position include a. means. b. standard deviations. c. percentile ranks. d. frequency distributions.

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42. A student scored at the 88th percentile in mathematics achievement on the national assessment. Of the following, which is an appropriate interpretation of the student's score? a. His T score is approximately 58. b. His z score less than 2. c. His stanine score is approximately 6. d. His score is higher than the mean.

43. A standard score is a measure of a. variability. b. central tendency. c. relative position. d. correlation.

44. The z score is an example of a a. standard score. b. correlation measure. c. variability. d. measure of central tendency.

45. Anne has two ordinal-level variables in a data set. Which of the following should she use to calculate a correlation between these two variables? a. Spearman rho b. Pearson r c. Alpha coefficient d. Kappa tau 46. To convert a raw score to a z score, one needs the following information a. raw score and mean. b. raw score and standard deviation. c. mean and standard deviation. d. raw score, mean, and standard deviation.

47. David received a raw score of 56. Given a mean of 50, a median of 50, a standard deviation of 4. What is David's z score? a. -1.5 b. 0.0 c. 1.5 d. 2.5 48. David received a raw score of 56. Given a mean of 50, a median of 50, a standard deviation of 4. Given David's information above, what is his T score? a. 35 b. 55 c. 65 d. 75

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49. Kenny received a raw score of 42. Given the test had a mean of 48, a median of 48, and a standard deviation of 3. What is Kenny's z score? a. -2 b. -1 c. 1 d. 2 50. Kenny received a raw score of 42. Given the test had a mean of 48, a median of 48, and a standard deviation of 3. Given Kenny's information above, what is his T score? a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 60 51. The statistical symbol n represents a. any given score. b. total number of participants. c. number of participants in a particular group. d. the mean.

52. The statistical symbol ∑ represents the a. sum of. b. total number of subjects. c. mean. d. standard deviation.

53. George collected achievement score data for each child from a middle school. He has their gender, age, teacher, and score on the achievement measure as his data fields. George needs to calculate the central tendency of his variable achievement score. Which measure should he use? a. median b. mode c. range d. mean 54. Logan accessed an existing database to answer his research question regarding the role of identification of a learning disability and odds of going to a private school. The variables of interest include category of disability, type of school, achievement scores in the first, third, and sixth grade, parents' SES. Logan needs to report the correlations among first, third, and sixth grade achievement scores. Which is the most likely measure of relationship appropriate for him to use? a. Spearman rho b. Pearson r c. Cronbach's alpha d. Kendall's tau

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55. Logan accessed an existing database to answer his research question regarding the role of identification of a learning disability and odds of going to a private school. The variables of interest include category of disability, type of school, achievement scores in the first, third, and sixth grade, parents' SES. Logan will report a measure of variability for each of the achievement scores. Which will he most likely report? a. Mean b. Range c. Standard deviation d. Median 56. Given the following distribution of test scores: 88,90,78,82,94,86,80,92,92,96,98. The score that best represents the median of the distribution is a. 78. b. 86. c. 90. d. 98.

57. Given the following distribution of test scores: 88,90,78,82,94,86,80,92,92,96,98. The score that best represents the mode of the distribution is a. 80. b. 86. c. 92. d. 98.

58. Given the following distribution of test scores: 88,90,78,82,94,86,80,92,92,96,98. The score that best represents the mean of the distribution is a. 84. b. 89. c. 93. d. 98.

59. Given the following distribution of test scores: 88,90,78,82,94,86,80,92,92,96,98. The score that best represents the range of the distribution is a. 10. b. 12. c. 16. d. 20.

60. Cynthia is reporting standardized test scores to parents of her students. She knows that on the test she gave the mean is an 80 and the standard deviation is 6. If her student Sharona received a T score of 40, which of the following can we accurately conclude regarding Sharona's performance? a. She had a raw score greater than 80. b. She had a positive z score. c. Her stanine score was an 8. d. Her performance was less than average.

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61. Claus received a raw score of 86. Given that the test had a mean of 88, and a standard deviation of 4. What is Claus's approximate T score? a. 0 b. 45 c. 75 d. 90 62. Claus received a raw score of 86. Given that the test had a mean of 88, and a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following best represents Claus's z score? a. -1.5 b. -.5 c. .5 d. 2.5 63. Peter, a sixth-grade mathematics teacher, recently administered an exam. He wants to report a measure of central tendency but he doesn't know what to do with the fact that two students have much lower scores than anyone else. What is the best measure of central tendency for Peter to report? a. Range b. Standard deviation c. Median d. Mean 64. Which of the following is a measure of variability? a. Mode b. Range c. Median d. Total score 65. Given the following distribution—24,19,15,18,16,24,17—the score that best represents the mode is a. 15. b. 18. c. 19. d. 24.

66. Given the following distribution—24,19,15,18,16,24,17—the score that best represents the mean is a. 15. b. 18. c. 19. d. 24.

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67. Given the following distribution—24,19,15,18,16,24,17—the score that best represents the median is a. 15. b. 18. c. 19. d. 24.

68. Maricella has collected her thesis data that examines differences in PSAT Math achievement in Latino boys and girls. However, upon a second look at the graphs of her raw scores, it appears that the boys scores are more normally distributed and the girls scores are somewhat more bunched together around the mean. Given this information, what can you conclude regarding the data set? a. The standard deviation is likely smaller for girls. b. The girls' distribution is likely unimodal. c. The girls' mean score is more representative of the data. d. The girls' median is higher than the boys' median.

69. Griffin conducted a poll of his eighth grade class. He would like to determine how many would rather go to an amusement park versus a water park for the class trip. Which of the following is Griffin most likely to report to his peers? a. Variance in responses b. Mean responses c. Total responses by category d. Mode of responses 70. In her normally distributed achievement test scores, Lee's mean score is a 64 with a standard deviation of 6. What score would a student with a z score of 2 have on the test? a. 58 b. 70 c. 76 d. 80 71. Nia has collected her dissertation data that tests a prediction model of student retention of international college students. She finds that in students from China, the predictor variables have much less variance than the same variables in students from European countries. Given this information, what can you conclude regarding the data set? a. The standard deviation is likely smaller for the Chinese students. b. The mean is likely higher for the Chinese students. c. The variance is likely larger for the European students. d. The mean is likely higher for the European students.

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72. Pete lives in a very demographically diverse community. Interestingly incomes are either quite high or quite low with few "average" incomes in his town. He is conducting a survey regarding opinions about access to medical care. When he considers the variable "income" in his data, which of the following is the most likely to report? a. Range b. Mean c. Median d. Mode 73. Betsy is reporting the results of standardized testing to parents of her class students. Natal received a T score of 80. What is an accurate statement that Betsy might make to Natal's parents? a. Natal scored at the lowest end of the distribution of scores. b. Natal scored at about the mean of the group of students taking the assessment. c. Natal scored at the highest end of the distribution of scores. d. Natal scored an 80% correct on the items presented on the test.

74. Given a T score of 80, the z score would be a. -1. b. 0. c. 2. d. 3.

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Chapter 19 Test Items 1. The smaller the standard error the a. more accurate the sample means are as an estimate of the population mean. b. more likely differences between groups are due to chance. c. less likely that the statistic represents the parameter. d. less accurate the subject's response is on a dependent measure.

2. Which of the following does one need to know to calculate the standard error of the mean? a. Mean and sample size b. Mean and standard deviation c. Standard deviation and sample size d. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size 3. As standard error of the mean increases a. population mean decreases. b. sample mean increases. c. sampling error increases. d. sample mean decreases.

4. As the population standard deviation increases a. sampling error decreases. b. sample mean decreases. c. standard error increases. d. population mean increases.

5. Given a set of scores with a mean of 25, standard deviation of 4 and a sample size of 50, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .36 b. .57 c. 1.75 d. 2.42 6. Given a set of scores with a mean of 80, a standard deviation of 3, and a sample size of 82, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .27 b. .33 c. .68 d. .80 7. Inferential statistics are generally concerned with a. how well the sample represents the population. b. if the correct statistical test is used for analysis. c. the internal validity of the research design. d. the consequential validity of the dependent measure.

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8. Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding the differences between two groups learning biology content? a. There are differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation. b. There are no differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation. c. Those students who learn dissection in the lab will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection via the computer simulation. d. Those students who learn dissection via the computer simulation will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection in the lab.

9. Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding differences in SAT score by demographic characteristics? a. There are no differences in SAT scores among students of different race and ethnicities. b. Hispanic students score lower than any other students on the SAT. c. Hispanic students score higher than any other students on the SAT. d. There are significant differences in SAT among students of different race and ethnicities.

10. When a researcher is concerned about committing a Type I error and wants a stringent level of significance, which of the following significance levels is best to use to reject or retain the null hypothesis? a. .0001 b. .01 c. .05 d. .10 11. Mike concluded that there were no differences in self-confidence between those who had received his intervention and those in the control group. However, there were true differences, and Mike's intervention did actually work. Mike's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error. c. both a Type I and Type II error. d. a Type III error.

12. Darlene concludes in her thesis that there are significant differences in reading motivation between those children whose parents read to them daily and those who did not. There were, however, no actual differences between these groups. Darlene's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error. c. both a Type I and a Type II error. d. a correct decision.

13. In her treatment group, Kenesha had students with developmental disabilities swim daily for 20 minutes. In her findings, she reported that at the conclusion of the study, those in the treatment condition had greater self-confidence than those in the no-swimming control group.

There were actual differences between groups. Kenesha's conclusion represents 142 .

a. b. c. d.

a Type I error. a Type II error. both a Type I and a Type II error. a correct decision.

14. Anan conducted an experimental study in which students were randomly assigned to either 10 minutes of read aloud, 10 minutes of silent reading, 10 minutes of writing, or 10 minutes of free time. She concluded that there were significant differences among groups with the read aloud group outperforming others on a standardized reading assessment. However, there were not actual differences among groups. Anan's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error. c. both a Type I and a Type II error. d. a correct decision.

15. In a recent study that tested differences in metacognition between those with high ability and those with low ability, Teo concluded that there were no differences between these groups. In fact, however, the low ability students were actually significantly better at monitoring their learning. Teo's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error. c. both a Type I and a Type II error. d. a correct decision.

16. When a researcher concludes that there are no differences between the treatment and control groups in a study, and in fact, there were no differences between the conditions, the researcher is illustrating a. Type I error. b. Type II error. c. both Type I and Type II error. d. a correct decision.

17. If a null hypothesis is rejected it means a. the treatment causes significant differences. b. there are no differences between treatments. c. any differences between groups are due to sampling error. d. the differences found between groups are not due to chance.

18. If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis she is concluding that a. there are real differences between groups. b. there are no real differences between groups. c. differences between groups are due to chance. d. differences between groups are due to measurement error.

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19. As the probability of committing a Type I error increases a. the probability of committing a Type II error decreases. b. the probability of committing a Type II error generally increases. c. the probability of committing a Type II error may increase or decrease. d. the probability of committing a Type II error will remain constant.

20. Researchers determine the probability level a. prior to the execution of the study and any data collection. b. after the data are collected but prior to analysis. c. after analysis but prior to interpretation. d. after the data are analyzed and interpreted but before writing it up.

21. One benefit of conducting a two-tailed test is that a. it allows for a greater region of rejection than a one tailed test. b. it allows for differences in groups to be in either direction. c. it is easier to obtain significant differences between groups. d. it is easier to reject the null hypothesis than for a one tailed test.

22. The first decision in selection of an appropriate test of significance is a. to examine sample size. b. to determine if a parametric or nonparametric test must be selected. c. to consider the effect size you need. d. to decide if your level of significance is appropriate.

23. Cristos has collected data to explore differences in opinions about diversity training in the workplace based upon geographic location in the county. The first step he should take in selecting the appropriate test of significance is to a. conduct a power analysis. b. consider the effect size he needs. c. decide his level of significance. d. decide if a parametric or nonparametric test will be used.

24. Parametric tests require all of the following assumptions EXCEPT a. that there are an equal number of participants per group. b. that data are interval or ratio scale of measurement. c. that the selection of participants is independent. d. that the variable measured is normally distributed.

25. A nonparametric test should be used if a. the sample size is small. b. the level of measurement is nominal. c. the scores are normally distributed. d. the concern for a Type II error is great.

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26. The test of significance that determines if two group means differ more than would be expected by chance is the a. t test. b. chi square. c. multiple regression. d. analysis of gain scores.

27. In determining the test of significance to select, one must consider all of the following EXCEPT a. number of groups being compared. b. number of independent variables. c. the effect sizes needed. d. scale of measurement represented by data.

28. Independent samples refer to samples a. selected from different populations. b. selected from the same population. c. known to be different on extraneous variables. d. selected based upon a stratified sample.

29. The level of probability selected determines the a. probability of committing a Type I error. b. probability of committing a Type II error. c. probability of committing both a Type I and Type II error. d. neither Type I or Type II error is related to selected probability.

30. Rose is sure that any significant differences in her reading intervention study will favor those children who were in her treatment condition. She therefore will not consider rejecting the null hypothesis that the groups are different in favor of her control condition. Rose will then a. use a non-parametric test of significance. b. apply a two-tailed test of significance. c. apply a one-tailed test of significance. d. use descriptive findings only to examine her data.

31. The t test for nonindependent samples is when a. the two groups tested are randomly formed samples. b. the two groups tested are initially the same on the dependent variable. c. the two groups are formed by preexisting samples. d. matching has been done or in a pre-post design.

32. Misha is comparing different types of typing instruction. In one group, he used a classroombased instructional method, and for the other group, he used a computer-based training program. After a six-week treatment, he assessed differences in their typing ability. Of the following, which is the appropriate test of significance for Misha to use assuming random assignment and no pretreatment differences? a. The t test for independent samples 145 .

b. The t test for nonindependent samples c. Analysis of difference scores d. ANOVA 33. Hal administers a self-esteem measure to his sample before the sessions begin and after a semester of the Saturday Esteem Program, he measures their esteem again. Which type of analysis is Hal likely to use to test for significant differences in his group? a. The t test for independent samples b. The t test for nonindependent samples c. Analysis of difference scores d. Analysis of covariance 34. Shani is testing whether her intervention designed to increase self-reported tolerance for others in aggressive youth is effective. She administers her scale before and after the intervention and concludes that her intervention is effective. Which analysis did Shani most likely use? a. The t test for independent samples b. The t test for nonindependent samples c. ANCOVA d. ANOVA 35. Vincente intends to examine differences between three groups of district curriculum coordinators that received either no formal training, a web-based training, or a cooperative group experience as instruction for the core standards. He tested participants' knowledge of the standards both before treatment and then after treatment. Given his design, which of the following analyses should Vincente conduct? a. The t test for independent samples b. The t test for nonindependent samples c. ANCOVA d. ANOVA 36. The statistical test that allows us to determine the degree to which variables are related is a. ANCOVA. b. MANOVA. c. Multiple regression. d. chi square.

37. When one does follow-up tests to determine significant differences between groups in a comparison between means test, one test to use is the a. t test for nonindependent samples. b. Scheffe test. c. chi square. d. Pearson r.

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38. Nelson's recent study tested differences in problem-solving ability based upon science ability, treatment (instruction, no instruction), and gender. Of the following, which test should Nelson employ? a. chi square b. t test c. ANOVA d. Multiple regression 39. If an observed F statistic (4.80) with 1 degree of freedom within and 12 degrees of freedom between and a significance level of p = .04 and the table value is 4.75 what can the researcher conclude? a. He has proven there are differences between groups. b. There are no differences between groups. c. Differences between groups are due to chance. d. Differences between groups are greater than those expected by chance.

40. Given a set of scores with a mean of 80, standard deviation of 8, and a sample size of 200, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .57 b. .85 c. 1.18 d. 1.62 41. The results of an ANOVA to test the difference in means between three treatment conditions indicate significant differences between conditions. Which of the following tests might a researcher use to determine where these differences are found? a. Spearman rho b. t test of nonindependent samples c. ANCOVA d. Scheffe test 42. Given a set of scores with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 10 and a sample size of 100, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .48 b. .76 c. 1.00 d. 2.24 43. Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding the differences between two treatment groups of students exposed to behavior management strategies for social behavior? a. There are differences in observed prosocial behavior between those exposed to a graphing strategy and those exposed to a cognitive self-reflection strategy. b. Those students who are given a graphing strategy will display more prosocial behavior than those given a cognitive self-reflection strategy. c. There are no differences in prosocial behavior between those exposed to a graphing strategy and those exposed to a cognitive self-reflection strategy.

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d. Those students who are given a cognitive self-reflection strategy will display more prosocial behavior than those given a graphing strategy.

44. Saud examined differences in reading ability between those who were exposed to parent read aloud and those who were exposed to sibling read aloud. To calculate his t test to compare groups, Saud needed to determine his degrees of freedom. To do so he will need to know not only that he has two groups but also he will need to know which of the following pieces of information? a. The number of children in the study b. The number of parents in the study c. The mean group performance d. The mean number of treatment sessions 45. Molly has conducted a study that examines whether exposure to computers increases eyestrain in children. She randomly assigns children to one of four treatment conditions dependent upon computer exposure levels. The children's eyestrain is then tested. Which of the following tests of significance is Molly likely to use? a. t test b. chi square c. ANOVA d. Analysis of gain scores 46. Garrett wants to see if there are gender differences in the restaurant preferences of high school students in his town. His data is nominal in nature. Which of the following tests is he likely to employ? a. t test for nonindependent samples b. t test for independent samples c. chi square d. ANOVA 47. Given a set of scores in a normal distribution with a mean of 80, standard deviation of 4, and sample size of 100. If the sample were increased to 200 participants would we expect to happen to the standard error? a. The standard error would be unaffected. b. The standard error would decrease. c. The standard error would increase. d. The standard error would double.

48. In her study of student athletes' achievement motivation, Katie administers a self-report achievement motivation scale before she starts a new motivation enhancement intervention.

After the intervention, Katie again assesses students' achievement motivation. She set her alpha at p = .05, and reported that there were no significant findings in her study. Which statistical analysis was appropriate for Katie to use to determine if there were treatment differences in her study? a. Pearson r b. ANOVA 148 .

c. Spearman rho d. t test 49. Katie questions whether there are significant differences in her study but her significance level is unable to detect these differences. What Type of error is Katie most concerned that she is committing? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. Type IV 50. A researcher is concerned about not being able to detect true differences. From the following options, how would you advise the researcher regarding her analyses? a. Change the probability level to p= .001 b. Evaluate and conduct the study with a new sample c. Reanalyze with a two-tailed analyses d. Use a non-parametric significance test 51. In his study of effectiveness of driver's education programs, Cameron administers a practice items from a drivers' test. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two treatments, either a tutorial that narrates content, or an equivalent amount of time to practice items with feedback. Which of the following best represents the type of research Cameron conducted? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Descriptive d. Narrative 52. In his study of effectiveness of driver's education programs, Cameron administers a practice items from a drivers' test. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two treatments, either a tutorial that narrates content, or an equivalent amount of time to practice items with feedback. After the treatment, Cameron again assesses students' knowledge with a drivers' test. He set his alpha at p = .05, and reported that significant differences indicated that those in the practice with feedback condition outperformed those in the tutorial condition. Which of the following were appropriate for Cameron to use to analyze his data? a. t test b. ANCOVA c. chi square d. Pearson r

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Chapter 20 Test Items 1. In qualitative research, the primary data collection instrument is a. the researcher. b. the participant. c. face-to-face interaction. d. numerical data.

2. Of the following the most common data source in a qualitative study is a. e-mail. b. survey data. c. observations. d. document analysis.

3. Ankur is conducting a qualitative research study that explores the context of youth competitive soccer. Of the following, which is likely the most prevalent source from which he will collect data? a. Times of speed drills completed in practice b. Individual player's statistics for the season c. Observations of players and others at games d. Surveys of community members' opinions 4. Myles is conducting a qualitative research study of middle management engineers enrolled in an executive MBA program. If Myles' study is consistent with practice, which of the following represents his primary data source? a. Records from the school that show the program requirements b. Observations of the students while engaged in coursework c. Opinion surveys regarding participants' purposes for enrollment d. Students' academic transcripts 5. According to your text, the three primary data collection techniques qualitative researchers use include all of the following EXCEPT a. observations. b. interviews. c. examining records. d. attitude surveys.

6. Melanie is a qualitative researcher studying veteran teachers' perceptions of the state's new teacher certification criteria. Which of the following is NOT likely part of her primary data sources? a. Interviews with veteran teachers b. Observations of teachers' union meetings where the new criteria are discussed c. The articles written in the popular press by teachers who are participants in her study d. The test scores of the district's students who have veteran teachers

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7. Lan is working on a study of teachers' use of technology in their classrooms. She uses observation as her primary data collection method. Which of the following research sites is likely MOST pertinent to Lan's study? a. Faculty/Staff rooms where teachers' talk about technology b. Conference sessions that teachers attend about technology c. The classrooms of her teacher participants d. The computer lab that the students go to after school 8. As a researcher interested in young children's motivation to read, Cynthia works as a volunteer in a pre-kindergarten setting for approximately six months as she collects data regarding children's reading motivation. In this scenario, Cynthia is best described as a a. participant observer. b. nonparticipant observer. c. covert observer. d. experienced observer.

9. Lakyle's study explores social interactions among adult workers with mental disabilities. She uses observation as her primary data collection method. Which of the following research sites is likely MOST pertinent to Lakyle's study? a. The assembly room where participants work b. Transportation of individual participants to work c. Participants' classroom type training experiences d. Participants' interactions with their caregivers about work 10. Lupe's study describes the experiences of Division I cross country athletes. She uses observations as her primary data collection methods. Which of the following settings is likely MOST pertinent to Lupe's study? a. Coaches' conference meeting b. Cross country practices c. Homes of parents of athletes d. Offices of high school athletes' coaches 11. Damir is a music educator interested in successful high school jazz programs. He goes to work as a "new" teacher at a high school with a high-ranking jazz program. He works with the students and with the music educator at the school while exploring the jazz program. In this scenario, Damir is best described as a a. participant observer. b. nonparticipant observer. c. covert observer. d. experienced observer.

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12. Damir is a music educator interested in successful high school jazz programs. He goes to work as a "new" teacher at a high school with a high-ranking jazz program. He works with the students and with the music educator at the school while exploring the jazz program.

Given this scenario, which of the following research sites is likely MOST pertinent to Damir's study? a. The teachers' lounge in the music wing of the building b. The jazz programs' concerts c. The jazz programs' practice sessions d. Individual student lessons with the jazz instructors 13. Jill, a sociologist, is interested in social networking behaviors of exceptional business students. She goes to the business student socials, honorary meetings, and other public events. She does not interact with the business students but does observe and record their behaviors. In this scenario, Jill is best described as a(n) a. participant observer. b. nonparticipant observer. c. overt observer. d. privileged observer.

14. Of the following types of observation for qualitative data collection, which is considered the LEAST obtrusive? a. Participant observer b. Nonparticipant observer c. Overt observer d. Privileged observer 15. In the initial observation session it is suggested that the researcher a. stay for an extended length of time to better understand the setting. b. stay for a short time to ease into the process of writing field notes. c. observe only, do not take any field notes as it will diminish your focus. d. ask numerous questions of all potential participants to establish rapport.

16. Field notes include a. the informant's descriptions. b. the gatekeeper's reflections. c. both informant and researcher descriptions. d. the researcher's descriptions and reflection.

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17. Geir is a qualitative researcher interested in studying the role playing games of current children that relate to Nordic heroes. To collect data he goes to after-school programs that allow a free play period. He observes the children as they play, documenting who they are role playing and the behaviors they engage in as well as how they socially negotiate the script of their play. Geir is best described as a a. participant observer. b. nonparticipant observer. c. privileged observer. d. covert observer.

18. Field notes should be written a. in the field during the observation. b. after a time delay to assure reflection. c. as concisely as possible. d. by an assistant, not the researcher.

19. A framework for field notes that is consistent across observation sessions developed before data collection is referred to as a. a memo. b. a protocol. c. interaction analysis. d. a thick description.

20. Deirdre studies Irish-American culture as demonstrated in urban areas with large concentrations of Irish-Americans and small communities in rural areas that have remained tied to their Irish roots. As an Irish-American herself, she has decided to move to a IrishAmerican community to reside for the duration of her study. While there she will observe the community. Deirdre is displaying which form of data collection? a. Participant observation b. Covert observation c. Overt observation d. Nonparticipant observation 21. Of the following, which is a suggestion to researchers regarding field notes? a. Engage as deeply as possible as soon as possible. b. Write field notes after you have had time to reflect. c. Document the date, site, topic, and time on your field notes. d. While in the field focus your attention to your reactions and feelings.

22. Interviews generally used to gather basic information at the start of a study are referred to as a. structured. b. informal. c. unstructured. d. spontaneous.

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23. As part of his research on young elite athletes, Chris was conducting a nonparticipant observation of a national youth track meet. Audrey started to ask him questions about his session before he had a chance to finish recording his field notes. He told her that he did not want to discuss his session until after he had recorded his notes. Relying on your text content, which of the following is accurate regarding discussion of field notes? a. Chris is right, discussion of the field notes at this time might alter his perceptions. b. Chris is right, discussion of the field notes at this time is unethical. c. Chris is wrong, discussion of the field notes at this time will help him to remember important details and description. d. Chris is wrong, discussion of the field notes at this time will help him to understand what he has seen more deeply.

24. Consistent with guidelines in your text for field notes, researchers should a. include only descriptive information in field notes. b. include only reflective information in field notes. c. record descriptive and reflective information together in field notes. d. record descriptive and reflective information separately in field notes.

25. Which of the following data collection techniques is most appropriate in order to address a practicing nurse's experiences while in a continuing education session? a. Observation b. Document analysis c. Interview d. Survey 26. Jeb studies the motivation of young environmentalists. He wants to understand more about the ways in which these children think about environmental issues and how their ideas have developed. He identifies participants through a local "green kids" group and goes to their next meeting. He selects several of the children through convenience, and asks them openended questions that he has written down in advance. He records their responses as they answer the questions. Jeb is best displaying which of the following types of interviews? a. Structured and formal b. Unstructured and formal c. Structured and informal d. Unstructured and informal 27. Luke is conducting an interview study with parents regarding separation anxiety in preschool children. He first starts by asking the parent if his or her child experiences separation anxiety.

This first question on Luke's interview protocol is considered a(n) a. nonverbal question. b. closed question. c. open-ended question. d. a priori question.

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28. Susan is conducting interviews with successful technology entrepreneurs. She needs to pilot her interview protocol. Of the following, who would constitute the most appropriate pilot group? a. Other technology entrepreneurs b. Entrepreneurs in other fields c. Those who invest in technology entrepreneurs d. Employees of technology entrepreneurs 29. Of the following, the data collection method of choice in interview studies is a. writing notes after the interview. b. having the participant write their responses. c. writing notes during the interview. d. recording the interview.

30. Finn is a qualitative researcher setting out to conduct his first interview of his study. He is not sure if he should record the interview. Given recommendations regarding data collection methods, please advise Finn. a. Qualitative researchers do not generally record the first interview. b. Qualitative researchers recommend recording the interview. c. Qualitative researchers do not record novice interviewers. d. Qualitative researchers recommend only video recording interviews.

31. Debbie was observing classes in a small rural school as part of her study on opportunities in the arts in diverse school districts. She heard several teachers make reference to the upcoming "play day" within the context of their lessons. Not knowing what the "play day" was, Debbie pulled the principal aside and asked her to explain. In this example, Debbie is best illustrating a(n) a. formal interview. b. structured interview. c. semistructured interview. d. informal interview.

32. Keb is convinced that teachers provide more praise to their students while he is observing in their classrooms than they do otherwise. Of the following the most appropriate way to decrease Keb's concerns and increase validity of his data is a. to tell teachers he is interested in something unrelated to praise. b. to focus on a smaller number of teachers. c. increase the amount of time he spends in the classrooms. d. observe the classes covertly.

33. Elaine is interpreting her data and realizes that the amount of time she spent at one of the schools is substantially smaller and that she has very little data from that site. She believes it is because she did not "click" with the principal of one of the five schools she is studying and therefore that school is not well represented in her data. The school is important for Elaine's study. Of the following, which is the most appropriate way to remedy Elaine's problem? a. Confront the principal and then collect more data.

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b. Extend the collection and have another researcher collect data. c. Recognize the problem and eliminate the school from the study. d. Change the nature of research questions and drop the school.

34. One strategy that researchers can use to ease into the field is to a. ask all the specific questions first to establish rapport. b. come to the first session unannounced to see things "the way they really are." c. try not to answer any questions about themselves or the study so not to influence the responses. d. be relatively passive and ask nonspecific questions to increase comfort level.

35. Which of the following is NOT considered a qualitative research data source? a. Photographs b. Journals c. Informal conversations d. Survey instruments 36. Gretchen is studying the experiences of foster children in new school settings. As a social worker and a qualitative researcher, she would like to conduct observations to collect her data. If observes the children as a by stander while they are in school. Gretchen's data collection strategy can be classified as a. active participant observation. b. nonparticipant observation. c. passive observation. d. privileged observation.

37. While collecting data through observation at a hockey game, Bruce is astonished by what he feels is violently aggressive behavior. How should Bruce address this astonishment in his notes? a. Bruce should not reference his personal reaction in his field notes nor journal. b. Bruce should include his reaction within his description in his field notes. c. Bruce should include his reaction within the reflective section of his field notes. d. Bruce should record his personal reaction in his journal, not his field notes.

38. Of the following, the best way qualitative researchers can increase confirmability is to a. triangulate data sources. b. use covert observation. c. use observations instead of interviews. d. decrease the amount of time spent in the field.

39. Of the following, the best way qualitative researchers can increase credibility is to a. rely only on nonparticipant observation. b. increase the amount of time spent in the field. c. increase observational training. d. use observations instead of interviews.

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40. Cynthia is a qualitative researcher who has enrolled in the class as a student to experience a new treatment—knitting—as a means to increase fine motor skills in occupational therapy.

Cynthia could best enhance trustworthiness in her study by a. increasing the number of data sources. b. spending less time in the field. c. modifying the type of observations that she makes. d. not including her reflections in her field notes.

41. Which of the following is important when conducting focus groups? a. Designate one leader to assure order in responses. b. Include large groups to collect richer data. c. Encourage all participants to respond to questions. d. Leave the process open-ended without researcher interference.

42. Which of the following is generally TRUE when comparing focus group interviews with individual interviews? a. Focus group interviews often take more time than individual interviews. b. Focus group interviews are conducted without structured questions. c. All participants must reach agreement for quality data from focus groups. d. Transcribing focus group interviews is often easier than individual interviews.

43. Which of the following statements regarding e-mail interviews is supported by your text? a. E-mail interviews should not be used as they do not provide rich data. b. Ethical concerns with e-mail interviews can be challenging for researchers. c. Participants are less likely to participate in an e-mail interview than an in-person interview. d. E-mail interviews are often harder to transcribe than in-person interviews.

44. Which of the following is the best ways to increase the confirmability of qualitative research? a. Practice reflexivity. b. Establish an "audit" trail. c. Establish referential adequacy. d. Do persistent observation.

45. Which of the following criteria for validity of qualitative research relates to the stability of the data? a. Confirmability b. Credibility c. Transferability d. Dependability

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46. The neutrality or objectivity of the data collected refers to which of the following validity criteria for qualitative research? a. Dependability b. Transferability c. Credibility d. Confirmability 47. The researcher's belief that everything is context-bound refers to which of the following validity criteria for qualitative research? a. Dependability b. Transferability c. Credibility d. Confirmability 48. Which of the following is one of the recommended ways to directly increase the credibility of a qualitative research study? a. Practice reflexivity b. Do peer debriefing c. Overlap methods d. Establish an audit trail 49. Which of the following is consistent with the strategies your text presents for ensuring the validity of qualitative research? a. Keep your observations to yourself so participants do not influence your conclusions. b. Record your experiences only after you have left the research site so you can attend to details while in the field. c. Only begin writing once all of the data are collected to assure objective data collection. d. Allow participants to read and respond to your overall report before finalizing it to ensure credibility.

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Chapter 21 Test Items 1. Although with revisiting data during data analysis the steps of data analysis may change, the initial sequence of data analysis concludes with a. classifying. b. reading. c. memoing. d. describing.

2. Your text indicates that the first step in analyzing data in any qualitative study is ________ the data. a. interpreting b. coding c. organizing d. classifying 3. Of the following, which is a question qualitative researchers might ask themselves when conducting data analysis during data collection? a. Do I have enough data? b. Does the evidence prove my position? c. Are my data objective enough for validity? d. Is my research question still answerable?

4. When conducting data analysis during data collection one suggestion for qualitative researchers is to a. seek evidence to support your initial thoughts. b. assure you have enough data for an objective analysis. c. reflect on what you are attending to and leaving out. d. finish data collection as quickly as possible.

5. Qualitative data analysis is a process of a. deduction. b. induction. c. generalizability. d. objectivity.

6. Karen is an instructional researcher interested in the interactions among learners in discussion groups. Not only does Karen have observational notes and interview notes, she also has verbatim discourse of students' discussions. According to your text, of the following, which is the most appropriate first step for Karen to take in order to analyze her data? a. Code her field notes b. Code her discussion data c. Classify her observational data d. Sequence all notes with labels

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7. When a researcher categorizes and codes pieces of her data and groups them into themes, she is said to be a. memoing the data. b. classifying the data. c. describing the data. d. reading the data.

8. Sally is a physical therapist who is conducting a narrative research study of people's rehabilitation stories. She has organized her data and is becoming familiar with her data and is identifying potential themes. Sally is engaged in which of the following qualitative data analysis steps? a. Memoing b. Classifying c. Describing d. Examining 9. Regarding data organization, which of the following is NOT a suggestion provided in the text? a. Make photocopies of your data b. Make back-up files of your data c. Have other researchers code your data d. Note themes and patterns that emerge 10. Marcus is a qualitative researcher who studies the communication of frustration among colleagues. He has collected his data and is currently trying to find patterns and meaning in the data. He is using a strategy where he records on index cards to allow for future sorting.

Which of the following data analysis strategies is Marcus most directly conducting? a. Coding b. Answering key questions c. Organizational overview d. Displaying findings 11. Regarding data analysis conducted via computer, your text suggests that a. computer analysis is more valid than doing the analysis by hand. b. computer software should be used only to code your data. c. computer software can be used to assist with data analysis. d. computer analysis is more reliable than doing the analysis by hand.

12. Of the following, according to your text and other cited sources, which is a question that a qualitative researcher might pose to guide data analysis and interpretation? a. Have I quantified my variables? b. Have I tied my research question to existing theory? c. Have I collected the data I wanted? d. Have I controlled for external validity concerns?

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13. Which of the following is one of the iterative steps of qualitative data analysis as presented in your text? a. Justifying b. Critiquing c. Describing d. Examining 14. The stage of qualitative data analysis that addresses detailed analysis of the setting is the ________ stage. a. classifying b. justifying c. organizing d. describing 15. Both Marianne and Bill examined the same set of qualitative data collected from couples in a study designed to understand relationship stress. Interestingly, the themes that emerged from the data were not consistent across the two researchers. Of the following, which is the most likely reason for the discrepancy? a. The data were not valid. b. The data were not reliable. c. Qualitative analysis is interpretive. d. Qualitative analysis is deductive.

16. In qualitative data analysis, the identification of potential themes occurs during which processes? a. describing and classifying b. classifying and justifying c. memoing and reading d. describing and reading 17. The data analysis strategy that specifically consists of a visual representation of causal relationships is specifically referred to as a. developing concept maps. b. analyzing antecedents and consequences. c. stating what is missing. d. relating the findings to theory.

18. Of the following which is a popular qualitative data analysis software package? a. MYSTAT b. SPSS c. NVivo d. SAS end user 19. Of the following, which is an important question for data interpretation? a. Why did I collect this much data? b. What is important in these data?

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c. How can I classify these data? d. How can I manage these data?

20. Of the following, which is a qualitative data interpretation strategy discussed in your text? a. Connect findings with personal experience. b. Use a frequency analysis to examine the data. c. Report a description of all themes. d. Present the findings that confirm your beliefs.

21. Margarita is cautious about her analysis. She wants to leave some of the interpretation to others and asks questions of the data instead of drawing conclusions. Margarita is employing which of the following data analysis strategies? a. Connect findings with personal experiences b. Extend the analysis c. Contextualize findings in the literature d. Turn to theory 22. Trey is analyzing his qualitative data and is asking himself key questions. Which of the following is likely a question he would pose? a. What conclusions can I draw from these data? b. When does this problem occur? c. What do these data conclude? d. Are my conclusions warranted?

23. Karobi wants to assure he has credible qualitative data for his study on violent and aggressive student behaviors during lunch sessions. Which of the following questions might he ask himself regarding the data? a. Does my study lend itself to generalization? b. Do the findings inform policy? c. What biases might have influenced my observation? d. What competing hypothesis might I test?

24. Henry has a large body of qualitative data and is unsure how to proceed. Of the following what is one suggestion supported by your text, that will assist Henry now? a. Discard data that appears to be less related after a preliminary read. b. Focus the study to facilitate analysis. c. Employ the use of a computer software program to code. d. Recode the data again to reduce the amount to memo.

25. Making sense of what data mean is termed a. interpretation. b. analysis. c. examination. d. classifying.

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26. Qualitative data analysis is a. definitive. b. objective. c. generalizable. d. interpretative.

27. Tamar is studying the inclusion of religion in secular schools. He has coded much of his notes, and has made copies of the originals. One problem he has faced, however, is that some of his notes are illegible. Tamar's problem is best categorized as a problem in data a. interpretation. b. coding. c. organization. d. classification.

28. Laqueta is studying the cultural of Catholic schools in urban areas in the Midwest United States. As part of her qualitative study she exams the goals and objectives of the schools.

Which data analysis strategy of those below is Laqueta best illustrating? a. Organizational review b. Asking key questions c. Identifying themes d. Display what's missing 29. Ariel is beginning data analysis. Her study seeks to understand depression in young children.

She has extensive notes from observations and interviews. She stops to reflect during data analysis and asks herself, "What are the issues related to this problem," "Who else are the key players in my participant's life," as part of her analysis strategy. In this scenario Ariel is displaying which of the following data analysis strategies? a. Organizational review b. Asking key questions c. Identifying themes d. Displaying what's missing 30. Laili integrates her data from her study with the review of the literature to analyze her data.

She is currently engaged in which of the following data analysis strategies? a. Organizational review b. Asking key questions c. Identifying themes d. Coding observations 31. Your text indicates that the last step in the iterative process of qualitative data analysis is ________ the data. a. interpreting b. coding c. managing d. classifying

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32. Won has pages of transcribed interviews for her thesis on first generation college students' feelings of stress and anxiety. Of the following, which is something she should do to help her to manage these data? a. Separate her data and read one person's data at a time. b. Get an initial sense and read through all of her data. c. Start to read her data only after identifying codes. d. Establish a matrix to place student comments in before she reads.

33. Of the following, which is an accurate statement of how best to code qualitative data? a. Collect all data and then start to code in small pieces. b. Only code data after you have a representative sample of responses. c. Think about potential codes as you are first collecting data. d. Begin coding by reading through all of your data.

34. Joel is interpreting his qualitative data regarding students' perceptions of the role of faithbased groups on public university campuses. Which of the following is a technique that your text suggests that Joel should use during this phase of his data analysis? a. Extend the analysis and suggest potential implications. b. Recode all of his data to assure reliability. c. Assess the validity of his codes through content analysis. d. Determine the generalizability of his codes in a new data set.

35. Sabrina collected and analyzed her qualitative dissertation data that examined the meditation strategies used by chronically ill elderly women. During the interpretation phase she tied her findings to previous research found in the literature that suggested education level may be related to ability to meditate while ill. The strategy Sabrina used is best described as a. memoing. b. contextualizing. c. empirically grounding. d. generalizing.

36. Wei is a qualitative research who studies friendship in preteens. She collected observational data for several months and is now engaged in interpretation of the findings. Which of the following questions should Wei ask herself? a. Why did I collect these data? b. How can I best classify these data? c. What can be learned from these data? d. How can I describe these data?

37. In Jack's study of school bus misconduct, he included observations but also relied heavily on structured interviews. Which of the following is something Jack might do to ensure credibility of his data? a. Jack should assure that he has used a valid interview protocol. b. Jack should make sure his statistics were accurately conducted. c. Jack should reflect upon contextual circumstances during his study. d. Jack should strive for an inter-rater reliability of at least .80.

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Chapter 22 Test Items

1. Of the following, which is an example of a style error? a. Marcy misused semicolons in her manuscript. b. Sean forgot the abstract in his manuscript. c. Trudy did not use conventions for headings in her manuscript. d. Liam provided citations in the incorrect format in the text of his manuscript.

2. Of the following, which is the best example of a conclusion in a study that examined funding for extracurricular activities? a. The correlation between achievement and extracurricular activities was statistically significant. b. The results supported a difference in achievement between those who participated in extracurricular activities and those who did not participate. c. The effect size was .58. d. The participant stated support for additional funding for extracurricular activities.

3. Chidi used the MSLQ, a commonly used measure of motivation for college students in her study that explored college students' motivation at HBCUs. In which section of her manuscript should she report the psychometric properties of the measure? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion 4. One benefit of Zotero over other reference management systems is that Zotero a. can be used with references that are not in English and other systems cannot. b. has the ability to handle more citations than does any other system. c. can be used for both Mac and any other computer systems. d. is free while other management systems are commercially available.

5. When considering qualitative and quantitative research reports one similarity is that both a. avoid the use of pronouns. b. require accuracy in reporting. c. use the voice of the participant. d. contain the same structure for reporting.

6. In APA style guidelines, secondary sources in the reference section should a. include author name only. b. include author name and year. c. include author name, year, and title. d. not be included at all.

7. When writing the research report in APA style, authors cited in the body of the text are generally referenced by a. first and last names.

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b. first initial and last name. c. last names only. d. first and last initials.

8. Which of the following statements is generally accurate regarding the use of abbreviations in research reports? a. Abbreviations are used throughout the report. b. Abbreviations are used in the tables. c. Abbreviations are used in the body of the report. d. Abbreviations are used in the abstract.

9. Which of the following example sentences is an appropriate presentation of numbers in a research report? a. 17 children and their parents participated in the study. b. 8 children were in the control group while 11 were in the treatment condition. c. The control group included 6 children from a similar child care setting. d. The study included 240 children from a large school in the Midwest.

10. In a research report a condensed version of the study is generally found in the a. hypothesis section. b. literature review. c. abstract. d. results section.

11. The format of a research report includes a. style. b. spelling. c. organization. d. punctuation.

12. The acknowledgments in a thesis or dissertation are generally found in the a. abstract. b. discussion. c. preliminary pages. d. appendixes.

13. An abstract of a thesis or dissertation is generally found a. in the appendixes. b. after the discussion. c. in the literature review. d. in the preliminary pages.

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14. An abstract is usually limited to approximately a. less than 50 words. b. less than 100 words. c. between 100 and 500 words. d. between 500 and 1000 words.

15. The definition of important terms is found in the ________ section of a research report. a. statement of problem b. method c. results d. discussion 16. A description of the sample participants of the study is found in the ________ section of a research report. a. literature review b. method c. results d. discussion 17. The steps followed to conduct the study are found in the ________ section of a research report. a. participants b. design c. procedure d. results 18. A copy of the instrument used for data collection is often found in the ________ of a thesis or dissertation. a. material section b. procedure section c. appendix d. introduction 19. Tables in a research report are referred to in text such as a. Table 6 presents the findings of the correlational analysis. b. The "Correlation of the Variables" table presents the findings from the analysis. c. The accompanying table presents the findings from the analysis. d. The table at the bottom of the page presents the findings from the analysis.

20. As part of the hypothesis statement in a research report a. the variables are operationally defined. b. the procedures of the study are clearly conveyed. c. the instruments used in the study are described. d. previous findings from related research are documented.

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21. The statistical techniques employed or the inferential interpretation applied in a study appear in the ________ section. a. method b. procedures c. results d. discussion 22. In a qualitative report, a description of the context in which the participants function is found in the ________ section. a. participants b. procedures c. design d. discussion 23. George is writing up his qualitative research study. In which section of a research report will he indicate that he used a snowball sampling technique? a. Introduction b. Method c. Design d. Results 24. Ed is writing up his dissertation study. His study was a survey study of parent satisfaction with current advanced placement course offerings across different schools in the state. Where in the report should Ed include a copy of his survey? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Appendix 25. Laura, an art educator, completed her correlational study that examined the relationship between the number of art classes taken in high school and out of school attendance at museums and galleries. She has a correlation matrix that conveys some of her findings. In which section of Laura's research report should the matrix be included? a. Instruments b. Procedures c. Results d. Discussion 26. Overgeneralization in a research report refers to a. using instruments in the study that lack reliability and validity. b. stating conclusions that are not warranted by the data. c. reporting a larger response rate than actually participated. d. conducting inferential statistics on nominal level data.

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27. According to your text, the limitations of a study should be reported in the ________ section. a. introduction b. method c. results d. discussion 28. Shirley found significant positive correlations between amount of independent reading time allotted in first grade classrooms and children's reading attitudes. She wants to include in her report that teachers should allow more independent reading time in their classrooms. In which section of the research report should Shirley include this recommendation? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion 29. Abby's research addresses children's self-esteem. Previous self-esteem studies have found that self-esteem is crucial for learners to try new and difficult academic tasks. In which section of her report will Abby include these previous findings? a. Introduction b. Materials c. Results d. Procedures 30. Cassie, a qualitative researcher, conducted focus groups for her dissertation study. She would like to include some quotes from her interviews in her report. Where will she likely include these quotes? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Method d. Results 31. Sarah interviewed all of the members from three families living in public housing as part of her thesis on a description of academic achievement goals of high school children living in poverty. In which section of Sarah's report will her interview protocol be included? a. Method b. Results c. Discussion d. Appendix 32. Piren conducted a study into the characteristics of minority women who pursue mathematics and science degrees. Some of her findings suggest that socioeconomic status (SES) is an important factor in predicting which women continue in math and science and which do not.

Further, parents educational background was the largest SES predictor variable. Piren will address each of these findings in relation to her hypothesis and the existing research in which section of her research report? a. Method 169 .

b. Results c. Discussion d. Appendix 33. Karen presented her dissertation proposal to her committee. She is investigating how learners study after viewing learning video tapes for a distance education course. One of her committee members is confused as to how she will select who she will observe and interview. Of the following, which is the most likely location for Karen to provide this information? a. Preliminary pages b. Introduction c. Participants d. Procedure 34. Bruce is conducting a quantitative dissertation study that addresses how children learn from technology-rich instructional environments. He is trying to measure how such environments can inspire student learning. In order for his readers to understand what he is doing, he will need to define "inspire" operationally. Of the following, which is the most likely place this definition will occur? a. Preliminary pages b. Abstract c. Hypotheses d. Results 35. Ankur is writing his report on his recent research that examined the relationship between Lego use and problem-solving ability. He needs to be very clear about the type of follow-up procedure he did to address differences found between groups on his inferential statistics test.

Ankur will report the follow-up procedure in which section of his report? a. Introduction b. Methodology c. Results d. Discussion 36. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a recommendation for writing effective research reports? a. Establish a writing routine that includes writing each day. b. Write with an outline to structure your thoughts. c. Revise your introduction while conducting your study. d. Write with careful attention to mechanics to minimize editing later.

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37. In a recent action research study, Joanna investigated the use of memorization strategies for mathematics vocabulary. In which of the following sections of a research report will she present the research problem? a. Method b. Discussion c. Results d. Introduction 38. Mallika conducted a study on students' exercise in housing projects. Of the following, in which section of this mixed methods study will she present a description of the survey that she used to collect the quantitative data? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Method d. Results 39. Which of the following example sentences is an appropriate presentation of numbers in a research report? a. The participants in the study included 4 children. b. 500 children participated in the study. c. There were seventeen schools that participated in the study. d. The study included 232 students.

40. The acknowledgments page of a thesis or dissertation would most likely be found in which of the following sections of the document? a. The appendix b. The preliminary pages c. The references d. The introduction 41. Ratiba conducted a study that examined students' learning from web-based instructional materials. In order for the reader to fully understand her study, Ratiba must include a screen shot of the materials. Of the following, which is the most appropriate place for Ratiba to place the screen shot? a. Introduction b. Results c. Discussion d. Appendix

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Chapter 23 Test Items

1. The portion of a research report where the educational significance of the problem is presented is the a. introduction. b. review of related literature. c. hypotheses. d. method.

2. When reading a recent journal article Juan was confused. It seems the author used the term self-determination in a way that was not consistent with Juan's previous understanding of self-determination but Juan was not quite sure because the author did not operationalize his variables. The author should have included operational definitions of his variables in the ________ of his article. a. introduction b. method c. results d. discussion 3. Ya-ling was reading a research report on the challenges learners face when reading diagrams in science textbooks. She was really interested in the research but questioned the instructional materials that the participants were given. It appears that they may have been much too hard for the participants to read. Since the author did not adequately describe the materials, Yaling has identified a potential flaw in the ________ of this research report. a. introduction b. references c. method d. results 4. Judy forgot to mention that the survey she used in her dissertation employed a seven-point Likert Scale. This omission is a weakness in which section of her report? a. Participants b. Design and procedures c. Instruments d. Results 5. At a recent conference, Frank questioned the authors of a research report who had used a test designed for middle school learners with a second-grade sample. Frank has addressed a concern in which aspect of the study? a. Instruments b. Participants c. Results d. Introduction

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6. Milton recently reported on a survey study that he conducted with high school students. In his work, he was particularly interested in how many high carbohydrate items athletes consume during a day while they are training. In his report he does not convey why the number of high carbohydrate items is of relevance to the related literature on student athletes.

This omission is a flaw primarily in which of the following components of a research report.? a. Method b. Results c. Discussion d. Introduction 7. In reading a recent article, you note that there is no research topic of study presented. This is a flaw in the ________ of the report. a. introduction b. method c. results d. discussion 8. Of the following questions one might ask when critiquing a research study, which is a concern for the instruments section? a. Is the relevancy of the references explained? b. Are the size and characteristics of the sample described? c. Are generalizations consistent with the result? d. Are subtest reliabilities provided?

9. Of the following, which question is relevant when critiquing a narrative study? a. Are the characteristics that differentiate the groups clearly defined or described? b. Are sources of invalidity associated with the design identified and discussed? c. Are generalizations consistent with the results? d. Is there a rationale for the choice of individual to study the chosen phenomenon?

10. Janet is interested in response to intervention in a sixth-grade child with autism. She employs a case study methodology. Of the following, which is something that is critical for her to include in her research report? a. Tables of the quantitative research results. b. A rationale for selecting this case for study. c. A description of how Janet is passionate about the study. d. The psychometric properties of the instruments used.

11. Dave is reviewing a manuscript submitted for publication. The paper describes a study that assessed the attitudes of pre-service teachers about their student teaching experience. Which of the following questions is most important for Dave to ask himself regarding the study? a. Was an appropriate experimental design selected? b. Were control procedures applied to equate groups on extraneous variables? c. Was the questionnaire pilot-tested? d. Were efforts made to overcome observer bias and observer effect?

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12. Recently, Sam was reading a study that addressed the benefits of the structure strategy in text comprehension. The study was well designed but Sam was surprised that Meyer's relevant 1998 article was not mentioned in the study. Sam has indicated a flaw in the ________ of the article. a. problem statement b. review of related literature c. hypotheses statements d. design and procedure 13. A recent publication in the Journal of Interesting Research stated that based upon their experimental findings, children should only go to school five hours a day. While there were tables and inferential statistics presented that illustrated a comparison between five hour a day children and seven hour a day children, there was no discussion of how the study was conducted. This omission illustrates a flaw in the a. review of related literature. b. interpretation of the findings. c. design and procedure. d. conclusions and recommendations.

14. Cindy conducted a path analysis for her thesis. She is most concerned about addressing which of the following questions in her report? a. Is a rationale given for selection of predictor variables? b. Are the qualifications and special training of the interviewers described? c. Was the level of inter-observer reliability obtained from at least two independent raters? d. Were groups randomly formed and the use of existing groups avoided?

15. The section where the application of the qualitative method chosen is described in the report is the a. introduction. b. design and procedure. c. conclusion and implications. d. results.

16. The section of a report where the generalizations are critiqued is the a. results b. discussion. c. method. d. introduction.

17. Brandon is confused. He just read a study where the research questions examined gender differences and the analysis used was Spearman's rho. It appears that there is a flaw in which section of the research report? a. Results b. Discussion c. Method d. Introduction 174 .

18. Nick, a qualitative researcher, is finalizing his research report. He needs to add a piece about his purposive sampling technique. Where should Nick place this information in his report? a. Results b. Instrument c. Participants d. Design and procedures 19. Won recently read the abstract of a research report of a study that investigated academic procrastination. Of the following, which is information she should absolutely know after reading the abstract? a. Whether the study was qualitative or quantitative b. The psychometric properties of the instrument used in the study c. The most relevant recent publication related to the study d. The demographic information and ethnicity of the participants in the study 20. Which is NOT a concern for inclusion in an abstract? a. Are the procedures described? b. Is the problem restated? c. Is the design used identified? d. Are they hypothesis clearly stated?

21. Marv needs to add a section indicating his "full cycle" in the field to his research report.

What type of research did Marv likely conduct? a. Narrative b. Ethnographic c. Experimental d. Correlational 22. Hilary needs to include in her study a statement about response rate. What type of research did Hilary likely conduct? a. Questionnaire b. Ethnography c. Experimental d. Correlational 23. Susan examined differences in students' sustained independent reading time between classrooms with and without a paraprofessional in the room and is writing her report. She is likely concerned with which of the following questions related to her causal-comparative study? a. Is a rationale given for selection of predictor variables? b. Were the sources of data related to the problem mostly primary? c. Was the resulting prediction equation validated with another group? d. Is the independent variable clearly defined or described?

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24. Kristin is writing up her research and has provided rationale for why she elected to use a within-subjects design. Most of the previous research had used a between-subjects design.

What type of research did Kristin likely conduct? a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Narrative d. Mixed methods 25. Mo conducted an interview study and is writing up her report. Which of the following is of importance to Mo in her research report? a. Is the criterion variable well defined? b. Was an appropriate experimental design selected? c. Is the method used to record responses described? d. Were possible reactive arrangements controlled for?

26. Amber recently read a research report that described a study that investigated the benefits of a mnemonic strategy for special education learners. She would like to replicate the study but there was little information about the mnemonic strategy included. This lack of information illustrates a concern with the ________section of the report. a. introduction b. discussion c. results d. method 27. Vince recently critiqued a study that asked nonnative speaking parents about their educational aspirations for their children. The study did not ascertain, however, that the target population, the parents, could read the questionnaire, which was written in English. This illustrates a flaw in the ________ section of the research report. a. design b. hypothesis c. instruments d. participants 28. Yuki read a study that compared pre- and posttest performance between two different inservice training methods for teaching emergency first aid to teachers. She really found the study interesting but there was no description of how the two treatment groups were formed.

This is a flaw in this ________ research report. a. survey b. observational c. experimental d. correlational

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29. Dennis read a study that examined whether teacher-provided verbal signals helped students retain information from lectures. Dennis noticed that the researchers had made sure that an equal number of both high and low ability learners were in each condition. This is a strength in this ________ researcher report. a. observational b. correlational c. survey d. causal-comparative 30. When Michele reached the method section of the study she reviewed for a class assignment, she found that the researchers had clearly described the questionnaire and the pilot procedures used to test the items. This is a strength of this ________ research report. a. observational b. correlational c. survey d. causal-comparative 31. Donna, a reading specialist, compared reading motivation between two fifth grade classes.

For one class she provided a free selection of books of their choice. For the other class she preselected the books for the students. Her hypothesis was that students given more choice in the library would have higher motivation to read. Her hypothesis was supported. Lisa, when reading her report, wondered if there were preexisting differences between the classes that were not considered or if there were extraneous variables not addressed. These oversights in Donna's work are primarily a problem with her a. participants. b. hypothesis. c. design and procedure. d. Instruments.

32. Samantha was disappointed when she finished reading a survey study that assessed principals' hiring practices. The authors had drawn conclusions but had not indicated any frequency distributions for items so Samantha was unsure how the conclusions were supported. This is primarily a problem with the ________ section of the research report. a. problem statement b. hypothesis c. method d. results 33. Marjorie conducted a study of students' views of race relations in America. She did not, however, share the characteristics of her participants. Marjorie has demonstrated a. a threat to internal validity. b. a threat to external validity. c. a threat to statistical conclusion validity. d. a threat to reliability.

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34. The question of whether data are time constrained is most relevant to which of the following types of research? a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative c. Mixed methods d. Single-subject 35. Quidera conducted a study in her classroom. She has been frustrated by the lack of time management skills of her graduating seniors. She implemented a required assignment notebook and planner program for two months and observed the effects on students' homework completion. Quidera's study can best be described as a. action research. b. narrative research. c. experimental research. d. ethnographical research.

36. Tobin conducted a study in which he randomly assigned participants to two treatment conditions to test if there were differences by treatment on the number of classroom referrals.

He then interviewed selected students regarding their experiences with the two treatments. In the results section of his study it is unclear at times from which data he has drawn his conclusions. This flaw is most directly related to reporting of ________ research study. a. experimental b. mixed methods c. narrative d. correlational 37. Chyleen owns a child care center for young children. She conducted a study of parents' perceptions of the need for structure in early learning environments. She was careful to report how her findings would benefit her practice as an early childhood learning professional.

Chyleen's research would best be described as a. ethnographic. b. experimental. c. action research. d. correlational.

38. Ntozake conducted a study in which she observed bullying in a middle school physical education environment. She conducted the study over a three-week time period. This may not have been long enough to combat observer effects. This illustrates which of the following concerns with conclusions from Ntozake's study? a. An instrumentation threat b. An internal validity threat c. A history threat d. An external validity threat

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39. Of the following, which is a concern for correlational studies in particular? a. Is the method used to record responses described? b. Is the rationale for variable selection described? c. Is a rationale for the design selection given? d. Is the method for group formation described?

40. Tom conducted a study that examined gender differences in ability to learn physics concepts from computer games. In his study he found men learned better from games than the women.

He had not, however, controlled for amount of game playing or interest in physics. These lack of controls are a flaw in Tom's a. survey study. b. causal-comparative study. c. correlational study. d. experimental study.

41. When reviewing a research report that examined on-task behavior of ADHD children in various settings, Sue was confused because the data did not support the recommendations for practice provided by the researchers. This overgeneralization is a flaw in the ________ in the report. a. statement of hypothesis b. discussion c. design and procedures d. review of related literature 42. Jill reported in her research that there were significant differences between males and females on several items of a personality inventory. She conducted many t tests on a relatively small sample, without correcting for error rate problems. This best illustrates a flaw in Jill's a. instruments. b. design and procedures. c. results. d. conclusions and recommendations.

43. Willa conducted a study on the effects of violent television viewing on choice of playground activity. Her data indicated no support for her research hypothesis that those children that watched violent television played more aggressively on the playground. Interestingly, however, although not related to her hypothesis, she found that children who watched violent television played on the playground for a shorter amount of time when compared to children who did not watch violent television. How should Willa address this finding? a. Change her hypothesis statements to include a hypothesis about duration of playground activity. b. Add the analysis to the results section and discuss the finding in the conclusions and recommendations section. c. Rewrite the research problem to include duration of play as a variable of interest in the study. d. Address the finding in the discussion section and suggest future work that addresses 179 .

duration of play as a variable.

44. Ron is reviewing a qualitative study. Which of the following should be of concern to his review? a. Is the inductive logic applied to the data to produce results stated in detail? b. Is the rationale for variable selection described? c. Were any control procedures used to equate the groups on extraneous variables? d. Are sources of invalidity associated with the design identified and discussed?

45. Maria has turned in her honors thesis that considers the prevalence of ability grouping in local intermediate grades. One of her readers questions the prompts that might have been provided to the participants and how the participants' responses were coded. Given this information, what type of study did Maria conduct for her thesis? a. Causal-Comparative b. Ethnographic c. Mixed methods d. Experimental 46. Jackie wants to examine teachers' efficacy for her dissertation project. She has consulted with her committee and they have suggested that Jackie must make it clear how her qualitative and quantitative data relate. Which of the following types of research study does Jackie propose? a. Ethnographic b. Mixed methods c. Experimental d. Correlational 47. Yaseen's research has addressed middle school students' body image. He is sure to include information about how he selected the scale that he used. One of the drawbacks of his study is that the scale had previously only been used with older populations. Yaseen should include this information in which of the following sections of his research report? a. Literature review b. Instruments c. Results d. Participants 48. A guiding hypothesis is likely to be found in which of the following type of research study? a. Qualitative b. Causal-comparative c. Correlational d. Experimental

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49. Ar-Mu'min has conducted a study that examines teachers' understandings of child development. He is certain to present how he gained entry into the research site and how he coded his data. Which of the following is the most likely type of research that Ar-Mu'min has conducted? a. Ethnographic b. Experimental c. Correlational d. Causal-comparative 50. Eliza takes care to illustrate in her research report how long she was in the field and how she has minimized observer effects. Which of the following types of research did Eliza most likely conduct? a. Experimental b. Action c. Correlational d. Ethnography 51. Eliza takes care to illustrate in her research report how long she was in the field and how she has minimized observer effects. In her efforts to address these concerns, Eliza is most directly addressing a. threats to internal validity. b. threats to external validity. c. ethics concerns. d. reliability.

52. LuAnn, a child development researcher, recently conducted a study in a hospital nursery to examine the feeding habits of newborn babies. She did not tell parents her identity or the purpose of her work when she asked them questions. This concern with LuAnn's study is most directly related to a concern with a. external validity. b. internal validity. c. reliability. d. ethics.

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188 .

b c d a c a a d c c a b c d c d c b c c c b b d a a b d b d

Chapter 8 Answers 1.

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c c b a b b d c b a a c b b b b c b d c a c d b d c b c c b a a d d c b a c

189 .

Chapter 9 Answers 1.

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a b c c a b b b c c d d b a b d a c d d a b d d a

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190 .

d a b a b a c a a c d c b d c b a c c d a c d b b

Chapter 10 Answers 1.

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b a c b d c a b a c d c c b a c c b a d a b b d a b c a c d c b c b c c c a a d b d d b 191 .

Chapter 11 Answers 1.

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b a b d c b c b a a b a d b a c c a a c d d c b a a a c b b d d a c c b d a b d c b b b

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192 .

a c b a c d a d c a c d b b c b c b a c a b d

Chapter 12 Answers 1.

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b a b d b a b b c b c b d d a b a c b c a d b a d b a d c c a b c d

193 .

Chapter 13 Answers 1.

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c b c c c d d d a c d b d b c a c b c a a c d b a a b c a d a c a b a c b b

194 .

Chapter 14 Answers 1.

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d a c d c b d c c a c d b b c c a c d c c a d c b c a c b a d b b a a a c b d d c b a c

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195 .

c b d c

Chapter 15 Answers 1.

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196 .

Chapter 16 Answers 1.

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b c c b d a c d c b b a c a c a c a d a a d b b b c d c c b c c d d c c d b

197 .

Chapter 17 Answers 1.

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d c b b c d c c c a c a b b b c b d a d c c c b a c d a d a a c d b b c b d c b b

198 .

Chapter 18 Answers 1.

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a b c a c c d c b a d c d c b c c a b c b b c b b b d b a d c a b c d b

199 .

a b b a c d c a a d c c a b c a d b c c c b d d b b c b d c b a c c a c c d

Chapter 19 Answers 1.

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a c c c b b a b a b b a d a b d d a a a b b d a b a c b a c d a b b c c b d d a b b d

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200 .

c a c b d b b b a

Chapter 20 Answers 1.

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201 .

c c b a d b d c b d d b c a b a c a b a d d b b d

Chapter 21 Answers 1.

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202 .

Chapter 22 Answers 1.

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a b b d b d c b d c c c d c a b c c a a c a b d c b b d a d d c c c c d d c d b d

203 .

Chapter 23 Answers 1.

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a a c c a d a d d b c b c a b b a c a d b a d a c d c c d c c d b d a b c b b b b c d a

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204 .

c b b a a d a d