C How to Program, 6E Paul Deitel Harvey M. Deitel Test Bank

Type:

Test Bank

Resource:

C How to Program

Edition:

6th Edition

Author(s):

Paul Deitel Harvey Deitel

C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

1.1

Introduction

1.1 Which of the following statements is true? (a) hardware controls software (b) software commands the computer to perform actions and make decisions (c) Pascal and C are object oriented programming languages (d) ANSI is the international standards institute ANS: (b) 1.2 Which of the following is going to be the key programming methodology for the next decade? (a) object-oriented programming (b) structured programming (c) “legacy C code” (d) “live-code approach” ANS: (a)

1.2

Computers: Hardware and Software

1.3 Today's fastest computers are called __________. (a) mega computers (b) terminals (c) supercomputers (d) CPUs ANS: (c)

1.4 Which of the following would not be considered hardware? (a) an operating system (b) a CPU (c) a keyboard (d) a disk ANS: (a) 1.5 Computer programs are __________. (a) sets of control instructions (b) the information processed by the computer (c) the various devices (disks, memory, keyboard) that comprise a computer system (d) the people programming the computers ANS: (a)

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1.3

Computer Organization

1.6 Which of the following is not one of the six logical units of a computer? (a) input unit (b) programmer unit (c) memory unit (d) output unit ANS: (b) 1.7 The central processing unit (CPU) __________. (a) retains information so that the information can be readily available for processing. (b) performs calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. (c) supervises the operation of the other sections. (d) obtains information from input devices and places it at the disposal of other units.

ANS: (c) 1.8 Programs or data not actively being used by the other units are placed on the __________. (a) output unit. (b) memory unit. (c) secondary storage unit. (d) central processing unit.

ANS: (c)

1.4

Personal, Distributed, and Client/Server Computing

1.9 When computing is spread over networks rather than performed at a centralized location, this is known as __________. (a) multiprogramming (b) distributed computing (c) personal computing (d) batch processing ANS: (b)

1.10 Programs and data used in client/server computing are stored on __________. (a) personal computers (b) supercomputers (c) file servers (d) local area networks ANS: (c) .

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1.6

The Internet and the World Wide Web

1.11 An ancestor of today's Internet was _____________. (a) ARPAnet (b) e-mail (c) FORTRAN (d) Univac 1108 ANS: (a) 1.12 The technique by ARPA to allow multiple users to send and receive information at the same time over the same communications paths is known as ___________. (a) electronic mail (b) packet switching (c) networking (d) multitasking ANS: (b) 1.13 What is bandwidth? (a) information carrying capacity (b) response time (c) the set of networking protocols (d) an error-control technique ANS: (a) 1.14 The World Wide Web (a) was developed at roughly the same time as the Internet (b) paved the way for the Internet (c) was developed years after the Internet (d) was designed for “stand-alone” computers ANS: (c)

1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages 1.15 Which of the following is not a general programming language type? (a) machine languages (b) low-end languages (c) assembly languages (d) high-level languages ANS: (b) 1.16 A computer can directly understand only its own ___________. .

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(a) machine language (b) assembly language (c) high-level language (d) none of the above ANS: (a) 1.17 Assemblers__________. (a) convert machine language into high-level language. (b) convert assembly language into machine language. (c) convert high-level language into machine language. (d) convert high-level language into assembler language.

ANS: (b) 1.18 Programs that directly execute high-level language programs without compiling are called __________. (a) assemblers (b) interpreters (c) compilers (d) translators ANS: (b)

1.7

History of C

1.19 Which of the following languages was an ancestor of C? (a) A (b) A+ (c) B (d) B+ ANS: (c)

1.8

C Standard Library

1.20 When programming in C you will typically use all of the following building blocks except __________. (a) functions from the standard library (b) functions you create yourself (c) functions other people have created for you (d) functions provided by ANSI / ISO ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

1.21 Using standard library functions can be more efficient because __________. (a) they save programming time (b) they are carefully written to perform optimally (c) they increase program portability (d) all of the above.

ANS: (d)

1.9 C++ 1.22 ________ are essentially reusable software components that model items in the real world. (a) objects (b) supersets (c) modules (d) developers ANS: (a) 1.23 C++ was developed by ________. (a) Bjarne Stroustrup (b) Ada Lovelace (c) Blaise Pascal (d) Ken Thompson ANS: (a)

1.10

Java

1.24 Java was developed by ___________. (a) Sun Microsystems (b) Bell Labs (c) IBM (d) ANSI/ISO ANS: (a) 1.25 What language(s) Java is based on? (a) B and BCPL (b) C and C++ (c) Smalltalk (d) FORTRAN ANS: (b) .

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1.11

Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada

1.26 Which of the following is not true about COBOL? (a) it stands for common business oriented language. (b) a significant percentage of business software is still programmed in it. (c) it was developed in 1992. (d) COBOL is used for commercial applications that require precise and efficient manipulation of large amounts of data.

ANS: (c)

1.27 Which popular language was developed by IBM Corporation to be used for scientific and engineering applications that require complex mathematical computations? (a) Smalltalk (b) Pascal (c) FORTRAN (d) COBOL ANS: (c)

1.12

BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C# and .NET

1.28 BASIC was developed by professors at ___________. (a) Dartmouth College (b) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (c) Columbia University (d) Cornell University ANS: (a)

1.13

Key Software Trend: Object Technology

1.29 Which of the following is not an advantage of object-oriented programming? (a) software is more reusable (b) software is more understandable and easier to maintain (c) programmers are able to model the real world (d) all of the above are advantages of object-oriented programming ANS: (d)

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1.14

Typical C Program Development Environment

1.30 The compile stage is when ____________. (a) the object code is linked with code for functions in other files (b) the C program is translated into machine language code (c) the program is executed one instruction at a time (d) the program is placed in memory ANS: (b)

1.31 The linker creates __________. (a) an executable image (b) a preprocessor directive (c) object code (d) an input stream ANS: (a)

1.15

Hardware Trends

1.32 Over the past decades which of the following has occurred? (a) hardware costs have fallen rapidly (b) software costs have fallen rapidly (c) hardware costs have risen rapidly (d) none of the above ANS: (a)

1.33 The invention of the __________ in the late 1970s and 1980s laid the groundwork for the productivity improvements of the 1990s. (a) transistor (b) c (c) inexpensive hardware (d) microprocessor chip ANS: (d)

1.16 Notes About C and This Book 1.34 What does KIS stands for? (a) Keep In Sync .

C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

(b) Keep It Simple (c) Keep Iterating Stuff (d) Keyword Interpreted Sequence ANS: (b)

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2.1

Introduction

2.2

A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

2.1 Lines beginning with _______________ let the computer know that the rest of the line is a comment. (a) /* (b) ** (c) REM (d) << ANS: (a) 2.2 Which of the following must every C program have? (a) main (b) #include (c) /* (d) <stdio.h> ANS: (a) 2.3 Every statement in C must end with a (a) period (.) (b) semicolon (;) (c) colon (:) (d) backslash (/) ANS: (b) 2.4 Which of the following is not a valid escape sequence? (a) \n (b) \\ (c) \~ (d) \” ANS: (c) 2.5. Which statement about comments is false? a) Comments begin and end with /* and */, respectively. b) Programmers insert comments to document programs and improve program readability. c) Comments do not cause any machine language object code to be generated. d) Lengthy comments can cause poor execution-time performance.

ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

2.6. Lines beginning with a # are processed a) at execution time b) at compile time c) at preprocessor time d) at postprocessor time ANS: (c) 2.7. Which of the following statements about the inclusion of <stdio.h> is false? a) It is required. b) This header file contains information and declarations used by the compiler when compiling standard input/output library functions such as printf. c) This header file contains information that helps the compiler determine if calls to library functions have been made correctly. d) This header helps locate bugs in your program at compile time, rather than at execution time (when errors are usually more costly to correct).

ANS: (a) 2.8. In the line int main()

the parentheses indicate that main is a program building block called a a) module b) statement c) directive d) function ANS: (d) 2.9. The pair of braces that delineate the body of main and the portion of the program between these braces is called a __________. a) function b) block c) statement d) header ANS: (b) 2.10. Which of the following is not a synonym for a C string? a) message b) character string c) character d) literal ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

2.11. The following line is most properly an example of a __________. printf( “Welcome to C!” );

a) function b) block c) statement d) header ANS: (c) 2.12. In a printf, a backslash is printed by enclosing in quotes a) \ b) \\ c) /\ d) // ANS: (b) 2.13. A linked program is often called a(n) __________. a) chain b) library c) object d) executable ANS: (d) 2.14. The escape sequence for horizontal tab is __________. a) \t ab b) \t c) \horizontaltab d) \T ANS: (b)

2.3

Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers

2.15 Which of the following is not a valid integer value? (a) -3 (b) 0 (c) 2134859 (d) 1.1 ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

2.16 Which of the following is an invalid identifier (variable name)? (a) _Test (b) TEST (c) 5test (d) test1 ANS: (c) 2.17 Which statement prints “hi” on the screen? (a) printf("hi"); (b) print "hi"; (c) printf "hi"; (d) none of the above ANS: (a) 2.18 The __________ sign is also known as the __________ operator. (a) +, assignment (b) =, assignment (c) *, stream manipulator (d) &, stream insertion ANS: (b) 2.19. A(n) __________ is a location in the computer's memory where a value can be stored for use by a program. a) unknown b) name c) variable d) declaration ANS: (c) 2.20. Which statement is false. a) Variables may be defined anywhere in the body of main. b) All variables must be defined. c) All variable definitions must include the name and data type of each variable. d) Several variable of the same data type may be defined in one definition.

ANS: (a) 2.21. Which of these is not a valid identifier? a) a_valid_identifier b) a1_valid_identifier c) a_valid_identifier_ d) 1_valid_identifier ANS: (d) 2.22. Which of the following statements is false? .

C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

a) C is case sensitive. b) Uppercase and lowercase letters are different in C. c) identifier and IdEnTiFiEr are identical identifiers in C. d) Identifiers can be of any length ANS: (c) 2.23. Which of the following multiple word variable names does not conform to the good programming practices in the text? a) multiple_word_variable_name b) multipleWordVariableName c) multiplewordvariablename d) aReallyReallyLongMultipleWordVa ANS: (c) 2.24. A(n) __________ error is caused when the compiler can not recognize a statement. a) logic b) syntax c) linkage d) execution ANS: (b) 2.25. The address operator is a) && b) % c) @ d) & ANS: (d) 2.26. Which statement is false? a) in the statement sum = integer1 + integer2;

both = and + are binary operators. b) The statement in part a) is an example of an assignment statement. c) The spaces around each of the binary operators in the statement of part a) are required. d) In part a), the = operator’s two operands are sum and the value of the expression integer1 + integer2.

ANS: (c) 2.27. Which of the following is false? a) Each variable being input in a scanf statement is generally preceded by an &. b) Each variable being output in a printf statement is generally not preceded by an &. c) In a printf statement, the comma that separates the format control string from the ex.

C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

pressions to be printed is placed inside the format control string. d) Calculations can be performed inside printf statements.

ANS: (c)

2.4

Memory Concepts

2.28 Variable names actually correspond to __________. (a) locations in the computer's memory (b) operators (c) integers (d) data types ANS: (a) 2.28 When a number gets assigned to a variable that already has a value __________. (a) the new number overwrites the previous value at that memory location (b) the new number gets assigned to a neighboring memory location (c) the computer issues an error (d) the new value is destroyed and the old value remains ANS: (a) 2.30. Every variable has all the attributes below, except a) name b) value c) alias d) type ANS: (c) 2.31. Which of the following is false? a) Reading a value into a memory location destroys the previous value. b) Reading a value out of a memory location destroys that value. c) sum = integer1 + integer2; involves destructive read-in. d) The statement in part c) also involves nondestructive read-out.

ANS: (b)

2.5

Arithmetic in C

2.32 Which operation will find the remainder when 15 is divided by 6? (a) 15 / 6 (b) 15 % 6 (c) 15 ^ 6 .

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(d) 15 * 6 ANS: (b) 2.33 Evaluate the expression 3 * 4 % 6 + 4 *5

(a) 20 (b) 26 (c) 12 (d) 32 ANS: (a) 2.34. Which statement is false? a) In algebra, we write ab to multiply a times b. b) In C, we write ab to multiply a times b. c) In C, the remainder operator is %. d) In C, integer division yields an integer result.

ANS: (b) 2.35. Which statement about C arithmetic is false? a) 6 / 3 yields 2 b) 5 / 2 yields 2.5 c) 7 % 3 yields 1 d) 6 % 3 yields 0 ANS: (b) 2.36. a * (b + c) may also be written in C as a) ab + ac b) (a * b ) + c c) a * b + c d) a * b + a * c ANS: (d) 2.37. Which statement about precedence is false? a) Parentheses may be used to force the order of evaluation to occur in any sequence desired by the programmer. b) Nested, or embedded parentheses are evaluated last. c) Multiplication has a higher precedence than addition. d) Subtraction has a lower precedence than division.

ANS: (b) 2.38. Which expression is true? a) The expression a * (b + c) + c * (d + e) contains nested parentheses. b) The expression y = a * x * x + b * x + c is a second degree polynomial. c) The C standard library provides function power to perform exponentiation. .

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d) When we say evaluation of an expression proceeds from left to right we are referring to the additivity of the operators.

ANS: (b)

2.6

Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

2.39 C's if statement executes the statement inside its body if a specified __________ is __________. (a) condition, true (b) condition, false (c) equality operator, true (d) relational operator, true ANS: (a) 2.40 Which of the following is an equality operator? (a) == (b) = (c) > (d) >= ANS: (a) 2.41. Which statement is false? a) Executable C statements either perform actions or make decisions. b) If the condition in an if statement is met, the statement in the body of the if statement is executed. c) All the relational operators have the same level of precedence. d) The equality operators have a higher level of precedence than the relational operators.

ANS: (d) 2.42. Which statement is false? a) The relational operators associate left to right. b) An execution time error will occur if the two symbols in any of the operators ==, !=, >= and <= are separated by spaces. c) Confusing the == operator with = operator is typically an error. d) The equality operators associate left to right.

ANS: (b) 2.43. Which statement is false? a) Whitespace characters such as tabs, newlines and spaces are generally ignored by the C compiler. b) The statements in an if statement must be indented. c) Placing a blank line before and after every control structure can improve program

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

readability. d) There can be (but should not be) more than one statement per line.

ANS: (b) 2.44. Which statement is false? a) It is not correct to split an identifier with a space, a tab or a newline. b) Statements and comments may be split over several lines. c) The equals sign (=) is not an operator. d) A good programming practice is to break a line after a comma in a lengthy comma-separated list.

ANS: (c) 2.45. Which of the following is not a keyword? a) int b) return c) if d) main ANS: (d) 2.46. Which statement is false? a) The assignment operator associates from left to right. b) The arithmetic operators associate from left to right. c) The equality operators associate from left to right. d) The relational operators associate from left to right.

ANS: (a) 2.47. The order in which statements are __________ is called flow of control. a) entered in a source file b) preprocessed c) compiled d) executed ANS: (d) 2.48. Which is not a keyword? a) register b) volatile c) external d) struct ANS: (c)

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3.1

Introduction

3.2

Algorithms

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3.1 Specifying the order in which statements are to be executed in a computer program is called (a) an algorithm (b) transfer of control (c) program control (d) pseudocode ANS: (c) 3.2. The two key attributes of an algorithm are: a) actions and start activity b) flow and order of flow c) actions and order of actions d) flow and start activity ANS: (c)

3.3

Pseudocode

3.3 Which of the following is true of pseudocode programs? (a) they are executed by the computer (b) they help the programmer “think out” a program (c) they include definitions and all types of statements (d) all of the above are false ANS: (b) 3.4 Pseudocode does not include __________. (a) definitions (b) input/output (c) action statements (d) control structures ANS: (a) 3.5. Which statement is false? a) Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms. b) Pseudocode is similar to everyday English.

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c) Pseudocode is an actual programming language. d) Pseudocode programs are not actually executed on computers.

ANS: (c) 3.6. Which statement is false? a) Pseudocode helps the programmer “think out” a program before attempting to write it in a programming language such as C. b) Pseudocode programs consist purely of characters so programmers may conveniently type pseudocode programs into a computer using an editor program. c) A carefully prepared pseudocode program is only a beginning; it still takes a tremendous amount of work to convert a pseudocode program into a C program. d) Pseudocode consists only of action statements.

ANS: (c)

3.4

Control Structures

3.7 Which of the following encompasses the other three? (a) sequence structure (b) repetition structure (c) control structure (d) selection structure ANS: (c) 3.8 In a flowchart of an algorithm, what is the shape of the decision symbol? (a) circle (b) rectangle (c) diamond (d) oval ANS: (c) 3.9 Which of the following is a repetition structure? (a) if (b) if…else (c) do…while (d) switch ANS: (c) 3.10 How many types of control structures exist in C? (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 2 ANS: (a)

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3.11. Normally, statements in a program are eexecuted one after the other in the order in which they are written. This is called __________ execution. a) inline b) seeking c) ordered d) sequential ANS: (d) 3.12. Various C statements enable the programmer to specify that the next statement to be executed may be other than the next one in sequence. This is called __________. a) change of order b) instruction skipping c) transfer of control d) rerouting ANS: (c) 3.13. Bohm and Jacopini’s work demonstrated that all programs could be written in terms of only three control structures, namely sequence, __________ and repetition. a) selection b) serialization c) sorting d) searching ANS: (a) 3.14. Which statement is true? a) Unless directed otherwise, the computer automatically executes C statements one before the other. b) The sequence structure is essentially built into C. c) A flowchart is a pseudocode representation of an algorithm or a portion of an algorithm. d) Like pseudocode, flowcharts are useful for developing and representing algorithms, although flowcharts are preferred by most programmers.

ANS: (b) 3.15. The __________ flowchart symbol is also called the action symbol. a) small circle b) diamond c) oval d) rectangle ANS: (d) 3.16. Flowchart symbols are connected by arrows called __________. a) flowlines b) flow of control

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c) flow delimiters d) darts ANS: (a) 3.17. Small circle symbols in a flowchart are often called __________ symbols. a) little circle b) collision c) connector d) collator ANS: (c) 3.18. The diamond flowcharting symbol is also called the __________ symbol. a) determination b) derision c) declarative d) decision ANS: (d) 3.19. The __________ selection statement performs an action if a condition is true and skips that action if the condition is false. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (a) 3.20. The __________ selection statement performs an action if a condition is true and performs a different action if the condition is false. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (c) 3.21. The __________ selection statement performs one of many different actions, depending on the value of an expression. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (d) 3.22. The __________ is called a single selection structure. a) if b) when

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c) if …else d) switch ANS: (a) 3.23. The __________ is called a double selection structure. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (c) 3.24. The __________ is called a multiple selection structure. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (d) 3.25. Which is not a repetition structure? a) while b) do …while c) for d) do …for ANS: (d) 3.26. Which statement is true? a) Each of C’s control structures is characterized as being single-entry, single-exit. b) Each of C’s control structures is characterized as being single-entry, multiple-exit. c) Each of C’s control structures is characterized as being multiple-entry, single-exit. d) Each of C’s control structures is characterized as being multiple-entry, multiple-exit.

ANS: (a) 3.27. Any C program we will ever need to build can be constructed from only __________ different types of control structures combined in only __________ ways. a) 7, 3 b) 6, 2 c) 7, 2 d) 6, 3 ANS: (c)

3.5

The if Selection Statement

3.28. If grade has the value of 60 what will the following code print?

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if ( grade >= 60 ) printf(“Passed”);

(a) nothing (b) 60 (c) Passed (d) printf(“Passed”); ANS: (c) 3.29. Indentation in the if selection statement is ________. (a) always mandatory (b) always optional (c) only mandatory if there is more than one statement following the if statement (d) only optional if there is more than one statement following the if statement ANS: (b) 3.30. The C compiler ignores __________ characters like blanks, tabs and newlines used for indentation and vertical spacing. a) transparent b) translucent c) white d) whitespace ANS: (d) 3.31. Which statement is true about the contents of a correct diamond symbol in a correct flowchart. a) It must contain an expression that evaluates to zero or one. b) It must contain a condition or expression that can be either true or false. c) It must contain relational operators. d) It must contain equality operators.

ANS: (b) 3.32. A correct decision symbols has __________ flowlines emerging from it. a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1 ANS: (c) 3.33. Which of the following statements correctly prints “Passed” if the student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 and “Failed” if the student’s grade is less than 60? [The quotes, of course, should not print.] a) printf( “%s\n”, grade >= 60 : “Passed” : “Failed” ); b) grade >= 60 : printf( “Passed\n” ) ? printf( “Failed\n” ); c) printf( “%s\n”, grade >= 60 ? “Passed” : “Failed” );

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d) grade >= 60 ? printf( “Passed\n” ) ? printf( “Failed\n” ); ANS: (c) 3.34. Which statement is false? a) A compound statement can be placed anywhere in a program that a single statement can be placed. b) The if selection statement can have only one statement in its body. c) A set of statements contained within a pair of braces ({ and }) is called a compound statement. d) An if slection statement can have a compound statement in its body.

ANS: (b)

3.6

The if…else Selection Statement

3.35 The conditional operator (?:) ________. (a) is the only ternary operator in C (b) is a unary operator (c) associates from left to right (d) accepts two operands ANS: (a) 3.36 Which of the following will generate an error? (a) if ( answer == 7 ) printf( “correct” ); else printf( “incorrect” );

(b) printf( answer == 7 ? “correct” : “incorrect” ); (c) printf( “%s”, answer == 7 ? “correct” : “incorrect” ); (d) answer == 7 ? printf( “correct” ) : printf( “incorrect” );

ANS: (b) 3.37 A statement is called a block ________. (a) if it is a compound statement (b) if it contains definitions (c) if it is a compound statement that contains definitions (d) if it does not contain definitions ANS: (c) 3.38. Placing a semicolon after the parenthesized condition in an if statement leads to a __________ error in single-selection if statements and a __________ error in double-selection if statements. a) logic, logic

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b) logic, syntax c) syntax, logic d) syntax, syntax ANS: (b) 3.39. The empty statement is represented by placing __________ where a statement would normally be. a) empty b) ; c) null d) : ANS: (b) 3.40. Which statement is false? a) A compound statement may contain definitions. b) A block may optionally contain definitions. c) A block that contains definitions can be used anywhere that a compound statement can be used. d) A compound statement that contains definitions is called a block ANS: (b)

3.7

The while Repetition Statement

3.41 What is wrong with the following while loop?

While (sum <= 1000) sum = sum + 30;

(a) The parenthesis should be braces. (b) Braces are required around sum = sum +30;. (c) While should be while. (d) There should be a semicolon after While ( sum <=1000 ).

ANS: (c) 3.42 How many times will the following program print hello? i = 1; while ( i <= 10 ) printf( “hello” );

(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) an infinite number of times (d) 0 ANS: (c) 3.43. Consider the following correct segment of a correct C program: p = 2;

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while ( p < 2000 ) p = 2 * p; What is the value of p after this while loop completes its execution?

a) 1023 b) 1024 c) 2047 d) 2048 ANS: (d)

3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Repetition 3.44 An uninitialized variable contains ________. (a) the value last stored in the memory location reserved for that variable (b) no value (c) a value of zero (d) a randomly assigned value ANS: (a) 3.45. Counter-controlled repetition is often called __________ repetition because the number of repetitions is known before the loop begins executing. a) indefinite b) sentinel c) definite d) determinate ANS: (c)

3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 3.46 Indefinite repetition is controlled by a (a) counter (b) sentinel value (c) data value (d) non-constant condition ANS: (b) 3.47 A fatal logic error is always caused by:

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(a) not initializing variables before executing a repetition structure (b) choosing a sentinel value that is also a data value (c) using a counter variable in a calculation after the loop (d) an attempt to divide by zero ANS: (d) 3.48 In indefinite repetition, an input value (a) should always be evaluated before being processed (b) should always be processed directly after it is entered (c) should never be modified (d) can be entered, processed, and evaluated in any order ANS: (a) 3.49 What is the final value of x after performing the following operations? int x = 21; double y = 6; double z = 14; y = x / z; x = 5.5 * y;

(a) 8.25 (b) 5.5 (c) 5 (d) 8 ANS: (d) 3.50 Which operation does not take place in the following example? int x = 21; double y = 6; double z = 14; y = x / z; x = 5.5 * y;

(a) implicit conversion (b) promotion (c) explicit conversion (d) truncation ANS: (c) 3.51. Which of the following is not a synonym for “sentinel value.” a) signal value b) dummy value c) counter value d) flag value ANS: (c)

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3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 3: Nested Control Structures 3.52 Having a loop within a loop is known as (a) recursion (b) doubling up (c) nesting (d) a redundancy ANS: (c) 3.53. Which statement is true? a) With nested control structures, the inner control structure is executed in sequence after the outer control structure completes its own execution. b) With nested control structures, the inner control structure is executed exactly once. c) Experience has shown that the most difficult part of solving a problem on a computer is converting an already correct algoithm to a C program. d) A double-selection structure can be nested in a repetition structure.

ANS: (d)

3.11

Assignment Operators

3.54 If x = 3, which of the following sets x to 7? (a) x *= 4; (b) x += 4; (c) x =+ 4; (d) x + 4 = x; ANS: (b) 3.55. Which assignment expression is equivalent to c = c / 2 ? a) c / = 2 b) c / c = 2 c) c /= 2 d) c =/ 2 ANS: (c)

3.12

Increment and Decrement Operators

3.56 Which of the following will not increment variable c by one?

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(a) c + 1; (b) c++; (c) ++c; (d) c += 1; ANS: (a) 3.57 In which of the following is y not equal to 5 after execution? x is equal to 4. (a) y = 5; (b) y = x++; (c) y = ++x; (d) y = x = 5; ANS: (b) 3.58 Which statement is true? a) The expression ++(a + 1) adds 2 to a. b) The expression **a multiplies a by 1. c) The ANSI standard for the C programming language specifies the order in which each operator’s operands will be evaluated. d) The expression --(abc * 37) is a syntax error ANS: (d)

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4.1

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Introduction

4.1. Which is not a repetition structure? a) continue b) for c) while d) do … while ANS: (a) 4.2.Which statement is used to skip the remainder of the body of a repetition struction and proceed with the next iteration of the loop? a) skip b) proceed c) continue d) jump ANS: (c)

4.2

Repetition Essentials

4.3 ________ repetition is sometimes called definite repetition. (a) counter-controlled (b) sentinel-controlled (c) variable-controlled (d) none of these ANS: (a) 4.4 ________ repetition is sometimes called indefinite repetition. (a) counter-controlled (b) sentinel-controlled (c) variable-controlled (d) none of these ANS: (b)

4.5. Which statement is false? a) Counter-controlled repetion is sometimes called definite repetition. b) Sentinel-controlled repetition is sometimes called indefinite repetition. c) The sentinel value typically indicates “end of data.” d) In counter-controlled repetition, the control variable is always incremented by 1 each time the group of instructions is performed.

ANS: (d)

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4.6. Which statement is true? a) Sentinel values are used to control repetition when the precise number of repetitions is known in advance. b) Sentinel values are used to control repetition when the loop does not include statements that obtain data each time the loop is performed. c) Sentinels must be distinct from regular data items. d) Sentinel-controlled repetition is often called definite repetition.

ANS: (c)

4.3 Counter-Controlled Repitition 4.7 Which of the following does counter controlled repetition not require? (a) an initial value (b) a condition that tests for the final value (c) an increment or decrement by which the control variable is modified each time through the loop (d) counter controlled repetition requires all of the above ANS: (d) 4.8 The statement while ( -- counter >= 1 ) printf( “%s\n”, counter % 2 ? “even” : “odd” );

can not be rewritten as (a) while ( -- counter >= 1 ) if ( counter % 2 ) printf( “even” ); else printf( “odd” ); (b) while ( counter >= 1 ) if (counter % 2) printf( “even” ); else printf( “odd” ); --counter; (c) while ( counter >= 1 ) { if ( counter % 2 ) printf( “even” ); else printf( “odd” ); --counter;

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}

(d) do { printf( “%s\n”, counter % 2 ? “odd” : “even” ); --counter; }while ( counter >= 2 );

ANS: (b) 4.9 Which of the following is a bad programming practice? (a) indenting the statements in the body of each control structure (b) using floating-point values as the counter in counter-controlled repetition (c) using more than two levels of nesting (d) placing vertical spacing above and below control structures ANS: (b)

4.10. Which is not always required by counter-controlled repetition? a) The name of a control variable (or loop counter). b) The initial value of the control variable. c) The decrement by which the control variable is modified each time through the loop. d) The condition that tests for the final value of the control variable (i.e., whether looping should continue.

ANS: (c) 4.11. In the context of counter-controlled repetition, which of the following is not accomplished by the control-variable initialization statement? int c = 10; a) Names the control variable. b) Defines the control variable to be an integer. c) Specifies the sentinel value. d) Sets the initial value of the control variable to 10.

ANS: (c) 4.12. Which data type should normally not be used to control a counting loop? a) int b) float c) short d) long ANS: (b) 4.13. Which statement is generally false? a) Control counting loops with integer values. b) Indent the statements in the body of each control structure for clarity. c) Put a blank line before and after each major control structure to make it stand out in the .

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program. d) The more deeply nested a program is, the easier it is to understand.

ANS: (d)

4.4

for Repetition Statement

4.14 Which of the following is not true? (a) the three expressions in the for statement are optional. (b) the initialization and increment expressions can be comma-seperated lists. (c) you must define the control variable outside of the for loop. (d) All of the above are true.

ANS: (d)

4.15. Which statement automatically handles all the details of counter-controlled repetition. a) for b) while c) do …while d) continue ANS: (a) 4.16. Which of the following is not specified by the following correct code segment: for ( c = 1; c <= 10; c++ ) a) initial value of the loop counter b) loop continuation test c) increment of the loop counter d) body statement of the loop ANS: (d) 4.17. A programmer writes a for statement to count from 1 to 10 and explicitly mentions the 1 and the 10 in the for “header.” Which relational operator would probably be used in the loop-continuation test? a) > b) >= c) < d) <= ANS: (d) 4.18. Using an incorrect relational operator or using an incorrect final value of a loop counter in the condition of a while or for statement is a frequent cause of .

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__________errors. a) syntax b) compilation c) off-by-one d) divide-by-zero ANS: (c) 4.19. The comma operator is most often used in __________ statements. a) while b) do … while c) for d) switch ANS: (c) 4.20. Which statement is false? a) Comma operators evaluate lists of expressions from right to left. b) The value of a comma-separated list of expressions is the value of the rightmost expression in the list. c) The type of a comma-separated list of expressions is the type of the rightmost expression in the list. d) The comma operator is often used to specify multiple initializations in one particular type of repetition structure.

ANS: (a) 4.21. What happens if the loop-continuation test is omitted in a for-statement? a) C assumes the condition is false, so the loop terminates. b) A syntax error occurs. c) C assumes the condition is true, so the loop executes one more time, then terminates. d) An infinite loop.

ANS: (d) 4.22. Omitting the expression before the first required semi-colon in a for “header” is likely to cause a(n) __________ error. a) syntax b) infinite loop c) logic d) divide-by-zero ANS: (c) 4.23. A program contains a for-loop with the following for header: for(counter = 1; ; counter++)

The programmer’s intent was most likely to create .

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a) a syntax error b) an infinite loop c) a logic error d) a divide-by-zero error ANS: (b) 4.24. Which of the following is an incorrect expression to increment c by 1 in the increment expression of a for “header?” a) c += 1 b) ++c c) c++ d) c + 1 = c ANS: (d)

4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations 4.25 If the loop-continuation condition is initially false, ________. (a) the body portion of the loop is not performed (b) execution proceeds with the statement following the for statement (c) both a and b (d) none of the above ANS: (c) 4.26 If the increment of the for statement is ________ then the loop counts ________. (a) true, downwards (b) false, downwards (c) positive, downwards (d) negative, downwards ANS: (d) 4.27. Which statement regarding for statements is false? a) In a for statement, the initialization, loop-continuation condition, and increment can contain arithmetic expressions. b) The increment must be greater than zero. c) If the loop-continuation condition is initially false, the body of the loop is not performed. d) It is common to use the control variable for controlling repetition while never mentioning it in the body of the loop.

ANS: (b) 4.28. Which statement about a correct for statement with an initialization expression, a loop-continuation test, an increment expression and a loop body is false? a) The incrementing is performed each time through the loop. .

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b) The loop-continuation test is evaluated each time through the loop. c) The initialization is performed each time through the loop. d) The increment expression is performed after the loop body.

ANS: (c)

4.6

Examples Using the for Statement

4.29 Which of the following for headers is not valid? (a) int i; for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )

(b) int i = 0; for( ; i < 10; i++ )

(c) int i; for( ; ; i++)

(d) int i = 0; for( ; i < 10; )

ANS: (c) 4.30 Float and double variables should be used (a) to perform monetary calculations. (b) as counters. (c) with relational operators. (d) as imprecise representations of numbers.

ANS: (d) 4.31. The for statement header for ( i = 1; i < 100; i++ )

performs the body of the loop for a) values of the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1. b) values of the control variable from 1 to 99 in increments of 1. c) values of the control variable from 0 to 100 in increments of 1. d) values of the control variable from 0 to 99 in increments of 1.

ANS: (b) 4.32. What is the highest value assumed by the loop counter in a correct for statement with the following header? for ( i = 7; i <= 72; i += 7) a) 7 b) 77 c) 70 d) 72 ANS: (b)

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4.33. What is produced by a for statement with a correct body and with the following header for ( i = 20; i >= 2; i += 2 ) a) a syntax error b) a divide-by-zero error c) an infinite loop d) the even values of i from 20 down to 2.

ANS: (c) 4.34. Which statement is generally false? a) Statements preceding a for and statements in the body of a for should typically be merged into the for header. b) Limit the size of control structure headers to a single line, if possible. c) Initialization of a for loop control variable can occur before the for loop executes and not in the loop itself. d) The increment portion of a for header can be a decrement.

ANS: (a) 4.35. Which expression raises x to the y power a) x ** y b) x ^ y c) x pow y d) pow( x, y ) ANS: (d) 4.36. Which statement is true? a) Use float variables to perform monetary calculations in C. b) Use double variables to perform monetary calculations C. c) Monetary calculations can be performed in C. d) Printing with %.2f guarantees correct monetary calculations in C. ANS: (c) 4.37. Which statement is true? a) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with a field width of 10 positions. b) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with 7 positions to the left of the decimal point. c) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with 5 positions to the left of the decimal point. d) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with 4 positions to the left of the decimal point.

ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.7

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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

4.38 A switch statement should be used (a) as a single-selection structure (b) as a double-selection structure (c) when a variable may assume many different values which must be tested against (d) to replace all if and if…else statements ANS: (c)

4.39 In a switch statement (a) a break is required after each case (b) multiple actions do not need to be enclosed in braces (c) a default case is required (d) a break is required after the default case ANS: (b) 4.40. Which statement regarding the switch statement is false? a) It is appropriate for algorithms that contain a series of decisions in which a variable or expression is tested separately for each of the constant integral values it may assume. b) The default case is required. c) The default case must be at the bottom of the switch after all the non-default cases. d) Many cases may all invoke the same code.

ANS: (b) 4.41. Which statement is true? a) EOF must have the value 1 on all C systems. b) EOF is a symbolic constant defined in the <symbol.h> header file. c) EOF is a symbolic variable defined in the <stdio.h> header file. d) EOF is a symbolic integer constant defined in the <stdio.h> header file.

ANS: (d)

4.8

do…while Repetition Statement

4.42 If a do…while statement is used, (a) an infinite loop will not take place (b) the counter must be preincremented if it is also the condition (c) the body of the loop will execute at least once (d) an off-by-one error will not occur ANS: (c)

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4.43 The following program segment will int counter = 1; do { printf( “%i ”, counter ); } while ( ++counter <= 10 ) ;

(a) print the numbers 1 through 11 (b) print the numbers 1 through 10 (c) print the numbers 1 through 9 (d) cause a syntax error ANS: (b)

4.44. Which statement is true? a) The do … while repetition statement is an alternate notation for the while repetition statement; these statements function identically. b) The do … while repetition statement tests the loop-continuation condition before the loop body is performed. c) The loop body of a correct do … while repetition statement is always executed at least once. d) The braces delineating the body of a do … while statement are always required.

ANS: (c)

4.9

break and continue Statements

4.45 Which of the following is false? (a) break and continue statements alter the flow of control. (b) continue statements skip the remaining statements in the body of the loop in which they are embedded. (c) break statements exit from the loop in which they are embedded. (d) continue and break statements may be embedded within all C++ structures.

ANS: (d)

4.46. Which statement is true? a) The break statement causes an immediate exit from a while, for, do … while or if … else statement. b) The continue statement is designed for use with the while, for, do … while or switch statements. c) An equivalent while statement for any for statement can always be formed. d) The break statement causes an immediate exit from a while, for, do … while or switch statement.

ANS: (d)

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Logical Operators

4.47 In C, the condition 4 > y > 1 (a) evaluates correctly (b) does not evaluate correctly and should be replaced by ( 4 > y && y > 1 ) (c) does not evaluate correctly and should be replaced by ( 4 > y & y > 1 ) (d) does not evaluate correctly and should be replaced by ( 4 > y || y > 1 ) ANS: (b) 4.48 The OR (||) operator (a) has higher precedence than the AND (&&) operator (b) stops evaluation upon finding one condition to be true (c) associates from right to left (d) is a ternary operator ANS: (b)

4.49 The expression if ( num != 65 )

can not be replaced by: (a) if ( num > 65 || num < 65 ) (b) if !( num == 65 ) (c) if (num – 65) (d) if !(num – 65) ANS: (d) 4.50 An operator that associates from right to left is (a) != (b) , (c) () (d) ?: ANS: (d) 4.51 An example of a unary operator is (a) a relational operator (b) an assignment operator (c) an increment operator (d) a logical operator ANS: (c)

4.52. Which statement is true? a) To test multiple conditions in the process of making a decision requires logical opera.

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tors. b) The keywords for the logical operators are AND, OR and NOT. c) The logical AND of two expressions is true if and only if each of the conditions is true. d) Truth tables deal only with cases in which all conditions are truthful (i.e., true).

ANS: (c) 4.53. Which statement is true? a) Operator || has a higher precedence than operator &&. b) In expressions involving operator ||, making the condition that is most likely to be false the leftmost condition can often reduce execution time. c) The logical negation operator is a binary operator. d) In expressions using operator &&, making the condition that is most likely to be false the leftmost condition can often reduce execution time.

ANS: (d)

4.11

Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators

4.54 Variables are also known as (a) lvalues, but can be used as rvalues (b) lvalues, and can not be used as rvalues (c) rvalues, but can be used as lvalues (d) constant variables ANS: (a) 4.55 Consider the following code, assuming that x is an integer variable with an initial value of 12: if( x = 6 ) printf(“%i”, x);

What is the output? (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) nothing (d) a syntax error is produced ANS: (a) 4.56 Of the following, which is not a logic error? (a) Using the assignment (=) operator instead of the (==) equality operator to determine if two values are equal (b) Dividing by zero (c) Failing to initialize counter and total variables before the body of a loop (d) Using commas instead of the two required semicolons in a for header ANS: (d) .

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4.57. Which statement is false? a) Any expression in C that produces a value can be used in the decision portion of any control structure. b) When tested for truth or falsity, an expression that produces a nonzero value is treated as true. c) Assignments in C produce a value, namely the value that the left-hand side of the assignment had prior to the assignment. d) Operator == is for comparisons; operator = is for assignment.

ANS: (c)

4.12

Structured Programming Summary

4.58 The ____________, __________, and ____________ are the only three forms of control necessary. (a) switch, if, else (b) sequence, selection, repetition (c) break, continue, if…else (d) for, while, do…while ANS: (b)

4.59. Which statement is true? a) Connecting flowchart symbols arbitrarily always forms structured programs. b) In a structured program, control structures can be only stacked or sequenced. c) In the “Rules for Forming Structured Programs (and Structured Flowcharts),” the rule that states, “Any rectangle (action) can be replaced by any control structure” is called the “nesting rule.” d) Any form of control ever needed in a C program can be expressed in terms of the while, do … while and for statements.

ANS: (c)

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5.1

Introduction & 5.2

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Program Modules in C

5.1 All of the following are true of functions except: (a) they define specific tasks that can be used at many points in a program (b) a function call must specify the name and arguments of the function (c) the definition of a function is always visible to other functions (d) the implementation of a function is hidden from the caller ANS: (c)

5.2. Experience has shown that the best way to construct a program is from small pieces.

This is called __________. a) bottom up b) the whole is greater than the sum of the parts c) divide and conquer d) recursion ANS: (c)

5.3. Which is not an ANSI standard library function a) printf b) main c) scanf d) pow ANS: (b) 5.4. Which one item is most different from the other three? a) worker function b) caller c) calling function d) boss function ANS: (a) 5.5. When a called function completes its task, it normally a) terminates program execution normally b) aborts program execution c) logs its results d) returns to the calling function ANS: (d) 5.6. Which statement is true? a) The boss function normally knows how the worker function performs its designated .

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tasks. b) A worker function may not call other worker functions. c) “Hiding” of implementation details makes it difficult to understand software. d) The boss function is normally unaware when a worker function calls a function.

ANS: (d) 5.7. Functions are __________ by a function call. a) inveigled b) invoked c) internalized d) inverted ANS: (b)

5.3

Math Library Functions

5.8 All math library functions return the data type (a) long double (b) int (c) float (d) double ANS: (d)

5.9. All functions in the math library return the data type __________. a) float b) int c) long d) double ANS: (d) 5.10. What happens when you do not include math.h when using functions in the math library? a) compilation error b) execution error c) logic error d) strange results may occur ANS: (d) 5.11. If a = 7.0, b = 7.0 and c = 6.0, then what is printed by printf( “%.2f”, sqrt( a + b * c ) ); a) 49 b) 7.00 c) 7 .

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d) 49.00 ANS: (b) 5.12. What is the value of fabs( -5.0 )? a) 5 b) 5.0 c) -5 d) –5.0 ANS: (b) 5.13 Which of the following is not included in <math.h>? (a) pow (b) floor (c) ln (d) log10 ANS: (c)

5.4

Functions

5.14 A valid reason for building programs out of functions is (a) that the divide-and-conquer approach facilitates program construction (b) that pre-existing functions can be used to create new programs (c) the avoidance of code repetition within a program (d) all of the above ANS: (d)

5.15. Which is not a motivation for “functionalizing” a program? a) The divide-and-conquer approach makes program development more manageable. b) Software reusability—using existing building blocks to create new programs. c) Avoid repeating code. d) Execution performance—functionalized programs run faster.

ANS: (d) 5.16. Which statement is false? a) Each function should be limited to performing a single, well-defined task. b) If you cannot choose a concise name that expresses what a function does, it is possible that the function is attempting to perform too many diverse tasks. c) Every function should be broken into smaller functions. d) A function’s parameters are local variables.

ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 5.5

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Function Definitions

5.17 The function prototype double mySqrt( int x );

(a) defines a function called mySqrt which takes an integer as an argument and returns a double

(b) defines a function called double which calculates square roots (c) defines a function called mySqrt which takes an argument of type x and returns a double

(d) defines a function called mySqrt which takes a double as an argument and returns an integer ANS: (a) 5.18 Using the following function definition, the parameter list is represented by A B( C ) { D }

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D ANS: (c) 5.19 Using the following function definition, the return value type is represented by A B( C ) { D }

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D ANS: (a) 5.20 Which of the following will not produce a syntax error? (a) Omitting a return type from a function definition if the function prototype specifies a return type other than int (b) Returning a value from a function defined as void (c) Defining a function parameter again inside a function (d) Using the same names for arguments passed to a function and the corresponding parameters in the function definition ANS: (d) 5.21 Which of the following is not an indication that a function is too complex? (a) it has a large size .

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(b) it has a large parameter list (c) its name is a clear reflection of its function (d) it performs multiple tasks ANS: (c) 5.22 Which of the following functions does not contain any errors? (a) void printnum ( int x ) { print( “%i”, x ); return x; }

(b) int cube( int s ) { int s; return ( s * s * s ); }

(c) double triple ( float n ) return ( 3 * n );

(d) double circumference ( int r ); return ( 3.14 * 2 * r );

ANS: (c) 5.23. int square( int ); is an example of a function __________. a) datatype b) stereotype c) prototype d) proceduretype ANS: (c) 5.24. As used in int square( int ); int is not a(n) __________. a) data type b) parameter type c) return type d) function prototype ANS: (d) 5.25. Which statement is true? a) Omitting the return value type in a function definition causes a syntax error if the function prototype specifies a return type other than double. b) Forgetting to return a value from a function that is supposed to return a value is a compilation error. .

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c) Returning a value from a function whose return type is void is a syntax error. d) The return type for main must be omitted.

ANS: (c) 5.26. The type of a parameter whose type is omitted in a function defeinition is __________. a) int b) double c) long d) float ANS: (a) 5.27. The most concise notation to use to define function parameters x and y as double is __________. a) x, y b) x, double y c) double x, y d) double x, double y ANS: (d) 5.28. Placing a semicolon after the right parenthesis enclosing the parameter list of a function definition is a __________ error. a) logic b) syntax c) fatal runtime d) nonfatal runtime ANS: (b) 5.29. Which statement is true? a) The type of every parameter in a function parameter list must be included. b) The type of every argument in a function call must be included. c) It is not incorrect to use the same names for the arguments passed to a function and the corresponding parameters in the function definition. d) Defining a function parameter again as a local variable within the function is a logic error.

ANS: (c) 5.30. Which statement is false? a) Every block is a compound statement. b) Every compound statement is a block. c) Blocks can be nested. d) Compound statements can be nested.

ANS: (b)

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5.31. Which statement is true? a) Programs should be written as collections of small functions. b) A function must be no longer than one page. c) The best engineered functions have many parameters and perform many distinct tasks. d) Every function must include an explicit return statement.

ANS: (a)

5.6

Function Prototypes

5.32 A function prototype does not have to (a) include parameter names (b) terminate with a semicolon (c) agree with the function definition (d) match with all calls to the function ANS: (a) 5.33 A function prototype can always be omitted when: (a) a function is defined before it is first invoked (b) a function is invoked before it is first defined (c) a function takes no arguments (d) a function does not return a value ANS: (a)

5.34. Which statement is false? a) The compiler uses function prototypes to validate function calls. b) Prior to ANSI C, C did not include function prototypes. c) A function prototype tells the compiler the type of data returned by the function, the number of parameters the function expects to receive, the types of these parameters and the order in which parameters of these types are expected. d) The designers of ANSI C++ borrowed the notion of function prototypes from the developers of C. ANS: (d) 5.35. The forcing of arguments to the appropriate types is commonly called __________. a) conversion b) casting c) coercion d) transmogrification ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 5.7

Function Call Stack and Activation Records

5.8

Header Files

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5.36 Each standard library has a corresponding __________. (a) function (b) variable type (c) header file (d) cd-rom ANS: (c)

5.37. Which standard library header file contains function prototypes for conversions of numbers to text and text to numbers, memory allocation, random numbers and other utility functions. a) <stdarg.h> b) <stdlib.h> c) <stdutl.h> d) <stddef.h> ANS: (b)

5.9 Calling Functions: Call by Value and Call by Reference 5.38 When arguments are passed by __________, the caller allows the called function to modify the original variable’s value. (a) value (b) reference (c) both a and b (d) none of these ANS: (b)

5.39. Which statement is true? a) When an argument is passed call by reference, a copy of the argument’s value is made and passed to the called function. b) With call by reference, changes to the passed value do not affect the original variable’s value in the calling functions. c) Call by value should be used whenever the called function does not need to modify the value of the caller’s original value. d) Call by value should only be used with trusted called functions that need to modify the original variable.

ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 5.10

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Random Number Generation

5.40 The rand function generates a data value of the type (a) unsigned int (b) int (c) long int (d) short int ANS: (b) 5.41 A variable that can only have values in the range 0 to 65535 is a (a) four-byte int (b) four-byte unsigned int (c) two-byte int (d) two-byte unsigned int ANS: (d) 5.42 In the expression n = a + rand() % b; (a) b is the shifting value (b) a is the scaling value (c) b is equal to the width of the desired range of integers

(d) both (a) and (c) ANS: (c) 5.43 srand (a) should be called before each call to rand (b) should be used instead of rand to generate truly random numbers (c) is unnecessary in C (d) can use time as an automatically input seed value ANS: (d)

5.44. Which statement is false? a) Function rand generates an integer between 0 and MAX. b) The range of values produced directly by rand is often different than what is needed in a specific application. c) The number 6 in the expression rand % 6 is called a scaling factor. d) The rand function prototype is in <stdlib.h>.

ANS: (a)

5.11 Example: A Game of Chance

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Storage Classes

5.45 An identifier’s storage class (a) determines the period during which that identifier exists in memory (b) determines whether an identifier in a multiple-source-file program is known only in the current source file or in any source file with proper definitions (c) determines where the identifier can be referenced in a program (d) all of the above ANS: (d) 5.46 A compiler can ignore the storage class specifier _______. (a) auto (b) register (c) static (d) extern ANS: (b) 5.47 Which of the following is not true of static local variables? (a) they are accessible outside of the function in which they are defined (b) they retain their values when the function is exited (c) they are initialized to zero if not explicitly initialized by the programmer (d) they can be pointers ANS: (a)

5.48. Which is not an attribute of a variable a) name b) definition c) type d) value ANS: (b) 5.49. Which is not a storage class a) automatic b) register c) extern d) static ANS: (a) 5.50. Which is not an attribute of a variable? a) storage class b) storage duration c) scope .

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d) external class ANS: (d) 5.51. An identifier’s __________ is where the identifier can be referenced in a program. a) locality b) vicinity c) neighborhood d) scope ANS: (d) 5.52. Global variables and function names are of storage class __________ by default. a) register b) extern c) static d) auto ANS: (b)

5.13

Scope Rules

5.53 Labels are the only identifiers with (a) function scope (b) file scope (c) block scope (d) function-prototype scope ANS: (a)

5.54 The only identifiers that can be reused elsewhere in a program without any ambiguity are (a) global variables (b) static local variables (c) those in the parameter list of a function prototype (d) those in the parameter list of a function definition ANS: (c)

5.55. Which statement is false? a) When we define a local variable in a block it can be referenced only in that block or in blocks in which that block is nested. b) Labels are the only identifiers with function scope. c) Labels can be used anywhere in the function in which they appear, but can not be referenced outside the function body. d) Labels are used in switch statements and in goto statements. .

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ANS: (a) 5.56. Which is not a scope for an identifier? a) function scope b) record scope c) block scope d) function-prototype scope ANS: (b)

5.14

Recursion

5.57 A recursive function is a function that (a) returns a double (b) takes 3 arguments (c) calls itself (d) is inside of another function ANS: (c) 5.58 What value does function mystery return when called with a value of 4? int mystery ( int number ) { if ( number <= 1 ) return 1; else return number * mystery( number – 1 ); }

(a) 1 (b) 24 (c) 0 (d) 4 ANS: (b)

5.59 Recursion is memory-intensive because (a) it must occur numerous times before it terminates (b) previous function calls are still open when the function calls itself and the arguments of these previous calls still occupy space on the call stack (c) many copies of the function code are created (d) it requires large data values ANS: (b)

5.60. Which statement is false? a) A recursive function is a function that calls itself either directly or indirectly through .

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another function. b) A recursive function knows how to solve only one or more base cases. c) The recursion step executes after the original call to the function terminates. d) In order for the recursion to eventually terminate, each time the function calls itself with a slightly simpler version of the original problem, this sequence of smaller and smaller problems must eventually converge on a base case.

ANS: (c)

5.15

Example Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series

5.61 Assuming the following pseudocode for the fibonacci series, what is the value of the 5th fibonacci number (i.e. fibonacci(5))? fibonacci( 0 ) = 0 fibonacci( 1 ) = 1 fibonacci( n ) = fibonacci( n – 1 ) + fibonacci( n – 2 ) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 5 ANS: (d) 5.62. Which statement is false? a) The ANSI C standard does not specify the order in which the operands of most operators are to be evaluated. b) The ANSI C standard specifies the order of evaluation of operators &&, ||, comma, and ?:. c) A program that evaluates Fibonacci numbers recursively achieves high performance because of exponential complexity. d) Programs that depend on the order of evaluation of the operands of operators other than &&, ||, comma, and ?: can function differently on systems with different compilers.

ANS: (c)

5.16

Recursion vs. Iteration

5.63 Recursion is to the base case as iteration is to what? (a) the counter (b) a repetition structure (c) failure of the loop continuation test (d) a selection structure ANS: (c) .

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5.64 All of the following are reasons to use recursion except: (a) an iterative solution is not apparent (b) the resulting program is easier to debug (c) it more naturally mirrors the problem (d) it maximizes software performance ANS: (d)

5.65. Which statement is false? a) Both recursion and iteration are based on a control structure. b) Both iteration and recursion involve repetition. c) Iteration with sentinel-controlled repetition and recursion each gradually approach termination. d) Both iteration and recursion can occur infinitely.

ANS: (c)

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6.1

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Introduction

6.1. Arrays are data structures consisting of related data items of the same __________. a) sort order b) subscript c) type d) element ANS: (c) 6.2. Arrays and structures are __________ entities in that they remain the same size throughout program execution. a) dynamic b) automatic c) register d) static ANS: (d) 6.3. Lists, queues, stacks and trees are __________ data structures that may grow and shrink as programs execute. a) flexible b) automatic c) dynamic d) static ANS: (c)

6.2

Arrays

6.4 An array is not (a) a consecutive group of memory locations (b) subscripted by integers (c) pointer-based (d) a dynamic entity ANS: (d) 6.5 Assuming that int a has a value of 3 and that integer array b has 7 elements, what is the correct way to assign the value of the sum of 3 and the third element, to the fifth element of the array? (a) b[ a + 1 ] = b[ a ] + 3; (b) b[ a + 1 ] = b[ a - 1 ] + 3; .

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(c) b[ a ] + 1 = b[ a + 3]; (d) b[ a + 2 ] = b[ a ] + 3; ANS: (b) 6.6 Which of the following is not true? (a) the first element of an array is the zeroth (b) the last element of an array is the array size - 1 (c) the position number contained within square brackets is called a subscript (d) a subscript cannot be an expression.

ANS: (d)

6.7. An array is a group of memory locations related by the fact that they all have __________ name and __________ type. a) different, different b) same, different c) different same d) same, same ANS: (d) 6.8. The first element in every array is the __________ element. a) null b) 1 c) 0 d) empty ANS: (c) 6.9. Which statement is false? a) The brackets used to enclose the subscript of an array are not an operator in C. b) To refer to a particular element in an array, we specify the name of the array and the position number of the element in the array. c) The position number within an array is more formally called a subscript. d) “Array element seven” and the “seventh element of an array” do not mean the same thing. This is a frequent source of off-by-one errors.

ANS: (a)

6.3

Defining Arrays

6.10 Which statement would be used to define a 10 element integer array c? (a) Array c = int[ 10 ]; (b) c = int[ 10 ]; (c) int Array c[ 10 ]; .

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(d) int c[ 10 ]; ANS: (d) 6.11. Which definition tells the computer to reserve 12 elements for integer array c? a) c[ 12 ] int; b) int c [ 11 ]; c) c[ 11 ] int; d) int c[ 12 ]; ANS: (d)

6.4

Array Examples

6.12 Which of the following is not a correct way to initialize an array? (a) int n[ 5 ] = { 0, 7, 0, 3, 8, 2 }; (b) int n[] = { 0, 7, 0, 3, 8, 2 }; (c) int n[ 5 ] = { 7 }; (d) int n[ 5 ] = { 6, 6, 6 }; ANS: (a) 6.13 Constant variables (a) can be assigned values in executable statements (b) do not have to be initialized when they are defined (c) can be used to specify array sizes, thereby making programs more scalable (d) can be used to specify array sizes, but this makes programs harder to understand ANS: (c) 6.14 Referencing elements outside the array bounds (a) can result in changes to the value of an unrelated variable (b) is impossible because C checks to make sure it does not happen (c) is a syntax error (d) enlarges the size of the array ANS: (a) 6.15 Strings can not (a) be initialized using string literals (b) end in a character other than the null character (c) be initialized with initializer lists (d) be treated as arrays of characters ANS: (b) 6.16 Assume string1 is a character array. Which of the following operations does not produce a string? .

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(a) string1[] = “test”; (b) string1[] = { ‘t’, ‘e’, ‘s’, ‘t’, ‘\0’ }; (c) string1[] = { ‘t’, ‘e’, ‘s’, ‘t’ }; (d) string1[] = “ ”; ANS: (c)

6.17. Suppose a program contains the code for (i = 1; i < = 10; i++) n[ i ] = 0; Which statement about this code must be true? a) It contains an off-by-one error. b) It contains a syntax error. c) It is initializing the first 10 elements of an array. d) It is initializing successive elements of an array.

ANS: (d) 6.18. What’s wrong with this code? int[] = ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); a) The array size must be specified in the square brackets. b) The parentheses should be square brackets. c) The square brackets should be curly braces. d) The parentheses should be curly braces.

ANS: (d) 6.19. If there are fewer initializers than elements in the array, the remaining elements are __________. a) deleted b) ignored c) initialized to empty d) initialized to zero ANS: (d) 6.20. Which statement is true? a) Arrays are automatically initialized to zero. b) To initialize all array elements to zeros, the array definition must explicitly initialize each element to zero. c) Array elements can be initialized to zero by the array definition only at compile time. d) Definitions for automatic arrays initialize the arrays at execution time.

ANS: (d) 6.21. The following array definition int n[ 5 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14 }; a) is correct .

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b) causes a syntax error because there are only five initializers and six array elements. c) causes a logic error because there are only five elements but there are six initializers. d) causes a syntax error because there are six initializers but only five array elements.

ANS: (d) 6.22. Which statement is true? a) A symbolic constant is an identifier that is replaced with replacement text by the C preprocessor after the program is compiled. b) Using symbolic constants to specify array sizes makes programs run faster. c) Preprocessor directives are not C statements. d) The #define preprocessor directive must end in a semicolon.

ANS: (c) 6.23. Which statement is true? a) Assigning a value to a symbolic constant in an executable statement is a syntax error. b) A symbolic constant is a variable. c) Space is reserved for both symbolic constants and variables that hold values at execution time. d) Only uppercase letters can be used for symbolic constant names.

ANS: (a) 6.24. Which statement is true regarding the statement ++frequency[ responses[ answer ] ]; a) This statement increases the appropriate frequency counter depending on the value of responses[ answer ]. b) This statement increases the appropriate answer counter depending on the value of frequency[ responses ]. c) This statement increases the appropriate responses counter depending on the value of frequency[ answer ]. d) This statement produces a syntax error because subscripts cannot be nested.

ANS: (a) 6.25. Which statement is false? a) C has no built-in bounds checking to prevent the computer from referring to an array element that does not exist. b) The programmer is responsible for implementing array bounds checking. c) Referring to an element outside the array bounds is a syntax error. d) Referring to an element outside the array bounds is a logic error.

ANS: (d) 6.26. Which statement is false? a) The string termination character is called the null character. b) The string “string” actually occupies 7 characters in memory. c) The character representation of the last character in memory of a string is ‘\0’. .

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d) A character array representing a string should be defined as large as the actual number of characters in the string minus the terminating character; C automatically provides the space for the terminating character.

ANS: (d) 6.27. The definition char string1[] = “first”; is equivalent to a) character string1[] = { ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘r’, ‘s’, ‘t’, ‘\0’ }; b) char string1 = { ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘r’, ‘s’, ‘t’, ‘\0’ }; c) char string1[] = { ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘r’, ‘s’, ‘t’ }; d) char string1[] = { ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘r’, ‘s’, ‘t’, ‘\0’ }; ANS: (d) 6.28. Which statement is false? a) Function scanf reads characters into memory from the keyboard until the first input whitespace character is encountered. b) Function scanf can write beyond the boundary of the array into which input is being placed. c) Function printf does not care how large the array it is printing is. d) When using scanf, you must always precede with the & operator the name of each variable into which inputs are being placed.

ANS: (d) 6.29. Which statement is false? a) A static local variable exists for the duration of the program. b) A static local variable is visible only in the control structure in which it is defined. c) A static local array is not created and destroyed each time the function is entered and exited, respectively. d) Arrays that are defined static are automatically initialized once at compile time.

ANS: (b)

6.5

Passing Arrays to Functions

6.30 Unless otherwise specified, entire arrays are passed __________ and individual array elements are passed __________. (a) call-by-value, call-by-reference (b) call-by-reference, call-by-value (c) call-by-value, call-by-value (d) call-by-reference, call-by-reference ANS: (b) 6.31 Which of the following is false about a function being passed an array? (a) it knows the size of the array it was passed .

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(b) it is passed the address of the first element in the array (c) it is able to modify the values stored in the array (d) all of the above are true ANS: (a) 6.32 To prevent modification of array values in a function (a) the array must be defined static in the function (b) the array parameter can be preceded by the const qualifier (c) a copy of the array must be made inside the function (d) the array must be passed call-by-reference ANS: (b) 6.33. To pass an array to a function, specify a) the name of the array without any brackets. b) the name of the array preceded by an empty pair of brackets. c) the name of the array followed by a pair of brackets including the size of the array. d) the name of the array followed by a pair of brackets including a number one less than the size of the array.

ANS: (a) 6.34. Which statement is false? a) C automatically passes arrays to functions using simulated call by reference. b) When C passes an array to a function, the called function normally can modify the element values in the caller’s original array. c) The name of an array is actually the address of the first element of the array. d) When an array is passed in a function call, the calling function knows precisely where in the called function’s memory the passed array is.

ANS: (d) 6.35. The special conversion specifier for printing addresses is __________. a) %a b) %m c) %p d) %loc ANS: (c) 6.36. Which statement is true? a) Entire arrays are passed simulated call by reference and individual array elements are normally passed simulated call by reference. b) Entire arrays are passed simulated call by reference and individual array elements are normally passed call by value. c) Entire arrays are passed call by value and individual array elements are normally passed simulated call by reference. d) Entire arrays are passed call by value and individual array elements are normally .

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passed call by value.

ANS: (b)

6.6

Sorting Arrays

6.37 Which statement about bubble sort is true? (a) a maximum of n passes are needed to sort the array, where n is the number of elements (b) swapping values requires two assignments (c) performance is maximized (d) the algorithm is very simple compared to other sorting procedures ANS: (d)

6.38. Which statement about the bubble sort is false? a) It is easy to program. b) It is a high-performance sort. c) It compares only adjacent elements with one another. d) The bubble sort compares successive pairs of elements.

ANS: (b) 6.39. A bubble sort of 1000 elements requires a maximum of __________ passes. a) 1001 b) 1000 c) 999 d) 998 ANS: (c)

6.7

Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays

6.40 In order to calculate the __________ of an array of values, the array must be sorted. (a) median (b) mode (c) mean (d) (a), (b), and (c) ANS: (a)

6.41. The _____ is the average value of a set of data items. a) mean b) median c) mode d) matrix .

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ANS: (a) 6.42. Calculating which of the following normally requires the data to be sorted first a) mean b) median c) mode d) total ANS: (b) 6.43. The __________ is the value that occurs most frequently in the data. a) mean b) median c) mode d) master ANS: (c)

6.8

Searching Arrays

6.44 The binary search technique (a) is better suited to small arrays (b) is better suited to unsorted arrays (c) can only be used on a sorted array (d) is slower than a linear search ANS: (c) 6.45 The maximum number of comparisons needed for the binary search of a 2000 element array is (a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 11 (d) 14 ANS: (c) 6.46. Which of these is generally thought of as a high-performance technique? a) bubble sort b) linear search c) binary search d) iteration ANS: (c) 6.47. Which of the following statements is false? a) The linear searching method works well for small arrays. b) The linear searching method works well for unsorted arrays. .

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c) The binary search algorithm eliminates from consideration one half of the elements in a sorted array after each comparison. d) The binary search terminates only when the search key is equal to the middle element of a subarray.

ANS: (d) 6.48. A sorted array of a million elements can be searched by a binary search in __________ or fewer comparisons. a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 999,999 ANS: (b)

6.9

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

6.49 A double subscripted array element incorrectly referenced as a[ x, y ] is actually evaluated as (a) a[ x ][ y ] (b) a[ y ] (c) a[ x ] (d) a[ 0 ] ANS: (b) 6.50 Given the following definitions, what is the value of b[ 1 ][ 0 ]? int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3 , 4 } };

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) this isn’t a valid definition ANS: (c) 6.51 Which of the following does not initialize all of its elements to 0? (a) int b[ 2 ][ 2 ]; b[ 0 ][ 0 ] = b[ 0 ][ 1 ] = b[ 1 ][ 0 ] = b[ 1 ][ 1 ];

(b) int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { 0 }; (c) int b[ 2 ][ 2 ]; for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) b[ i ][ j ] = 0;

(d) all of the above initialize all of their elements to 0.

ANS: (d)

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6.52. Which statement is false about multiple-subscripted arrays? a) C supports multiple-subscripted arrays. b) A common use of multiple-subscripted arrays is to arrange data into tables consisting of rows and columns. c) To identify a particular table element requires two subscripts. d) Every ANSI C system can support arrays with as many subscripts as the programmer chooses.

ANS: (d) 6.53. An array containing 3 columns and 4 rows is typically referred to as a __________. a) 12-element array b) 3-by-4 array c) 13-element array, because of the zero element d) 4-by-3 array ANS: (d) 6.54. Which initialization is not performed by the following definition? int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } }; a)b[ 0 ][ 0 ] is set to 1 b) b[ 0 ][ 1 ] is set to 1 c) b[ 1 ][ 0 ] is set to 3 d) b[ 1 ][ 1 ] is set to 4 ANS: (b)

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7.1

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Introduction

7.1. Which statement about pointers is false? a) They are among C’s most difficult capabilities to master. b) They enable programs to simulate call by reference. c) They are useful to create and manipulate dynamic data structures. d) They cannot be used to create data structures that do not grow and shrink at execution time.

ANS: (d)

7.2

Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization

7.2 Pointers can not be used to (a) find the address of a variable in memory (b) reference values directly (c) simulate call-by-reference (d) manipulate dynamic data structures ANS: (b) 7.3 Pointers may be assigned to which of the following? (a) all integer values (b) an address (c) NULL (d) both (b) and (c) ANS: (d) 7.4. Pointers are variables that contain __________ as their values a) strings b) flowlines c) memory addresses d) directions ANS: (c) 7.5. A non-pointer variable name __________ references a value and a pointer variable name __________ references a value. a) directly, directly b) directly, indirectly c) indirectly, directly d) indirectly, indirectly ANS: (b) 7.6. The definition int *count;

a) is a syntax error because only pointers can be defined with * notation .

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b) is a compile-time error. c) is a logic error. d) is a correct definition of integer pointer count.

ANS: (d) 7.7. Referencing a value through a pointer is called __________. a) interdiction b) indirection c) intermediation d) redirection ANS: (b) 7.8. Which statement about pointers is false. a) They can be defined to point to objects of any data type. b) The indirection operator * distributes to all comma-separated variable names in a definition. c) The letters Ptr in a pointer variable name are optional. d) A pointer may be initialized to 0, NULL or an address.

ANS: (b) 7.9. Which statement about pointers is false? a) A pointer with the value NULL points to nothing. b) NULL is a symbolic constant defined in the <stdio.h> header file. c) Initializing a pointer to 0 is equivalent to initializing a pointer to NULL, but NULL is preferred. d) The values 0 and 1 are the only values that can be assigned directly to a pointer variable.

ANS: (d)

7.3

Pointer Operators

7.10 The & operator can be applied to (a) constants (b) variables defined with the storage class register (c) variables defined with the storage class static (d) rvalues ANS: (c) 7.11 All of the following could cause a fatal execution-time error except (a) dereferencing a pointer that has not been assigned to point to a specific address (b) dereferencing a pointer that has not been initialized properly (c) dereferencing a 0 pointer (d) dereferencing a nonpointer ANS: (d) .

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7.12 Three of the following expressions have the same value. Which of the following’s value is different from the others? (a) *&Ptr (b) &*Ptr (c) *Ptr (d) Ptr ANS: (c) 7.13. The __________, or address operator, is a unary operator that returns the address of its operand. a) & b) && c) * d) ** ANS: (a) 7.14. The statement y = &yPtr; a) assigns the address of the variable y to pointer variable yPtr. b) assigns the address of the variable yPtr to pointer variable y. c) is a compilation error. d) is a logic error.

ANS: (b) 7.15. Which statement is false? a) The operand of the address operator must be a variable. b) The address operator cannot be applied to constants or to expressions. c) The address operator can be applied to variables defined with the storage class register. d) The address operator can be applied to variables defined with the storage class static.

ANS: (c) 7.16. Which statement is false? a) The unary * operator is called the indirection operator or the dereferencing operator. b) The operand of the unary * operator must be a pointer. c) The unary * operator returns the value of its operand. d) Placing a * operator before a pointer dereferences the pointer.

ANS: (c) 7.17. Which statement is generally false? a) Initializing pointers is optional. b) Dereferencing an uninitialized pointer could lead to a fatal execution time error. c) Deferencing an uninitialized pointer could accidentally modify important data. d) Derefencing an uninitialized pointer causes a syntax error.

ANS: (d) .

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7.18. The unary * and __________ are complements of one another. a) / b) ^ c) & d) | ANS: (c)

7.4

Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference

7.19 Which of the following is not a valid way to pass arguments to a function in C? (a) call-by-reference with reference arguments (b) call-by-value (c) call-by-reference with pointer arguments (d) call-by-value with pointer arguments ANS: (d) 7.20 When a compiler encounters a function parameter for a single-subscripted array of the form int a[], it converts the parameter to (a) int a (b) int &a (c) int * a (d) int * const a ANS: (c) 7.21. Which statement is false. a) All function calls in C pass arguments call-by-value. b) Simulated call-by-reference enables a called function to modify variables in the calling function. c) Call-by-value is always more efficient than simulated call-by-reference. d) In C, programmers use pointers and the indirection operator to simulate call-by-reference.

ANS: (c) 7.22. When calling a function with arguments that should be modified, the __________ of those arguments are passed. a) memory b) addresses c) values d) complements ANS: (b) 7.23. If array name arrayName is passed to a function, C automatically passes __________. .

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a) &arrayName[ 0 ] b) arrayName[ 1 ] c) arrayName[ 0 ] d) *arrayName ANS: (a) 7.24. When the __________ of a variable is passed to a function, the indirection operator (*) may be used in the function to modify the __________ at that location in the caller’s memory. a) address, address b) value, address c) value, value d) address, value ANS: (d) 7.25. Which statement is false? a) It is necessary to include names of pointer arguments in function prototypes. b) A function receiving an address as an argument must define a pointer parameter to receive the address. c) The compiler does not distinguish between a function that receives a pointer and a function that receives a single-subscripted array. d) The function must “know” whether it is receiving a single-subscripted array or simply a single variable for which it is to perform simulated call by reference.

ANS: (a)

7.5

Using the const Qualifier with Pointers

7.26 A function that modifies an array by using pointer arithmetic to process every value should have a parameter that is (a) a nonconstant pointer to nonconstant data (b) a nonconstant pointer to constant data (c) a constant pointer to nonconstant data (d) a constant pointer to constant data ANS: (a) 7.27 A function that prints a string should have a parameter that is (a) a nonconstant pointer to nonconstant data (b) a nonconstant pointer to constant data (c) a constant pointer to nonconstant data (d) a constant pointer to constant data ANS: (b) 7.28 An array name is (a) a nonconstant pointer to nonconstant data .

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(b) a nonconstant pointer to constant data (c) a constant pointer to nonconstant data (d) a constant pointer to constant data ANS: (c) 7.29 What method should be used to pass an array to a function that does not modify the array and only looks at it using array subscript notation? (a) a constant pointer to constant data (b) a constant pointer to nonconstant data (c) a nonconstant pointer to constant data (d) a nonconstant pointer to constant data ANS: (a) 7.30. Which statement is false? a) The const qualifier enables the programmer to inform the compiler that the value of a particular variable should not be modified. b) The const qualifier did not exist in early versions of C; it was added to the language by the ANSI C committee. c) Using the const qualifier typically violates the principle of least privilege d) Adding const to C programs that do not use it presents significant opportunities for improvement in the software engineering of that code.

ANS: (c) 7.31. Which of the following most closely reflects the principle of least privilege. a) Always grant a function at least enough access to the data in its parameters to accomplish its specified task. b) Always grant a function enough access to the data in its parameters to accomplish its specified task, but no more. c) Always grant a function the least amount of access to the data in its parameters. d) Never grant a function access to the data in its parameters.

ANS: (b) 7.32. Which statement is false? a) If a value should not change in the body of a function to which it is passed, the value should be defined const to ensure that it is not accidentally modified. b) Attempts to modify the value of a variable defined const are caught at execution time. c) One way to pass a pointer to a function is to use a non-constant pointer to non-constant data. d) It is dangerous to pass a non-pointer into a pointer argument.

ANS: (b) 7.33. The highest level of data access is granted by a a) non-constant pointer to non-constant data. b) non-constant pointer to constant data. c) constant pointer to non-constant data. .

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d) constant pointer to constant data.

ANS: (a) 7.34. Which statement is false? a) Arrays and structures are aggregate data types. b) Structures in C are sometimes called records in other languages. c) A structure is capable of storing many related data items of different data types. d) Structures are always passed call by reference.

ANS: (d) 7.35. When a structure must be passed to a function, we can use pointers to constant data to get the performance of a call by __________ and the protection of a call by __________. a) value, value b) value, reference c) reference, value d) reference, reference ANS: (c) 7.36. The least access privilege is granted by a __________ pointer to __________ data. a) non-constant, non-constant b) non-constant, constant c) constant, non-constant d) constant, constant ANS: (d)

7.6

Bubble Sort Using Call-by-Reference

7.37. Which statement is false? a) The notations int *array and int array[] are interchangeable. b) Function prototypes may not be placed inside functions. c) Good advice: To encourage software reusability, when passing an array, also pass the size of the array. d) Global variable violate the principle of least privilege.

ANS: (b)

7.7 sizeof Operator 7.38 sizeof (a) is a binary operator (b) returns the total number of elements in an array .

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(c) usually returns a double (d) returns the total number of bytes in an array ANS: (d) 7.39 Which of the following gives the number of elements in the array int r[ ]? (a) sizeof ( r ) (b) sizeof ( *r ) (c) sizeof ( r ) / sizeof ( int ) (d) sizeof ( *r ) / sizeof ( int ) ANS: (c) 7.40. Which statement is false? a) Using global variables, instead of passing arguments, can increase program performance, but reduce effective software engineering. b) Hardcoding into a function the size of an array that will be passed as an argument rather than passing the size of the array as a parameter, reduces the software reusability of that function. c) sizeof is an operator that calculates the size of its argument in bytes at compile time. d) When applied to the name of an array, sizeof returns the number of elements in the array.

ANS: (d) 7.41. An expression such as sizeof( arrayName ) / sizeof( double ) might typically be used to determine a) the size of an array b) the number of elements in an array c) the number of elements in half an array d) the size of an element of an array ANS: (b)

7.8

Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic

7.42 Which of the following can have a pointer as an operand? (a) ++ (b) *= (c) % (d) / ANS: (a) 7.43 Given that k is an integer array starting at location 2000, kPtr is a pointer to k, and each integer is stored in 4 bytes of memory, what location does kPtr + 3 point to?

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(a) 2003 (b) 2006 (c) 2012 (d) 2024 ANS: (c) 7.44 A pointer can not be assigned to (a) another pointer of the same type (b) a pointer to void (c) a pointer of a type other than its own type and void (d) any other pointer by using the cast operator ANS: (c) 7.45 Comparing pointers and performing arithmetic on them is meaningless unless (a) they point to members of the same array (b) they point to arrays of the same type (c) they point to arrays of equal size (d) they point to different locations ANS: (a) 7.46. Which statement is false? a) A pointer may be incremented or decremented. b) An integer may be added to a pointer. c) All operators normally used in arithmetic expressions, assignment expressions and comparison expressions are valid in conjunction with pointer variables. d) A pointer may not be added to a pointer.

ANS: (c) 7.47. Which statement is false? a) A pointer can always be assigned to another pointer of the same type. b) A cast operator must always be used to convert the pointer on the right of an assignment to the pointer type on the left of the assignment. c) Variables of all pointer types can be assigned a pointer to void. d) A pointer to void can be assigned a pointer of any type.

ANS: (b)

7.9

Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays

7.48 Assuming that t is an array and tPtr is a pointer to that array, what expression refers to the address of the fourth element? (a) *( tPtr + 3 ) (b) tPtr[ 3 ] (c) &t[ 3 ] (d) *( t + 3 ) .

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ANS: (c) 7.49 Consider the following function: void reverse( char * string1, const char * string2 ) { int stringsize = sizeof( string1 )/sizeof( char ); *( string1 + stringsize –1 ) = ‘\0’; string1 = string1 + stringsize – 2; for ( ; *string2 != '\0'; string1--, string2++ ) *string1 = *string2; }

What method does the function use to refer to array elements? (a) array/subscript notation (b) array/offset notation (c) pointer/subscript notation (d) pointer/offset notation ANS: (d) 7.50. If bPtr is assigned b (the name of an array), then array element b[ 3 ] can alternatively be referenced with the pointer expression __________. a) bPtr + 3 b) b[ bPtr + 3 ] c) *b [ bPtr + 3 ] d) *( bPtr + 3) ANS: (d)

7.10

Arrays of Pointers

7.51 A string array (a) stores an actual string in each of its elements (b) can only provide access to strings of a certain length (c) is actually an array of pointers (d) is always less memory efficient than an equivalent double-subscripted array ANS: (c) 7.52. Which statement is false? a) In C, a string is essentially a pointer to its first character. b) Arrays may contain pointers. c) Each entry in an array of strings is actually a pointer to the first character of a string. d) The size of an array of strings is the sum of the lengths of the strings.

ANS: (d)

7.11

Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation

7.53 An algorithm that could execute for an unknown amount of time because it de.

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pends on random numbers to exit a function may (a) have a redundancy. (b) get caught in an infinite loop. (c) suffer from indefinite postponement. (d) issue a compiler error.

ANS: (c) 7.54. Which statement about the algorithm we presented in Section 7.10 of the text for shuffling a deck of cards is true? a) It is guaranteed to terminate. b) It could execute indefinitely. c) It is efficient. d) It uses a one-dimensional array of 52 cards.

ANS: (b)

7.12

Pointers to Functions

7.55 Which of the following is not true of pointers to functions? They (a) contain the starting address of the function code (b) are dereferenced in order to call the function (c) can be stored in arrays (d) can not be assigned to other function pointers ANS: (d) 7.56 ( *max )( num1, num2, num3 ); (a) is the header for function max (b) is a call to function max (c) is the prototype for function max (d) is part of a definition of a pointer to the function max ANS: (b) 7.57. A pointer to a function contains __________. a) the address of the function’s automatic variables b) the address of the function on the stack c) the address of the entry for that function in the System Function Table d) the address of the function in memory ANS: (d) 7.58. Which statement about the parameter definition int (*compare)( int, int ) is false? a) It defines a parameter that is a pointer to a function that receives two integer arguments and returns a pointer to an integer as a result. b) Parentheses are needed around *compare because * has a lower precedence than the .

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parentheses enclosing the function parameters. c) Without the parentheses it would have defined a function that receives two integers and returns a pointer to an integer. d) The corresponding parameter in the function prototype would ordinarily be int (*)( int, int ) ANS: (a)

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8.1 Introduction 8.1. Which is not an example of an application primarily concerned with text-processing? a) loader b) word processor c) page layout software d) computerized typesetting system ANS: (a)

8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 8.2 Which of the following is not true? (a) A string may include letters, digits, and various special characters (i.e., +, -, * ). (b) A string in C is an array of characters ending in the null character (‘\0’). (c) String literals are written inside of single quotes (d) A string may be assigned in a definition to either a character array or a variable of type char *.

ANS: (c) 8.3. A character constant is a(n) __________ value represented as a character in single quotes. a) short b) int c) long d) double ANS: (b) 8.4. ‘\n’ represents the integer value of a) the character n b) the string n c) newline d) nextline ANS: (c) 8.5. +, \ and $ are all examples of __________. a) special characters b) strings c) operators d) literals ANS: (a) 8.6. A string in C is __________. a) an array of characters ending in the null string b) a sequence of characters contained within single quotes .

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c) a sequence of characters preceded by a length field d) an array of characters ending in the null character ANS: (d) 8.7. In C, it is appropriate to say that a string is a(n) __________. a) pointer b) integer c) double quote d) sequence of characters contained in single quotes ANS: (a)

8.3 Character-Handling Library 8.8 The number 4 typically takes up _________ bit(s) when stored as a character on most of today’s computers. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 8 ANS: (d) 8.9 The function of the character-handling library is typically to manipulate characters as ___________. (a) integers. (b) floats. (c) longs. (d) bits.

ANS: (a) 8.10 The isxdigit (is hex digit) function would return false on (a) a (b) A (c) 2 (d) g ANS: (d) 8.11. Which character handling library function returns a true value if its argument is a letter and 0 otherwise? a) isalphanumeric b) isalphabetic c) isalpha d) isletter ANS: (c) 8.12. Which character handling library function converts lowercase letters to uppercase .

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letters? a) lowertoupper b) isupper c) touppercase d) toupper ANS: (d) 8.13. Which of the following is not a whitespace character? a) ‘\n’ b) ‘\f’ c) ‘\r’ d) ‘\w’ ANS: (d) 8.14. Which character handling library function returns true if its argument is a printing character? a) ispchar b) isprintablechar c) isprint d) isprintchar ANS: (c)

8.4 String-Conversion Functions 8.15. The strtol and stroul functions do not (a) need a special header file in order to be used. (b) take three arguments. (c) have to convert the entire string they are given. (d) have the ability to output data in base 8.

ANS: (c) 8.16. The main difference between the functions atof, atoi, and atol is (a) their return types. (b) their arguments. (c) their header files. (d) their efficiency.

ANS: (a) 8.17. The general utilities library is a) stdutil b) stdlibrary c) stdutility d) stdlib ANS: (d)

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8.18.Which one-argument string handling function converts its argument to long int? a) strtoli b) strtol c) atoli d) atol ANS: (d) 8.19. Which statement is false? a) Function atof returns a double version of its argument. b) If the converted value cannot be represented, the behavior of atoi is undefined. c) When using functions from the general utilities library, its header file must be included. d) Function strtol receives three arguments.

ANS: (c) 8.20. __________ values can consist of the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A through F. a) hexadecimal b) binary c) octal d) decimal ANS: (a)

8.5

Standard Input/Output Library Functions

8.21 Which function does not read data from standard input? (a) scanf (b) sscanf (c) sprintf (d) getchar ANS: (c) 8.22 The ________ function reads data of type (char*) from standard input. (a) scanf (b) sscanf (c) sprintf (d) getchar ANS: (a) 8.23. Function __________ inputs the next character from the standard input and returns it as an integer. a) inputchr b) getchr c) inputchar d) getchar ANS: (d) .

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8.24. Function __________ prints the character equivalent of its integer argument. a) putchar b) putch c) printchar d) printch Ans: (a) 8.25. Function fgets appends a __________ to its array target in memory. a) leading null character b) leading end-of-file character c) terminating null character d) terminating end-of-file character ANS: (c) 8.26. Which statement is true? a) sprintf takes its input from a character array. b) sprintf prints its output in string format on the screen. c) sprintf stores its output in a character array. d) sprintf is a secure version of printf.

ANS: (c)

8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.27 Which of the following correctly copies the contents of string2 into string1? Assume that string2 is equal to “hello” and string1 is equal to “good bye” (a) strcat( string1, string2 ); (b) strcpy( string2, string1, 7 ); (c) strncpy( string1, string2, 6 ); (d) strcpy( string1, string2 ); ANS: (d) 8.28 Which of the following does not necessarily append the null character to its result? (a) strcpy (b) strncpy (c) strcat (d) strncat ANS: (b) 8.29. Which is not a capability of the string-handling library? a) tokenizing strings b) comparing strings c) searching strings d) inputting strings ANS: (d) .

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8.30. Every function of the string handling library except for __________ appends the null character to its result. a) strncpy b) strncat c) strcpy d) strcat ANS: (a) 8.31. The integral type of the value returned by operator sizeof is __________. a) size-t b) sizet c) size.t d) size_t ANS: (d) 8.32. Which statement is false? a) Function strcpy copies its first argument into its second argument. b) Function strncpy does not necessarily copy the terminating null character of its second argument. c) A common error is not appending a terminating null character to the first argument of a strncpy when the third argument is less than or equal to the length of the string in the second argument. d) The first character of the second argument of strcat replaces the null character that terminates the string in the first argument.

ANS: (a)

8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.33 Assuming that string1 = “hello” and string2 = “hello world”, Which of the following returns 0? (a) strcmp(string1, string2); (b) strcmp(string1, string2, 6); (c) strncmp(string1, string2, 6); (d) strncmp(string1, string2, 5); ANS: (d) 8.34 The strcmp function will return a ________ value if its arguments are equal. (a) negative (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these ANS: (b) 8.35. Function strcmp returns __________ if its first argument is equal to its second ar.

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gument. a) specifically 1 b) any non-zero value (i.e., true) c) specifically 0 d) any negative value ANS: (c) 8.36. Function __________ compares up to n characters of its first argument with its second argument. a) nstrcmp b) strncmp c) strcmpn d) strcmp ANS: (b) 8.37. ASCII and EBCDIC are a) characters b) strings c) character sets d) character comparison operators ANS: (c) 8.38. When the computer compares two strings, it actually compares the __________ in the strings. a) number of characters b) numeric codes of the characters c) character bits d) lengths of the leading alphabetic portions ANS: (b)

8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.39 strtok does not (a) replace each delimiting character with ‘\0’ (b) return a pointer to the token it creates (c) finish tokenizing a string after it is first called (d) modify the input string ANS: (c) 8.40 Which function would be the most useful for determining if a certain word is contained in a string representing a sentence? (a) strcspn (b) strchr (c) strstr (d) strrchr

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ANS: (c) 8.41 What is the output of the following statement? printf( “%s”, strspn("Cows like to moo.", "Ceiklosw " );

(a) Nothing. (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) e ANS: (b) 8.42. Function __________ searches for the first occurrence of a character in a string. a) firstchar b) getfirst c) firstchr d) strchr ANS: (d) 8.43. Function strcspn returns __________. a) a length b) a range of characters c) the starting and ending positions of a range of characters d) a char ANS: (a) 8.44. Function __________ searches for the first occurrence in its first string argument of any character in its second string argument. a) strfirst b) strstr c) firstany d) strpbrk ANS: (d) 8.45. Which statement about strtok is false? a) It breaks a string into tokens. b) Subsequent calls to continue tokenizing the same string contain NULL as the first argument. c) The length of the current token is returned by each call. d) If there are no more tokens when the function is called, NULL is returned.

ANS: (c) 8.46. Which statement is true? a) strtok modifies the input string. b) strtok makes a backup copy of the input string. c) The first argument of each call to strtok is the string being tokenized. d) strtok works only with a set of four predefined delimiters. .

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ANS: (a)

8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.47 The ___________ function allows characters of one part of a string to be copied into another part of the string. (a) memchr (b) memcmp (c) memset (d) memmove ANS: (d) 8.48 memcmp would return ___________ for the call memcmp("Hi, how are you?", "Hi, how are things?", 6);

(a) -1 (b) a negative number. (c) zero. (d) a positive number.

ANS: (c) 8.49 To change the string "ABCDEFGHI" to "aaaaaFGHI" you would use the _________ function. (a) memset (b) memcmp (c) memchr (d) memcopy ANS: (a) 8.50. Which statement about the memory functions of the string handling library is false? a) The functions treat blocks of memory as strings. b) The functions facilitate manipulating, comparing and searching blocks of memory. c) The pointer parameters to these functions are defined void *. d) A void * pointer cannot be dereferenced.

ANS: (a) 8.51. Which statement about function memcpy is false? a) It copies a specified number of characters from the object pointed to by its second argument into the object pointed to by its first argument. b) It can receive a pointer to any type of object. c) The result of this function is defined even if the two objects overlap in memory. d) Function memmove correctly handles the situation for which memcpy most notably fails.

ANS: (c)

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8.52. What memory function of the string handling library copies an unsigned char into a specified number of the leading locations pointed to by its first argument? a) memcpy b) memmove c) memset d) memlead ANS: (c)

8.10

Other Functions of the String-Handling Library

8.53 Function __________ takes an error number and creates an error message string. (a) errorstr (b) strerror (c) badstr (d) strfail ANS: (b) 8.54 The strlen function returns ________. (a) the number of characters in a string excluding the null character (b) the number of characters in a string including the null character (c)the ASCII representation of the character (d) none of these ANS: (a) 8.55. Which statement is false? a) Function strerror takes an error number and creates an error message string. b) Function strerror maps its integer argument into a full text string in a system-dependent manner c) Function strlen determines the length of a string including the null character. d) Function strerror does not display its string output.

ANS: (c)

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9.1 Introduction 9.1. Which function does not use either the standard input stream or the standard output stream? a) puts b) getchar c) gettime d) scanf ANS: (c)

9.2 Streams 9.2 Each line of a stream consists of ________ or more characters and ends with the ________. (a) 0, space character (b) 1, newline character (c) 0, newline character (d) 1, space character ANS: (c) 9.3 Which of the following is not a standard C Formatted stream? (a) standard input stream (b) standard error stream (c) standard output stream (d) standard redirection stream ANS: (d) 9.4. Each line in a C stream ends in a __________ character. a) ENDLINE b) EOF c) NULL d) newline ANS: (d) 9.5. Which statement about line length is true (as stated in the C standard). a) Lines can be arbitrarily long. b) C implementations must support lines of at least 245 characters. c) C implementations must support lines of at least 254 characters. d) C implementations must support lines of at least 256 characters.

ANS: (c) 9.6. Which statement about the standard streams is true? a) The standard input stream must be connected to the keyboard. b) The standard output stream must be connected to the screen. c) The standard error stream is connected to the screen. d) Streams may not be redirected.

ANS: (c)

9.3 Formatting Output with printf 9.7 Which of the following does not represent a capability of the printf function? (a) center justification of outputs (b) left justification of outputs (c) right justification of outputs (d) inserting literal characters at precise locations in a line of output ANS: (a)

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9.8. Which is not a part of a format control string? a) conversion specifiers b) flags c) field widths d) printf ANS: (d) 9.9. Which is not a formatting capability of printf? a) left justification b) centering c) right justification d) aligning a column of numbers so that decimal appoints appear one above the other ANS: (b) 9.10. Which is not a formatting capability of printf? a) representing unsigned integers in binary format b) representing unsigned integers in decimal format c) representing unsigned integers in hexadecimal format d) representing unsigned integers in octal format ANS: (a) 9.11. A printf format control string must be enclosed in a) slashes b) /* */ c) single quotes d) double quotes ANS: (d)

9.4 Printing Integers 9.12 Which of the following is not a valid conversion specifier for the printf statement? (a) %n (b) %d (c) %u (d) %o ANS: (a) 9.13. Which statement about the i and d integer conversion specifiers is false? a) They display a signed decimal integer (when used with printf). b) They are identical when used with printf. c) They are identical when used with scanf. d) They display numbers without a decimal point.

ANS: (c) 9.14. Which integer conversion specifier displays an unsigned octal integer? a) oct b) OCT c) o (lowercase letter) d) O (uppercase letter) ANS: (c) 9.15. Which integer conversion specifier displays an unsigned decimal integer? a) u b) U

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c) ud d) UD ANS: (a) 9.16. Which integer conversion specifier would display the hexadecimal digit A? a) h b) H c) x d) X ANS: (d) 9.17. When used with integer conversion specifiers, the letters h and l (“el”) are called __________. a) height modifiers b) length modifiers c) complements d) adjustors ANS: (b) 9.18. Place __________ before any integer conversion specifier to indicate that a short integer is to be displayed. a) s b) S c) h d) H ANS: (c) 9.19. Which statement about integer conversion specifiers is false? a) It is an error to print a negative value with a conversion specifier that expects an unsigned value. b) –455 when printed with %u prints 455. c) When printing an integers with %d, the plus sign (on a positive integer) does not print. d) Place an l (“el”) before any integer conversion specifier to indicate that a long integer is displayed.

ANS: (b)

9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers 9.20 The %e conversion specifier displays ________ values. (a) long (b) character (c) integer (d) floating-point ANS: (d) 9.21 The %g conversion specifier indicates ________. (a) color (b) significant digits (c) a global variable (d) a hexadecimal integer ANS: (b) 9.22. A floating-point value always contains a __________. a) decimal point b) comma c) plus sign

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d) e or E ANS: (a) 9.23. The floating-point conversion specifiers e and E display floating-point values in __________ notation. a) elliptical b) existential c) exponential d) exportable ANS: (c) 9.24. In 1.504582E+02, the E+02 indicates that __________. a) 1.504582 is to be raised to the second power b) 1.504582 is to be extended by two print positions c) 1.504582 is to be multiplied by 100 d) 1.504582 is to be doubled ANS: (c) 9.25. Values printed with the conversion specifiers e, E and f are output with __________ digits of precision to the right of the decimal point by default. a) 0 b) 1 c) 5 d) 6 ANS: (d) 9.26. Conversion specifiers e and E always print exactly __________ to the left of the decimal point. a) zero digits b) one digit c) two digits d) three digits ANS: (b) 9.27. Conversion specifiers g or G always print __________. a) no trailing zeros b) one trailing zero c) as many trailing zeros as are in the number itself d) a default of six trailing zeros ANS: (a) 9.28. With the %g conversion specifier, the value 0.0000875 prints as a) 8.75e-05 b) 87.5e-06 c) 0.875e-04 d) 0 (because of truncation) ANS: (a)

9.6 Printing Strings and Characters 9.29 What would be the output of the following statements? char* value = “hello”; printf(“%c”, value);

(a) h (b) hello (c) value

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(d) none of these ANS: (d) 9.30 What would be the output of the following statement? char* value = ‘hello’; printf(‘%s’, value);

(a) h (b) hello (c) value (d) none of these ANS: (d) 9.31. Conversion specifier c requires a(n) __________ argument. a) pointer to char b) char c) integer d) ASCII numeric ANS: (b) 9.32. Conversion specifier s requires a(n) __________ argument. a) pointer to char b) char c) integer d) ASCII numeric ANS: (a) 9.33. Which is not a common programming error with regard to the character and string conversion specifiers. a) Using %c to print a string. b) Using %s to print a char argument c) Using double quotes around a character string d) Using double quotes around a character constant ANS: (c)

9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers 9.34 Which of the following would output a “%” sign when used in the format control string of the printf statement? (a) %/ (b) /% (c) %% (d) none of these ANS: (c) 9.35. Conversion specifier p __________. a) displays a pointer value with -> notation b) displays a pointer value in hexadecimal notation c) displays a pointer value in decimal notation d) displays a pointer value in an implementation-defined manner.

ANS: (d) 9.36. Which statement is false? a) The conversion specifier n stores the number of characters already output in the current printf statement. b) The corresponding argument for the conversion specifier n is an integer variable in which the value is

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stored. c) The corresponding argument for the conversion specifier n is a pointer to an integer variable in which the value is stored. d) Use %% in the format control string to print the literal character %.

ANS: (b)

9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision 9.37 What does the 4 signify in the follwing statement? printf(“%4i\n”, 123);

(a) degree of exponentiation (b) floating point precision (c) a field width (d) none of these ANS: (c) 9.38 What would be the output of the following statement? printf(“%4d”,123456);

(a) 1234 (b) 2345 (c) 3456 (d) none of these ANS: (d) 9.39. The statement printf( “%*.*f”, 7, 2, 98.736 ); uses _______ for the precision, __________ for the field width and outputs the value 98.74 __________. a) 7, 2, left justified b) 2, 7, left justified c) 2, 7, right justified d) 7, 2, right justified ANS: (c) 9.40. If the field width is larger than the data being printed, the data will normally be __________ within that field. a) truncated b) right justified c) centered d) left justified ANS: (b)

9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format-Control String 9.41. Which of the following is not a flag that can be used in the printf format-control string? (a) 0 (b) + (c) / (d) # ANS: (c) 9.42. Which of the following is the correct way to output the value of 4 left justified? (a) printf(“%i”, 4); (b) printf(“%-i”, 4); (c) printf(“4%i”, 4);

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(d) printf(“4-%i”, 4); ANS: (b) 9.43. Which is not a format control string flag? a) – b) space c) newline d) # ANS: (c) 9.44. Which statement is false with regard to format control string flags? a) The plus sign is only displayed when the + flag is used. b) The minus sign is always displayed (when the value being printed is negative). c) To use a flag in a format control string, place the flag immediately to the left of the percent sign. d) Use the 0 flag to pad a field with leading zeros.

ANS: (c)

9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences 9.45. Which of the following is not an escape sequence? (a) \a (b) \b (c) \c (d) none of these ANS: (c) 9.46. What does the \\ do in C? (a) It outputs the backslash character (b) It delimits comments (c) both a and b (d) none of these ANS: (a) 9.47. Which statement about an escape sequence is false? a) \r moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. b) \b moves the cursor back one position on the current line. c) \f moves the cursor to the start of the next logical page. d) \v moves the cursor to the next vertical tab position.

ANS: (a)

9.11 Formatting Input with scanf 9.48 A field width ________ be included in the format control string of the scanf statement. (a) can (b) cannot (c) must (d) none of these ANS: (a) 9.49 The ________ character reads data from the input stream and discards the data. (a) % (b) conversion specifier (c) assignment suppression (d) // ANS: (c)

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9.50. Which is not an input formatting capability of scanf? a) inputting all types of data b) inputting specific characters from an input stream c) skipping specific characters in the input stream d) replacing specific characters in the input stream ANS: (d) 9.51. The %i scanf conversion specifier is not capable of inputting which type of data? a) hexadecimal b) binary c) decimal d) octal ANS: (b) 9.52. Which statement about scan sets is false? a) A scan set is a set of characters enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a percent sign in the format control string. b) A scan set scans the characters in the input stream looking only for those characters that match the characters contained in the scan set. c) Each time a character in the input stream matches a character in the scan set, the input stream character is stored in the scan set’s corresponding argument—a pointer to a character array. d) The scan set stops inputting characters when a character that is not contained in the scan set is encountered.

ANS: (a)

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10.1

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Introduction

10.1 ________ may contain different data types. (a) structures (b) arrays (c) both a and b (d) none of these ANS: (a) 10.2. __________ are collections of related variables—sometimes referred to as aggregates—under one name. a) Members b) Enumerations c) Structures d) Files ANS: (c) 10.3. Structures may contain variables of many different data types—in contrast to ___________ that contain only elements of the same data type. a) files b) arrays c) constants d) functions ANS: (b)

10.2

Structure Definitions

10.4 Two structure variables with the same member values (a) always compare equally. (b) never compare equally. (c) sometimes compare equally. (d) only compare equally if both structure variables contain holes.

ANS: (c) 10.5 What does the deck[52] array contain in the following statement? struct card a, deck[52], *cPtr; (a) card structure elements (b) a structure elements (c) *cPtr elements

(d) none of these ANS: (a) 10.6. Keyword __________ introduces the structure definition. a) structure .

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b) str c) strdef d) struct ANS: (d) 10.7. A structure containing a member that is a pointer to the same structure type is referred to as a __________ structure. a) self-referential b) self-describing c) self-aggrandizing d) self- elemental ANS: (a) 10.8. Which statement is false? a) Structures are derived data types. b) Each structure definition must end with a semicolon. c) A structure can contain an instance of itself. d) Structures may not be compared using operators == and !=.

ANS: (c) 10.9. Which of the following is not a valid operation on a structure? a) Assigning structure variables to structure variables of the same type. b) Taking the address of a structure variable. c) Using the sizeof operator to determine the size of a structure variable. d) Comparing structures of the same type with relational operators.

ANS: (d)

10.3

Initializing Structures

10.10 Structure variables may not be initialized by (a) setting user-defined default variable values in the struct definition. (b) assigning values to individual data members. (c) array-like member initializer lists. (d) assignment statements.

ANS: (a) 10.11 What does the following statement do? struct card a = { “Three”, “Hearts” }; (a) It creates a variable card of type struct with two members specified in the list. (b) It creates two variables named Three and Hearts of type struct card a. (c) It creates a variable a to be of type struct card and initializes it to the values in the list. (d) It creates two variables named Three and Hearts of type struct card.

ANS: (c) 10.12. If there are fewer __________ in the list than members in the structure, the re.

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maining members are automatically initialized to 0 or NULL. a) quantifiers b) initializers c) numerators d) variables ANS: (b) 10.13. Structures can be initialized in __________ statements. a) assignment b) null c) scope d) empty ANS: (a)

10.4

Accessing Structure Members

10.14 Arrays are (a) always passed call-by-reference. (b) passed call-by-reference unless inside a structure. (c) always passed call-by-value. (d) passed call-by-value unless inside a structure.

ANS: (b) 10.15 The ________ accesses a structure member via the structure variable name. (a) structure member operator (b) structure pointer operator (c) structure arrow operator (d) none of these ANS: (a) 10.16. The structure member operator accesses a structure member via ___________. a) a pointer to the member b) the scope resolution operator c) an overloaded operator d) the structure variable name ANS: (d) 10.17. The expression aptr->suit is equivalent to __________. a) aptr.suit b) *aptr.suit c) (*aptr).suit d) *aptr.(suit) ANS: (c) 10.18. Which of the following is false .

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a) Structure member names throughout a program must be unique. b) Attempting to refer to a member of a structure by using only the member’s name is an error. c) Inserting a space between the - and > of operator -> is an error. d) The dot operator (.) is the structure member operator.

ANS: (a)

10.5

Using Structures with Functions

10.19 Structures may be passed to functions by ________. (a) passing individual structure members (b) passing an entire structure (c) passing a pointer to the structure (d) all of these ANS: (d) 10.20 Arrays of structures ________. (a) are automatically passed call-by-reference (b) are automatically passed call-by-value (c) cannot be passed call-by-reference (d) cannot be passed call-by-value ANS: (a) 10.21. A structure of arrays is automatically passed __________. a) call-by-value b) call-by-reference c) call-by-aggregate d) call-by-masking ANS: (a) 10.22. An array of structures is automatically passed __________. a) call-by-value b) call-by-reference c) call-by-aggregate d) call-by-enumeration ANS: (b) 10.23. Which of the following is false? a) To pass a structure call-by-reference, pass the address of the structure variable. b) A way to pass an array call-by-value, is to create a structure with the array as a member then pass the name of the structure. c) To pass a structure call-by-reference, pass the name of the structure variable. d) Passing large structures call-by-reference is more efficient than passing large structures call-by-value.

ANS: (c)

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10.6 typedef 10.24 typedef is used to (a) create a name that is an alias for a previously defined data type. (b) create new data types. (c) cast one struct to another type. (d) initialize struct members.

ANS: (a) 10.25 An advantage of typedef does not include (a) making programs more portable by allowing data types to be easily changed to meet system specifications. (b) making type names shorter. (c) making programs more readable. (d) increasing the efficiency of accessing struct member variables.

ANS: (d) 10.26. Creating a new name with typedef __________. a) creates a new type b) creates a new type name c) creates a new variable name d) creates a new variable ANS: (b) 10.27. Which statement is true? a) Often, typedef is used to create synonyms for the basic data types. b) Keyword typedef is used to create antonyms (or opposites) for the basic data types. c) Names for structure types are typically defined with typedef to create longer type names. d) The first letter of each typedef name must be capitalized.

ANS: (a)

10.7

Example: High-Performance Card-Shuffling and Dealing Simulation

10.28 Which is the proper way to create an array of structures of type Data? (a) MyArray Data[10]; (b) Data MyArray[10]; (c) Data struct MyArray[10]; (d) struct MyArray[Data]; ANS: (b) 10.29. What does the statement typedef struct card Card; do? a) Defines card as a synonym for Card. b) Defines Card as a synonym for card. .

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c) Defines Card as a synonym for struct card. d) Defines Card as a synonym for typedef struct card.

ANS: (c) 10.30. Which of the following is always a syntax error? a) Not using srand in every program that uses rand. b) Not using rand in every program that uses srand. c) Not using const when passing an array. d) Forgetting to include the array subscript when referring to individual structures in an array of structures.

ANS: (d)

10.8 Unions 10.31 Which of the following is true? (a) Unions may be compared using the == operator. (b) The address operator (&) cannot be used to take the address of a union. (c) Unions may only contain two data types. (d) Only one union member, and thus one data type, can be referenced at a time ANS: (d) 10.32 Which of the following is not an operation that can be performed on a union? (a) comparing using the != operator (b) taking the address (&) of a union (c) accessing union members using the structure member operator (d) assigning a union to another union of the same type ANS: (a) 10.33. Which of the following is true? a) A union typically makes less efficient use of memory than a struct. b) A union is another name for a struct. c) A union is a derived data type whose members share the same storage space. d) Unions are always portable between different computers with different compilers.

ANS: (c) 10.34. Which statement is true? a) The members of a union can be of any type. b) The members of a union must all be of the same type. c) A union may not be assigned to another union of the same type. d) Unions may be compared to other unions of the same type.

ANS: (a)

10.9

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Bitwise Operators

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10.35 The most basic unit of data on a computer is the (a) bit. (b) byte. (c) file. (d) int.

ANS: (a) 10.36 Which of the following is not a bitwise operator? (a) ^ (b) & (c) ~ (d) * ANS: (d) 10.37 Let Bit1 = Bit2 = 1. Which of the following does not have the same result as the others? (a) Bit1 & Bit2 (b) Bit1 | Bit2 (c) Bit1^Bit2 (d) ~(~Bit2) ANS: (c)

10.38 Evaluate (00001000 & 11000101) ^ (11110000) (a) 00111101 (b) 11000000 (c) 00111101 (d) 11110000 ANS: (d) 10.39 Let x be an int on a machine with 4-byte ints. What effect does x<<=1; x>>=1;

have? (a) There is no effect. (b) The leftmost bit of x is set to zero. (c) The rightmost bit of x is set to zero. (d) Both (b) and (c).

ANS: (b) 10.40 For any 8-bit x, which of the following does not result in zero? (a) x &= (~x) (b) x ^= x (c) x <<= 8 .

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(d) x |= x ANS: (d) 10.41. The bitwise operators can be used to manipulate the bits of variables of type __________. a) float b) double c) long d) long double ANS: (c) 10.42. Which operator sets the bits in the result to 1 only when the corresponding bits in the two operands are both 1? a) bitwise AND b) bitwise inclusive OR c) bitwise exclusive OR d) bitwise complement ANS: (a) 10.43. Which operator sets the bits in the result to 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1? a) bitwise AND b) bitwise inclusive OR c) bitwise exclusive OR d) bitwise complement ANS: (b) 10.44. Which operator sets the bits in the result to 1 if at exactly one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1? a) bitwise AND b) bitwise inclusive OR c) bitwise exclusive OR d) bitwise complement ANS: (c) 10.45. Which statement is true of the << operator? a) It is called the right shift operator. b) It is called the bitwise right shift operator. c) It shifts the bits of the second operand left by the number of bits specified by the first operand. d) It fills from the right with 0 bits.

ANS: (d) 10.46. Which statement is true of the >> operator? a) It is called the left shift operator. .

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b) It is called the bitwise left shift operator. c) It shifts the bits of the first operand right by the number of bits specified by the second operand. d) It fills from the left portably across platforms.

ANS: (c) 10.47. In bitwise manipulations, a mask is typically __________. a) A floating point value with specific bits set to 1. b) An integer value with specific bits set to 1. c) An integer value with specific bits set to 0. d) A floating point value with specific bits set to 0.

ANS: (b) 10.48. Which of the following is true? a) Any bit “ANDed” with 0 yields 0. b) Any bit “ANDed” with 1 yields 1. c) Any bit “ANDed” with 0 yields 1. d) Any bit “ANDed” with 1 yields 0.

ANS: (a) 10.49. Which statement is true? a) || is the bitwise or operator, b) | is the logical or operator c) Operators || and | are interchangeable. d) || and | are each binary operators.

ANS: (d) 10.50. Which statement is false? a) The result of shifting a value is undefined if the right operand is negative. b) The result of shifting a value is undefined if the right operand has more bits than the number of bits in which the left operand is stored. c) Left shifting is machine dependent. d) Right shifting is machine dependent.

ANS: (c)

10.10

Bit Fields

10.51 A bitfield must be defined as a __________. (a) int or unsigned (b) char (c) float (d) long ANS: (a)

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10.52 The number of bits in a bitfield is specified with __________. (a) parenthesis as in bitfield(4) (b) a colon as in bitfield : 4 (c) brackets as in bitfield[4] (d) a dot as in bitfield.4 ANS: (b) 10.53 __________ is not allowed. (a) Accessing individual bits in a multi-bit bitfield. (b) Padding a bitfield with bits that cannot be accessed (c) Having an unnamed bitfield. (d) Having a bitfield with a zero width.

ANS: (a) 10.54. Which statement is false? a) Bit field manipulations are machine dependent. b) Bit fields may never cross a word boundary. c) Bit fields are not “arrays of bits.” d) It is not possible to take the address of a bit field.

ANS: (b) 10.55. An unnamed bit field with a zero width is used to __________. a) purge a bit from a bit field b) initialize a bit field to 0. c) concatenate two bit fields. d) align the next bit field on a new storage unit boundary.

ANS: (d) 10.56. Which statement is false? a) Using bit fields can be an effective space saving technique. b) Using bit fields always results in faster executing machine language. c) The decision to use bit fields is one of many examples of the kinds of space-time tradeoffs that occur in computer science. d) An unnamed bit field with a non-zero width is used as padding in a struct of bit fields.

ANS: (b)

10.11

Enumeration Constants

10.57. Enumeration constants (a) must have unique integer values (b) can be assigned other values once they have been defined (c) must have unique identifiers (d) are defined using the keyword const ANS: (c)

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10.58. Which statement is false? a) Assigning a value to an enumeration constant when creating an enumeration type causes a syntax error. b) An enumeration is a set of integer constants represented by identifiers. c) Enumeration constant values can be set automatically. d) Assigning a value to an enumeration constant after it has been defined is a syntax error.

ANS: (a) 10.59. Which statement is true? a) The identifiers in an enumeration must be unique. b) The constant values assigned to members of an enumeration must be unique. c) Enumeration constant names must consist of all uppercase letters. d) Values in an enumeration start with 1 unless specified otherwise.

ANS: (a)

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11.1 Introduction 11.1 ________ are used for permanent retention of large amounts of data. (a) Structures (b) Arrays (c) Records (d) Files ANS: (d) 11.2. Which of the following is false? a) Storage of data in memory variables is temporary; all such data is lost when a program terminates. b) Computers store files on primary storage devices, typically disk storage devices. c) Files are used for permanent retention of data (typically large amounts of data). d) Storage of data in memory arrays is temporary; all such data is lost when a program terminates.

ANS: (b)

11.2 Data Hierarchy 11.3 Ultimately, all data items processed by a computer are reduced to ________ which are the smallest data items in a computer. (a) characters (b) bits (c) bytes (d) ints ANS: (b) 11.4 A ________ is composed of 8 bits (a) byte (b) field (c) character set (d) both (a) and (c) ANS: (a) 11.5 A sequential file is organized by the ________ field. (a) record (b) sequential (c) key (d) record key ANS: (d) 11.6. Which statement is true? a) The smallest data item in a computer is called a byte. b) Digits, letters and special symbols are referred to as memory words. c) Fields are composed of records. d) Bytes are composed of bits.

ANS: (d) 11.7. To facilitate the retrieval of specific records from a file, at least one field in each record is typically chosen as a record _________. a) index b) key c) name d) location .

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ANS: (b) 11.8. The most popular type of file organization is the __________ file. a) sequential b) database c) hierarchy d) collection ANS: (a) 11.9. The set of characters that may be used to write programs and represent data items on a particular computer is called that computer’s _________ set. a) data b) file c) byte d) character ANS: (d) 11.10. A group of related files is called a __________. a) database management system b) database c) dataset d) data hierarchy ANS: (b)

11.3 Files and Streams 11.11 Which of the following is not a stream associated with C files? (a) stdin (b) stdout (c) stdchar (d) stderr ANS: (c) 11.12 Which of the following is not part of the FILE structure specified in <stdio.h>? (a) file descriptor (b) open file table (c) read/write methods (d) file control block ANS: (c) 11.13. C views each file simply as a sequential stream of __________. a) bits b) bytes c) fields d) records ANS: (b) 11.14. Which of the following is not automatically opened when a C program begins? a) standard error b) standard output c) standard dialog d) standard input ANS: (c) 11.15. __________ provide communication channels between files and programs. .

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a) Streams b) Records c) File descriptors d) File control blocks (FCBs) ANS: (a) 11.16. The standard __________ stream enables a program to read data from the keyboard. a) read b) keyboard c) dialog d) input ANS: (d) 11.17. Function __________ reads one character from a file. a) fgetcharacter b) fgetc c) fgetchar d) fgetbyte ANS: (b) 11.18. Function fputs writes a __________ to a file. a) character b) stream c) line d) standard output ANS: (c)

11.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File 11.19 Which mode would you use if you wanted to open a file for both reading and writing? (a) r+ (b) w+ (c) a+ (d) all of these ANS: (d) 11.20 If an error occurs while opening a file in any mode, function fopen returns ________. (a) true (b) NULL (c) false (d) -1 ANS: (b) 11.21. Which statement is true? a) C imposes no structure on a file. b) C imposes record structure on a file. c) C imposes sequential access on a file. d) C imposes hierarchical access on a file.

ANS: (a) 11.22. Which statement is false? a) The programmer must provide any file structure to meet the requirements of each particular application. b) A programmer can impose a record structure on a file. c) Records must be written to a C file in order by record key. d) The notion of a record of a file does not exist in C. .

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ANS: (c) 11.23. Which of the following statements is false? a) The programmer must know the specifics of the FILE structure to use files. b) The FILE structure for a file leads indirectly to the operating system’s file control block (FCB) for a file. c) If a file does not exist and is opened for writing fopen creates the file. d) A C program administers each file with a separate FILE structure.

ANS: (a) 11.24. Before a file can be accessed it must first be a) copied b) read c) written d) opened ANS: (d) 11.25. If an existing file is opened for writing __________. a) the contents of the file are preserved b) the contents of the file are discarded and an error code is returned c) the contents of the file are discarded without warning d) the newly written data is appended to the end of the file ANS: (c) 11.26. Function feof __________. a) forces an end-of-file condition b) determines whether the end-of-file indicator is set for a file c) sets the end-of-file indicator for a file d) flushes the contents of the file from the current position to the end ANS: (b) 11.26. Which statement is true? a) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf. b) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf except that fprintf also receives as an argument a file pointer for the file to which the data will be written. c) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf except that fprintf also receives as an argument a file control block for the file to which the data will be written. d) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf except that fprintf also disables the file end-of-file indicator.

ANS: (b) 11.27. If a file is not closed explicitly by a program __________. a) the operating system normally will close the file when program execution terminates b) the file will be left open when the program terminates, creating a possible security breach c) the operating system will query the user to determine if he or she wishes to close the file when the program terminates d) the operating system will not allow the owner of that program to run any other programs ANS: (a) 11.28. Which statement is false? a) Each file used in a program must have a unique name and will have a different file pointer returned by fopen. b) All subsequent file processing functions after the file is opened must refer to the file with the appropriate file control block. c) To create a file use file open mode “w”. d) To add records to an existing file, pen the file for appending ( “a”).

ANS: (b) .

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11.29. If an error occurs while opening a file in any mode, fopen __________. a) causes program termination b) returns NULL c) issues the message “can’t open file” d) diagnoses the error, waits five minutes and retries Ans: (b) 11.30. Which statement is true? a) fopen returns a FILE structure. b) fopen returns a pointer to a FILE structure. c) fopen returns a file control block (FCB). d) fopen returns a pointer to a file control block (FCB).

ANS: (b)

11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 11.31 Function fscanf takes an argument of type ________. (a) FILE pointer (b) cfPtr (c) char (d) int ANS: (a) 11.32 Which of the following is a function which causes a program’s file position pointer to be repositioned to the beginning of the file? (a) rescan (b) rewind (c) return (d) none of these ANS: (b) 11.33. Function fscanf is equivalent to function scanf, except that fscanf a) can have only a single argument. b) can read only from standard streams. c) can read only from open streams. d) receives as an argument a file pointer for the file from which the data is read.

ANS: (d) 11.34. The rewind statement causes __________. a) the disk to stop spinning, then spin in reverse until it repositions to the beginning of the file. b) the contents of the file to be erased. c) a program’s file position pointer to be repositioned to the beginning of the file (i.e., byte 0). d) a file to be closed and then re-opened.

ANS: (c) 11.35. Which statement is true? a) The file position pointer is a pointer to a FILE structure. b) The file position pointer is a pointer to an FCB. c) The file position pointer is not really a pointer. d) The file position pointer specifies the file reset.

ANS: (c)

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11.6 Random-Access Files 11.36 Individual records of a randomly accessed file are normally ________. (a) fixed in length (b) not fixed in length (c) sorted by record key (d) read using the fopen function ANS: (a) 11.37 Which of the following is false? (a) Data can be inserted in a randomly accessed file without destroying other data in the file . (b) There is more than one way to implement randomly accessed files. (c) Randomly accessed files cannot be accessed directly without searching through other records. (d) Data stored previously can be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file.

ANS: (c) 11.38. Which statement is false? a) Randomly accessed files are popular in transaction processing systems. b) Data stored previously in a randomly accessed file can be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file. c) Records of a randomly accessed file are normally fixed in length (i.e., all the record in the file are the same length). d) A record of a randomly accessed file is normally located by searching the portion of that file which precedes that record.

ANS: (d)

11.7 Creating a Random-Access File 11.39 Which of the following is the function used to create a randomly accessed file? (a) fscanf (b) fopen (c) fwrite (d) fread ANS: (c) 11.40 What is the significance of the 1 in the following statement? fwrite( &number, sizeof( int ), 1, fPtr );

(a) It specifies that the file is to be opened for updating. (b) It specifies the number of elements in the array that should written to disk. (c) It specifies the byte size of the element being written to disk (d) none of these ANS: (b) 11.41. Function fwrite __________. a) is equivalent to function fprintf b) transfers a specified number of bytes beginning at a specified location in memory to a location in a file indicated by the file position pointer c) transfers a specified number of bytes beginning at a specified location in memory to a location in a file indicated by one of its arguments d) is equivalent to function fprintf, except that fwrite can only write to standard streams ANS: (b) 11.42. fread and fwrite .

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a) can not read and write arrays of data b) process all their data in human readable format c) process all their data in the same format used by fscanf and fprintf, respectively d) process all their data in “raw data” format ANS: (d) 11.43. Which statement is true? a) Random access file-processing programs typically read and write one field at a time. b) Random access file-processing programs typically read and write one struct at a time. c) The sizeof operator is a run-time unary operator that returns the size in bytes of its operand. d) The expression sizeof( int ) always returns 4.

ANS: (b) 11.44. sizeof a) is a compile-time function b) is a compile-time unary operator c) is a run-time unary operator d) is a run-time function ANS: (b)

11.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 11.45 Which of the following is an argument of the fseek function that can have the values SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR or SEEK_END? (a) stream (b) offset (c) whence (d) none of these ANS: (c) 11.46. Which statement is true? a) fseek searches for a record by its record key. b) fseek sets the file position pointer to a specific byte location in the file. c) fseek moves the read-write head on the disk to the location on disk that corresponds to a specific location in a file. d) fseek must immediately follow each call to fread or fwrite.

ANS: (b) 11.47. The symbolic constant __________ indicates that the file position pointer is to be positioned relative to the beginning of the file by the amount of the offset. a) SEEK_SET b) SEEK_BEGIN c) SEEK_START d) SEEK_CUR ANS: (a)

11.9 Reading Data from a Random-Access File 11.48 Which of the following is a function that reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory? (a) fseek (b) fwrite (c) fread (d) fopen ANS: (c) .

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11.49. Which statement is true? a) fread always reads a record at a time from a file into memory. b) fread reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory. c) Every fread call must include an argument with sizeof. d) fread reads bytes from a position in the file specified as one of fread’s arguments.

ANS: (b)

11.10 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program 11.50. In the statement fseek ( fPtr, ( account – 1) * sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );

taken from the transaction-processing case study you studied in Section 10.10, why are we adjusting account by –1? a) Because the account numbers start at 0 and the file starts at position 0. b) Because the account numbers start at 0 and the file starts at position 1. c) Because the account numbers start at 1 and the file starts at position 0. d) Because the account numbers start at 1 and the file starts at position 1.

ANS: (c)

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12.1 Introduction 12.1. __________ are collections of data items “lined up in a row”—insertions and deletions are made anywhere in a __________. a) Linked lists, linked list b) Queues, queue c) Stacks, stack d) Binary trees, binary tree ANS: (a) 12.2. __________ are important in compilers and operating systems—insertions and deletions are made only at one end of a __________--its top. a) Linked lists, linked list b) Queues, queue c) Stacks, stack d) Binary trees, binary tree ANS: (c) 12.3. __________ represent waiting lines; insertions are made at the back (also called the tail) and deletions are made from the front (also called the head) of a __________. a) Linked lists, linked list b) Queues, queue c) Stacks, stack d) Binary trees, binary tree ANS: (b) 12.4. __________ facilitate high-speed searching and sorting of data, efficient elimination of duplicate items and compiling expressions into machine language. a) Linked lists b) Queues c) Stacks d) Binary Trees ANS: (d)

12.2 Self-Referential Structures 12.5 A self-referential structure contains a ________ member that points to ________. (a) integer, a structure of the same structure type (b) pointer, an integer (c) integer, an integer (d) pointer, a structure of the same structure type ANS: (d) 12.6. A __________ structure contains a pointer member that points to a structure of the same structure type (choose the most correct term). a) Self-dynamic b) Self-replicating c) Self-pointing d) Self-referential ANS: (d) 12.7. A(n) __________ pointer normally indicates the end of a data structure. a) uninitialized b) NULL

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c) self d) dereferenced ANS: (b)

12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 12.8 A __________ occurs when dynamically allocated memory is not returned when it is no longer needed. (a) memory leak (b) self-referential error (c) allocation error (d) sizeof error ANS: (a) 12.9 Function malloc returns a pointer of type ________. (a) malloc (b) int (c) void (d) none of these ANS: (c) 12.10. __________ memory allocation is the ability for a program to obtain more memory space at execution time to hold new nodes and to release space no longer needed. a) Static b) Active c) Selective d) Dynamic ANS: (d) 12.11. Function malloc takes as an argument the number of bytes to be allocated, and returns a pointer of type __________ to the allocated memory. a) char * b) int * c) void * d) NULL * ANS: (c) 12.12. If no memory is available malloc returns a(n) __________ pointer. a) self b) NULL c) void d) empty ANS: (b) 12.13. Which of the following statements is true? a) A structure’s size is sometimes smaller than the total of the sizes of its members. b) A structure’s size is always larger than the total of the sizes of its members. c) A structure’s size is not necessarily the sum of the sizes of its members. d) A structure’s size is the sum of the sizes of its members.

ANS: (c) 12.14. Which is the best advice? a) Use the size operator to determine the size of a structure. b) Use the struct size operator to determine the size of a structure.

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c) Use the sizeof operator to determine the size of a structure. d) Determine the size of a structure manually by carefully adding up the sizes of the members.

ANS: (c) 12.15. Not returning dynamically allocated memory when it is no longer needed can cause a system to run out of memory prematurely. This is called a(n) __________. a) outage b) memory hole c) memory access violation d) memory leak ANS: (d) 12.16. When memory allocated with malloc is no longer needed, return that memory to the system immediately with __________. a) free_memory b) free_storage c) return d) free ANS: (d) 12.17. Which of these is not a common programming error? a) Referring to memory that has been freed. b) Freeing memory (with free) that was not dynamically allocated. c) Assuming that the size of a structure is simply the sum of the sizes of its members. d) Calling malloc in a statement without using sizeof.

ANS: (d)

12.4 Linked Lists 12.18 __________ is not an advantage of linked lists when compared to arrays. (a) Dynamic memory allocation (b) Efficient insertion and deletion (c) Direct access to any list element (d) Efficient use of memory ANS: (c) 12.19 For a non-empty linked list, select the code that should appear in a function that adds a node to the end of the list. newPtr is a pointer to the new node to be added, and lastPtr is a pointer to the current last node. Each node contains a pointer nextPtr, a link to a node. (a) lastPtr->nextPtr = newPtr; lastPtr = newPtr; (b) lastPtr = newPtr; lastPtr->nextPtr = newPtr; (c) newPtr->nextPtr = lastPtr; lastPtr = newPtr; (d) lastPtr = newPtr; newPtr->nextPtr = lastPtr;

ANS: (a) 12.20 How many pointers are contained in a circular, doubly linked list with five nodes? (a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 15 .

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(d) 10 ANS: (d) 12.21. A linked list is a __________ collection of self-referential structures, called nodes, connected by pointer links. a) hierachical b) linear c) branching d) constant ANS: (b) 12.22. Which of the following is a non-linear data structure? a) linked list b) queue c) binary tree d) stack ANS: (c) 12.23. Which of the following is not true? a) Lists of data can be stored in arrays. b) The length of a linked list can vary dynamically. c) Arrays can become full. d) Linked lists cannot become full.

ANS: (d) 12.24. Which of the following is false? a) Arrays can be maintained in sorted order. b) Linked lists can be maintained in sorted order. c) Insertion and deletion in a sorted array (while maintaining sorted order) is efficient. d) Once the insertion point or the node to be deleted has been located, insertion or deletion in a sorted linked list (while maintaining sorted order) is efficient.

ANS: (c) 12.25. Which statement is false? a) Arrays are normally stored contiguously in memory. b) Dynamic memory allocation can sometimes use memory more efficiently than using fixed-size data structures. c) Dynamic memory allocation incurs execution-time overhead. d) Linked lists are normally stored contiguously in memory.

ANS: (d) 12.26. Functions such as isEmpty and isFull that test a condition and return a value that can be interpreted as true or false, are called __________ functions. a) imperative b) declarative c) predicate d) conditional ANS: (c) 12.27. Passing a pointer to a pointer is most properly called __________. a) double direction b) pointer passing c) double indirection d) indirection ANS: (c)

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12.5 Stacks 12.28 Which of the following statements about stacks is incorrect? (a) stacks can be implemented using linked lists. (b) stacks are first in, first-out (FIFO) data structures. (c) new nodes can only be added to the top of the stack. (d) the last node (the bottom) of a stack has a null (zero) link.

ANS: (b) 12.29 A stack is initially empty, then the following commands are performed. push 5 push 7 pop push 10 push 5 pop

Which of the following is the correct stack (assume the top of the stack is on the left). (a) 5 10 7 5 (b) 5 10 (c) 7 5 (d) 10 5 ANS: (d) 12.30. New nodes can be added to a stack and removed from the stack only at its top. For this reason a stack is referred to as a __________ data structure. a) first-in, first-out b) linear c) last-in, first-out d) dynamic ANS: (c) 12.31. The link member in the last node of a stack is typically set to __________ indicate the bottom of the stack. a) void b) void * c) NULL d) empty ANS: (c) 12.32. Which of the following statements is false? a) The primary functions used to manipulate a stack are push and pop. b) Function pop removes a node from the bottom of the stack. c) Function push creates a new node and places it on top of the stack. d) A stack can be implemented as a constrained version of a linked list by allowing insertions and deletions only at one end of the linked list.

ANS: (b) 12.33. Which is not a popular application of stacks? a) enabling called functions to return to their callers b) supporting recursive function calls c) containing the space created for automatic variables d) maintaining waiting lines ANS: (d)

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12.6 Queues 12.34 A queue receives the following commands (in pseudo-code): enqueue 4, 6, 8, 3, 1 dequeue 3 elements enqueue 3, 1, 5, 6 dequeue 2 elements What number is at the front of the queue? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 ANS: (a) 12.35 A linked list has the functions insertAtFront, removeFromFront, insertAtBack, and removeFromBack, which perform operations on nodes exactly as their names describe. Which two functions would most naturally model the operation of a queue? (a) insertAtBack and removeFromBack. (b) insertAtBack and removeFromFront. (c) insertAtFront and removeFromFront. (d) insertAtFront and removeFromBack.

ANS: (b) 12.36. Queues are linear data structures with the property that queue nodes are inserted only at the tail of the queue and removed only from the head of the queue. For this reason, queues are referred to as __________ data structures. a) first-in, first-out b) first-in, last-out c) last-in, first-out d) first-come, first-served ANS: (a) 12.37. Which of the following is not true of queues? a) Network packets wait in queues for service at routers . b) The entry at the front (or head) of the queue is the next to be removed. c) Queues are used to support print spooling. d) Queues are used to support high-speed sorting algorithms.

ANS: (d)

12.7 Trees 12.38 Select the incorrect statement. Binary trees (regardless of the order in which the values are inserted into the tree) (a) always have multiple links per node. (b) can be sorted efficiently. (c) always have the same shape for a particular set of data. (d) are nonlinear data structures.

ANS: (c) 12.39 Add the following nodes to a binary search tree in the order they appear.

6 34 17 19 16 10 23 3 What is the output of a postorder traversal of this tree? (a) 3 10 16 23 19 17 34 6 .

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(b) 3 6 17 16 10 19 23 (c) 6 3 34 17 16 10 19 23 (d) 10 16 23 19 17 34 3 6 ANS: (a) 12.40 Suppose you have a list of names sorted in alphabetical order, already stored in one of the data types below.

The easiest way to print the names in reverse alphabetical order would be to use (a) a binary search tree (b) a stack (c) a queue (d) a circular, singly linked list ANS: (b) 12.41 If you have a 1000-element balanced binary search tree, what is the maximum number of comparisons that may be needed to find an element in the tree? (a) 500 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 8 ANS: (b) 12.42. Which statement about trees is false? a) A tree is a non-linear, two-dimensional data structure. b) Tree nodes contain two or more links. c) Binary tree nodes contain two or fewer links. d) Binary tree nodes contain exactly two links.

ANS: (c) 12.43. Which statement is not true for binary trees. a) The left child in the root node is the first node in the left subtree. b) The children of a node are called siblings. c) A node with no children is called an orphan. d) The root node is the first node in the tree.

ANS: (c) 12.44. Which of the following statements about binary search trees with no duplicate values is false? a) The values in any left subtree are less than the values in its parent node. b) The values in any right subtree are less than the values in its parent node. c) The shape of the tree that corresponds to a particular set of data can vary based on the order in which the values are inserted into the tree. d) It is possible that a binary tree could contain all its values along one straight path through the tree.

ANS: (b) 12.45. A node can only be inserted __________ in a binary search tree. a) as the root node b) as a leaf node c) as a parent node d) as an ancestor node ANS: (b) 12.46. The steps for an in-order traversal of a binary search tree include each of the following except _________. a) Traverse the left subtree in-order.

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b) Process the value in the root node. c) Skip over duplicate values. d) Traverse the right subtree in-order, ANS: (c) 12.47. Which type of binary search tree traversal processes the node values in ascending order? a) in-order traversal b) pre-order traversal c) post-order traversal d) duplicate elimination traversal ANS: (a) 12.48. Which of the following statements about binary search trees is false? a) The binary search tree facilitates duplicate elimination. b) In a tightly packed binary search tree, each level contains about half as many elements as the previous level. (The previous level is the level closer to the root node.) c) When searching a tightly packed billion-element search tree, only about 30 elements (or fewer) are required to locate most elements. d) When searching a tightly packed million-element search tree, only about 20 elements (or fewer) are required to locate most elements.

ANS: (b) 12.49. Which statement about the level-order traversal of a binary tree is false? a) It visits the nodes of a tree row by row. b) The search begins at the root node. c) The search begins at the row of the leftmost leaf node. d) On each level of the tree, the nodes are visited left to right.

ANS: (c)

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Introduction

13.1 Preprocessing occurs (a) before a program is compiled. (b) during compilation. (c) after compilation but before execution. (d) immediately before execution.

ANS: (a) 13.2 Preprocessor directives (a) begin with include (b) are C statements. (c) are ignored if whitespace characters before them on the same line. (d) do not end in a semicolon.

ANS: (d) 13.3. Which is not a capability of the preprocessor? a) inclusion of other files in the file being compiled b) definition of functions c) definition of symbolic constants d) definition of macros ANS: (b) 13.4. Which statement about the preprocessor is false? a) it can perform conditional compilation of program code b) it can perform conditional execution of preprocessor directives c) all preprocessor directives begin with # d) all preprocessor directors must end in a semicolon.

ANS: (d)

13.2

#include Preprocessor Directive

13.5. The #include preprocessor directive causes a(n) ____________ to be included instead of the directive. (a) copy of a file (b) # character (c) pointer to a file (d) bitfield ANS: (a)

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13.6 Which include statement is usually appropriate for user-defined files? (a) include <filename> (b) #include "filename" (c) Both (a) and (b) are appropriate. (d) Neither (a) nor (b) is appropriate.

ANS: (b) 13.7. The #include directive a) must begin in column 1 b) includes a file in the program at execution time c) includes a file in the program before compilation d) appends a file to the end of the program ANS: (c) 13.8. Which is a correct form of the #include directive a) #include ‘filename’ b) #include /filename/ c) #include #filename d) #include <filename> ANS: (d) 13.9. Which statement about the #include directive is false? a) The difference between the various forms of the #include directive is the location the preprocessor searches for the file to be included. b) If the file name is enclosed in quotes, the preprocessor searches in the same directory as the file being compiled for the file to be included. c) If the file name is enclosed in angle brackets, the preprocessor searches in the same directory as the file being compiled for the file to be included. d) The preprocessor searches for standard library header files in an implementation-dependent manner.

ANS: (c) 13.10. Which statement about the #include preprocessor directive is false? a) It is used with programs consisting of several source files that are to be compiled together. b) A header file containing definitions common to separate program files is often created and included in a program with #include. c) #include header files often contain structure and union definitions, enumerations and function prototypes. d) It includes standard library header files such as standardio.h.

ANS: (d)

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#define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants

13.11. const variables are preferred to symbolic constants (from #define) because (a) const variables take up less memory. (b) symbolic constants can be changed. (c) const variable names are visible to the compiler (d) const variables do not have to be of a specific data type.

ANS: (c) 13.12 Which of the following statements is correct? (a) #define X = 3 (b) #define X 3, Y 4 (c) #define X 3 (d) #define X:3 ANS: (c) 13.13. Which statement is false? a) Symbolic constants are constants represented as symbols. b) Macros are operations defined as symbols. c) All text replacement with symbolic constants and macros occurs before the program is compiled. d) Symbolic constants may be redefined with new values.

ANS: (d) 13.14. Which statement about symbolic constants is true? a) They make programs run faster. b) They always make programs clearer. c) They make it more difficult to modify programs. d) Using meaningful names for symbolic constants helps make programs more self-documenting.

ANS: (d) 13.15. What is a problem with the preprocessor statement: #define PI 3.14159;

a) It will make a program run slower. b) #define should be #def c) PI should be spelled with lowercase letters. d) The semicolon could cause premature end of statement in the program.

ANS: (d)

13.4

#define Preprocessor Directive: Macros

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13.16. If the macro #define RECTANGLE_AREA( x, y ) ( ( x ) * ( y ) )

has been defined. Then the line rectArea = RECTANGLE_AREA( a + 4, b + 7 );

will be expanded to (a) rectArea = 11; (b) rectArea = ( a + 4 * b + 7 ); (c) rectArea = ( ( a + 4 ) * ( b + 7 ) ); (d) RECTANGLE_AREA( a + 4 , b + 7 ); ANS: (c) 13.17. The #undef preprocessor directive (a) can only be used once per macro name. (b) can only be used on symbolic constants. (c) allows macros to be redefined with #define later in the program. (d) must be called for all symbolic constants before the end of the file.

ANS: (c) 13.18. Which of the following is false? Macros (a) must be defined with arguments. (b) are replaced by their replacement text during execution time. (c) cannot be redefined once defined. (d) have no data type checking.

ANS: (a) 13.19. Macros have the disadvantage when compared to functions of (a) having the overhead of a function call. (b) increasing program size (if the macros are called from many places in the program). (c) having to fit the macro definition on a single line. (d) taking only one argument.

ANS: (b) 13.20. Macros are defined a) in an #include preprocessor directive b) in a #define preprocessor directive c) in a #macro preprocessor directive d) using keyword #MACRO in a C function.

ANS: (b) 13.21. Which statement about macros is true? a) Macros always make programs run faster. b) Macros cannot have arguments. c) Macros cause text replacement at execution time. d) Macro arguments should be enclosed in parentheses in the replacement text.

ANS: (d) .

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13.22. The parentheses around the two rightmost occurrences of x in the following preprocessor directive: #define CIRCLE_AREA(x) ( (PI) * (x) * (x)

)

a) are always required. b) are included to improve program readabiliy. c) are included to eliminate bugs when an expression is substituted for x. d) should be curly braces { }.

ANS: (c) 13.23. Macros a) can help avoid the overhead of a function call. b) execute before a program is compiled. c) never add subtle bugs to programs. d) cannot be used to replace a function call with inline code.

ANS: (a) 13.24. Symbolic constants and macros can be discarded by using the __________ preprocessor directive. a) #undefine b) #discard c) #dscrd d) #undef ANS: (d) 13.25. Which statement about symbolic constants and/or macros is true? a) The effects of symbolic constants and macros, once defined, cannot be modified. b) Preprocessor directive #removedef undefines a symbolic constant or macro. c) The scope of a symbolic constant or macro is normally from its point of definition to the end of the file, but this can be modified with a preprocessor directive. d) A name can always be redefined with #define.

ANS: (c) 13.26. A macro commonly defined in the stdio.h header file is a) #define getchar() getchar( stdin ) b) #define getchar() getc( stdin ) c) #define getc () getchar ( stdin ) d) #define getc () getc( stdin ) ANS: (b) 13.27. Which statement is correct? a) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should not be passed to a macro because macro arguments may be evaluated more than once. b) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should not be passed to a macro because macro arguments are evaluated only once.

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c) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should be passed to a macro because macro arguments may be evaluated more than once. d) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should be passed to a macro because macro arguments are evaluated only once.

ANS: (a)

13.5

Conditional Compilation

13.28 Large portions of code can be prevented from compiling by (a) #if 0 code prevented from compiling #endif (b) #nodefine code prevented from compiling #endif (c) #if 1 code prevented from compiling #endif (d) #ifndef 0 code prevented from compiling #endif

ANS: (a) 13.29 Which of the following is not a valid directive? (a) #endif (b) #ifdef (c) #for (d) #elif ANS: (c) 13.30 Conditional compilation cannot be used to (a) perform loops. (b) ignore large blocks of code. (c) debug programs. (d) selectively define symbolic constants.

ANS: (a) 13.31. Which statement is false? a) Cast expressions cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives. b) Arithmetic expressions cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives. c) sizeof expressions cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives. d) Enumeration constants cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives.

ANS: (b) .

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13.32. What does the following preprocessor code do? #if !defined(NULL) #define NULL 0 #endif a) The code is incorrect, so it generates an error at preprocessor time. b) The code ensures that NULL is always 0. c) The code defines NULL to be 0 only if NULL is undefined. d) The code ensures that NULL is defined throughout the entire program file.

ANS: (c) 13.33. Every #if construct a) ends with #end. b) always affects code throughout the entire body of the program. c) is used for debugging. d) ends with #endif.

ANS: (d) 13.34. A shorthand for #if !defined is a) #ifndef b) #ifnotdef c) #ifnotdefined d) #ifndf ANS: (a) 13.35. Which statement about “commenting out” code is false? a) During program development, programmers often find it helpful to “comment out” portions of code to prevent it from being compiled. b) Code may not always be “commented out” correctly simply by enclosing that code in the C comment delimiters /* and */. c) The following preprocessor code effectively comments out code #if 0 code prevented from compiling #endif d) The following preprocessor code effectively comments out code #if 1 code prevented from compiling #endif ANS: (d) 13.36. Which statement about conditional compilation is false? a) Conditional compilation is commonly used as a debugging aid. b) For debugging purposes, printf statements can be enclosed in conditional preprocessor

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directives so that the statements are compiled only while the debugging process is not completed. c) A correct example of using a conditionally compiled printf statement only while a program is being debugged is #ifdef DEBUG printf( “Variable x = %d\n”, x) ; #endif d) A single, conditionally compiled printf statement may be inserted in a program anywhere the C compiler expects a single statement.

ANS: (d)

13.6

#error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives

13.37 The __________ directive prints out a message. (a) #error (b) #pragma (c) all of the above (d) none of the above.

ANS: (a) 13.38 Which line has the most tokens? (a) I like C. (b) I like C++ better. (c) I like C + +. (d) I prefer Java.

ANS: (c) 13.39. The #error directive #error tokens

a) prints only the tokens specified in the message. b) prints the word error followed by the tokens specified in the message. c) prints only an implementation-defined message. d) prints an implementation-defined message including the tokens specified in the directive.

ANS: (d) 13.40. The preprocessor directive #error 7 – Out of range error – contains __________ tokens. a) 8 .

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b) 7 c) 9 d) 6 ANS: (b) 13.41. The preprocessor directive #pragma tokens

a) prints only the tokens specified in the message. b) prints the word pragma followed by the tokens specified in the message. c) causes an implementation-defined action. d) prints an implementation-defined message including the tokens specified in the directive.

ANS: (c) 13.42. A pragma not recognized by the implementation a) causes the compilation to terminate. b) prints an error message and causes the compilation to terminate. c) prints an error message and allows the complation to continue. d) is ignored.

ANS: (d) 13.43. To customize preprocessing to the unique needs of a particular installation, you would most likely use the __________ directive. a) #unique b) #pragmatic c) #pragma d) #customize ANS: (c)

13.7

The # and ## Operators

13.44 The # operator causes __________ to be converted to a __________. (a) any preprocessor argument, user-defined type. (b) a text token, string surrounded by quotes. (c) a string, concatenated string. (d) any float or int, string.

ANS: (b) 13.45. The # preprocessor operator causes a replacement text token to be converted to a) an integer .

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b) a string c) a string surrounded by quotes d) an integer surrounded by quotes ANS: (c) 13.46. Given the preprocessor directive #define HAPPY(x) printf ( “Happy, ” #x “\n” ); How would you invoke this macro to generate a statement that would print Happy BIRTHDAY (followed by a newline) at execution time? a) Happy(Birthday) b) Happy(BIRTHDAY) c) HAPPY(Birthday) d) HAPPY(BIRTHDAY) ANS: (d) 13.47. Operator ## a) concatenates two tokens in a macro definition. b) is a relational operator. c) is the conditional-compilation operator. d) is the symbolic-constant operator.

ANS: (a)

13.8

Line Numbers

13.48 The statement #line 250 (a) causes the compiler to ignore everything after line 250. (b) causes the compiler to renumber the lines from 250 beginning with the next source code line. (c) causes the compiler to renumber the lines from 250 beginning with this statement line. (d) causes line number 250 to be replaced by the text following the statement.

ANS: (b) 13.49. The preprocessor directive #line 200 a) numbers the first 200 lines of a source-code program from 1 to 200. .

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b) numbers the first 200 lines of a source-code program from 0 to 199. c) starts line numbering from 200 beginning with the next source-code line d) numbers the next line 200 and has no effect on other lines.

ANS: (c)

13.9

Predefined Symbolic Constants

13.50 Which of the following is not a predefined symbolic constant? (a) __ERROR__ (b) __FILE__ (c) __TIME__ (d) __LINE__ ANS: (a) 13.51. Which statement about predefined symbolic constants is false? a) The predefined symbolic constants and the defined identifier cannot be used in #define or #undef directives. b) __DATE__ is replaced by the date the source file is compiled. c) __LINE__ is used to specify the range of line numbers in the source file. d) The identifiers for each of the predefined symbolic constants begin and end with two underscores.

ANS: (c)

13.10

Assertions

13.52 Which symbolic constant must be defined to ignore all assert statements? (a) DEBUG (b) NDEBUG (c) NOASSERT (d) UNASSERT ANS: (b) 13.53. Which statement about the following assertion is true? assert( count <= 7 ); a) It evaluates its argument at preprocessor time. b) It evaluates its argument at compile time. c) It evaluates its argument at execution time. d) It always calls function abort.

ANS: (c)

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13.54. Which statement is false? a) assert is a useful debugging tool for testing if a variable has a correct value b) If NDEBUG is defined, only the next assertion is ignored. c) The assert macro is defined in the assert.h header file. d) One problem with using assert is that if the assertion is false, program execution is terminated; in some situations it is more appropriate to allow the program to continue executing after the program has dealt with the problem.

ANS: (b)

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Introduction

14.2

Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX and DOS Systems

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14.1 A pipe (|) causes (a) the output of the first program to be redirected to the input of the second (b) the output of the second program to be redirected to the input of the first (c) the input of the first program to be redirected to the input of the second (d) the input of the second program to be redirected to the input of the first ANS: (a)

14.2 Which of the following symbols is not used in UNIX for redirecting input or output? (a) > (b) | (c) $ (d) >> ANS: (c)

14.3

Variable-Length Argument Lists

14.3 Which of the following function prototypes is correct? (a) double average( int, ... ) (b) double average( ..., int ); (c) double average( int, ... ); (d) double average( int, ... , int); ANS: (c) 14.4 What macro expands to an expression of the value and type of the next argument in a variable-length argument list? (a) va_end (b) va_start (c) va_list (d) va_arg ANS: (d)

14.4

Using Command-Line Arguments

14.5 How many arguments can be passed to main from the command line? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 .

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(d) as many as you want ANS: (d) 14.6 Which of the following operating systems require special settings for processing command-line arguments? (a) Macintosh (b) DOS (c) UNIX (d) all of the above ANS: (a)

14.5

Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs

14.7 extern (a) is a keyword to indicate that a variable is defined in a different file (b) is used to access command-line arguments (c) can be used as a control structure (d) is a data type ANS: (a) 14.8 Global variables can be used to increase performance because (a) global variables are accessed faster than local variables (b) the overhead of passing data between functions is eliminated (c) they are stored more compactly than local variables (d) all of the above ANS: (b)

14.9 Which of the following is not an error? (a) having a function definition that spans two files (b) using a global variable in a file it was not defined in without defining it with the extern modifier (c) defining a function prototype without the extern keyword when the definition is in another file (d) having global variables in different files with the same name ANS: (c) 14.10 Which of the following restricts the scope of a global variable to the file it is defined in? (a) extern (b) static (c) int (d) local ANS: (b) .

C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.6

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Program Termination with exit and atexit

14.11 When exit is called with EXIT_FAILURE (a) the program quits immediately without returning anything (b) the program prints an error message and quits the current function (c) the implementation defined value for unsuccessful termination is returned (d) the program breaks out of a loop ANS: (c) 14.12 The function atexit takes as an argument (a) the line number of where the program should exit (b) a function that is executed when the program is exited unsuccessfully (c) a function to be called when the program ends successfully (d) normally the symbolic constant EXIT_SUCCESS or EXIT_FAILURE ANS: (c)

14.7

The volatile Type Qualifier

14.13 In order to indicate that a variable may be altered from outside the program one uses the type qualifier (a) signal (b) extern (c) unsigned (d) volatile ANS: (d)

14.8

Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants

14.14 A floating-point constant that is not suffixed is of type (a) double (b) float (c) unsigned float (d) long double ANS: (a)

14.9

More on Files

14.15 The function tmpfile opens a temporary file in the ________ mode. (a) ab (b) wb (c) ab+ (d) wb+ .

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ANS: (d)

14.10

Signal Handling

14.16 SIGFPE signals (a) an erroneous arithmetic operation (b) the abnormal termination of the program (c) the detection of an illegal instruction (d) an invalid access to storage ANS: (a) 14.17 Which of the following will not generate a signal defined in the header signal.h? (a) a call to exit (b) dividing by zero (c) a call to abort (d) an invalid access to storage ANS: (a)

14.11

Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc

14.18 calloc takes how many arguments? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 ANS: (b) 14.19 realloc is conventionally used to (a) allocate memory for a single object (b) allocate memory for an array of objects (c) change the size of an object previously allocated (d) change the contents of an object previously allocated ANS: (c)

14.12

The Unconditional Branch: goto

14.20 The goto statement is which of the following? (a) an unconditional branch (b) an instance of unstructured programming (c) used to change the program’s flow of control (d) all of the above ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.21 A label must (a) be defined as a global constant prior to use (b) appear in the same function as the goto statement that refers to it (c) be of type int (d) all of the above ANS: (b)

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Section 15.2 C++ 15.2 Q1: Today, virtually all new major operating systems are written in: a.B or BCPL. b.C or C++. c.UNIX. d.Smalltalk.

ANS: b. C or C++.

15.2 Q2: C++ is a: a.Typeless language. b.Hybrid object-oriented language. c.Subset of the C Language. d.Pure object-oriented language.

ANS: b. Hybrid object-oriented language.

Section 15.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers 15.3 Q1: End-of-line comments that should be ignored by the compiler are denoted using: a.Two forward slashes ( // ). b.Three forward slashes ( /// ). c.A slash and a star ( /* ). d.A slash and two stars ( /** ).

ANS: a. Two forward slashes ( // ).

15.3 Q2: A(n) ________ enables a program to read data from the user. a.std::cout. b.std::cin. c.return statement. d.main declaration.

ANS:b. std::cin.

15.3 Q3: Which of the following is a variable declaration statement? a.int total; b.#include <iostream> c.int main() d.// first string entered by user ANS: a. int total;

Section 15.4 C++ Standard Library 15.4 Q1: Which of the following statements about the C++ Standard Library is false: a.The C++ Standard Library consists of classes and functions that perform tasks. b.The C++ Standard Library is an important part of the C++ “world.” c.An advantage of using classes and functions from the C++ Standard Library is saving the effort of designing, developing and testing new classes. d.The C++ Standard Library functions and classes are not included in every C++ implementation.

ANS: d. The C++ Standard Library functions and classes are not included in every C++ implementation.

Section 15.5 Header Files 15.5 Q1: Each standard library has a corresponding: a. Function. b. Variable type. c. Header file. .

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d. Cd-rom.

ANS: c. Header file.

15.5 Q2: Which of the following C++ Standard Library header files does not contain a C++ Standard Library container class? a. <vector>. b. <list>. c. <stack>. d. <string>.

ANS: d. <string>.

Section 15.6 Inline Functions 15.6 Q1: The inline keyword: a. Increases function-call overhead. b. Can reduce a function’s execution time but increase program size. c. Can decrease program size but increase the function’s execution time. d. Should be used with all frequently used functions.

ANS: b. Can reduce a function’s execution time but increase program size.

Section 15.7: Reference and Reference Parameters 15.7 Q1: When an argument is passed-by-value, changes in the calling function __________ affect the original variable’s value; when an argument is passed call-by-reference, changes __________ affect the original variable’s value. a. Do not, do. b. Do not, do not. c. Do, do. d. Do, do not.

ANS: a. Do not, do.

15.7 Q2: A reference parameter: a. Is an alias for its corresponding argument. b. Is declared by following the parameter’s type in the function prototype by an ampersand (&). c. Cannot be modified. d. Both (a) and (b).

ANS: d. Both (a) and (b).

15.7 Q3: Call-by-reference can achieve the security of call-by-value when: a. The value being passed is small. b. A large argument is passed in order to improve performance. c. A pointer to the argument is used. d. The const qualifier is used.

ANS: d. The const qualifier is used.

Section 15.8: Empty Parameter Lists 15.8 Q1: Which of the following is correct keyword to explicitly indicate that a function does not receive any parameters? a.empty b.void c. epl d. none ANS: b. void .

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15.8 Q2: Which of the following is false about the following function prototype? void functionA( void ); a. It does not receive any arguments. b. It could have been written void functionA( );. c. It does not return a value. d. It could have been written functionA( void );.

ANS: d. It could have been written functionA( void );.

Section 15.9 Default Arguments 15.9 Q1: In regards to default arguments, which of the following is false? a. When an argument is omitted in a function call, the default value of that argument is automatically inserted by the compiler and passed in the function call. b. They must be the rightmost (trailing) arguments in a function’s parameter list. c. Default values can be constants. d. Default values cannot be global variables or function calls.

ANS: d. Default values cannot be global variables or function calls.

15.9 Q2: If the function int volume( int x = 1, int y = 1, int z = 1 ); is called by the expression volume( 3 ), how many default arguments are used? a. None. b. One. c. Two. d. Three.

ANS: c. Two.

Section 15.10 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 15.10 Q1: The unary scope resolution operator is used: a. To access a global variable when a local variable of the same name is in scope. b. To access any variable in an outer block when a local variable of the same name is in scope. c. To access a global variable when it is out of scope. d. To access a local variable with the same name as a global variable.

ANS: a. To access a global variable when a local variable of the same name is in scope.

Section 15.11 Function Overloading 15.11 Q1: Which of the following does the C++ compiler not examine in order to select the proper overloaded function to call? a. Types and order of the arguments in the function call. b. The number of arguments in the function call. c. The return type of the function. d. It examines all of the above.

ANS: c. The return type of the function.

15.11 Q2: Overloaded functions must have: a. Different parameter lists. b. Different return types. c. The same number of parameters. d. The same number of default arguments.

ANS: a. Different parameter lists.

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15.11 Q3: Type-safe linkage is ensured by: a. Name mangling. b. Calling the correct function. c. The agreement of the arguments and parameters. d. Specifying return types.

ANS: a. Name mangling.

Section 15.12 Function Templates 15.12 Q1: If a function’s program logic and operations are identical for each data type it could receive as argument(s) then a __________ should be used. a. Overloaded function. b. Recursive function. c. Macro. d. Function template.

ANS: d. Function template.

15.12 Q2: Which of the following is true of function templates? a. All function templates begin with the keyword class. b. Every formal type parameter is preceded by either keyword typename or template. c. Formal type parameters act as placeholders for built-in types or user-defined types and are used to specify the types of arguments to the function, to specify the return type of the function, and to declare variables within the body of the function definition. d. A programmer must define a separate function template for each template function specialization to be used in the program.

ANS: c. Formal type parameters act as placeholders for built-in types or user-defined types and are used to specify the types of arguments to the function, to specify the return type of the function, and to declare variables within the body of the function definition.

15.12 Q3: Given the following function template template < class T > T maximum( T value1, T value2 ) { if ( value1 > value2 ) return value1; else return value2; } what would be returned by the following two function calls? maximum( 2, 5 ); maximum( 2.3, 5.2 ); a. 5 and a type-mismatch error. b. 5 and 5.2. c. 2 and 2.3. d. Two error messages.

ANS: b. 5 and 5.2.

Section 15.13 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 15.13 Q1: The other classes or functions that use a certain class are referred to as its: a. Clients. b.Data members. .

C How to Program, 6/e Multiple Choice Test Bank c.Member functions. d.Methods.

ANS: a. Clients.

15.13 Q2: Which of the following is not true of object-oriented design? a. OOD takes advantage of inheritance relationships. b.OOD encapsulates attributes and operations into objects. c.OOD focuses on actions (verbs). d.Each class can be used to create multiple objects.

ANS: c. OOD focuses on actions (verbs).

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Chapter 16: Introduction to Classes and Objects

Section 16.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members 16.2 Q1: All of the following are true about classes, except: a. Classes have attributes and behaviors. b. The first class in any C++ program is main. c. An object must be created from a class before it can be used. d. A class’s functions hide from the user the complex tasks they perform.

ANS b. The first class in any C++ program is main.

Section 16.3 Defining a Class with a Member Function 16.3 Q1: C++ functions other than main are executed: a. Before main executes. b. After main completes execution. c. When they are explicitly called by another function. d. Never.

ANS c. When they are explicitly called by another function.

16.3 Q2: Function headers contain all of the following except: a. Parentheses. b. Left brace. c. Name of function. d. Return type.

ANS: b. Left brace.

16.3 Q3: Calling a member function of an object requires which item? a. The dot operator. b. Open and close braces. c. The class name. d. None of the above.

ANS a. The dot operator.

16.3 Q4: In the UML, the top compartment of the rectangle modeling a class contains: a. The class’s name. b. The class’s attributes. c. The class’s behaviors. d. All of the above.

ANS: a. The class’s name.

Section 16.4 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 16.4 Q1: What is the name of the values the method call passes to the method for the parameters? a. Arguments. b. References. c. Objects. d. Values.

ANS: a. Arguments.

16.4 Q2: Assuming that text is a variable of type string, what will be the contents of text after the statement cin >> text; is executed if the user types “Hello World!” then presses Enter? a. "H" b. "Hello" c. "Hello World" d. "Hello World!" © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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ANS: b. Hello 16.4 Q3: Two adjacent parameters are separated by what symbol? a. Dot. b. Comma. c. Parentheses. d. Braces.

ANS: b. Comma.

Section 16.5 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 16.5 Q1: Attributes of a class are also known as: a. Constructors. b. Local variables. c. Data members. d. Classes.

ANS: c. Data members.

16.5 Q2: What is the default initial value of a String? a. "" b. "default" c. default d. None of the above.

ANS: a. "" 16.5 Q3: What type of member functions allow a client of a class to assign values to private data members? a. Client member functions. b. Get member functions. c. Set member functions. d. None of the above.

ANS: c. Set member functions.

Section 16.6 Initializing Objects with Constructors 16.6 Q1: A default constructor has how many parameters? a. 0. b. 1. c. 2. d. Variable number.

ANS: a. 0.

16.6 Q2: A constructor can specify the return type: a. int. b. string. c. void. d. A constructor cannot specify a return type.

ANS: d. A constructor cannot specify a return type.

16.6 Q3: The compiler will implicitly create a default constructor if: a. The class does not contain any data members. b. The programmer specifically requests that the compiler do so. c. The class does not define any constructors. d. The class already defines a default constructor.

ANS: c. The class does not define any constructors.

Section 16.7 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 16.7 Q1: A header file is typically given the filename extension: © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a. .h b. .hdr c. .header d. .cpp ANS: a. .h 16.7 Q2: Assuming that GradeBook.h is found in the current directory and the iostream header file is found in the C++ Standard Library header file directory, which of the following preprocessor directives will fail to find its desired header file? a. #include <iostream> b. #include "iostream" c. #include <GradeBook.h> d. #include "GradeBook.h" ANS: c. #include <GradeBook.h> Section 16.8 Separating Interface from Implementation 16.8 Q1: In the source-code file containing a class’s member function definitions, each member function definition must be tied to the class definition by preceding the member function name with the class name and ::, which is known as the: a. Member definition linker. b. Class implementation connector. c. Source code resolver. d. Binary scope resolution operator.

ANS: d. Binary scope resolution operator.

16.8 Q2: When compiling a class’s source code file (which does not contain a main function), the information in the class’s header file is used for all of the following, except: a. Ensuring that the header of each member function matches its prototype. b. Ensuring that each member function knows about the class’s data members and other member functions. c. Determining the correct amount of memory to allocate for each object of the class. d. All of the above are uses that the compiler has for the header file information.

ANS: d. All of the above are uses that the compiler has for the header file information.

16.8 Q3: When a client code programmer uses a class whose implementation is in a separate file from its interface, that implementation code is merged with the client’s code during the: a. Programming phase. b. Compiling phase. c. Linking phase. d. Executing phase.

ANS: c. Linking phase.

Section 16.9 Validating Data with set Functions 16.9 Q1: To execute multiple statements when an if statement’s condition is true, enclose those statements in a pair of: a. Parentheses, ( ). b. Square Brackets, [ ]. c. Braces, { }. d. Angle brackets, < >.

ANS: c. Braces, { }.

16.9 Q2: Assuming that the string object text contains the string "Hello!!! ", the "expression text.substr( 2 , 5 ) would return a string object containing the string: a. "llo!! ". b. "llo! ". c. "ello! ". d. "ello".

ANS: a. "llo!! ". © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 17: Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 Section 17.2 Time Class Case Study 17.2 Q1: Member access specifiers (public and private) can appear: a. In any order and multiple times. a.b. In any order (public first or private first) but not multiple times. a.c. In any order and multiple times, if they have brackets separating each type. a.d. Outside a class definition.

ANS a. In any order and multiple times.

17.2 Q2: Which of the following preprocessor directives does not constitute part of the preprocessor wrapper? a. #define a.b. #endif a.c. #ifndef a.d. #include ANS d. #include 17.2 Q3: Member function definitions: a. Always require the binary scope operator (::). a.b. Require the binary scope operator only when being defined outside of the definition of their class. a.c. Can use the binary scope operator anywhere, but become public functions. a.d. Must use the binary scope operator in their function prototype.

ANS b. Require the binary scope operator only when being defined outside of the definition of their class.

17.2 Q4: Parameterized stream manipulator setfill specifies the fill character that is displayed when an output is displayed in a field wider than the number of characters or digits in the output. The effect of setfill applies: a. Only to the current value being displayed. a.b. Only to outputs displayed in the current statement. a.c. Until explicitly set to a different setting. a.d. Until the output buffer is flushed.

ANS c. Until explicitly set to a different setting.

17.2 Q5: Every object of the same class: a. Gets a copy of every member function and member variable. a.b. Gets a copy of every member variable. a.c. Gets a copy of every member function. a.d. Shares pointers to all member variables and member functions.

ANS b. Gets a copy of every member variable.

17.2 Q6: Classes cannot: a. Be derived from other classes. a.b. Initialize data members in the class definition. a.c. Be used to model attributes and behaviors of objects. a.d. Include objects from other classes as members.

ANS b. Initialize data members in the class definition.

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Section 17.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 17.3 Q1: Variables defined inside a member function of a class have: a. File scope. a.b. Class scope. a.c. Block scope. a.d. Class or block scope, depending on whether the binary scope resolution operator (::) is used.

ANS c. Block scope.

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17.3 Q2: A class-scope variable hidden by a block-scope variable can be accessed by preceding the variable name with the class name followed by: a. :: a.b. : a.c. . a.d. -> ANS a. ::

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Section 17.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 17.4 Q1: When independent software vendors provide class libraries to clients, they typically give the __________ for the class’s interface and the __________ for the class’s implementation. a. Source code file, source code file. a.b. Source code file, object file. a.c. Object file, source code file. a.d. Object file, object file.

ANS: b. Source code file, object module file.

17.4 Q2: Which of the following is not true about separating a class’s interface and implementation? a. Inline member function definitions are included in the header file. a.b. Changes in the class’s interface will affect the client. a.c. Private data members are included in the header file. a.d. Changes in the class’s implementation will affect the client.

ANS d. Changes in the class’s implementation will affect the client.

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Section 17.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 17.5 Q1: The type of function a client would use to check the balance of a bank account would be: a. A utility function. a.b. A predicate function. a.c. An access function. a.d. A constructor.

ANS: c. an access function.

17.5 Q2: Utility functions: a. Are private member functions that support operations of the class’s other member functions. a.b. Are part of a class’s interface. a.c. Are intended to be used by clients of a class. a.d. Are a type of constructor.

ANS: a. Are private member functions that support operations of the class’s other member functions.

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Section 17.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 17.6 Q1: A default constructor: a. Is a constructor that must receive no arguments. a.b. Is the constructor generated by the compiler when no constructor is provided by the programmer. a.c. Does not perform any initialization. a.d. Both (a) and (b).

ANS: d. Both (a) and (b).

17.6 Q2: If a member function of a class already provides all or part of the functionality required by a constructor or another member function then: a. Copy and paste that member function’s code into this constructor or member function. a.b. Call that member function from this constructor or member function. a.c. That member function is unnecessary. a.d. This constructor or member function is unnecessary. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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ANS: b. Call that member function from this constructor or member function.

Section 17.7 Destructors 17.7 Q1: Which of the following is not true of a constructor and destructor of the same class? a. They both have the same name aside from the tilde (~) character. a.b. They are both usually called once per object created. a.c. They both are able to have default arguments. a.d. Both are called automatically, even if they are not explicitly defined in the class.

ANS: c. They both are able to have default arguments.

17.7 Q2: Which of the following is not true of a destructor? a. It performs termination housekeeping. a.b. It is called before the system reclaims the object’s memory. a.c. If the programmer does not explicitly provide a destructor, the compiler creates an “empty” destructor. a.d. It releases the object’s memory.

ANS: d It releases the object’s memory.

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Section 17.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 17.8 Q1: Given the class definition: class CreateDestroy { public: CreateDestroy() { cout << "constructor called, "; } ~CreateDestroy() { cout << "destructor called, "; } }; What will the following program output? int main() { CreateDestroy c1; CreateDestroy c2; return 0; } constructor called, destructor called, constructor called, destructor called, a.b. constructor called, destructor called, a.c. constructor called, constructor called, a.d. constructor called, constructor called, destructor called, destructor called, ANS: d. constructor called, constructor called, destructor called, destructor called, a.

17.8 Q2: Given the class definition: class CreateDestroy { public: © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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CreateDestroy() { cout << "constructor called, "; } ~CreateDestroy() { cout << "destructor called, "; } }; What will the following program output? int main() { for ( int i = 1; i <= 2; i++ ) CreateDestroy cd; return 0; } constructor called, destructor called, constructor called, destructor called, a.b. constructor called, constructor called, a.c. constructor called, constructor called, destructor called, destructor called, a.d. Nothing.

ANS: a. constructor called, destructor called, constructor called, destructor called, a.

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Section 17.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to a private Data Member 17.9 Q1: Returning references to non-const, private data: a. Allows private functions to be modified. a.b. Is only dangerous if the binary scope resolution operator (::) is used in the function prototype. a.c. Allows private member variables to be modified, thus “breaking encapsulation.” a.d. Results in a compiler error.

ANS: c. Allows private member variables to be modified, thus “breaking encapsulation.”

17.9 Q2: A client changing the values of private data members is: a. Only possible by calling private member functions. a.b. Possible using public functions and references. a.c. Never possible. a.d. Only possible if the private variables are not declared inside the class.

ANS: b. Possible using public functions and references.

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Section 17.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 17.10 Q1: The assignment operator (=) can be used to: a. Test for equality. a.b. Copy data from one object to another. a.c. Compare two objects. a.d. Copy a class.

ANS: b. Copy data from one object to another.

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Chapter 18: Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 Section 18.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 18.2 Q1: Which of the following statements will not produce a syntax error? a. Defining a const member function that modifies a data member of the object. a.b. Invoking a non-const member function on a const object. a.c. Declaring an object to be const. a.d. Declaring a constructor to be const.

ANS c. Declaring an object to be const.

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18.2 Q2: The code fragment: Increment::Increment( int c, int i ) : increment ( i ) { count = c; } does not cause any compilation errors. This tells you that: a. count must be a non-const variable. a.b. count must be a const variable. a.c. increment must be a non-const variable. a.d. increment must be a const variable.

ANS a. count must be a non-const variable.

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Section 18.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 18.3 Q1: When composition (one object having another object as a member) is used: a. The host object is constructed first and then the member objects are placed into it. a.b. Member objects are constructed first, in the order they appear in the host constructor’s initializer list. a.c. Member objects are constructed first, in the order they are declared in the host’s class. a.d. Member objects are destructed last, in the order they are declared in the host’s class.

ANS c. Member objects are constructed first, in the order they are declared in the host’s class.

18.3 Q2: An error occurs if: a. A non-reference, non-const, primitive data member is initialized in the member initialization list. a.b. An object data member is not initialized in the member initialization list. a.c. An object data member does not have a default constructor. a.d. An object data member is not initialized in the member initialization list and does not have a default constructor.

ANS d. An object data member is not initialized in the member initialization list and does not have a default constructor.

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Section 18.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 18.4 Q1: If the line: friend class A; appears in class B, and the line: friend class B; appears in class C, then: a. Class A is a friend of class C. a.b. Class A can access private variables of class B. a.c. Class C can call class A’s private member functions. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a.d. Class B can access class A’s private variables.

ANS: b. Class A can access private variables of class B. 18.4 Q2: Which of the following is not true about friend functions and friend classes? a. A class can either grant friendship to or take friendship from another class using the friend keyword. a.b. A friend declaration can appear anywhere in a class definition. a.c. A friend of a class can access all of its private data member and member functions. a.d. The friendship relationship is neither symmetric nor transitive.

ANS a. A class can either grant friendship to or take friendship from another class using the friend keyword.

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Section 18.5 Using the this Pointer 18.5 Q1: For a non-constant member function of class Test, the this pointer has type: a. const Test * a.b. Test * const a.c. Test const * a.d. const Test * const ANS: b. Test * const 18.5 Q2: Inside a function definition for a member function of an object with data element x, which of the following is not equivalent to this->x: a. *this.x a.b. (*this).x a.c. x a.d. (* (& (*this) ) ).x ANS: a. *this.x 18.5 Q3: Assume that t is an object of class Test, which has member functions a(), b(), c() and d(). If the functions a(), b() and c() all return references to an object of class Test (using the dereferenced this pointer) and function d() returns void, which of the following statements will not produce a syntax error: a. t.a().b().d(); a.b. a().b().t; a.c. t.d().c(); a.d. t.a().t.d(); ANS: a. t.a().b().d();

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Section 18.6 static Class Members 18.6 Q1: If Americans are objects of the same class, which of the following attributes would most likely be represented by a static variable of that class? a. Age. a.b. The President. a.c. Place of birth. a.d. Favorite food.

ANS: b. The President.

18.6 Q2: static data members of a certain class: a. Can be accessed only if an object of that class exists. a.b. Cannot be changed, even by objects of the same that class. a.c. Have class scope. a.d. Can only be changed by static member functions.

ANS: c. Have class scope.

18.6 Q3: static member functions: a. Can use the this pointer. a.b. Can access only other static member functions and static data members. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a.c. Cannot be called until an object of their class is instantiated. a.d. Can be declared const as well.

ANS: b. Can only access other static member functions and static data members.

Section 18.7 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 18.7 Q1: Which of the following is not an abstract data type? a. An int. a.b.

A user-defined class. a.c.

A for loop. a.d.

None of the above are abstract data types.

ANS: c. A for loop.

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18.7 Q2: Which of the following are true about an abstract data type?

I. Captures a data representation.

II. Defines the operations that are allowed on its data.

III. Replaces structured programming. a. I, II and III. a.b. I and II. a.c. I and III. a.d. II and III. ANS: b. I and II. 18.7 Q3: The numbers 3, 2, 5, 7 are enqueued in a queue in that order, then three numbers are dequeued, and finally 3, 7, 9, 4 are enqueued in that order. What is the first number in the queue (the next number to be dequeued)? a. 3 a.b.

7 a.c.

9 a.d.

4 ANS: b. 7

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Chapter 19: Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects

Section 19.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 19.2 Q1: To use an operator on user-defined class objects, operator overloading: a. Must always be used. a.b. Must always be used, with three exceptions. a.c. Must never be used, with three exceptions. a.d. Must never be used.

ANS b. Must always be used, with three exceptions.

19.2 Q2: The correct function name for overloading the addition (+) operator is: a. operator+ a.b. operator(+) a.c. operator:+ a.d. operator_+ ANS a. operator+

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Section 19.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 19.3 Q1: Which of the following operators cannot be overloaded? a. The . operator. a.b. The -> operator. a.c. The & operator. a.d. The [ ] operator.

ANS a. The . operator.

19.3 Q2: Which statement about operator overloading is false? a. New operators can never be created. a.b. Certain overloaded operators can change the number of arguments they take. a.c. The precedence of an operator cannot be changed by overloading. a.d. Overloading cannot change how an operator works on built-in types.

ANS b. Certain overloaded operators can change the number of arguments they take.

19.3 Q3: To implicitly overload the += operator: a. Only the + operator needs to be overloaded. a.b. Only the = operator needs to be overloaded. a.c. Both the + and = operators need to be overloaded. a.d. The += operator cannot be overloaded implicitly.

ANS d. The += operator cannot be overloaded implicitly.

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Section 19.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions 19.4 Q1: Which of the following operators can be overloaded as a global function? a. () a.b. [] a.c. += a.d. == ANS: d. == 19.4 Q2: Which situation would require the operator to be overloaded as a global function? a. The overloaded operator is =. a.b. The left most operand must be a class object (or a reference to a class object). a.c. The left operand is an int. a.d. The operator returns a reference. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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ANS c. The left operand is an int.

19.4 Q3: An overloaded + operator takes a class object and a double as operands. For it to be commutative (i.e., a + b and b + a both work): a. operator+ must be a member function of the class from which the objects are instantiated. a.b. operator+ must be a non-member function. a.c. It must be overloaded twice; the operator+ function that takes the object as the left operand must be a member function, and the other operator+ function must be a global function. a.d. The + operator cannot be overloaded to be commutative.

ANS c. It must be overloaded twice; the operator+ function that takes the object as the left operand must be a member function, and the other operator+ function must be a global function.

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Section 19.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 19.5 Q1: Suppose you have a programmer-defined data type Data and want to overload the << operator to output your data type to the screen in the form cout << dataToPrint; and allow cascaded function calls. The first line of the function definition would be: a. ostream &operator<<( ostream &output, const Data &dataToPrint ) a.b. ostream operator<<( ostream &output, const Data &dataToPrint ) a.c. ostream &operator<<( const Data &dataToPrint, ostream &output ) a.d. ostream operator<<( const Data &dataToPrint, ostream &output ) ANS: a. ostream &operator<<( ostream &output, const Data &dataToPrint )

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Section 19.6 Overloading Unary Operators 19.6 Q1: Suppose the unary ! operator is an overloaded member function of class String. For a String object s, which function call is generated by the compiler when it finds the expression !s? a. s.operator!() a.b. s.operator!( default_value1, default_value2,…) a.c. operator!( s ) a.d. A compiler error results because no arguments are given.

ANS: a. s.operator!()

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Section 19.7 Overloading Binary Operators 19.7 Q1: y and z are user-defined objects and the += operator is an overloaded member function. The operator is overloaded such that y += z adds z and y, then stores the result in y. Which of the following expressions is always equivalent to y += z? a. y = y operator+= z a.b. y.operator+=( z ) a.c. y = y + z a.d. y operator+=( y + z ) ANS: b. y.operator+=( z ) 19.7 Q2: For operators overloaded as non-static member functions: a. Binary operators can have two arguments and unary operators can have one. a.b. Both binary and unary operators take one argument. a.c. Binary operators can have one argument, and unary operators cannot have any. a.d. Neither binary nor unary operators can have arguments.

ANS: c. Binary operators can have one argument, and unary operators cannot have any.

Section 19.8 Case Study: Array Class 19.8 Q1: Which of the following is false? a. An entire non-char array cannot be input or output at once. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a.b. Two arrays cannot be meaningfully compared with equality or relational operators. a.c. Arrays cannot be assigned to one another (i.e., array1 = array2;). a.d. C++ ensures that you cannot “walk off” either end of an array.

ANS: d. C++ ensures that you cannot “walk off” either end of an array.

19.8 Q2: The array subscript operator [], when overloaded, cannot: a. Be used with linked list classes. a.b. Take a float as an operand. a.c. Take multiple values inside (e.g., [4,8]). a.d. Take user-defined objects as operands.

ANS: c. Take multiple values inside (e.g., [4,8]).

19.8 Q3: A copy constructor: a. Is a constructor with only default arguments. a.b. Is a constructor that initializes a newly declared object to the value of an existing object of the same class. a.c. Is a constructor that takes no arguments. a.d. None of the above.

ANS: b. Is a constructor that initializes a newly declared object to the value of an existing object of the same class.

19.8 Q4: A copy constructor must receive its argument by reference because: a. Otherwise the constructor will only make a copy of a pointer to an object. a.b. Otherwise infinite recursion occurs. a.c. The copy of the argument passed by value has function scope. a.d. The pointer needs to know the address of the original data, not a temporary copy of it.

ANS: b. Otherwise infinite recursion occurs.

19.8 Q5: To prevent class objects from being copied: a. Make the overloaded assignment operator private. a.b. Make the copy constructor private. a.c. Both (a) and (b). a.d. None of the above.

ANS: c. Both (a) and (b).

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Section 19.9 Converting between Types 19.9 Q1: Conversion constructors: a. Can have multiple arguments. a.b. Can convert between user-defined types. a.c. Are implicitly defined by the compiler if not explicitly written by the programmer. a.d. Cannot convert built-in types to user defined types.

ANS: b. Can convert between user-defined types.

19.9 Q2: The prototypes of overloaded cast operator functions do not: a. Specify the type they convert to. a.b. Specify the type that is being converted. a.c. Specify a return type. a.d. Need to be defined inside the class whose objects are being converted.

ANS: c. Specify a return type.

19.9 Q3: Which of the following lines would be the prototype for an overloaded cast operator function that converts an object of user-defined type Time into a double? a. Time::operator double() const; a.b. Time::static_cast double() const; a.c. Time::operator_cast(double) const; a.d. Time::double() const; ANS: a. Time::operator double() const;

© Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Section 19.10 Case Study: String Class 19.10 Q1: Conversion constructors cannot: a. Be applied implicitly. a.b. Be used to convert the arguments for overloaded operators to the types needed by those overloaded operators. a.c. Take exactly one argument. a.d. Be used implicitly in series to match the needs of an overloaded operator.

ANS: d. Be used implicitly in series to match the needs of an overloaded operator.

19.10 Q2: Which of the following is not a disadvantage of default memberwise copy with objects containing pointers? a. Having the possibility of leaving a dangling pointer. a.b. Allowing both objects to point to the same dynamically allocated storage. a.c. Allowing the destructor of one object to be called while leaving the second pointer, to the same memory location, intact. a.d. Requiring the explicit overloading of the assignment operator.

ANS: d. Requiring the explicit overloading of the assignment operator.

19.10 Q3: Assume that the function call operator() is overloaded for data type String in the usual sense of selecting a substring from a larger string. For a String object string1 with the character string "ABCDEFGHI", what string does string1( 4 , 2 ) return? a. "EF" a.b. "EFGHI" a.c. "CDEF" a.d. "CD" ANS: a. "EF"

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Section 19.11 Overloading ++ and -19.11 Q1: The conventional way to distinguish between the overloaded preincrement and postincrement operators (++) is: a. To assign a dummy value to preincrement. a.b. To make the argument list of postincrement include an int. a.c. To have the postincrement operator call the preincrement operator. a.d. Implicitly done by the compiler.

ANS: b. To make the argument list of postincrement include an int.

19.11 Q2: Because the postfix increment operator returns objects by value and the prefix increment operator returns objects by reference: a. Prefix increment has slightly more overhead than postfix increment. a.b. The postfix increment operator returns the actual incremented object with its new value. a.c. Objects returned by postfix increment cannot be used in larger expressions. a.d. The postfix increment operator typically returns a temporary object that contains the original value of the object before the increment occurred.

ANS: d. The postfix increment operator typically returns a temporary object that contains the original value of the object before the increment occurred.

Section 19.12 Case Study: A Date Class 19.12 Q1: There exists a data type Date with member function Increment that increments the current Date object by one. The ++ operator is being overloaded to postincrement an object of type Date. Select the correct implementation: a. Date Date::operator++( int ) { Date temp = *this; Increment(); return *temp; } © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Date Date::operator++( int ) { Increment(); Date temp = *this; return temp; } b.c. Date Date::operator++( int ) { Date temp = *this; return this; temp.Increment(); } b.d. Date Date::operator++( int ) { Date temp = *this; Increment(); return temp; } ANS: d. Date Date::operator++( int ) { Date temp = *this; Increment(); return temp; } b.

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Section 19.13 Standard Library Class string 19.13 Q1: Which of the following is false? a. A string can be defined to store any data type. a.b. Class string provides bounds checking in its member function at. a.c. Class string’s overloaded [] operator returns a vector element as an rvalue or an lvalue, depending on the context. a.d. An exception is thrown if the argument to string’s at member function is an invalid subscript.

ANS: a. A string can be defined to store any data type.

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Section 19.14 explicit Constructors 19.14 Q1: An explicit constructor: a. Cannot be called outside of the class it is declared in. a.b. Can be implicitly called by the compiler to perform a data type conversion. a.c. Does not initialize its class’s data members. a.d. Must take exactly one argument.

ANS: d. Must take exactly one argument.

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Section 10.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete 10.6 Q1: Which of the following is false about the new operator and the object for which it allocates memory? a. It calls the object’s constructor. a.b. It returns a pointer. a.c. It does not require the size of the object to be explicitly specified in the new expression. a.d. It automatically destroys the object after main is exited.

ANS: d. It automatically destroys the object after main is exited.

10.6 Q2: The delete operator: a. Can terminate the program. a.b. Must be told which destructor to call when destroying an object. a.c. Can delete an entire array of objects declared using new. a.d. Is called implicitly at the end of a program.

ANS: c. Can delete an entire array of objects declared using new.

Section 10.10 Proxy Classes

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10.10 Q1: Proxy classes are best described as an example of: a. Object-oriented programming (as used in the text). a.b. Structured programming. a.c. Information hiding. a.d. Utility functions.

ANS: c. Information hiding.

10.10 Q2: In addition to hiding the implementation details that the ordinary method of “separating implementation from interface” would hide, using a proxy class also hides: a. The definition of inline functions. a.b. The definition of access functions. a.c. The definition of constructors and the destructor. a.d. The names of private data members.

ANS: d.The names of private data members.

© Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 20: Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance Section 20.1 Introduction 20.1 Q1: Select the false statement regarding inheritance. a. A derived class can contain more attributes and behaviors than its base class. a.b. A derived class can be the base class for other derived classes. a.c. Some derived classes can have multiple base classes. a.d. Base classes are usually more specific than derived classes.

ANS d. Base classes are usually more specific than derived classes.

20.1 Q2: Which of the following is not a kind of inheritance in C++? a. public. a.b. private. a.c. static. a.d. protected.

ANS c. static.

20.1 Q3: The is-a relationship represents. a. Composition. a.b. Inheritance. a.c. Information Hiding. a.d. A friend.

ANS b. Inheritance.

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Section 20.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 20.2 Q1: Which of the following is most likely a base class of the other three? a. automobile. a.b. convertible. a.c. miniVan. a.d. sedan.

ANS a. automobile.

20.2 Q2: Which of the following is not a good example of a hierarchy likely to be modeled by inheritance? a. Airplanes. a.b. Geometric shapes. a.c. Animals. a.d. Prime numbers.

ANS d. Prime numbers.

20.2 Q3: To declare class subClass a privately derived class of superClass one would write: a. class subclass : private superClass a.b. class subclass :: private superClass a.c. class subclass < private superClass > a.d. class subclass inherits private superClass ANS a. class subclass : private superClass

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Section 20.3 protected Members 20.3 Q1: From most restrictive to least restrictive, the access modifiers are: a. protected, private, public a.b. private, protected, public a.c. private, public, protected a.d. protected, public, private ANS b. private, protected, public © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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20.3 Q2: protected base class members cannot be accessed by: a. Functions that are neither friends of the base class, derived-class member functions nor friends of a derived class. a.b. friends of the base class. a.c. Functions that are not derived-class member functions. a.d. friends of derived classes.

ANS a. Functions that are neither friends of the base class, derived-class member functions nor friends of a derived class.

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Section 20.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 20.4 Q1: Assuming the definition, class BasePlusCommissionEmployee : public CommissionEmployee which of the following is false? a. The colon ( : ) in the header of the class definition indicates inheritance. a.b. The keyword public indicates the type of inheritance. a.c. All the public and protected members of class BasePlusCommissionEmployee are inherited as public and protected members, respectively, into class CommissionEmployee. a.d. CommissionEmployee is the base class and BasePlusCommissionEmployee is the derived class.

ANS: c. All the public and protected members of class BasePlusCommissionEmployee are inherited as public and protected members, respectively, into class CommissionEmployee.

20.4 Q2: Assuming the following is the beginning of the constructor definition for class BasePlusCommissionEmployee which inherits from class Point, BasePlusCommissionEmployee::BasePlusCommissionEmployee( string first, string last, string ssn, double sales, double rate, double salary ) : CommissionEmployee( first, last, ssn, sales, rate ) The second line: a. Invokes the CommissionEmployee constructor with arguments. a.b. Causes a compiler error. a.c. Is unnecessary because the CommissionEmployee constructor is called automatically. a.d. Indicates inheritance.

ANS a. Invokes the CommissionEmployee constructor with arguments.

20.4 Q3: Which of the following is not one of the disadvantages of using the “copy-and-paste” approach to duplicating code from one class into another class? a. Errors are prone to be spread around. a.b. It is time consuming. a.c. It forces the system to store many physical copies of the code, creating a code-maintenance nightmare. a.d. All of the above are disadvantages of the “copy-and-paste” approach.

ANS d. All of the above are disadvantages of the “copy-and-paste” approach.

20.4 Q4: When should base class members be declared protected? a. When all clients should be able to access these members. a.b. When these members are used only by member functions of this base class. a.c. When these members should be available only to derived classes (and friends), but not to other clients. a.d. The protected access specified should never be used.

ANS c. When these members should be available only to derived classes (and friends), not to other clients.

Section 20.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 20.5 Q1: When an object of a derived class is instantiated, the __________ constructor initializes the _________ members. a. Base class, base class. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a.b. Derived class, base class. a.c. Base class, derived class. a.d. Derived class, public.

ANS: a. Base class, base class.

20.5 Q2: Base class constructors and assignment operators: a. Are not inherited by derived classes. a.b. Should not be called by derived class constructors and assignment operators. a.c. Can be inherited by derived classes, but generally are not. a.d. Can call derived-class constructors and assignment operators.

ANS: a. Are not inherited by derived classes.

20.5 Q3: Suppose class A inherits from base class B. What is the order in which their constructors and destructors will be called when an object of class A is instantiated and then destroyed? a. B constructor, A constructor, A destructor, B destructor. a.b. B constructor, A constructor, B destructor, A destructor. a.c. A constructor, B constructor, A destructor, B destructor. a.d. A constructor, B constructor, B destructor, A destructor.

ANS: a. B constructor, A constructor, A destructor, B destructor.

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Section 20.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 20.6 Q1: Which forms of inheritance are is-a relationships? a. All forms of inheritance are is-a relationships. a.b. Only public and private. a.c. Only public and protected. a.d. Only public.

ANS: d. Only public.

20.6 Q2: When deriving a class from a protected base class, the public members of the base class become _________ and the protected members of the base class become __________? a. protected, private a.b. public, private a.c. protected, protected a.d. public, protected ANS: c. protected, protected

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Section 20.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 20.7 Q1: Theoretically, clients do not need to see the _________ of classes from which they derive other classes. a. Header files. a.b. Source code. a.c. Object code. a.d. Interface.

ANS: b. Source code.

20.7 Q2: Which of the following is true about using inheritance in software engineering? a. Common attributes and behaviors should be factored out of closely related classes and placed into a base class from which the original classes can now inherit. a.b. It is best to create a huge class library to make it easy for a client to find the most appropriate class for his or her needs. a.c. A class produced through inheritance should be as large as possible to fully encompass all of the functionality it should offer. a.d. The standard C++ libraries that are shipped with C++ compilers are usually enough to accomplish anything an application might need to do.

ANS: a. Common attributes and behaviors should be factored out of closely related classes and placed into a base class from which those original classes can inherit. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 21: Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism Section 21.1 Introduction 21.1 Q1: Polymorphism is implemented via: a. Member functions. a.b. virtual functions and dynamic binding. a.c. inline functions. a.d. Non-virtual functions.

ANS b. virtual functions and dynamic binding.

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Section 21.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 21.2 Q1: Which of the following would not be a member function that derived classes Fish, Frog and Bird should inherit from base class Animal and then provide their own definitions for, so that the function call can be performed polymorphically? a. eat a.b. sleep a.c. move a.d. flapWings ANS d. flapWings

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Section 21.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 21.3.1 Q1: Employee is a base class and HourlyWorker is a derived class, with a redefined non-virtual print function. Given the following statements, will the output of the two print function calls be identical?

HourlyWorker h; Employee *ePtr = &h; ePtr->print(); ePtr->Employee::print(); a. Yes. a.b. Yes, if print is a static function. a.c. No. a.d. It would depend on the implementation of the print function.

ANS a. Yes.

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Section 21.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 21.3.2 Q1: Which of the following assignments would be a compilation error? a. Assigning the address of a base-class object to a base-class pointer. a.b. Assigning the address of a base-class object to a derived-class pointer. a.c. Assigning the address of a derived-class object to a base-class pointer. a.d. Assigning the address of a derived-class object to a derived-class pointer.

ANS: b. Assigning the address of a base-class object to a derived-class pointer.

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Section 21.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 21.3.3 Q1: Downcasting enables: a. A derived-class object to be treated as a base-class object. a.b. A base-class object to be treated as a derived-class object. a.c. Making a base-class pointer into a derived-class pointer. a.d. Making a derived-class pointer into a base -class pointer. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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ANS: c. Making a base-class pointer into a derived-class pointer.

Section 21.3.4 Virtual Functions 21.3.4 Q1: If objects of all the classes derived from the same base class all need to draw themselves, the draw() function would most likely be declared: a. private a.b. virtual a.c. protected a.d. friend ANS: b. virtual 21.3.4 Q2: virtual functions must: a. Be overridden in every derived class. a.b. Be declared virtual in every derived class. a.c. Be declared virtual in the base class. a.d. Have the same implementation in every derived class.

ANS: c. Be declared virtual in the base class.

21.3.4 Q3: Which of the following statements about virtual functions is false? a. They allow the program to select the correct implementation at execution time. a.b. They can use either static or dynamic binding, depending on the handles on which the functions are called. a.c. They do not remain virtual down the inheritance hierarchy. a.d. They can be called using the dot operator.

ANS: c. They do not remain virtual down the inheritance hierarchy.

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Section 21.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 21.4 Q1: Problems using switch logic to deal with many objects of different types do not include: a. Forgetting to include an object in one of the cases. a.b. Having to update the switch statement whenever a new type of object is added. a.c. Having to track down every switch statement to do an update of object types. a.d. Not being able to implement separate functions on different objects.

ANS: d. Not being able to implement separate functions on different objects.

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Section 21.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 21.5 Q1: The line: virtual double earnings() const = 0; appears in a class definition. You cannot deduce that: a. All classes that directly inherit from this class will override this method. a.b. This class is an abstract class. a.c. Any concrete class derived from this class will have an earnings function. a.d. This class will probably be used as a base class for other classes.

ANS: a. All classes that directly inherit from this class will override this method.

21.5 Q2: Abstract classes: a. Contain at most one pure virtual function. a.b. Can have objects instantiated from them if the proper permissions are set. a.c. Cannot have abstract derived classes. a.d. Are defined, but the programmer never intends to instantiate any objects from them.

ANS: d. Are defined, but the programmer never intends to instantiate any objects from them. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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21.5 Q3: The main difference between a pure virtual function and a virtual function is: a. The return type. a.b. The member access specifier. a.c. That a pure virtual function cannot have an implementation. a.d. The location in the class.

ANS: c. That a pure virtual function cannot have an implementation.

21.5 Q4: Which of the following is not allowed? a. Objects of abstract classes. a.b. Multiple pure virtual functions in a single abstract class. a.c. References to abstract classes. a.d. Arrays of pointers to abstract classes.

ANS: a. Objects of abstract classes.

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Section 21.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 21.6 Q1: What mistake prevents the following class declaration from functioning properly as an abstract class? class Shape { public: virtual double print() const; double area() const { return base * height; } private: double base; double height; }; a. There are no pure virtual functions. a.b. There is a non-virtual function. a.c. private variables are being accessed by a public function. a.d. Nothing, it functions fine as an abstract class.

ANS: a. There are no pure virtual functions.

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Section 21.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood” 21.7 Q1: An abstract class will: a. Have all zeros in its vtable. a.b. Have at least one 0 in its vtable. a.c. Share a vtable with a derived class. a.d. Have fewer 0's in its vtable than concrete classes have.

ANS: b. Have at least one 0 in its vtable.

21.7 Q2: Concrete classes that inherit virtual functions but do not override their implementations: a. Have vtables which are the same as those of their base classes. a.b. Receive their own copies of the virtual functions. a.c. Receive pointers to their base classes’ virtual functions. a.d. Receive pointers to pure virtual functions.

ANS: c. Receive pointers to their base classes' virtual functions.

21.7 Q3: The C++ compiler makes objects take up more space in memory if they: a. Are derived from base classes. a.b. Have virtual functions. a.c. Have only protected members. a.d. Are referenced by pointers.

ANS: b. Have virtual functions. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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21.7 Q4: Abstract classes do not necessarily have: a. A 0 pointer in their vtable. a.b. A virtual function prototype with the notation = 0. a.c. Zero instances of their class. a.d. Zero references to their class.

ANS: d. Zero references to their class.

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Section 21.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Run-Time Type Information with downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 21.8 Q1: The line: virtual double functionX() const = 0; in a class definition indicates that the class is probably a: a. Base class. a.b. Derived class. a.c. Protected class. a.d. Library class.

ANS: a. Base class.

21.8 Q2: Run-time type information can be used to determine: a. A function’s return type. a.b. A function’s argument type. a.c. An object’s type. a.d. The number of arguments a function takes.

ANS: c. An object’s type.

21.8 Q3: The __________ operator returns a reference to a __________ object: a. typeid, type_info a.b. typeinfo, type_id a.c. typeid, data_type a.d. typeinfo, type ANS: a. typeid, type_info 21.8 Q4: dynamic_cast is often used to: a. Perform type checking for objects. a.b. Convert pointers to strings. a.c. Upcast pointers. a.d. Downcast pointers.

ANS: d. Downcast pointers.

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Section 21.9 Virtual Destructors 21.9 Q1: virtual destructors must be used when: a. The constructor in the base class is virtual. a.b. delete is used on a base-class pointer to a derived-class object. a.c. delete is used on a derived-class object. a.d. A constructor in either the base class or derived class is virtual.

ANS: b. delete is used on a base-class pointer to a derived-class object.

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Chapter 22: Templates Section 22.1 Introduction 22.1 Q1: The relationship between function templates and function-template specializations is most similar to the relationship between: a. Classes and objects. a.b. Classes and functions. a.c. Functions and return types. a.d. Headers and source files.

ANS a. Classes and objects.

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Section 22.2 Function Templates 22.2 Q1: A difference between function-template specializations and overloaded functions is that: a. Function-template specializations are generated by the compiler, not the programmer. a.b. Function-template specializations cannot accept user-defined types. a.c. Function-template specializations do not perform identical operations on each data type. a.d. Overloaded functions usually do not perform similar operations on each data type.

ANS a. Function-template specializations are generated by the compiler, not the programmer.

22.2 Q2: Function-template specializations: a. Are identical to macros. a.b. Are generated at compile time. a.c. Have a maximum allowed number of type parameters. a.d. Are not more concise than the equivalent set of overloaded functions.

ANS b. Are generated at compile time.

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Section 22.3 Overloading Function Templates 22.3 Q1: A function template can be overloaded by: a. Using other function templates with the same function name and parameters. a.b. Using non-template functions with the same name and different parameters. a.c. Using non-template functions with a different name but the same parameters. a.d. Using other function templates with a different name but the same parameters.

ANS b. Using non-template functions with the same name and different parameters.

22.3 Q2: Assuming that all four of the following functions are defined, which one will be called by the function call square( 23.4 )? a. template< typename T > T square( T num ) a.b. template< typename T1, typename T2 > T1 square( T1 num1, T2 num2 ) a.c. int square( int num ) a.d. double square( double num ) ANS d. double square( double num )

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Section 22.4 Class Templates 22.4 Q1: Class templates: a. May include the statement template< typename Type > anywhere. a.b. Must put template< typename Type > before the class definition. a.c. Must include template< typename Type > inside the class definition. a.d. Have the option of including the optional statement template< typename Type >.

ANS: b. Must put template< typename Type > before the class definition. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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22.4 Q2: For a class template, the binary scope resolution operator (::) is needed: a. Only in the definitions of the member functions defined outside the class. a.b. Both in the prototype and definition of a member function. a.c. Only if multiple class-template specializations will be created from this class template. a.d. In neither the definition nor prototype of member functions.

ANS: a. Only in the definitions of the member functions defined outside the class.

22.4 Q3: Function templates: a. Can include objects of template classes as parameters. a.b. Must have return type T. a.c. Do not need a separate template< typename type > statement if they take objects from a template class as a parameter. a.d. Do not need a separate template< typename type > statement.

ANS: a. Can include objects of template classes as parameters.

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Section 22.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates 22.5 Q1: Nontype parameters are: a. Unable to have default arguments. a.b. Specified before the angle-bracket-enclosed type-parameter list. a.c. const. a.d. Required for class templates.

ANS: c. const.

22.5 Q2: Default type parameters are allowed only: a. If the class template also has nontype parameters. a.b. If the class template does not have any nontype parameters. a.c. If the class is used as a container class. a.d. As the rightmost (trailing) parameters in a template’s type-parameter list.

ANS: d. As the rightmost (trailing) parameters in a template’s type-parameter list.

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Section 22.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance 22.6 Q1: Select the incorrect statement. a. A class-template specialization can be used to derive a class template. a.b. A class template can be derived from a nontemplate class. a.c. A non-template class can be used to derive a class-template specialization. a.d. A non-template class can be derived from a class template-specialization.

ANS: c. A non-template class can be used to derive a class-template specialization.

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Section 22.7 Notes on Templates and Friends 22.7 Q1: Friendship cannot be declared between a class template and: a. A class-template specialization. a.b. A member function of another class. a.c. Another class template. a.d. A global function.

ANS: c. Another class template.

Section 22.8 Notes on Templates and static Members 22.8 Q1: Which of the following is false? © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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With a non-template class, one copy of a static data member is shared among all objects created from that class. a.b. Each class-template specialization created from a class template has its own copy of each static data member. a.c. static data members of both template and non-template classes are initialized at file scope. a.d. One copy of each static member function is shared between all class-template specializations in the class template.

ANS: d. One copy of each static member function is shared between all class-template specializations in the class template. a.

© Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 23: Stream Input/Output Section 23.1 Introduction 23.1 Q1: Which of the following statements is not true about C++ input/output (I/O) features? a. C++ allows users to specify I/O for their own data types. a.b. C++ automatically calls the correct I/O operations for standard types. a.c. C++ has some object-oriented I/O features. a.d. C++ borrowed its type safe I/O capabilities from C. ANS d. C++ borrowed its type safe I/O capabilities from C.

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Section 23.2 Streams 23.2 Q1: Select the correct statement regarding C++ I/O streams: a. C++ provides only high-level I/O capabilities because it is a high-level programming language. a.b. High-level (formatted) I/O is best for large-volume transfers. a.c. Low-level I/O breaks information down into small, meaningful groups of related bytes. a.d. Programmers generally prefer high-level I/O to low-level I/O. ANS d. Programmers generally prefer high-level I/O to low-level I/O. 23.2 Q2: __________ is usually faster than __________. a. High-level I/O, low-level I/O. a.b. Low-level I/O, high-level I/O. a.c. Low-level I/O, internal data processing. a.d. High-level I/O, internal data processing.

ANS b. Low-level I/O, high-level I/O.

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Section 23.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 23.2.1 Q1: Which C++ data type was designed to store Unicode characters? a. char a.b. long a.c. wchar_t a.d. size_t ANS c. wchar_t

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Section 23.2.2 iostream Library Header Files 23.2.2 Q1: Which of the following libraries does not deal with input/output? a. iostream a.b. iomanip a.c. fstream a.d. fiostream ANS d. fiostream

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Section 23.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 23.2.3 Q1: Which of the following classes is a base class of the other three? a. basic_ios a.b. basic_istream a.c. basic_ostream a.d. basic_iostream ANS a. basic_ios 23.2.3 Q2: Which of the following is not a member of the ostream class? a. cout a.b. cerr © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a.c. cin a.d. clog ANS c. cin 23.2.3 Q3: Which of the following classes is deepest in the inheritance hierarchy? a. basic_iostream a.b. basic_ofstream a.c. basic_ifstream a.d. basic_fstream ANS d. basic_fstream

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Section 23.3 Stream Output 23.3 Q1: Which of the following is not a member function of the C++ ostream class? a. Stream-insertion operator (<<). a.b. Stream-extraction operator (>>). a.c. put. a.d. write.

ANS b. Stream-extraction operator (>>).

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Section 23.3.1 Output of char * Variables 23.3.1 Q1: Which of the following prints the address of character string string given the following declaration? char * string = "test"; a. cout << string; a.b. cout << *&string; a.c. cout << static_cast< void * >( string ); a.d. cout << * string; ANS: c. cout << static_cast< void * >( string );

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Section 23.3.2 Character Output using Member Function put 23.3.2 Q1: Which of the following is an illegal use of function put? a. cout.put( 'A' ); a.b. cout.put( "A" ); a.c. cout.put( 'A' ).put( '\n' ); a.d. cout.put( 65 ); ANS: b. cout.put( "A" );

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Section 23.4 Stream Input 23.4 Q1: The stream-extraction operator: a. Does not normally accept white-space characters. a.b. Returns true when the end-of-file is encountered. a.c. Sets the stream’s failbit if the operation fails. a.d. Sets the stream’s badbit if the data is of the wrong type.

ANS: a. Does not normally accept white-space characters.

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Section 23.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 23.4.1 Q1: One difference between the three-argument version of the get function and the getline function is that: a. Only get has a delimiter. a.b. The getline function removes the delimiter from the stream. a.c. Only get adds the delimiter to the array. a.d. getline stores the characters it reads into its character array argument. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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ANS: b. The getline function removes the delimiter from the stream.

Section 23.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 23.4.2 Q1: The putback member function returns to the input stream the previous character obtained by: a. A get from the input stream. a.b. Using the stream extraction operator on the input stream. a.c. Reading input from the keyboard. a.d. Reading a file from disk.

ANS: a. A get from the input stream.

23.4.2 Q2: Upon encountering the designated delimiter character, the ignore member function will: a. Read it in and return its value. a.b. Ignore it and continue reading and discarding characters. a.c. Terminate. a.d. Replace it with an EOF character.

ANS: c. Terminate.

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Section 23.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 23.4.3 Q1: If unexpected data is processed in an I/O operation: a. An exception will be thrown. a.b. An error message will automatically be displayed. a.c. The program will terminate execution. a.d. Various error bits will be set.

ANS: d. Various error bits will be set.

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Section 23.5 Unformatted I/O using read, write and gcount 23.5 Q1: Which of the following is a difference between the read and write functions? a. One performs formatted I/O and the other does not. a.b. They take different types of parameters. a.c. write and gcount are member functions of the same class, whereas read is not. a.d. The failbit is set only with read.

ANS: d. The failbit is set only with read.

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Section 23.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 23.6.1 Q1: Which of the following is not a difference between hex and setbase? a. setbase is a parameterized stream manipulator and hex is not. a.b. setbase is provided by a different header file than hex. a.c. setbase(16) and hex have different effects on stream output. a.d. setbase takes an argument but hex does not.

ANS: c. setbase(16) and hex have different effects on stream output.

Section 23.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 23.6.2 Q1: What will be output by the following statements? double x = 1.23456789; cout << fixed; cout << setprecision(5) << x << endl; cout.precision(3); cout << x << endl; © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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cout << x << endl; 1.2346 1.23 1.23 a.b. 1.23457 1.235 1.23456789 a.c. 1.2346 1.23 1.23456789 a.d. 1.23457 1.235 1.235 ANS: d. 1.23457 1.235 1.235 a.

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Section 23.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 23.6.3 Q1: Which of the following is not true about setw and width? a. If the width set is not sufficient the output prints as wide as it needs. a.b. They are used to set the field width of output. a.c. Both of them can perform two tasks, setting the field width and returning the current field width. a.d. They only apply for the next insertion/extraction.

ANS: c. Both of them can perform two tasks, setting the field width and returning the current field width.

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Section 23.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 23.6.4 Q1: Which of the following is a valid user-defined output stream manipulator header? a. ostream& tab( ostream& output ) a.b. ostream tab( ostream output ) a.c. istream& tab( istream output ) a.d. void tab( ostream& output ) ANS: a. ostream& tab( ostream& output )

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Section 23.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 23.7.1 Q1: What will be output by the following statement? cout << showpoint << setprecision(4) << 11.0 << endl; a. 11 a.b. 11.0 a.c. 11.00 a.d. 11.000 ANS: c. 11.00

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Section 23.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 23.7.2 Q1: Which of the following stream manipulators causes an outputted number’s sign to be left justified, its magnitude to be right justified and the center space to be filled with fill characters? a. left a.b. right a.c. internal a.d. showpos ANS: c. internal © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Section 23.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 23.7.3 Q1: Which of the following statements restores the default fill character? a. cout.defaultFill(); a.b. cout.fill(); a.c. cout.fill( 0 ); a.d. cout.fill( ' ' ); ANS: d. cout.fill( ' ' );

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Section 23.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 23.7.4 Q1: When the showbase flag is set: a. The base of a number precedes it in brackets. a.b. Decimal numbers are not output any differently. a.c. "oct" or "hex" will be displayed in the output stream. a.d. Octal numbers can appear in one of two ways.

ANS: b. Decimal numbers are not output any differently.

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Section 23.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 23.7.5 Q1: What will be output by the following statements? double x = .0012345; cout << fixed << x << endl; cout << scientific << x << endl; 1.234500e-003 0.001235 a.b. 1.23450e-003 0.00123450 a.c. .001235 1.234500e-003 a.d. 0.00123450 1.23450e-003 ANS: c. 0.001235 1.234500e-003 a.

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Section 23.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 23.7.6 Q1: Which of the following outputs does not guarantee that the uppercase flag has been set? a. All hexadecimal numbers appear in the form 0X87. a.b. All numbers written in scientific notation appear the form 6.45E+010. a.c. All text outputs appear in the form SAMPLE OUTPUT. a.d. All hexadecimal numbers appear in the form AF6.

ANS: c. All text outputs appear in the form SAMPLE OUTPUT.

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Section 23.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 23.7.7 Q1: Which of the following is not true about bool values and how they are output with the output stream? a. The old style of representing true/false values used -1 to indicate false and 1 to indicate true. a.b. A bool value outputs as 0 or 1 by default. a.c. Stream manipulator boolalpha sets the output stream to display bool values as the strings "true" and "false". a.d. Both boolalpha and noboolalpha are “sticky” settings.

ANS: a. The old style of representing true/false values used -1 to indicate false and 1 to indicate true.

Section 23.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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23.7.8 Q1: To reset the format state of the output stream: a. Call the reset member function. a.b. Call the flags member function with the ios_base::fmtflags constant as the argument. a.c. Save a copy of the fmtflags value returned by calling member function flags before making any format changes, and then call flags again with that fmtflags value as the argument. a.d. You must manually apply each individual format change member function or stream manipulator to restore the default format state.

ANS: c. Save a copy of the fmtflags value returned by calling member function flags before making any format changes, and then call flags again with that fmtflags value as the argument.

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Section 23.8 Stream Error States 23.8 Q1: The good member function will return false if: a. The eof member function would return true. a.b. The bad member function would return true. a.c. The failbit member function would return true. a.d. Any of the above.

ANS: d. Any of the above.

23.8 Q2: The difference between the operator! member function and the operator void* member function is that: a. They always return opposite boolean values. a.b. They occasionally return opposite boolean values. a.c. Of the two member functions, only operator! checks if eof has been set. a.d. Of the two member functions, only operator void* checks if eof has been set.

ANS: a. They always return opposite boolean values.

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Section 23.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 23.9 Q1: Select the false statement. Outputs are: a. Flushed automatically at the end of a program. a.b. Flushed when the buffer fills. a.c. Able to be synchronized with inputs. a.d. Never automatically tied to inputs.

ANS: d. Never automatically tied to inputs.

23.9 Q2: Untying an input stream, inputStream, from an output stream, outputStream, is done with the function call: a. inputStream.untie(). a.b. inputStream.untie( &outputStream ). a.c. inputStream.tie(). a.d. inputStream.tie( 0 ).

ANS: d. inputStream.tie( 0 ).

© Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 24a: Exception Handling Section 24.1 Introduction 24.1 Q1: Exception handling may allow a program to: a. Terminate in a controlled manner. a.b. Be more robust and fault-tolerant. a.c. Continue executing as if no problem was encountered. a.d. All of the above.

ANS d. All of the above.

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Section 24.2 Exception-Handling Overview 24.2 Q1: Which of the following is an advantage of not using exception-handling to deal with errors? a. Intermixing program logic with error-handling logic can make the program more difficult to read, modify, maintain and debug. a.b. Frequent tests for infrequently occurring errors can degrade a program’s performance. a.c. Programmers may delay writing error-processing code or sometimes forget to include it. a.d. None of the above.

ANS d. None of the above.

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Section 24.3 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 24.3 Q1: The correct order in which an exception is detected and handled is: a. try, catch, throw a.b. throw, catch, try a.c. catch, throw, try a.d. try, throw, catch ANS d. try, throw, catch 24.3 Q2: Once an exception is thrown, when can control return to the throw point? a. Never. a.b. Only after the exception is caught. a.c. Once the stack unwinding process is completed. a.d. Immediately after the exception is thrown.

ANS a. Never.

24.3 Q3: The try block cannot: a. Enclose the code that may throw the exception. a.b. Enclose its own catch blocks. a.c. Test enclosing try blocks for additional catch statements if this try block’s catch statements can’t match the exception being thrown. a.d. Have exceptions explicitly or implicitly thrown in the try block itself.

ANS b. Enclose its own catch blocks.

24.3 Q4: catch blocks are not required to contain: a. Braces { }. a.b. Parentheses ( ). a.c. Some form of parameter type indication. a.d. A parameter name.

ANS d. A parameter name.

24.3 Q5: An exception: a. Terminates program execution. a.b. Terminates the block where the exception occurred. a.c. Will terminate the block where the exception occurred unless a catch command stops it. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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a.d. Will not terminate a block unless explicitly instructed to do so.

ANS b. Terminates the block where the exception occurred.

Section 24.4 When to Use Exception Handling 24.4 Q1: Exception handling should not be used: a. As an alternative for program control. a.b. To make error handling uniform on large projects. a.c. To deal with errors that do not arise very often. a.d. To deal with errors for components that will be widely used in other applications, such as classes and libraries.

ANS a. As an alternative for program control.

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Section 24.5 Rethrowing an Exception 24.5 Q1: To rethrow an exception, the exception handler must: a. Use the throw; statement. a.b. Use the throw command with the same parameters as the original exception. a.c. Return a reference to whatever caused the original exception. a.d. Not have attempted to process that exception at all.

ANS a. Use the throw; statement.

24.5 Q2: Select the false statement. A rethrown exception: a. Is detected by the next enclosing try block. a.b. Is the immediate result of a throw command. a.c. Can be processed by exception handlers following the enclosing try block. a.d. Must have been fully processed at the time it was rethrown.

ANS d. Must have been fully processed at the time it was rethrown.

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Section 24.6 Exception Specifications 24.6 Q1: The proper syntax for a throw list is: a. int g( double h ) throw ( a, b, c ) a.b. int g( double h ) throw ( a b c ) a.c. int g( double h ) throw ( a ) throw ( b ) throw ( c ) a.d. int g( double h ) throw ( a ), throw ( b ), throw ( c ) ANS a. int g( double h ) throw ( a, b, c ) 24.6 Q2: Placing throw() after a function's parameter list: a. Guarantees that all exceptions can be thrown in this function. a.b. Guarantees that only programmer-defined exceptions can be thrown in this function. a.c. Indicates that throwing an exception in this function would call unexpected. a.d. Indicates that the compiler will issue an error if the function contains a throw expression.

ANS: c. Indicates that throwing an exception in this function would call unexpected.

Section 24.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions

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24.7 Q1: Select the false statement. The functions set_terminate and set_unexpected: a. Return pointers to the last function called by terminate and unexpected, respectively. a.b. Each return 0 the first time they are called. a.c. Take as arguments pointers to void functions with no arguments. a.d. Have their prototypes in header file <set_functions>.

ANS: d. Have their prototypes in header file <set_functions>.

24.7 Q2: Which of the following is not a case in which function terminate is called? a. When the exception mechanism cannot find a matching catch for a thrown exception. a.b. When the abort function is called before any call to function set_abort. a.c. When a destructor attempts to throw an exception during stack unwinding. a.d. When an attempt is made to rethrow an exception when there is no exception currently being handled.

ANS: b. When the abort function is called before any call to function set_abort.

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Section 24.8 Stack Unwinding 24.8 Q1: The purpose of stack unwinding is to: a. Attempt to catch exceptions that are not caught in their scope. a.b. Improve catch blocks by allowing them to handle multiple exceptions. a.c. Return control to the function that created the exception. a.d. Aid the terminate command in shutting down the program.

ANS: a. Attempt to catch exceptions that are not caught in their scope.

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Section 24.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 24.9 Q1: Select the false statement. If an exception is thrown from a constructor: a. The object being constructed will not be constructed. a.b. For an array, destructors for all array elements are called, even if those array elements have not yet been constructed. a.c. The exception can contain the error information that the constructor would not be able to return in the normal manner. a.d. For an object with member objects, and whose outer object has not been constructed, the destructor is called for the member objects.

ANS: b. For an array, destructors for all array elements are called, even if those array elements have not yet been constructed.

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Section 24.10 Exceptions and Inheritance 24.10 Q1: An advantage of using inheritance with exceptions is: a. The ability to catch related errors easily. a.b. Allowing catch statements to be imported into classes. a.c. The ability to explicitly test for derived class objects individually. a.d. The simplification of destructor calls for objects.

ANS: a. The ability to catch related errors easily.

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Section 24.11 Processing new Failures 24.11 Q1: Select the false statement. Depending on the compiler: a. A failed new operation can return a 0. a.b. A failed new operation can throw a bad_alloc exception. a.c. A failed new operation can throw an exception if the <new> header file has been included. a.d. A failed new operation can automatically be caught at compile time.

ANS: d. A failed new operation can automatically be caught at compile time. © Copyright 1992-2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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24.11 Q2: Select the false statement. The new operator: a. Can attempt to allocate as much memory as the programmer requests. a.b. Returns a pointer to a location in memory. a.c. Can indicate failure differently on different compilers. a.d. Throws a bad_alloc exception regardless of what function is registered with set_new_handler.

ANS: d. Throws a bad_alloc exception regardless of what function is registered with set_new_handler.

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Section 24.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 24.12 Q1: If dynamic memory has been allocated for an object and an exception occurs, then: a. The catch block will not work properly. a.b. A memory leak could result. a.c. The object's constructor will cause another exception. a.d. Multiple pointers to memory could be created.

ANS: b. A memory leak could result.

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Section 24.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 24.13 Q1: Select the false statement regarding exceptions. a. The C++ standard has a hierarchy of exception classes. a.b. All exception classes are accessible via <exception>. a.c. Several classes derive from class exception. a.d. The what function can be overridden in each class derived from exception.

ANS: b. All exception classes are accessible via <exception>.

24.13 Q2: Which class indicates that an error occurred in which an arithmetic result was larger than the largest number that can be stored in the computer? a. invalid_argument. a.b. bad_exception. a.c. out_of_range. a.d. overflow_error.

ANS: d. overflow_error.

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Section 24.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques 24.14 Q1: Which of the following is not an error-handling technique? a. exit. a.b. longjump. a.c. ifndef. a.d. set_new_handler.

ANS: c. ifndef.

24.14 Q2: Both “ignoring the exception” and “aborting the program” are error-handling techniques that: a. Cannot be used if the error is fatal. a.b. Always result in a resource leak. a.c. Should not be used for mission-critical applications. a.d. Allow program execution to proceed as if no error had occurred.

ANS: c. Should not be used for mission-critical applications.

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E.1 Introduction E.1. Allegro is a C library created especially to help with ________. a) game programming and graphics b) complex mathematics c) web-based C programs d) none of the above Ans: a E.2. Which of the following is NOT one of Allegro’s capabilities? a) Smoothly animating moving objects. b) Playing sounds. c) Handling text input from the user. d) Displaying text on the screen.

Ans: c

E.2 Installing Allegro E.3. To install Allegro, one needs to do all of the following EXCEPT: a) Download the Allegro source package. b) Have a C IDE that is compatible with Allegro. c) Compile Allegro’s source code. d) Run the setup program that comes with the Allegro package.

Ans: d E.4. After Allegro is installed, every time you create an Allegro project, you must ________. a) tell your IDE where the Allegro library is located b) compile Allegro’s source code c) copy Allegro’s files to the folder where the project is located d) do nothing; Allegro will automatically work with an IDE after it is installed Ans: a

E.3 A Simple Allegro Program E.5. On most systems, an Allegro program requires all of the following lines to run EXCEPT: a) allegro_init(); b) END_OF_MAIN() c) allegro_message( “Welcome to Allegro!” ); d) #include <allegro.h> Ans: c E.6. The allegro_message function is used to ________. a) initialize the Allegro library .

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b) display a message to the user c) give instructions to Allegro d) none of the above Ans: b

E.4 Simple Graphics: Importing Bitmaps and Blitting E.7. The main variable type that Allegro defines to point to image data in memory is ________. a) IMAGE* b) PICTURE* c) IMG* d) BITMAP* Ans: d E.8. The destroy_bitmap function is used to ________. a) clear a bitmap from the screen b) free the memory allocated to a bitmap c) clear a bitmap of its image data and make it blank d) none of the above Ans: b E.9. The five “magic drivers” defined by Allegro that automatically determine the video card drivers of a system are ________. a) FULLSCREEN, WINDOWED, AUTO_MODE, SAFE_MODE, and TEXT_ONLY b) GFX_AUTODETECT_FULLSCREEN, GFX_AUTODETECT_WINDOWED, GFX_AUTODETECT, GFX_SAFE, and GFX_TEXT c) FULL, WIN, AUTO, SAFE, and TEXT d) GFX_FULLSCREEN, GFX_WINDOWED, GFX_AUTODETECT, GFX_SAFE, and GFX_TEXT Ans: b

E.5 Animation with Double Buffering E.10. Attempting animation in Allegro without double buffering is undesirable because ________. a) it causes the screen to flicker b) it requires more memory c) it requires more code d) none of the above, there is no difference Ans: a E.11. The makecol function is used to ________. a) return a double that Allegro interprets as a color b) return a float that Allegro interprets as a color c) return an int that Allegro interprets as a color d) return a COLOR* to Allegro .

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Ans: c

E.6 Importing and Playing Sounds E.12. The main variable type that Allegro defines to point to sound data in memory is ________. a) SOUND* b) SAMPLE* c) WAVE* d) BOING* Ans: b E.13. After the sample that should be played, the four parameters that must be passed to the play_sample function should be in the order ________, ________, ________, and ________. a) pan, volume, loop, frequency b) frequency, loop, volume, pan c) loop, volume, pan, frequency d) volume, pan, frequency, loop Ans: d

E.7 Keyboard Input E.14. The name of the array of ints defined by Allegro that contains information on which keys on the keyboard are being pressed is ________. a) key b) keyboard c) keys d) key_array Ans: a E.15. The keyboard symbolic constant defined by Allegro for the spacebar is ________. a) SPACEBAR b) KEY_SPACE c) SPACE d) KEY_SPACEBAR Ans: b

E.8 Fonts and Displaying Text E.16. The main function that Allegro uses to display text on the screen is ________. a) printf b) printf_ex c) printtext_ex d) textprintf_ex .

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Ans: d E.17. When interpreted as a color, Allegro interprets the value of -1 as ________. a) white b) black c) transparent d) gray Ans: c

E.10 Timers in Allegro E.18. The ________ function adds a timer to an Allegro program. a) install_timer b) install_int c) add_timer d) add_int Ans: b E.19. Allegro allows only ________ timers to be running at once regardless of the system being used. a) 4 b) 8 c) 16 d) 32 Ans: c

E.11 The Grabber and Allegro Datafiles E.20. An Allegro datafile is ________. a) a single file that holds the data of several other files in one place. b) a file that Allegro uses to save information about a game, such as high scores. c) another name for any file that Allegro can load. d) a file that Allegro creates for storing information about the system being used.

Ans: a E.21. Allegro uses the load_datafile function to load a datafile into a program, and the ________ function to remove it from memory. a) destroy_datafile b) remove_datafile c) unload_datafile d) free_datafile Ans: c

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Appendix F

Section F.2 Big O Notation F.1 Which of the following is not true about searching algorithms and their efficiency? a.The major difference between various searching algorithms is the amount of effort they require to complete the search. b.Big O notation is one way to describe how likely it is that a searching algorithm will find its target. c.The effort required to perform a search or a sort is particularly dependent on the number of data elements. d.A more efficient searching algorithm is usually more complex and difficult to implement.

Ans: b F.2 Which of the following is not true about an algorithm with a constant run time? a. The Big O notation is O(1). b. The algorithm is completely independent of the number of elements in the array. c. The algorithm will require only one comparison. d. None of the above.

Ans: c

Section F.3 Selection Sort F.3 Selection sort has a Big O of: a. O(n). b. O(n2). c. O(½n2). d. O((n2 – n)/2 ).

Ans: b F.4 Which of the following is not true about the selection sort? a. The first iteration of the algorithm selects the smallest element in the array and swaps it with the first element. b. After the ith iteration, the smallest i positions of the array will be sorted into increasing order in the first i positions of the array. c. Selection sort is an efficient sorting algorithm. d. None of the above.

Ans: c

Section F.4 Insertion Sort F.5 Suppose an algorithm contains three repetition statements, the second nested within the first and the third nested within the second. The first loop performs O(n) iterations, the second loop performs O(n2) iterations and the third loop performs O(n4) iterations. What is the Big O of the entire algorithm? a. O(n). b. O(n4). c. O(n7). d. O(n8).

Ans: c F.6 How does the insertion sort work? a. Each iteration takes the next smallest element and inserts it at the beginning of the array. b. Each iteration takes the next element in the unsorted portion of the array and inserts it into the sorted portion. c.Sorted subarrays are inserted into the larger array. d. Each iteration determines the location of a pivot and inserts it into place.

Ans: b © Copyright 2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

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Section F.5 Merge Sort F.7 The merge sort algorithm: a. Can only be used on arrays of even length. b. Works by reducing arrays down to the base case of a two-element array. c. Works by merging two sorted arrays into one larger sorted array. d. Cannot be implemented recursively.

Ans: c F.8 What is the base case for the recursive merge sort algorithm? a. Any array that is already sorted. b. A two-element array. c. A one-element array. d. A zero-element array.

Ans: c F.9 A merge sort operation runs in: a. O(log n) time. b. O(n) time. c. O(n log n) time. d. O(n2) time.

Ans: c

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Appendix G

Section G.2 Support for C99 G.1. Which of the following compilers can support C99? a.Visual Studio. b.Borland. c. GNU. d.All of the above.

Ans: c

Section G.3 New C99 Headers G.2. Which of the following is not a new C99 header? a.<complex.h> b. <fenv.h> c. <inttypes.h> d. <iso.h> Ans: d G.3. Which of the following header defines extended integer types and related macros? a. <inttypes.h> b. <iso646.h> c. <stdint.h> d. <int.h> Ans: c.

Section G.4 // Comments G.4. Which of the following the statement is true? a. // will treat the whole line as a comment. b. // will treat the sub-line to the left as a comment. c. // will treat the sub-line to the right as a comment. d. None of the above.

Ans: c

Section G.5 Mixing Declarations and Executable Code G.5. Which of the following statements is false regarding mixing declarations and executable code? a. A variable can be declared anywhere in a block before usage. b. You can declare variables close to their first use, even if those declarations appear after executable code in a block. c. Mixing declarations and executable code improves program readability and reduces the possibility of unintended references. d. Most programmers prefer to mix declarations and executable code.

Ans: d

Section G.6 Declaring a variable in a for Statement header G.6. Which of the following statements is not true in regards to declaring a variable in a for statement header? a. C89 disallows the initialization clause to include a declaration. b. C99 allows the initialization clause to include a declaration. © Copyright 2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

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c. The scope of the declared loop-counter variable, in the for statement header, is limited to the for statement. d. None of the above.

Ans: d

Section G.7 Designated Initializers and Compound Literals G.7. Designated initializers allow you to initialize the elements of a(n): a. array. b. union. c. struct. d. All of the above.

Ans: d

Section G.8 Type bool G.8. What values can the boolean type _Bool hold? a. 0 or 1. b. 1 or 2. c. T or F. d. true or false.

Ans: a G.9. C99 provides the ________ header file which defines macros representing the type bool. a. <bool.h>. b. <stdbool.h>. c. <stdboolean.h>. d. <stdbln.h>.

Ans: b

Section G.9 Implicit int in Function Declarations G.10. Which of the following statements is true in regard to implicit int in the function declaration in C99? a. If a function does not have an explicit return type, C99 implicitly returns an int. b. C99 disallows the use of the implicit int. c. C99 require C99-complaint compilers to issue either a warning or an error when a function does not have an explicit return type or a specified parameter type. d. Both b and c.

Ans: d

Section G.10 Complex Numbers G.11. Which header file contains macros and function prototypes for supporting complex numbers? a. <stdint.h> b. <math.h> c. <complex.h> d. <number.h> Ans: c

Section G.11 Variable-Length Arrays Section G.12: Other C99 Features G.12. C99 introduces the type long long int, which is guarenteed to be at least ___ bits long. a. 32 © Copyright 2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

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b. 64 c. 128 d. 256 Ans: b G.13. C99 allows for __________ functions in which the compiler replaces every call to the function with the code body of that function. a. inline b. virtual c. volatile d. replace Ans: a .

© Copyright 2010 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.