Aging and the Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 7th Edition Quadagno Test Bank

Type:

Test Bank

Resource:

Aging and the Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology

Edition:

7th Edition

Author(s):

Jill Quadagno

Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

Chapter 01 The Field of Social Gerontology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 04) Which of the following is not part of the definition of senescence?

A. It is the application of evolutionary principles to understand decline in old age.

B. Death is a part of the process of natural selection.

C. Death is a way to weed out worn-out members of a population.

D. Old age can be a period of renewal and increased wisdom.

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2. (p. 04) A subfield of gerontology is: A. scientology.

B. social gerontology.

C. sociology.

D. social work.

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3. (p. 04) Social gerontologists are concerned mainly with the _____ of aging.

A. physical component B. biological component C. social component D. financial component

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

4. (p. 04) Which of the following is not a factor associated with successful aging?

A. setting goals and working to achieve them B. participating in meaningful activities C. adopting a lifestyle to reach maximum level of functioning D. accepting compulsory retirement

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5. (p. 06) Which of the following statements is true about the frail elderly?

A. They are predominantly engaged in the life of the community.

B. They are usually mentally and physically fit.

C. They can never improve from their health conditions.

D. They depend on others for carrying out their daily activities.

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6. (p. 06-07) A good example of functional age is: A. a person between the ages of 65-74.

B. retiring from one's employment at 48.

C. at the age of 58, no longer being able to run 20 miles.

D. classifying oneself as "old" or "elderly."

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7. (p. 06) Which of the following is not an example of chronological age?

A. young-old at 65-74 B. well old at any age C. middle-old 75-84 D. oldest-old 85 and older

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

8. (p. 06) Chronological age poses a problem in social gerontology because it: A. is a subjective factor.

B. lumps people of different generations together.

C. can be a good predictor of old age.

D. is a specific point in a person's life.

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9. (p. 07) Which of the following statements is true about subjective age identity?

A. It has no relationship with the gender of an individual.

B. It appears to be influenced by the social class of an individual.

C. It is the accurate description of an individual's functional age.

D. It typically categorizes people into the well elderly, the impaired elderly, and the frail elderly.

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10. (p. 06) Mrs. Martin recently became a grandmother. The best term to define the change in her life is: A. social role.

B. functional age.

C. chronological age.

D. subjective age.

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11. (p. 07) Which of the following is not one of the functional categories devised by gerontologists?

A. well elderly B. somewhat impaired elderly C. employed elderly D. frail elderly

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

12. (p. 07) Functional age may be measured by: A. reduced skin elasticity.

B. diminished long-term memory.

C. speech defect.

D. level of activity.

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13. (p. 07) Why do women tend to associate more negative connotations with aging than do men?

A. Women, on average, die earlier than men.

B. Women are evaluated on physical attractiveness and reproductive potential, and aging affects both.

C. Women lose mental capacity as they age more quickly than men.

D. Men think they get better looking with age so they don't mind it as much.

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14. (p. 08) Gerontologists define a "cohort" as the: A. study of family processes.

B. actual number of years lived by a group of people.

C. average number of years lived by a group of people.

D. aggregate of individuals who experience the same event within the same time interval.

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15. (p. 09) Which of the following generations is the best educated and most diverse of any generation?

A. the swing generation B. the echo boomers C. the millennials D. the silent generation

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

16. (p. 09) Identify an accurate statement about the millennials.

A. They are commonly known as the swing generation.

B. They were born before Generation X. C. They are less likely than other generations to practice organized religion.

D. They are the least connected generation in the entire human history.

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17. (p. 08) Cohort aging refers to: A. people in different historical eras.

B. people 85 and over.

C. distinctive experiences which cohort members share.

D. the continuous advancement of a cohort to one age category to another over the life span.

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18. (p. 10) A feature of the baby boomer cohort is that: A. it was much larger than the cohort born during the Great Depression.

B. it was confronted with an environment that was less competitive than the environment their parents encountered.

C. it was the cohort that was more educated than the millennials.

D. it was the cohort that had the best connectivity among other cohort groups.

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19. (p. 10) The term "ageism" refers to: A. a composite of ideas and beliefs attached to people as a group or category.

B. avert or hostile attitudes directed toward a group of people.

C. overt action directed toward a group of older people.

D. systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old.

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

20. (p. 12) People with ageist attitudes: A. often view women more harshly than they view men.

B. predominantly believe that older people usually live free of disability.

C. typically refrain from stereotyping older people who receive healthcare.

D. assume that older people are politically weak.

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21. (p. 13) All of the following are examples of the double standard of aging by gender except: A. men are more likely to be evaluated for their sexual appeal and women for emotional support.

B. men are more likely to be independent and self-reliant than women.

C. aging in women is less attractive than for men.

D. women are more likely to use cosmetic techniques to conceal their age than men.

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22. (p. 12) Research has found that television: A. consistently portrays the aged in a positive and non-stereotypical fashion.

B. ads have improved significantly in the way they depict older people.

C. mostly does not focus on young people.

D. rarely treats older people with disrespect.

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23. (p. 14) A fact about aging is that: A. most retirees are busy, active, and satisfied with their working lives.

B. more than 80 percent of people 65 and older live in nursing homes.

C. older men and women spend only 10 percent of their lives free of disability.

D. people become extremely mellow as they grow old.

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

24. (p. 14) Which of the following is not a stereotype of older adults?

A. The aged are isolated from family members.

B. Most older people are disabled.

C. The majority of men and women are out of the labor force by age 62.

D. The aged are politically powerful.

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25. (p. 18) Which group has the highest income in old age?

A. unmarried people B. married couples C. women living alone D. men living alone

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26. (p. 18) Which of the following statements is true about education?

A. High school completion rates are the same across different ethnic groups.

B. Younger minorities are much more likely than their elders to have a college degree.

C. The educational gap by race and ethnicity is ever widening.

D. Each succeeding generation has less education opportunities than the generation that preceded it.

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True / False Questions 27. (p. 04) Social gerontology is a subfield of gerontology, concerned primarily with the social aspects of aging.

TRUE

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

28. (p. 05) Successful aging involves both the individual and society.

TRUE

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29. (p. 06) There is one major definition of aging.

FALSE

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30. (p. 08) An example of age cohort would include all interns at a particular company.

TRUE

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31. (p. 09) The millennials are less likely than other generations to hold liberal attitudes toward controversial issues such as gay marriage.

FALSE

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32. (p. 09) People who were born during the Depression are members of the "Swing Cohort."

FALSE

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33. (p. 09) There is little variation in cohorts by gender or ethnic composition.

FALSE

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

34. (p. 10) According to research, by the year 2017 more than 66% of very old women will have at least two surviving children.

TRUE

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35. (p. 10) Research has found that by middle school age, most children held uniform views about the elderly.

FALSE

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36. (p. 11) In the context of ageism, prejudice refers to negative stereotypes about older people.

TRUE

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37. (p. 13) The portrayal of elderly people in television ads has improved significantly in the last 40 years.

TRUE

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38. (p. 16) Men are more likely to be widowed than women.

FALSE

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39. (p. 15) The majority of older people are in poor health.

FALSE

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Chapter 01 - The Field of Social Gerontology

Essay Questions 40. How would you define successful aging?

Answers will vary.

41. How are older people depicted in the television shows that you watch?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

Chapter 02 Life Course Transitions

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 28) Transitions are: A. social changes that occur as one cohort replaces the other.

B. the impact of historical events on the entire society.

C. role changes individuals make as they leave school, take a job, marry, have children, or retire.

D. ways of using age as a social category to group people by status.

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2. (p. 28) All of the following are characteristics of a trajectory except: A. it can be a multiple pathway in ordering and timing life events.

B. it ranks individuals hierarchically in a social system.

C. it can consist of distinct gender differences in employment.

D. it has an impact on women's income security in old age.

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3. (p. 29) Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of age grade?

A. It occurs in every society.

B. Most societies have more clearly marked age grades for males than for females.

C. Societies may vary in the number of age grades.

D. Individual members of society can select the age grade they want to join.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

4. (p. 29) In age-graded systems, _____.

A. people are categorized by the number of siblings in their families B. each categorized group has the same role or grade C. people are predominantly categorized by the differences in their ethnicity and race D. males are ranked in hierarchical order according to their age group

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5. (p. 29) One of the major methodological issues in research on the life course is: A. collecting data to test various hypotheses.

B. selecting the appropriate sample size.

C. distinguishing among age, period, and cohort effects.

D. distinguishing between abstract and concrete concepts for the study.

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6. (p. 30) Which of the following is an example of a cohort effect?

A. the shift in the attitudes of a country's population toward gay marriage from the 1960s till the early 2000s B. the shift in the average life expectancy of an older cohort from the 1960s till the early 2000s C. the impact of the civil rights movement on the economy of the United States in the 1970s D. the impact of the Great Depression on the rich and the poor

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7. (p. 30) Which of the following is an example of a period effect?

A. the financial crisis of 2007-2008 B. the change in the attitude of the millennials about the baby boomers C. the changes in the physical appearance of an individual over a period of time D. the disappearance of the Malaysian Flight 370

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

8. (p. 31) The best research design to distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects is: A. cross-sectional.

B. longitudinal.

C. secondary data.

D. participant observation.

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9. (p. 30) The finding that older people are more politically conservative than younger people is an example of: A. aging effect.

B. cohort effect.

C. period effect.

D. subculture effect.

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10. (p. 30) According to research, support for gay marriage was lowest among: A. the Millennials.

B. the Silent Generation.

C. the Echo Boomers.

D. the Swing Generation.

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11. (p. 31) The longitudinal research design that focuses on the role that social support and personal relationships play in healthy aging is _____.

A. the Health and Retirement Survey B. the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging C. the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project D. the Asset and Health Dynamics among the oldest-old

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

12. (p. 32) Which of the following is not a technique used in qualitative research?

A. interviewing individuals using a survey instrument B. participant observation C. open-ended interviews D. observing people in a natural setting

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13. (p. 32) All of the following are characteristics of longitudinal research designs except: A. they follow a particular group of people over time.

B. they provide data about differences between age cohorts.

C. they are costly.

D. they are factual because all of the same subjects remain in the study.

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14. (p. 34) The term "age timetables" refers to: A. the number of years spent in each phase of the life cycle.

B. appropriate ages for making various life course transitions.

C. the expected timing or deadline for life events.

D. timetables that order life events.

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15. (p. 32) Which of the following is NOT an example of life course transition in the family sphere?

A. parenthood B. grandparenthood C. entering full-time employment D. marriage

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

16. (p. 32) An advantage of longitudinal research studies is that they: A. follow different groups of people at different points in time.

B. do not distinguish age effects from cohort effects.

C. provide data about differences between age cohorts.

D. do not require any investment as they monitor subjects at only one point in time.

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17. (p. 32) A disadvantage of longitudinal research studies is that they: A. fail to include children and teens in their research.

B. fail to distinguish age effects from cohort effects.

C. have a tendency to be biased as some people drop out over a period of time.

D. can only include people of different age cohorts at a single point in time.

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18. (p. 33) The _____ clock orders major life events.

A. biological B. social C. time D. age

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19. (p. 34) One of the reasons for the "crowded nest" phenomenon is: A. low wage for young workers.

B. young adults these days are much less independent from their parents than in the past.

C. unavailability of other housing alternatives.

D. parents prefer to have their adult children living with them.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

20. (p. 35) The _____ refers to middle-aged people who have both dependent children and aging parents.

A. crowded nest B. social clock C. swing generation D. sandwich generation

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21. (p. 35) Social scientists have found that there is a sequencing in the order of later life moves.

The second move is most likely to occur when: A. older adults are seeking a comfortable lifestyle.

B. older adults encounter physical incapacity.

C. older adults develop chronic disabilities, a serious illness, or become widowed.

D. older adults have remarried.

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22. (p. 38) For nineteenth-century women, _____ percent of their married lives were spent in childrearing.

A. 60 B. 20 C. 90 D. 50

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23. (p. 40) One theory which seeks to explain why inequality increases with age is the: A. age stratification theory.

B. age inequality theory.

C. theory of cumulative disadvantage.

D. demographic transition theory.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

24. (p. 40) Which of the following statements is true of the theory of cumulative disadvantage?

A. It states that the past history of an individual has little relationship with the future behaviors of the individual.

B. It indicates that inequality among people 65 or older is the lowest of all age groups.

C. It highlights the influences of earlier life experiences on the quality of life in old age.

D. It proposes that the advantage of one group over another group remains constant at any period of time.

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25. (p. 40) The government has the greatest impact on: A. adolescence and young adulthood.

B. children and older adults.

C. adolescence and old age.

D. children and adolescence.

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26. (p. 41) Why do most people think of "old age" as starting at 65?

A. That's the age that most people retire these days.

B. That's traditionally the age at which most health problems begin.

C. That's the average age at which people become grandparents.

D. Prior to the year 2000, that was the age at which retired workers could begin receiving Social Security benefits.

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27. (p. 42) Which of the following was not part of the experience of the sent-down youth in China?

A. Many were allowed to visit their families for only a few weeks every three years.

B. Marriage and childbearing were significantly delayed.

C. Most started out on the upper end of the occupational ladder.

D. They were more likely to go to college and eventually had higher incomes.

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

True / False Questions 28. (p. 28) The life course of individuals is shaped entirely by the individual.

FALSE

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29. (p. 28) An example of a countertransition is achieving a bachelor's degree at age 18.

FALSE

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30. (p. 29) Age grades use age as a social category to group people by religious and sexual orientation.

FALSE

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31. (p. 29) The basic assumption in measuring age effects is that changes due to aging reflect biological and physiological developments that are independent of specific times, places, or events.

TRUE

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32. (p. 29) The best example of an aging effect is the civil rights movement of the 1960s.

FALSE

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

33. (p. 30) A cross-sectional research design consists of asking people in several age groups the same information.

TRUE

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34. (p. 31) A major advantage of the longitudinal research design is that it compares subjects from different cohorts.

FALSE

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35. (p. 31) The Health and Retirement Survey is an example of a cross-sectional research study reported to the government panels making policy decisions about families.

FALSE

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36. (p. 32) A major disadvantage of the longitudinal research design is the cost.

TRUE

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37. (p. 34) One distinctive change in the duration of a life course phase is the extension of adolescence.

TRUE

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

38. (p. 35) The period of old age is also another change in the duration of the life course. It may last as long as 45 to 55 years.

FALSE

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39. (p. 35) If there are disorders in the sequencing of life events, there may be negative consequences for later life transitions.

TRUE

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40. (p. 37) A number of studies have found that children who are overweight are much more likely than slim children to be obese as adults.

TRUE

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41. (p. 39) Until recently, middle age was distinct from the rest of adult life.

FALSE

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42. (p. 39) By the 1970s, the average couple had their first child by their late 30s and had a total of four children spaced two years apart.

FALSE

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Chapter 02 - Life Course Transitions

43. (p. 40) People who start life at an advantage are likely to experience increasing benefits as they age.

TRUE

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44. (p. 41) The government has the greatest impact on two phases of the life course: adolescence and old age.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 45. What are the major historical events that have affected your age cohort?

Answers will vary.

46. What is the ideal family size and how far apart should children be spaced?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

Chapter 03 Theories of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 49) The first practitioners of social gerontology were: A. social workers.

B. sociologists.

C. developmental psychologists.

D. biologists.

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2. (p. 49) Early studies of aging influenced by biological concerns suggested that: A. decline in old age is inevitable.

B. activity in old age does nothing to alleviate mental and physical decline.

C. those who are most active score highest on measures of life satisfaction.

D. social roles are not important for understanding "normal" aging.

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3. (p. 49) The central premise of the book Personal Adjustment in Old Age was that: A. decline in old age is inevitable.

B. poor adjustment is due to being too busy.

C. poor adjustment was correlated with a lack of activity.

D. people adjusted best if they lived around young people.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

4. (p. 48) A theory is: A. an explanation for how data are collected.

B. the background information on a social concept.

C. a broad explanation that provides the structure for organizing and interpreting multiple observable facts and their relationship to one another.

D. another word for hypothesis.

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5. (p. 49) Which of the following was a main finding of the Kansas City Study of Adult Life?

A. There was a major change in the quality of role performance in middle age.

B. There was consistent change in the competence of role performance in middle age.

C. People remained fully engaged in their primary occupations in middle age.

D. People became less involved in family responsibilities in middle age.

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6. (p. 49) What was one of the major problems of the first project of the Kansas City Study of Adult Life?

A. Young adults were not included in the interviews.

B. No one over the age of 70 was interviewed.

C. Too many minorities were interviewed.

D. The measure of adjustment was flawed.

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7. (p. 49) What was the major emphasis of the second project in the Kansas City Study of Adult Life?

A. the income of older adults across the life span B. the emphasis on adjustment with measures of social role performance across the life span C. the emphasis on the role that personality plays in the adjustment to aging D. the emphasis on loss of status in old age

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

8. (p. 50) All of the following are micro theories of aging with the exception of: A. continuity theory.

B. political economy theory.

C. activity theory.

D. exchange theory.

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9. (p. 50) Disengagement theory developed by Cumming and Henry states that: A. it is best for people to stay active and to resist the shrinkage of their social world.

B. normal aging involves a natural and inevitable withdrawal from people in the social system.

C. aging is a continuous process.

D. people who share similar interests, problems, and concerns age well.

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10. (p. 50) Disengagement theory proposes that: A. disengagement can be easily avoided.

B. disengagement is caused by social factors rather than biological factors.

C. disengagement happens everywhere and in all historical eras.

D. disengagement typically occurs to people who believe that their life space is increasing.

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11. (p. 50) According to activity theory, _____.

A. successful aging is active aging B. lack of activity contributes to aging more gracefully C. how well people age can be directly correlated to how much exercise they get D. the social and psychological needs of the elderly are very different from those of younger people

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

12. (p. 52) Persons at the greatest risk of becoming isolated or involuntarily disengaged are the: A. young old (65-74).

B. oldest old (85 and older).

C. middle old (75-84).

D. middle-aged.

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13. (p. 52) Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to disengagement among nursing home residents?

A. limited participation in activities B. hearing and vision impairment C. eating difficulties D. depression

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14. (p. 53) Which of the following statements is true about continuity theory?

A. It draws heavily from the basic dichotomy of internal and external aging processes described in the Kansas City studies.

B. It ignores the role the personality of an individual plays in determining his or her aging and adult development process.

C. It states that pathological aging and normal aging of an individual are the same.

D. It defines normal aging specifically in terms of the female population.

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15. (p. 53) Continuity theory uses: A. a life course perspective to define normal aging and to distinguish it from pathological aging.

B. role models to establish how successful older adults are aging.

C. objective tests to measure the aging process.

D. subjective tests to measure the aging process.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

16. (p. 53) The most controversial element of continuity theory is the definition of: A. activity.

B. successful aging.

C. life satisfaction.

D. normal aging.

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17. (p. 55) Subculture theory shares similar characteristics with activity and disengagement theories. It differs from the two in that its origin is in: A. the psychosocial area.

B. a sociological theory of subcultural development.

C. classical economics.

D. social systems.

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18. (p. 55) Which of the following is NOT a condition for the development of subcultures?

A. people with similar interests B. people with similar concerns C. people who are excluded from participation in the wider society D. people who recently became friends

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19. (p. 55) According to Rose, within the subculture of the elderly, high status is conferred on those who: A. are married.

B. have friends.

C. have good mental and physical health.

D. have high income.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

20. (p. 55) Older people are likely to form a subculture because: A. they are isolated from young people and share common experiences with other older people.

B. they are excluded by those who evaluate people based on their occupational statuses.

C. they are labeled by young people as senile, slow, and disinterested in current social activities.

D. they prefer to spend time with people their own age.

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21. (p. 56) A problem with exchange theory is that it: A. fails to consider the costs and benefits involved in an exchange between individuals in a relationship.

B. ignores the value of nonrational resources, such as love and companionship.

C. fails to look at the immediate interactions between older people and other age groups.

D. considers intimacy to be the greatest benefit an individual can receive in any exchange.

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22. (p. 56) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of exchange theory?

A. Older people with the greatest resource in an exchange with younger people are the most capable of remaining engaged.

B. If costs are greater than benefits, social interaction will be limited.

C. If benefits are greater than cost, rewards will be limited.

D. Maintaining an exchange relationship can be a struggle for people with few resources.

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23. (p. 56) Based on the definition of "deferred exchange strategies," the person most likely to be involved in such a strategy would be a: A. doctor.

B. family member.

C. housekeeper.

D. grocery clerk.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

24. (p. 56) Recent studies have found exchange theory useful in explaining: A. social support and transition between generations.

B. gender differences in the aging process.

C. retirement patterns of different cohorts.

D. the decline in the status of adults.

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25. (p. 56) The social constructionist approach views an individual: A. as capable of interpreting her/his social reality.

B. as incapable of defining her/his social reality.

C. perspective on rational choice.

D. perspective on nonrational choice.

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26. (p. 57) A strength of the social constructionist approach is that: A. older people are viewed as energetic and creative.

B. older people are passive objects, not active subjects, in constructing their social worlds.

C. older people are not passive objects.

D. older people are visible because of their power to negotiate.

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27. (p. 57) Modernization theory focuses on: A. the economic development of all societies.

B. the degree of gender integration after World War II. C. the labor force participation of older adults after World War II. D. the continuum of societies from least to most developed based on indicators like industrialization and urbanization.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

28. (p. 57) The presumption behind modernization theory was that: A. all nations had the same level of development.

B. the degree of urbanization was similar in all nations.

C. all nations had equal number of resources to fulfil their needs.

D. the path to prosperity was similar for all nations.

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29. (p. 58) The basic premise of modernization theory was that: A. older people had less power and authority in the community in which they lived.

B. people lived independently rather than with their grandparents or kids.

C. there was once a golden age of aging.

D. younger people were more venerated than the older people in any community.

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30. (p. 60) Age stratification theory had its origins in: A. social networking.

B. status attainment research.

C. the process of professionalization.

D. high rates of urbanization.

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31. (p. 61) An underlying assumption of age stratification is that: A. all societies group people into social categories.

B. all societies rank individuals on ascribed characteristics.

C. all societies rank individuals on achieved characteristics.

D. there are similar social structures in all societies.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

32. (p. 62) A central concept in age stratification theory is: A. age cohort.

B. life expectancy.

C. life span.

D. functional age.

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33. (p. 62) Which of the following is NOT a central concern of age stratification theory?

A. how an individual's location in the changing age structure affects his/her behavior and attitudes B. how individuals relate to each other within and between age strata C. how individuals pass through key transitions D. how biological decline leads to social isolation between age strata

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34. (p. 63) An age-integrated institution is characterized by: A. distinct activities for specific age groups.

B. social norms based on chronological age.

C. absence of chronological age as means of entrance, participation, or exit.

D. social norms based on functional age.

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35. (p. 63) Which of the following is usually the most age-integrated institution of all?

A. a class B. a family C. a factory D. a workplace

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

36. (p. 63) _____ refers to outdated social structures that prevent people from participating fully in society.

A. Cultural lag B. Social lag C. Structural lag D. Economic lag

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37. (p. 64) The political economy perspective is: A. a conceptual framework for understanding inequality in the aging process.

B. a policy solution for understanding inequality in the aging process.

C. a framework for examining the larger social context of problems associated with old age.

D. a way to think about the financial problems encountered by the elderly.

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38. (p. 64) A major element of political theory is: A. the power struggles between groups and business interests.

B. cohort differences.

C. the decline in the status of the elderly.

D. the gendered values of society.

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39. (p. 66) A major criticism of political economy theories is that: A. they ignore public policies.

B. they view older people as too passive.

C. they fail to offer an empirical perspective on the socioeconomic determinants of the experience of aging and old age.

D. they ignore the economy.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

40. (p. 65) Feminist theory of aging notes that: A. men and women experience age differently because of social activities.

B. men and women have different interests and form groups based on these interests.

C. men and women experience aging differently because of the organization of social structure and gendered social definition of reality.

D. men and women experience age differently because of their power resources.

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41. (p. 65) In the context of aging, feminist theorists contend that: A. men are less likely than women to engage in risky behaviors.

B. women are less likely than men to take primary responsibility for maintaining social ties.

C. the entire life course of individuals is gendered.

D. older men do not experience aging.

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42. (p. 65) What example best applies to political economy theory?

A. the quality of care for the frail elderly B. the friendship networks of older women C. the mutual exchange between parents and adult children D. the adjustment to growing older

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43. (p. 63) Age integration theory suggests that: A. societies are not segregated by age.

B. there are numerous examples of completely age-segregated societies in the real world.

C. all societies will one day be completely age integrated.

D. age integration can be applied to periods of an individual's life course.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

44. (p. 66) Feminist theories: A. are formalized theories, such as activity theory.

B. seek to prove that masculinity and femininity are not socially constructed.

C. are only studied by women.

D. use theory to illustrate gender differences in decision-making and outcomes.

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45. (p. 66) Which of the following statements is true about critical gerontology?

A. It focuses only on the aging issues faced by the middle class in developed nations.

B. It suggests that aging remains unaffected by changes caused in a society by globalization and urbanization.

C. It excludes the political and feminist approaches to aging.

D. It states that aging affects individuals, families, and nations all around the world.

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True / False Questions 46. (p. 48) In age stratification theory, the individual is the subject matter.

FALSE

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47. (p. 49) Early researchers saw old age as a period of physical and mental decline.

TRUE

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

48. (p. 50) Most controversial about disengagement theory was the idea that disengagement occurred primarily because of social factors rather than biological factors.

FALSE

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49. (p. 50) According to activity theory, successful aging is based on individual attributes.

FALSE

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50. (p. 54) Religious faith sustains people through many crises as they age.

TRUE

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51. (p. 52) According to continuity theory, continuity is an adaptive strategy for successful aging.

TRUE

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52. (p. 53) Continuity theory emphasizes that personality plays a major role in adjustment to old age and that adult development is an aging process.

TRUE

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

53. (p. 55) A major criticism of continuity theory is that it defines normal aging around the female model of aging.

FALSE

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54. (p. 55) Subcultures develop when people meet to share their concerns about ageism.

FALSE

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55. (p. 56) The origins of exchange theory are in developmental psychology.

FALSE

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56. (p. 57) The social constructionist approach focuses on older adults as active subjects who participate in the creation of their social realities.

TRUE

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57. (p. 58) A central feature of modernization theory is the social construction of reality.

FALSE

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58. (p. 63) Most people are involved in both age-integrated and age-segregated activities.

TRUE

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

59. (p. 64) The political economy theories view old age as a socially constructed process created through power struggles.

TRUE

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60. (p. 52) What matters most when staying active is actually performing activities.

FALSE

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61. (p. 63) Structural lag occurs when societies lag behind other societies because of older people demanding to be more integrated.

FALSE

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62. (p. 66) One aspect of the feminist approach concerns gender differences in employment patterns and retirement.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 63. Think of the older people that you know. Are most engaged or disengaged? Who is happiest?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 03 - Theories of Aging

64. What are the main premises of modernization theory?

Answers will vary.

65. Think of some examples of structural lag.

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

Chapter 04 Demography of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 71) Which of the following statements is true about the echo boomers?

A. They are the children of the millennials.

B. They are more racially and ethnically diverse than the baby boomers.

C. They are primarily Hispanic and African American.

D. They are currently in their early twenties and likely to live beyond 85.

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2. (p. 71) _____ is the study of population processes—fertility, mortality, and migration.

A. Social gerontology B. Age stratification C. Demography D. Life course

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3. (p. 72) The central clearinghouse for all national population data in the United States is the: A. Center for Disease Control.

B. Center for Economic Analyses.

C. National Center on Statistics.

D. Bureau of the Census.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

4. (p. 72) One of the most difficult measures on which to obtain precise data is: A. income.

B. resident.

C. age.

D. family size.

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5. (p. 73) _____ is the greatest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive.

A. Life expectancy B. Sex ratio C. Life span D. Cohort

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6. (p. 73) Identify an accurate statement about the ratio of males and females in the world.

A. For every 106 female babies that are born, there are only 100 males.

B. Elderly women greatly outnumber elderly men in most nations.

C. The sex ratio declines progressively over the life course for females.

D. The ratio of males and females remains unaffected by the differences in the survival rates of males and females.

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7. (p. 74) All of the following are ways in which the population age structure changes except: A. fertility rate.

B. mortality rate.

C. sex ratio.

D. migration.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

8. (p. 73) In developed countries, women can expect to live _____ years longer than men.

A. six to eight B. nine to twelve C. fifteen to seventeen D. ten to twenty

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9. (p. 74) Which of the following typically exerts the least influence on age structure?

A. mortality rates B. incidence of deaths C. migration D. incidence of births

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10. (p. 74) A _____ displays the age structure of a population.

A. cohort B. sex ratio C. population pyramid D. life span

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11. (p. 75) In all developed nations, which of the following is a characteristic of the first stage of the demographic transition?

A. The birth rates and death rates are low.

B. Women marry young and have many children.

C. All people survive to old age.

D. Many people easily attain adulthood.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

12. (p. 74) An example of a middle-aged nation in regard to the population pyramid is: A. Africa.

B. Japan.

C. Canada D. South Korea.

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13. (p. 76) Average life expectancy in Africa in the year 2000 was only 46, due to large part to deaths from: A. pneumonia.

B. HIV/AIDS. C. avian flu.

D. polio.

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14. (p. 76) Identify an accurate statement about the international variations in population aging.

A. The oldest nations are in Asia.

B. The youngest countries are in Latin America and Africa.

C. In low-mortality countries, it is now rare for people to reach 85 and beyond.

D. In every country, men have greater life expectancy than women.

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15. (p. 79) The fastest growing segment of the population is: A. young old (65-74 years).

B. middle old (75-84 years).

C. oldest old (85 and over).

D. teenagers (13-18 years).

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

16. (p. 78) _____ is another way to measure population aging.

A. Aging index B. Population pyramid C. Dependency ratio D. Sex ratio

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17. (p. 78) Which of the following statements is true about the changing age structure in the United States?

A. The percentage of population 65 and over decreased drastically between 2000 and 2011.

B. The rate of growth for the population who are 65 and beyond is most likely to decline during the twenty-first century.

C. The population of people 85 and older is expected to triple by 2040.

D. The population of older people was more in the 1940s than in the 2000s.

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18. (p. 80) All of the following were factors that contributed to the decline in the fertility rate of women between 1971 and 1980 except: A. the birth control pill.

B. the increase in labor force participation.

C. the increase in educational opportunities for women.

D. the environmental movement.

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19. (p. 80) There are almost as many echo boomers as baby boomers because of: A. the increase in fertility of women during the 1980s.

B. the decline in female labor force participation.

C. the number of baby boomers who had children.

D. the decrease in the use of birth control in the 1980s.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

20. (p. 82) The leading cause of death in the United States for the 65 and older population is: A. cancer.

B. heart disease.

C. stroke.

D. influenza and pneumonia.

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21. (p. 82) Over the last 15 years, the racial differences in mortality rates (higher mortality rates for African Americans) has: A. declined for men but not women.

B. declined for both men and women.

C. increased significantly.

D. stayed the same.

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22. (p. 84) All of the following are characteristics of SES except: A. people with higher income are more likely than the poor to have health insurance and good health care.

B. people with higher income live in less polluted areas and have better access to public services.

C. middle-income people are less likely than the poor to exercise regularly and to control their weight.

D. middle-income people are more likely to eat breakfast and less likely to smoke and drink excessively.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

23. (p. 84) _____ refers to the mortality rates of African Americans that fall below that of Caucasians.

A. Ethnic crossover B. Race crossover C. Age crossover D. Race advantage

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24. (p. 84) A fact related to aging among black adults is that: A. the mortality rate for African Americans after the age of 85 remains above that of whites.

B. older black adults have lower mortality risk than whites in advanced old age.

C. the life expectancy of black men was higher than that of white men in the 2000s.

D. the life expectancy of black women was higher than that of white women in the 1950s.

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25. (p. 84) In the context of immigration, the largest foreign-born population in the United States predominantly has its origins in: A. Europe.

B. Africa.

C. Oceana.

D. Latin America.

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26. (p. 85) Immigration and higher birth rates will make the U.S. population more racially and ethnically diverse in the twenty-first century. It is projected that by 2050 the non-Hispanic white population will decline from 87 percent of people 65 and older to only: A. 15 percent.

B. 30 percent.

C. 50 percent.

D. 78 percent.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

27. (p. 85) The elderly dependency ratio is expected to be fewer than _____ workers for each person over 65 in 2030.

A. two B. three C. four D. five

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28. (p. 86) All of the following are the consequences of an aging population except: A. an aging population will increase the burden on the younger population in health care costs and income support.

B. older people will no longer pay taxes.

C. there will be fewer workers to pay social security taxes.

D. there will be demands for health care and housing that cater to older adults' special needs.

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29. (p. 88) An increase in female life expectancy has numerous consequences. All of the following are consequences except that: A. the majority of older women are single.

B. the majority of older women are married.

C. women without caretakers are likely to be institutionalized.

D. older women without spouses have higher poverty rates.

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30. (p. 90) One of the most pressing issues of the quality of life in the twenty-first century is: A. income.

B. social support.

C. health care.

D. housing.

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

True / False Questions 31. (p. 71) The baby boomers were born to the generation of echo boomers.

FALSE

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32. (p. 71) The subject matter of demography excludes fertility, mortality, and migration.

FALSE

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33. (p. 72) The Census Bureau makes a national count of the population every ten years.

TRUE

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34. (p. 73) Life expectancy in most nations is higher for males than for females.

FALSE

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35. (p. 73) Sex ratio is the number of males to every 100 females.

TRUE

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36. (p. 73) A population pyramid displays the age structure of a population.

TRUE

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

37. (p. 75) During stage one of the demographic transition, a population pyramid forms a perfect triangle.

TRUE

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38. (p. 75) A population becomes "old" when mortality is reduced at all ages, especially among the elderly.

TRUE

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39. (p. 76) The second stage of the demographic transition is characterized by increasing death rates and population decline.

FALSE

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40. The youngest nations are in Western Europe and North America.

FALSE

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41. (p. 78) The combined ratio of children and older people to workers is called the total dependency ratio.

TRUE

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

42. (p. 79) The baby boom was caused by a change in life span.

FALSE

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43. (p. 83) The greatest declines in mortality occurred during the 1940s and the 1970s.

TRUE

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44. (p. 85) Race crossover is an intriguing concept that is fully understood by demographers.

FALSE

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45. (p. 86) According to estimates by the U.S. Census, about 20 percent of the total growth of the elderly population in the U.S. from 1992 to 2000 was due to international migration.

FALSE

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46. (p. 87) The decline in the sex ratio among people 85 and older is due to an increase in female life expectancy.

TRUE

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47. (p. 85) Older people are more willing to migrate than younger people because they have weaker ties.

TRUE

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Chapter 04 - Demography of Aging

48. (p. 87) An older age structure means less need to care for the frail elderly.

FALSE

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49. (p. 87) A younger age structure can lead to a strain on the education system.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 50. Which cohort do you belong to? What are the defining characteristics of your cohort?

Answers will vary.

51. What can men do to improve their life expectancy?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

Chapter 05 Old Age and the Welfare State

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 95) Before _____, the United States had no national social welfare program.

A. 1915 B. 1935 C. 1960 D. 1980

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2. (p. 96) The term "welfare" as used by social scientists refers to programs that protect people from the risk of loss due to all of the following except: A. unemployment.

B. retirement.

C. accidents.

D. disability.

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3. (p. 96) Which of the following is not one of the classifications of welfare programs?

A. social insurance B. social maintenance C. public assistance D. fiscal welfare

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

4. (p. 97) Social insurance programs, as their main purpose, provide: A. help to individuals who meet certain means tests.

B. economic security over the life course and prevent people from falling into destitution.

C. economic security to people during the middle years of the life course.

D. tax breaks to individuals.

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5. (p. 97) In the United States, social insurance benefits are paid for through: A. tax deductions.

B. investments.

C. payroll taxes.

D. voluntary contributions.

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6. (p. 97) In the United States, fiscal welfare is called: A. tax consumption.

B. tax expenditures.

C. tax assistance.

D. tax investment.

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7. (p. 99) In 2015, more than _____ million Americans received Social Security benefits.

A. 15 B. 30 C. 56 D. 85

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

8. (p. 101) In 2010, 64 percent of Social Security benefits went to retired workers. The next highest level (15 percent) went to: A. the disabled.

B. widows, widowers, and parents.

C. children.

D. wives and husbands of retired workers.

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9. (p. 101) The replacement rate in the context of Social Security refers to the amount of preretirement pay that is replaced by the Social Security retirement benefit. Compared with high-wage earners, for low-wage earners, the replacement rate is: A. lower.

B. higher.

C. none.

D. None of the answers is correct.

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10. (p. 100) What is the single most important source of income for older people?

A. Social Security B. SSI C. Disability Insurance D. private pensions

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

11. (p. 100) Which of the following statements is true about Social Security in the United States?

A. Nearly three-fourths of African American and Hispanic seniors rely on Social Security for more than half of their income.

B. The support for Social Security is absent among minority elderly.

C. Nearly 90 percent of Americans have major issues paying Social Security taxes.

D. Less than 15 percent of white Americans see Social Security as the foundation for their retirement.

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12. (p. 100) Which of the following statements is true about the various attitudes toward Social Security in the United States?

A. African Americans are most likely to agree that Americans should preserve Social Security by increasing taxes.

B. Most Hispanics oppose Social Security.

C. Nearly 90 percent of white Americans are opposed to paying Social Security taxes.

D. Less than 70 percent of white Americans are against preserving Social Security by increasing taxes.

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13. (p. 102) A reason why SSI (Supplemental Security Income) doesn't adequately protect the poorest elderly is that: A. people spend the money too quickly when they get it.

B. payments are eliminated if a recipient lives with a relative.

C. many older people are unwilling to endure the humiliating scrutiny of a means test.

D. the program is set up so that the payments only come once a year.

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

14. (p. 102) An individual is most likely to receive the highest benefit of Social Security when he or she retires and claims the benefit at the age of _____.

A. 57 B. 62 C. 70 D. 68

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15. (p. 102) How was the Delayed Retirement Credit useful to Americans?

A. It excused people from paying Social Security taxes until the age of 70.

B. It enabled people to receive extra income if they decided to retire and claim Social Security benefits by the age of 50.

C. It increased benefits for people who waited beyond the full retirement age to claim Social Security benefits.

D. It allowed people to receive free health care until the age of 60.

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16. (p. 102) An accurate statement about Supplemental Security Income is that it: A. provides greater monetary benefit than that received from Social Security.

B. is primarily funded by Social Security taxes.

C. is available to aged, blind, and disabled people who are very poor.

D. increases monetary benefits by one-third if a recipient lives with a relative.

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17. (p. 104) Medicare contains Parts A, B, C, and D. Part B of Medicare pays for which of the following?

A. hospitalization B. physician's office visit C. nursing home care D. community-based service care

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

18. (p. 104) The most recent change to Medicare was the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, which added: A. coverage for family members.

B. a prescription drug benefit.

C. coverage for medical equipment.

D. coverage for physical therapy.

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19. (p. 108) Identify an accurate statement about Medicaid.

A. It is the largest program in the federal budget.

B. It does not cover people who are below the age of 65.

C. It does not cover women, children, and individuals with disabilities.

D. It is the primary public health insurance benefit for low-income people.

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20. (p. 107) What has the U.S. used as an incentive to encourage employers to provide health insurance?

A. free coverage for low-income workers B. tax code C. matching funds D. employees' contributions

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

21. (p. 107) Physicians have a role in determining if applicants for Disability Insurance meet the criteria for benefits. There are several problems with determining eligibility. Which of the following is not one of these factors?

A. Doctors must know not only the individual's impairment but also what abilities her/his job requires.

B. For many people, there are no clear organic impairments.

C. Some people with a given impairment may be able to work, while others may not.

D. Doctors must be able to document thoroughly the cause of impairment.

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22. (p. 108) Once an individual is awarded Disability Insurance benefits, he or she may receive them until medical recovery or: A. return to work.

B. up to six months.

C. up to one year.

D. up to two years.

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23. (p. 108) The Supplemental Security Income disability program is operated by: A. the states.

B. the federal government.

C. the federal government and the states.

D. private agencies.

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24. (p. 108) A type of long-term care service is: A. nursing care.

B. physician service.

C. home health care.

D. recreational therapy.

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

25. (p. 109) The main source of public funding for long-term care is: A. Medicare.

B. private long-term-care insurance.

C. Medicaid.

D. home and community-based services program.

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26. (p. 97) Which of the following best fits the concept of social insurance?

A. a program that provides minimal benefits to people below poverty level B. a program that provides economic security and is based on the concept of earned entitlement C. indirect payments to individuals through the tax system D. health insurance for working-age people provided through their employers

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27. (p. 110) There are variations in the cost for private long-term-care insurance. Which of the following is not one of these variations?

A. age of person B. person's health C. type of policy D. gender of person

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28. (p. 110) The Older Americans Act (OAA) _____.

A. provided services to enhance independent living, including meals, personal care, and meals-on-wheels B. established the Social Security program C. established Medicare and Medicaid D. provided funding for nursing home care for the frail elderly

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

29. (p. 110) One of the services not provided by the Older Americans Act is: A. dental care.

B. day care.

C. meals-on-wheels.

D. personal care.

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30. (p. 110) Which of the following is not a barrier in the use of senior centers by the elderly?

A. lack of transportation B. lack of culturally sensitive programs C. lack of professional staff D. lack of knowledge about the centers

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31. (p. 110) A problem related to private long-term-care insurance is that it: A. is unavailable to people who are above the age of 75.

B. does not give any tax credit to people who pay their insurance premiums.

C. lacks enough regulation to ensure the financial stability of the insurance plans.

D. is only available to women and children.

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32. (p. 112) The _____ component of housing policy expands the supply of low-income housing through a provision known as Section 8.

A. tax expenditure B. tax deduction C. subsidy D. home share

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

33. (p. 112) An ideal housing policy would provide a continuum of services. These services would range from: A. independent to community-based care.

B. independent to institutional care.

C. semi-independent to community-based care.

D. semi-independent to institutional care.

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34. (p. 104) Which of the following best describes Medicare?

A. a health insurance program for people 65 and older B. a needs-based health insurance program C. an income support program for retirees D. a program that pays for the nursing home care for the oldest-old

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35. (p. 112) A country that has been a pioneer in designing and implementing a long-term-care program that promotes health care and reduces institutionalization is: A. Denmark.

B. France.

C. Japan.

D. Norway.

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36. (p. 113) There is currently a debate related to who should be eligible to receive social benefits. Some people feel that _____ should be the criterion for receiving such benefits.

A. need B. income C. health status D. age

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

True / False Questions 37. (p. 96) Medicaid was the first social welfare program that was introduced in the United States in 1930.

FALSE

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38. (p. 96-97) Public assistance programs provide minimal benefits for the very needy.

TRUE

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39. (p. 97) In practice, social insurance increases inequality in old age.

FALSE

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40. (p. 97) Tax expenditures are most likely to benefit the working class in the United States.

FALSE

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41. (p. 97) Benefit levels for Social Security are determined by a formula that reflects length of time worked and the amount of wages earned.

TRUE

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

42. (p. 99) The Supplemental Security Income program serves as a magnet to attract poor immigrants to the United States.

FALSE

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43. (p. 104) Medicare is a national health insurance program for all people 60 years and older who are also eligible for Social Security.

FALSE

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44. (p. 104) Medicaid pays for nursing home care.

TRUE

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45. (p. 107) Many people remain on Disability Insurance for the fear they might lose their employment or might not earn enough to survive.

TRUE

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46. (p. 108) The oldest-old, those age 90 and older, are the fastest growing age group in the United States.

TRUE

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Chapter 05 - Old Age and the Welfare State

47. (p. 112) An example of one of the programs under the Older Americans Act is senior centers.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 48. Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of social assistance, social insurance, and fiscal welfare programs.

Answers will vary.

49. What are the pros and cons of using age and need in determining the eligibility for social benefits programs?

Answers will vary.

5-13 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

Chapter 06 Biological Perspectives on Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 122) Most scientists agree that aging has: A. multiple causes.

B. a single cause.

C. unknown causes.

D. environmental causes.

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2. (p. 120) Which of the following theories equates the body to a machine that eventually wears out?

A. somatic mutation B. cross-linkage C. wear and tear D. immune function

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3. (p. 122) According to the _____ theory, the aging process is programmed into each cell of our bodies.

A. free radical B. genetic control C. cross-linkage D. immune function

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

4. (p. 121) The _____ theory notes that as one ages, the collagen loses some of its elasticity and there is a hardening of the arteries of the circulatory system.

A. immune function B. free radical C. cross-linkage D. genetic control

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5. (p. 122) Which theory has been used to help explain Alzheimer's disease?

A. somatic mutation B. free radical C. wear and tear D. immune function

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6. (p. 122) Which of the following is a fact about free radicals?

A. Free radicals contribute to aging by reducing cross-links and removing age pigments.

B. Free radicals are unstable molecules that are produced when the body transforms food into chemical energy.

C. When free radicals unite in a body, they reduce the risk of cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

D. Free radicals are easily destroyed when people smoke or consume drugs.

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7. (p. 122) Jeanne Calment, the oldest living human, has been the subject of study for the: A. free radical theory.

B. wear and tear theory.

C. immune function theory.

D. genetic control theory.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

8. (p. 123) Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between genes and longevity?

A. The Old Order Amish community have a gene mutation that increases fat in the blood.

B. Male Japanese Americans carry a gene mutation that reduces the risk of cancer.

C. Genes are solely responsible for all variations in longevity.

D. Environmental factors such as diet and exercise have no influence on gene activity.

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9. (p. 125) The active life expectancy differs for men and women. Women can expect to have 58 years while men can expect to have: A. 60 years.

B. 56 years.

C. 62 years.

D. 54 years.

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10. (p. 126) Internationally, active life expectancy is highest for males and females in: A. Austria.

B. France.

C. the Netherlands.

D. Switzerland.

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11. (p. 126) All of the following are related to active life expectancy for minorities except: A. they are less likely to have health insurance.

B. they are more likely to engage in a physical fitness program.

C. they are more likely to be employed at jobs where there is greater risk of injury.

D. they are more likely to engage in behaviors like smoking.

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6-3 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

12. (p. 126) One of the most obvious signs of aging is: A. gray hair.

B. skin discoloration.

C. the wrinkling of the skin.

D. hair loss.

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13. (p. 127) Often, on the hands of older people, one may see purple bruises. These bruises are called: A. lentigo.

B. malignant melanoma.

C. neurons.

D. senile purpura.

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14. (p. 127) A similarity between lentigo spots and senile purpura is that both: A. are common in people who are below 30 years of age.

B. are caused by the dissipation of the pigment melanin.

C. are absent in sites where fragile blood vessels have ruptured.

D. are cosmetic changes and pose no danger.

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15. (p. 127) Which of the following is the most common form of skin cancer?

A. lentigo B. squamous cell carcinoma C. senile purpura D. basal cell carcinoma

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

16. (p. 125) All of the following are considered to be activities of daily living (ADLs) except: A. reading.

B. bathing.

C. eating.

D. toileting.

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17. (p. 128) There are different nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Which nerves carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands throughout the body?

A. neurons B. sensory C. motor D. vagal

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18. (p. 128) The area of the brain that controls voluntary movement may lose _____ to _____ percent of its cells.

A. 5; 15 B. 15; 25 C. 20; 35 D. 30; 40

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19. (p. 128) One of the consequences of the loss of cells in the cerebellum is _____.

A. poor vision B. an increase in the tendency to fall C. memory loss D. a decrease in appetite

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

20. (p. 129) As people age, they are more likely to: A. sleep more.

B. sleep periodically.

C. sleep less.

D. sleep soundly.

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21. (p. 130) The majority of people first become aware of sensory change when they reach their mid-: A. 30s.

B. 40s.

C. 50s.

D. 60s.

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22. (p. 131) Most age-related changes in vision have their onset in: A. middle age.

B. childhood.

C. young adulthood.

D. old age.

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23. (p. 132) Which of the following is not one of the ways older drivers reduce the risk of being involved in an accident?

A. stop driving at night B. stop driving in heavy traffic C. only drive when another adult is in the car D. give up their driver's license voluntarily

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

24. (p. 134) Identify an accurate statement about cataracts.

A. They are visual disorders that are not a part of normal aging.

B. They are a type of hearing loss.

C. They are considered to be a part of normal aging.

D. They are a type of skin disorder.

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25. (p. 134) Which of the following is not a social consequence of hearing loss?

A. People are likely to feel lonely and left out of a group.

B. People have difficulty paying attention.

C. People are encouraged by family members to engage in conversations.

D. People do not enjoy their free time.

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26. (p. 134) A similarity between glaucoma and cataracts is that both: A. are part of the normal aging process in all individuals.

B. occur only when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy.

C. are incurable.

D. become increasingly common with advancing age.

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27. (p. 135) Older people have more difficulty maintaining normal body temperature in hot temperature because they: A. have less bone density.

B. have limited mobility.

C. have lost some of their sense of touch.

D. sweat less.

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6-7 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

28. (p. 137) Older _____ are more likely to die from excessive heat.

A. women B. men C. men who live alone D. women in institutions

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29. (p. 135) Peak bone mass occurs around age: A. 20.

B. 30.

C. 40.

D. 55.

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30. (p. 136) _____ causes severe bone depletion.

A. Muscular degeneration B. Vertebral fractures C. Osteoporosis D. Skeletal degeneration

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31. (p. 137) Which of the following statements is true about osteoporosis?

A. In the later stages of osteoporosis, bone mass increases at a rapid pace.

B. In the earlier stages of osteoporosis, individuals predominantly suffer from a huge loss of body weight.

C. Women are more likely than men of the same age to suffer from osteoporosis.

D. The outside walls of bones become thicker in individuals with osteoporosis.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

32. (p. 137) Women are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis because: A. their bones are smaller than men's bones.

B. their bones are heavier than men's bones.

C. they don't drink as much milk as men.

D. they deplete their calcium stores by doing most of the housework.

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33. (p. 137) The most cited reason for disability in older people is: A. osteoporosis.

B. declining vision.

C. hearing loss.

D. arthritis.

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34. (p. 138) Identify an accurate statement about rheumatoid arthritis?

A. It is more common in men than in women.

B. It is caused by the immune system attacking the synovial membrane.

C. It is a degenerative joint disease that results from wear and tear at the joint surfaces where bones join other bones.

D. It is the most common type of arthritis.

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35. (p. 139) The syndrome of changes, both physical and behavioral, that occurs in the reproductive system is termed: A. menopause.

B. erectile dysfunction.

C. climacteric.

D. hormonal loss.

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6-9 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

36. (p. 139) All of the following occurs during menopause in women except: A. there is a decline in the production of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.

B. the walls of the vagina become thinner.

C. sexual intercourse is not painful.

D. the vagina takes longer to lubricate in response to sexual stimulation.

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37. (p. 139) Women in the United States experience menopause on average around age: A. 45.

B. 50.

C. 48.

D. 55.

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38. (p. 140) Until recently, a commonly prescribed treatment for menopause was: A. hormone replacement therapy.

B. diet.

C. exercise.

D. increased sexual intercourse.

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39. (p. 140) Research studies in 2007 found that hormone replacement therapy increased the risk of: A. heart disease and stroke.

B. arthritis.

C. throat cancer.

D. diabetes.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

40. (p. 140) _____ is a common problem in older men.

A. Erectile dysfunction B. Sexual intercourse C. Sexual stimulation D. Hormonal loss

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41. (p. 140) Identify an accurate statement about ovarian cancer.

A. The greatest risk factor for ovarian cancer is age.

B. Ovarian cancer accounts for about 50 percent of cancers in women.

C. Ovarian cancer is a non-fatal illness.

D. The median age for diagnosis of ovarian cancer is 35.

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42. (p. 141) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the aging heart?

A. There is muscle atrophy.

B. There is a reduction in the amount of blood pumped with each contraction.

C. There is a decrease in the nonconducting cells.

D. There is an increase in connective tissue and fat.

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43. (p. 141) Blood pressure increases with age because of: A. loss of elasticity of blood vessels.

B. slow blood flow.

C. limited physical activities.

D. limited fluid intake.

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

44. (p. 141) Hypertension is made worse by the fatty deposits called plaque, which narrow the arteries. Plaque formation has been linked to: A. saturated fats such as red meats.

B. excessive sugar intake.

C. excessive caffeine intake.

D. Vitamin B deficiency.

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45. (p. 141) In the study of Swedish twins on the prevalence of angina or chest pain, it was found that _____ factors played only a small role in the risk of having angina.

A. environmental B. genetic C. dietary D. stress

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46. (p. 141) For men, all of the following were risk factors associated with angina except: A. smoking.

B. work pressure.

C. obesity.

D. low-level of emotional well-being.

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47. (p. 141) Which is not one of the factors that can reduce the risk of heart disease?

A. diet B. low levels of stress C. smoking D. exercise

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

48. (p. 127) Which form of cancer is the most common?

A. skin B. lung C. liver D. stomach

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49. (p. 129) Parkinson's disease is: A. a mental disorder.

B. specific to certain ethnic groups.

C. a neurological disorder.

D. a disorder mostly prevalent in young children.

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50. (p. 129) Which of the following statements is true about Parkinson's disease?

A. It is caused by the rapid increase of nerve cells in the central portion of the brain.

B. It is the most dangerous anxiety disorder caused primarily by an increase in dopamine levels in the brain.

C. It develops slowly over many years.

D. It is least likely to be diagnosed in older people.

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True / False Questions 51. (p. 122) Genes alone determine whether an individual gets a specific disease.

FALSE

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

52. (p. 122) Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer.

TRUE

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53. (p. 127) Women have fewer years of active life expectancy because they are more likely than men to live past 85.

TRUE

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54. (p. 126) The measure of the number of years a person can expect to live without a disability is termed active life expectancy.

TRUE

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55. (p. 127) The graying of the hair is caused by an increase in the number of active pigment producing cells.

FALSE

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56. (p. 129) Damage to the cerebellum can produce changes in sleep patterns.

FALSE

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

57. (p. 132) As people age, they need more light to perceive depth and to see clearly.

TRUE

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58. (p. 133) Visual disorders such as glaucoma and cataracts are a part of normal aging.

FALSE

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59. (p. 133) Hearing is least acute during the 20s.

FALSE

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60. (p. 136) As people grow older, their bodies lose some ability to regulate heating and cooling.

TRUE

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61. (p. 136) Presbycusis is first noticeable when people cannot hear high-pitched sounds.

TRUE

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62. (p. 141) Menopause is considered complete if a woman goes a full two years without a menstrual cycle.

FALSE

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Chapter 06 - Biological Perspectives on Aging

63. (p. 141) According to research, though it is different than women's, men experience their own menopause.

FALSE

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64. (p. 128) Dark-complexioned people cannot get skin cancer.

FALSE

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Essay Questions 65. Discuss the main premises of each biological theory of aging. Which theory seems best supported by scientific evidence?

Answers will vary.

66. What are the main visible age-related changes in the human body?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

Chapter 07 Psychological Perspectives on Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 148) The branch of psychology that studies mental processes is: A. experimental psychology.

B. behavioral psychology.

C. clinical psychology.

D. cognitive psychology.

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2. (p. 148) _____ is the most elusive mental process to define and measure.

A. Wisdom B. Mental process C. Creativity D. Knowledge

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3. (p. 149) Identify an accurate statement about cognitive functioning.

A. People are less likely to exhibit cognitive decline if they have regular social ties.

B. Research suggests that people who remain active have lower levels of cognition than people who are couch potatoes.

C. Cognitive functioning improves as people move into old age.

D. Cognitive functioning remains unaffected by activity level.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

4. (p. 151) The ability to reflect on past experience and socialization is: A. fluid intelligence.

B. wisdom.

C. crystallized intelligence.

D. creativity.

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5. (p. 149) _____ intelligence is largely uninfluenced by prior learning.

A. Fluid B. Crystallized C. Verbal D. Performance

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6. (p. 152) An example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is: A. forgetting where one placed a shopping list.

B. forgetting where one placed a friend's phone number.

C. the inability to remember a friend's name while making an introduction.

D. the inability to remember where the car keys are.

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7. (p. 155) Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

A. It is a temporary storage site for new information.

B. It is highly unstable.

C. It declines rapidly with age.

D. It involves recalling distant people and events.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

8. (p. 150) The classic aging pattern refers to _____.

A. the combination of fluid and crystallized intelligence B. the fact that older people have more difficulty than younger people in storing learned materials C. the finding that older people have less interest in learning than younger people D. the age-related declines in verbal and performance intelligence among people older than 60

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9. (p. 161) Personality studies of the very old suggest: A. a decrease in social vitality and openness.

B. an increase in anger and hostility.

C. a decrease in patience in younger people.

D. an increase in warmth and self-control.

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10. (p. 153) What change has been made by the International Civil Aviation Organization in regard to the upper age limit for airline pilots?

A. Pilots now must retire at age 60.

B. Pilots can now fly until age 65 if they have a younger copilot in the cockpit.

C. Pilots can now fly until age 70.

D. Pilots can fly until age 55 if they have a younger copilot in the cockpit.

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11. (p. 155) Older people tend to be less computer savvy than younger people. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this lack of computer expertise?

A. Older people have less exposure to new technologies and feel less confident about their abilities to use a computer.

B. Older people take longer to complete computer training.

C. Older people lack the money to purchase a computer.

D. Older people have more problems working a computer mouse due to declines in motor control and manual dexterity.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

12. (p. 155) A type of mental disorder that affects memory, cognitive functions, and personality to a degree sufficient to interfere with normal activities and social functioning is: A. depression.

B. dementia.

C. Parkinson's disease.

D. psychosis.

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13. (p. 157) Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease?

A. It causes patients to forget information permanently.

B. It is reversible and can be cured easily.

C. It is the rarest form of dementia.

D. It completely impairs an individual's motor control abilities.

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14. (p. 157) There are two categories of theories explaining the cause of Alzheimer's disease.

One general category is genetic predisposition. The other one is: A. biological influences.

B. lack of social support systems.

C. nutrition.

D. environmental influences.

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15. (p. 157) A study of 8,000 twins who were World War II veterans found that: A. there was a high prevalence of Alzheimer's overall, more than 35 percent.

B. among the veterans who were fraternal twins, both twins tended to develop Alzheimer's.

C. among the veterans who were identical twins, 35 percent of those who had Alzheimer's had a twin who also developed the disease.

D. strong support for environmental influences on Alzheimer's risk.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

16. (p. 158) A _____ is a rupture or obstruction of a blood vessel to the brain that damages brain tissue.

A. vascular dementia B. stroke C. tumor D. blackout

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17. (p. 158) Approximately _____ percent of dementia is actually vascular dementia.

A. 40 B. 90 C. 75 D. 60

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18. (p. 163) New research suggests that Erikson's stages of identity development: A. are biological characteristics of all humans.

B. are actually dependent on cultural context.

C. are universal psychological manifestations.

D. are untrue and apply to no one.

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19. (p. 159) Which of the following is a symptom of clinical depression?

A. feelings of worthlessness and guilt B. regular periods of heightened ecstasy C. increased appetite D. complete loss of motor coordination

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

20. (p. 159) One of the reasons women tend to be more depressed than men is that: A. women have more biological tendencies to be depressed.

B. men are more likely than women to remarry if widowed or divorced and have more social support.

C. men have stronger emotional constitutions and don't get depressed as easily.

D. women watch too many sad movies and this makes them depressed.

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21. (p. 159) Rates of depression are especially high among: A. widowed females and males.

B. nursing home residents.

C. older adults who have never married.

D. low-income older adults.

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22. (p. 161) Enduring dispositions toward thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, both inherited and learned, are called: A. personality traits.

B. adaptation.

C. coping skills.

D. temperament.

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23. (p. 161) According to the trait theory, personality can be organized into five major factors.

Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A. openness B. closeness C. neuroticism D. conscientiousness

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

24. (p. 161) Vascular dementia is primarily caused by: A. a rapid decline of the nerve cells in the brain.

B. the lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

C. the lack of platelets in the blood.

D. hardening of blood vessels in the brain.

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25. (p. 162) The state of compatibility between an individual and the environment that allows a person to maintain a sense of well-being or satisfaction with quality of life is known as: A. adaptation.

B. temperament.

C. coping.

D. development.

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26. (p. 162) Three adaptive skills can enhance coping or help to alleviate stress. Which of the following is NOT one of these skills?

A. substituting new roles for role losses B. modifying one's environment C. remaining active D. being able to marshal social support

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27. (p. 164) A major finding from Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life was: A. men after age 50 wanted to forge a new path or modify the old one.

B. men who have made work and career a priority shifted gears in midlife and made family and family life a concern.

C. men began to reexamine their work and attempted to obtain less dominating positions.

D. men were extremely dissatisfied with their current home and work lives.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

28. (p. 166) In the context of Apter's four types of women in midlife, a traditional woman is one who: A. constantly tries to escape from her past experiences.

B. works hard to minimize familiar feminine roles.

C. seeks fundamental changes in her life.

D. channelizes her ambitions into domestic activities.

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29. (p. 166) The _____ were pioneers in a man's world. They had strong career ambitions and guarded against distractions.

A. innovators B. traditionalists C. retreatists D. expansives

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30. (p. 168) A major criticism of Levinson and Apter's research is that: A. stages are not clearly defined.

B. broad generalizations are made about universal development processes based on a small number of subjects.

C. the concept of "midlife" is not valid.

D. there are too many stages.

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31. (p. 168) Theories proposed by Levinson and Apter are called stage theories. Social gerontologists are critical of these theories which rely on an implicitly biological model of development because they ignore: A. social environments.

B. places of residence.

C. ethnicities.

D. historical and environmental factors.

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

True / False Questions 32. (p. 151) Fluid intelligence is required to identify relationships and to draw inferences on the basis of that understanding.

TRUE

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33. (p. 151) In the context of cognitive functioning, people who retire from jobs involving skilled work or clerical work are less likely to spend time in passive activities like watching television.

FALSE

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34. (p. 153) The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a symptom of Alzheimer's disease.

FALSE

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35. (p. 151) Working memory refers to the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information.

TRUE

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36. (p. 157) Short-term memory seems to slow down with age.

TRUE

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

37. (p. 159) Alzheimer's disease is a common type of depression.

FALSE

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38. (p. 159) Genetic predisposition and environmental influences support the cause of Alzheimer's disease.

TRUE

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39. (p. 167) New research suggests that individuals experience stages of identity development differently depending on their race, ethnicity, gender, and social circumstances.

TRUE

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40. (p. 162) Women of all ages exhibit more depressive symptoms than men, and the gender gap increases with age.

FALSE

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41. (p. 165) There are different types of coping strategies. Three of these strategies are confrontational, resigned, or passive.

TRUE

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

42. (p. 164) According to one study, having an "optimistic outlook" on life can help reduce the risk of heart disease.

TRUE

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43. (p. 166) For Erikson, each of his stages posed an opposing possibility or dilemma. To successfully resolve the dilemma and move on to the next development stage, a person needed to master certain tasks.

TRUE

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44. (p. 168) In the midlife transition of Levinson's model, men sought to answer the question, "What have I done with my life?"

TRUE

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45. (p. 168) One of the criticisms of Levinson and Apter's findings is that they may reflect cohort effect rather than a developmental path.

TRUE

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46. (p. 158) Aphasia is one of the consequences of Alzheimer's.

FALSE

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Chapter 07 - Psychological Perspectives on Aging

47. (p. 156) The African American Twin Study of Aging found that cognitive impairment was inherited.

TRUE

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48. (p. 156) Traumatic head injuries increase the risk of dementia but not of Parkinson's disease.

FALSE

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Essay Questions 49. Why do you think younger people are more computer savvy than seniors?

Answers will vary.

50. Have you ever had a head injury? What are some of the long-term consequences of head injuries?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

Chapter 08 Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 174) The convoy model of social relations refers to: A. the way in which one thinks about how social support systems operate over the life course.

B. a transportation system developed to help older people get around when they can no longer drive.

C. a system of exchange between older people and their families.

D. the network of friends, relatives and organizations that provide social support.

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2. (p. 174) Among older adults, studies have found that family members provide more: A. emotional support.

B. financial support.

C. instrumental support.

D. daily support.

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3. (p. 174) The _____ provides exchanges over a lifetime.

A. social support system B. convoy C. support bank D. support network

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

4. (p. 175) In the context of social support systems, compared to men, women: A. have more people in their support networks.

B. have more simple relationships with their network members.

C. are less likely to maintain social networks.

D. are less likely to have frequent contact with their network members.

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5. (p. 175) What changes have occurred in family support systems and family structures since the beginning of the twentieth century?

A. Older people are now less likely to have a living sibling.

B. Older women have little chance of having a surviving husband.

C. Marriages that end in a divorce have increased.

D. Individuals now are having more than three siblings.

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6. (p. 176) People now are more likely than ever to grow older in a four- or even five-generation families. This phenomenon is termed as: A. verticalization.

B. family life cycle.

C. extended family.

D. bean pole family.

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7. (p. 176) Families now are smaller. The average person now has: A. one sibling.

B. two siblings.

C. three siblings.

D. no siblings.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

8. (p. 177) In the context of marital quality and health, compared with single adults, married people have: A. higher mortality rates.

B. fewer sources of social support.

C. fewer chronic conditions.

D. more mobility loss.

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9. (p. 179) Which of the following statements is a consistent finding about the frequency of sexual activity for men and women?

A. It increases with age.

B. It declines with age.

C. It stops with age.

D. It provides little satisfaction with age.

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10. (p. 179) Studies have found that the vast majority of men and women continue to have sexual intercourse well into their: A. 60s.

B. 70s.

C. 80s.

D. 90s.

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11. (p. 179) Identify an accurate statement about divorce.

A. Divorce rates among older couples have declined rapidly since the last two decades.

B. Older couples divorce primarily because of absence of sexual activity.

C. Older divorced women are significantly more likely to live with a partner than widows.

D. Divorce rates are lowest among baby boomers.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

12. (p. 180) Which of the following statements regarding the parent-child relationship is NOT true?

A. Positive parent-child relationships increase well-being.

B. Older parents who have close relations with their adult children are less likely to be depressed.

C. Conflict between parents and their adult children is rare.

D. A source of conflict between parents and their adult children is the differences in lifestyles and personal habits between them.

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13. (p. 180) Quirouette and Gold's study found that the most important factor in a wife's wellbeing was her: A. perception of the marriage.

B. husband's perception of the marriage.

C. in-laws' perception of the marriage.

D. children's perception of the marriage.

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14. (p. 183) In the context of support network for the elderly, who among the following has a relatively smaller network support system in the United States?

A. native Americans B. Asian Americans C. African Americans D. white Americans

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

15. (p. 184) One reason that parent-child relationships often suffer is because the child does not pursue the _____ course of adult development.

A. prescribed B. normative C. adaptive D. relative

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16. (p. 184) Elderly parents, grandparents, or spouses may be abused for a number of reasons.

Which theory notes that an abuser might have been a victim of abuse in the past and later became the abuser?

A. learned violence hypothesis B. socialization theory C. stressed caregiver hypothesis D. dependency hypothesis

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17. (p. 184) In the context of elderly abuse, the _____ states that an abuser is most likely to be an overworked and underappreciated family member who has major responsibility for the care of an older person.

A. stressed caregiver hypothesis B. victimization hypothesis C. learned violence hypothesis D. dependency hypothesis

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

18. (p. 186) Studies have found that children whose parents have divorced have _____ a sense of obligation to parents than do children from intact families.

A. more of B. less of C. a higher degree of D. no

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19. (p. 186) The most common reason for remarrying among older widowed people is: A. income.

B. to have a travel partner.

C. companionship.

D. to provide a social network for grandchildren.

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20. (p. 188) The nature of sibling relationships is partly determined by the _____ and gender composition of the sibling group.

A. health B. income C. age D. size

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21. (p. 189) The style of grandparenting in which grandparents had a ritualistic and symbolic relationship with grandchildren is: A. remote.

B. companionate.

C. involved.

D. weak.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

22. (p. 189) In the context of attitudes toward grandparenting in different cultures, identify the region where grandparents are most likely to be depressed.

A. The United States B. Chile C. China D. Taiwan

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23. (p. 189) Which of the following statements is true of grandparents who use a companionate style of grandparenting?

A. They are interested solely in maintaining a ritualistic relationship with both their children and grandchildren.

B. They focus on satisfying the emotional aspects of their relationship with their grandchildren.

C. They interfere regularly with the lives of their married children.

D. They have a great sense of authority over their grandchildren and are easily able to demand access to them.

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24. (p. 189) Which of the following is true regarding grandfathers raising grandchildren?

A. Grandfathers are about 50 percent of all grandparent caregivers.

B. Grandfather caregivers are especially vulnerable to poverty.

C. Latinos/Hispanics grandfathers are least likely to be poor.

D. Grandfathers raising grandchildren are less likely to be poor than grandmothers raising grandchildren.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

25. (p. 190) Pruchno's study found that the primary reason grandparents began caring for their grandchildren was due to: A. economic crises.

B. spouse abuse.

C. drug or alcohol addition.

D. mental illness.

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26. (p. 190) Overall, grandparents caring for their grandchildren do NOT experience: A. companionship.

B. health disadvantages.

C. love.

D. closeness.

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27. (p. 190) Middle-aged parents who interact regularly with their own parents provide a source of: A. socialization for the children.

B. role models for the children.

C. social identity for the children.

D. well-being for the children.

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28. (p. 191) There is a life course pattern to the grandparent-grandchild relationship. It is called: A. grandparent career.

B. grandparent role.

C. grandparent norm.

D. grandparent commitment.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

29. (p. 191) One researcher found that grandchildren felt closer to grandmothers, especially on the _____ side than grandfathers.

A. maternal B. paternal C. step-maternal D. step-paternal

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30. (p. 191) Researchers have identified several patterns between parents and their divorcing children. Which of the following is not a pattern?

A. Increase in bond between parents, the adult child, and grandchildren.

B. Children strike out alone and retain a separate, private life.

C. There is a blurring of relatives by blood, marriage, divorce, and remarriage.

D. There is no contact at all between grandparents and children.

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31. (p. 193) In Cooney and Smith's study, one of the findings was young adults from divorced families were _____ likely to initiate visits with their grandparents than those from intact families.

A. more B. less C. equally D. somewhat

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32. (p. 194) Gay men and women plan for aging by creating a: A. family.

B. sound retirement.

C. support system.

D. health system.

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

True / False Questions 33. (p. 178) Researchers make a distinction between the quality and quantity of social support.

TRUE

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34. (p. 178) The social support system can consist of one's professional organizations.

TRUE

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35. (p. 179) Over the life course, men are more likely than women to maintain social networks.

FALSE

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36. (p. 179) The term "verticalization" refers to the increase in links (vertical ties) between preceding and subsequent generations.

TRUE

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37. (p. 129) At all ages, women marry men older than themselves, but men seldom marry older women.

TRUE

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

38. (p. 182) The happiest couples are those who share their lives and have compatible interests and values.

TRUE

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39. (p. 183) Couples who remain engaged in sexually pleasurable activities have higher levels of marital satisfaction and more positive interactions.

TRUE

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40. (p. 186) One example of intergenerational solidarity is running an errand for parents.

TRUE

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41. (p. 186) When parents reach age 75 or over, adult children tend to give more help than they receive.

TRUE

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42. (p. 188) It is estimated that between 1 and 11 percent of the population over age 65 has been the victim of elder abuse or neglect.

TRUE

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

43. (p. 191) In the United States, nearly half of the single, childless elderly people belong to a social support network.

FALSE

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44. (p. 192) In 2000, about 90% of all 20 year olds had one living grandparent.

TRUE

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45. (p. 194) Contact between grandparents and grandchildren is weakest during the adulthood stage of grandchildren.

FALSE

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46. (p. 200) People dating in later life are most likely to meet a dating partner through a friend.

FALSE

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47. (p. 188) Companionship is the most frequently mentioned reason for dating in later life.

TRUE

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48. (p. 183) Erectile Dysfunction in men does not have an effect on their female partners.

FALSE

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Chapter 08 - Family Relationships and Social Support Systems

49. (p. 192) More than half of black grandparents are primary caregivers.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 50. Who are the members of your support system? What does your support system do for you? What benefits do you provide to them?

Answers will vary.

51. What best describes your relationship to your grandparents?

Answers will vary.

52. Has anyone close to you been divorced? How does divorce affect all family relationships?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

Chapter 09 Living Arrangements

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 202) The theory of intergenerational solidarity indicates: A. that all generations are supportive of one another.

B. that all generations live in one household without any conflict.

C. that a family will adjust its living arrangements to reflect the changing needs and resources of different generations.

D. that a family will be available to all generations living within a household.

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2. (p. 202) Researchers have identified _____ phases in the parent-child life course in terms of proximity of living arrangements.

A. two B. three C. four D. five

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3. (p. 202) Which of the following is NOT one of the phases in the parent-child living arrangements?

A. Children marry and live close to their parents.

B. Children live with or near their parents before they reach age 25.

C. Children marry or move away in pursuit of education and employment.

D. When aging parents become ill or disabled, they move nearer to their children.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

4. (p. 203) Older women are more likely than older men to live: A. alone.

B. with children.

C. with siblings.

D. in a retirement home.

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5. (p. 203) Which ethnic group is most likely to live in an extended family household?

A. Latinos B. Alaskans or Indians C. Middle Easterners D. Asians

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6. (p. 203) For Asians, living arrangements are mostly a function of: A. filial piety.

B. poverty.

C. unfair housing practices.

D. political beliefs.

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7. (p. 203) Identify an accurate statement about living arrangements across different cultures.

A. In Africa, it is rare for adult children and grandchildren to move into their elderly parents' households.

B. In Asia, it is common for elderly parents to move into the homes of their children.

C. In the United States, three-generation households are common.

D. Hispanic elders are less likely to live with children, siblings, or other family members.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

8. (p. 203) _____ is the term used for the movement of older people to the Sun Belt.

A. Aging in place B. Geographic movement C. Residential movement D. Migratory stream

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9. (p. 206) The primary goal of the Global Age-Friendly cities project is to: A. ensure that old people are moved to nursing homes.

B. fund the Medicaid programs in various countries.

C. privatize Social Security and reduce the tax burden on people.

D. optimize opportunities to enhance the quality of life as people age.

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10. (p. 206) Home ownership is linked to: A. race.

B. self-esteem.

C. income.

D. gender.

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11. (p. 206) African Americans and Hispanics have lower rates of home ownership because of: A. their preference for remaining in a specific community.

B. the racial discrimination in housing.

C. intergenerational housing arrangements.

D. their frequent moves from one city to another.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

12. (p. 209) Which of the following is a feature of flophouses?

A. They are at the top of the rental market for old people to take shelter.

B. They are located in dilapidated and deteriorating inner-city areas.

C. They have separate bathrooms for each occupant.

D. They have a huge cooking space and usually provide two bedrooms for each occupant.

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13. (p. 210) Supportive housing refers to: A. housing options that offer assistance with daily living.

B. housing arrangements in inner cities.

C. housing where older people live with students.

D. alternative living arrangements for people with developmental disabilities.

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14. (p. 209) Which type of housing is at the bottom of the rental market?

A. assisted living facilities B. board and care homes C. single room occupancy hotels (SROs) D. nursing homes

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15. (p. 209) Most people aged 65 to 74 live in: A. assisted living facilities.

B. single room occupancy hotels (SROs).

C. apartments in their community.

D. nursing homes.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

16. (p. 212) People 85 and older are most likely to reside in: A. traditional communities.

B. community housing with services.

C. assisted living facilities.

D. nursing homes.

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17. (p. 214) What is the most important factor that affects job satisfaction among direct-care workers?

A. pay of the workers B. treatment of the workers by the supervisors C. time taken to commute to the job D. the racial and ethnic background of the residents

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18. (p. 213) Assisted living facilities are a significant trend in housing for the elderly. All of the following are characteristics of assisted living facilities except: A. they provide social activities and transportation for residents.

B. they help residents age in place.

C. they usually retain residents suffering from dementia.

D. they provide meals and personal care to residents.

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19. (p. 213) There are currently between 30,000 and _____ assisted living facilities in the United States.

A. 65,000 B. 70,000 C. 90,000 D. 1 million

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

20. (p. 214) What is one factor that determines whether residents of assisted living facilities feel "at home" in their facility?

A. whether or not they have a lot of their own personal belongings surrounding them B. how close they live to family members C. their ability to make personal decisions and choices about their lives D. the amount of living space they occupy

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21. (p. 214) Identify an accurate statement about continuing care retirement communities.

A. They are usually located in dilapidated neighborhoods in rural areas.

B. They lack separate bathrooms for each occupant.

C. They include on-site recreational facilities and social activities.

D. They do not require residents to pay an up-front fee or a monthly fee.

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22. (p. 214) A major attraction of the continuing care retirement communities is the: A. continuum of services provided to the residents.

B. up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee from residents.

C. location.

D. number of available males.

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23. (p. 214) A new type of continuing care retirement community is a(n): A. semi-independent living community.

B. dependent living community.

C. independent living community.

D. semi-dependent living community.

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

24. (p. 217) One of the advantages of continuing care retirement communities is the friendship networks. These friendships are frequently determined by: A. gender.

B. chronological age.

C. social class.

D. marital status.

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25. (p. 217) A major problem with continuing care retirement communities is the: A. staff.

B. cost.

C. social activities.

D. range of services.

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True / False Questions 26. (p. 202) The theory of intergenerational solidarity states that the aged maintain close ties with younger generations.

FALSE

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27. (p. 203) In Muslim countries, most aging parents live with their children.

TRUE

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

28. (p. 203) Women are less likely than men to live alone.

FALSE

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29. (p. 206) People with a history of addictions, previous episodes of homelessness, and incarceration are especially prone to being homeless.

TRUE

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30. (p. 213) A key component of the assisted living facility (ALF) philosophy is the idea of aging in place.

TRUE

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31. (p. 217) Direct-care workers are most concerned about pay.

FALSE

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32. (p. 217) Most older people prefer to live in a nursing home than in an assisted living facility.

FALSE

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33. (p. 212) One study investigating assisted living facilities in Kansas found that the primary reason for discharge was related to the inability to pay for services.

FALSE

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Chapter 09 - Living Arrangements

34. (p. 211) Most continuing care retirement communities ask residents to pay an up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee.

TRUE

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35. (p. 211) The main problem with continuing care retirement communities is that they fail to provide separate bathrooms and a kitchen space for their residents.

FALSE

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36. (p. 217) The most important factor of continuing care retirement communities (CCRC) residents' happiness is their relationships with staff and other residents.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 37. What is the ideal living arrangement for older adults?

Answers will vary.

38. What can be done to provide quality of care in assisted living facilities?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

Chapter 10 Work and Retirement

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 224) In the context of trends in labor force participation, labor force participation rates for: A. men age 60 to 74 have increased since 1990.

B. men age 45 to 54 have tripled since 2010.

C. married women aged 35 to 45 have declined rapidly since 1960.

D. single women have always been low.

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2. (p. 233) The increase in work among older men can be attributed in part to which of the following?

A. changes in Social Security regulations B. the rise in the standard of living among men C. the need for men to "prove themselves" in the workplace D. a rise in the demand for more experienced workers in the labor force

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3. (p. 226) Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of labor force participation?

A. Hispanic men B. Asian men C. white men D. black men

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

4. (p. 273) _____ are most likely to be in the labor force in their early 60s.

A. Black women B. Hispanic women C. White women D. Asian women

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5. (p. 227) Identify an accurate statement about part-time employment.

A. It is highest among older workers.

B. It is defined as working between 35 and 45 hours per week.

C. It is rare among people who are below 24 years of age.

D. It is rare among people who do bridge jobs.

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6. (p. 230) Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between older people and employment?

A. When older people lose their jobs, they take less time than other workers to find a new job.

B. Older people are less likely to do bridge jobs than people between 35 and 45 years of age.

C. Older people are much less likely than younger people to be unemployed.

D. Full-time work has reduced drastically among older people since the early 1990s.

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7. (p. 229) A process in which workers can scale back their work responsibilities in order to ease into full retirement is termed: A. bridge jobs.

B. contingent work.

C. consultant work.

D. phased retirement.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

8. (p. 233) Identify a true statement about defined benefit (DB) plans.

A. They impose stiff financial penalties on workers who fail to retire "on time."

B. In DB plans, a worker's pension increases with additional years.

C. In DB plans, workers get the highest tax advantages compared with other pension plans.

D. They are the most popular kind of pension plan for older people.

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9. (p. 235) People who have worked at routine and unchallenged jobs all their lives are _____ to retire.

A. reluctant B. hesitant C. eager D. excited

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10. (p. 237) Which type of retirement occurs when husbands and wives retire at the same time?

A. sequential retirement B. dual retirement C. joint retirement D. bridge retirement

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11. (p. 237) All of the following are characteristics of women who continue to work after their spouses have retired except which one?

A. They live in smaller households.

B. They have children younger than age 21.

C. They have husbands with health problems.

D. They live in larger households.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

12. (p. 237) In which socioeconomic class is sequential retirement likely to be common?

A. higher socioeconomic status B. middle socioeconomic status C. upper socioeconomic status D. lower socioeconomic status

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13. (p. 237) Retirement currently is a: A. single event.

B. multiple process.

C. dynamic process.

D. static process.

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14. (p. 238) Which one of the following is NOT consistently associated with happiness in retirement?

A. being married B. adequate income C. good health D. continuing to work part-time

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15. (p. 239) The most negative transition to retirement is experienced by: A. unmarried people.

B. poor people.

C. involuntary retirees.

D. unhealthy people.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

16. (p. 239) Retirement is not only a process but also a change in: A. status.

B. income.

C. health.

D. daily activities.

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17. (p. 240) There are several barriers to participating in leisure-time pursuits among the elderly.

Which of the following is NOT one of these barriers?

A. educational level B. inadequate economic resources C. poor health D. lack of transportation

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18. (p. 241) According to the Berlin Aging Study, the activity that took up the most minutes of the day for older men and women was: A. television.

B. reading.

C. personal care.

D. instrumental activities of daily living—housework or paying bills.

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19. (p. 248) Half of the volunteer work completed by older adults is for: A. churches or church-related organizations.

B. nursing homes.

C. fundraising.

D. tutoring others.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

20. (p. 244) The most commonly used measure of religiosity is: A. faith.

B. church attendance.

C. prayer.

D. spirituality.

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21. (p. 244) Older African Americans may receive instrumental as well as _____ support from their church affiliation.

A. emotional B. daily C. health D. normative

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22. (p. 244) There are numerous factors related to religious involvement and well-being. Which of the following is NOT related to the impact of religion on adaptation to aging?

A. It can improve one's employment prospects.

B. It can increase one's self-esteem.

C. It can enhance life satisfaction.

D. It can reduce symptoms of depression.

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23. (p. 240) Which of the following factors does NOT affect labor force withdrawal?

A. job satisfaction B. Social Security benefits C. pension type D. Disability Insurance

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

24. (p. 234) A major advantage of Medicare is that its coverage begins when a worker attains 55 years of age.

FALSE

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25. (p. 227) On average, white men retire sooner than African American men because of poor health.

FALSE

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26. (p. 227) At all ages, men have more intermittent patterns of labor force participation than women.

FALSE

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27. (p. 235) Few employers pay retiree health benefits.

TRUE

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28. (p. 226) An obstacle facing women in middle age who have reentered the labor force is the lack of health and pension benefits.

TRUE

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

29. (p. 233) Improvements in Social Security, especially the cost of living adjustments, have encouraged older workers to retire.

FALSE

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30. (p. 233) Under the defined benefit plan, there is no advantage in continuing to work beyond retirement age.

TRUE

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31. (p. 237) Joint retirement is more common among couples who shared both work and family roles early in their marriage.

TRUE

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32. (p. 240) Leisure activities are engaged in least by those in poor health.

TRUE

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33. (p. 241) The Berlin Aging Study found that German older people are likely to spend 80 percent of their time volunteering in organizations.

FALSE

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

34. (p. 226) In Europe there has been no decline in the labor force participation of older men since the 1980s.

FALSE

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35. (p. 244) Men tend to be more involved than women in religious organizations.

FALSE

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36. (p. 240) Despite shrinking social circles, most older people maintain a sense of connectedness through neighbors, volunteering, and religious services.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 37. Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of bridge jobs.

Answers will vary.

38. What are some factors that are related to retirement as an individual decision?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 10 - Work and Retirement

39. Research has indicated that volunteering has a positive effect on one's health. Discuss whether unhealthy people should be required to volunteer to improve their health conditions.

Answers will vary.

40. What are some reasons for the high participation rates of older African Americans in religious activities?

Answers will vary.

10-10 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

Chapter 11 Health and Health Care

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 250) Activity undertaken by an individual to promote good health and prevent health problems is called: A. healthy lifestyle.

B. health prevention.

C. health behavior.

D. health maintenance.

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2. (p. 251) According to the Center for Health Statistics, among people 65 and older, the most common chronic condition for both men and women is: A. heart disease.

B. hypertension.

C. diabetes.

D. cancer.

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3. (p. 252) The degree of difficulty that people experience in performing activities of daily life is referred to as: A. functional capability.

B. diagnostic measurement.

C. functional status.

D. dysfunctional tasks.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

4. (p. 252) The major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is _____.

A. alcoholism B. food poisoning C. smoking D. binge eating

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5. (p. 253) Many elderly people who "power walk" are likely to do so in shopping malls. There are several advantages of exercise. Which of the following is NOT one of these advantages?

A. Elderly people who exercise are likely to be fit.

B. Elderly people who exercise are likely to keep their weight under control.

C. Elderly people who exercise are likely to have greater memory power.

D. Elderly people who exercise are likely to have fewer backaches and joint problems.

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6. (p. 254) In a recent study conducted regarding the intensity of exercise vs. the quantity, researchers discovered that: A. the amount of exercise one does may be more important than the intensity.

B. the intensity of exercise made the biggest difference.

C. there are no limits on how much one can exercise in a week.

D. the quantity of exercise made no significant difference to the aerobic fitness of the patients.

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7. (p. 255) There are advantages and disadvantages to alcohol consumption. Which of the following is NOT an advantage?

A. People who drink an occasional glass of wine with dinner have a lower risk of having a stroke than nondrinkers.

B. Alcohol consumption enables people to lose weight.

C. Alcohol consumption appears to protect against heart disease.

D. People who drink an occasional glass of wine with dinner have a lower risk of mortality than nondrinkers.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

8. (p. 256) There are several advantages of having a social support system. It is associated with better physical functioning and: A. reduction in illness.

B. better diet.

C. reduced risk of mortality.

D. lower level of depression.

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9. (p. 257) The Malaysian Family Life Survey found that: A. older adults who exercised had low levels of depression.

B. older adults who exercised had high life expectancy.

C. older adults who had daily contact with their children were protected from illness.

D. older adults who had daily contact with their children had less of a weight problem.

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10. (p. 258) Studies have consistently found a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. Which of the following is the best indicator of SES for the elderly?

A. occupation B. income C. education D. retirement

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11. (p. 258) Which theory suggests that people who begin life with greater resources continue to have opportunities to accumulate them in later years?

A. convergence theory B. cumulative disadvantage theory C. contingent theory D. income disparity theory

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

12. (p. 259) In the context of cultural differences in health, the Japanese differ from the Americans in that the Japanese: A. are more likely to encourage an individualistic culture to take care of their aging parents.

B. have higher rates of death from heart disease.

C. have lower rates of death from cancer.

D. are less likely to believe that children are responsible for taking care of their aging parents.

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13. (p. 260) In the context of gender differences in health, women differ from men in that women: A. have more life-threatening chronic diseases at younger ages.

B. have higher rates of debilitating diseases.

C. are less likely to die of coronary heart disease at any age.

D. are less likely to suffer from depression.

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14. (p. 260) Which of the following statements is true about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals?

A. Lesbians and bisexual older women report a lower risk of cardiovascular disease than heterosexual women.

B. Older gay and bisexual men have poorer physical health than heterosexual men.

C. Nearly 90 percent of LGBT individuals have a disability.

D. Transgender individuals have lower levels of perceived stress than other older people.

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15. (p. 260) The ethnic group with the highest risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and stroke is the: A. Asian Americans.

B. African Americans.

C. Hispanics/Latinos.

D. Native Americans.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

16. (p. 262) In the context of racial differences in health, African Americans differ from whites in that African Americans: A. are more likely to have diabetes and stroke.

B. are more likely to have cancer and heart disease.

C. receive more tax benefits from Social Security programs.

D. receive more incentives for investing in health care.

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17. (p. 260) Identify an accurate statement about older Hispanics.

A. They are healthier than Asians.

B. They are least likely to be eligible for Medicare.

C. They have higher mortality than non-Hispanics.

D. They have higher levels of income than Asians.

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18. (p. 262) Which of the following ethnic groups is least likely to have health insurance?

A. African Americans B. Asian Americans C. Hispanics/Latinos D. Native Americans

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19. (p. 262) The ethnic group that is, on the whole, healthier than other ethnic groups is the: A. African Americans.

B. Asian Americans.

C. Hispanics/Latinos.

D. Native Americans.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

20. (p. 263) The best possible medium to communicate health care issues with ethnic/racial subordinate groups is through: A. social groups and clubs.

B. television ads.

C. newspaper ads.

D. magazine ads.

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21. (p. 263) Some studies have found that physicians have a/an _____ view of older people.

A. uncaring B. positive C. biased and stereotyped D. unhealthy

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22. (p. 261) In one study, physicians expressed several concerns about treating elderly patients.

Which of the following is NOT an area of concern?

A. The elderly have complex health problems.

B. The elderly are at risk of rapid decline.

C. Physicians might not get paid for their services.

D. It is frustrating to treat chronic diseases.

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23. (p. 264) Until the 1950s, the primary means for reimbursing physicians was through: A. health insurance.

B. fee-for-service.

C. payment plan.

D. social insurance plan.

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

24. (p. 264) The main purpose of health maintenance organizations or managed care is to: A. achieve efficiency and control costs.

B. provide better diagnosis of illness.

C. encourage patients to see specialists.

D. reduce the amount of drugs prescribed.

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25. (p. 268) Which of the following was NOT part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010?

A. increased regulations on insurance companies B. allowing children to stay on their parents' policies until age 26 C. eliminating the donut hole in Medicare D. paying for care in an assisted living facility

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True / False Questions 26. (p. 250) The first stage of the epidemiologic transition is characterized by a decline in deaths from epidemics and famine.

FALSE

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27. (p. 252) The number of people who smoke has steadily been declining since the 1980s.

TRUE

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

28. (p. 253) One study indicates that the amount of exercise is more important than the intensity.

TRUE

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29. (p. 255) In contrast to the rest of the population, the number of elderly people who are obese has been decreasing in recent years.

FALSE

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30. (p. 256) Several studies have found social support to have a positive effect on the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems.

TRUE

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31. (p. 259) Women have higher rates of disability than men. This can be attributed in part to their longer life expectancy.

TRUE

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32. (p. 264) Capitation refers to a method of payment in which reimbursement to the health care provider is set after the service is provided.

FALSE

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Chapter 11 - Health and Health Care

33. (p. 252) One of the reasons that employers are unwilling to pay for retiree health insurance is that the cost of retiree health benefits has increased substantially.

TRUE

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34. (p. 253) In the context of health lifestyles, currently Hispanic women are most likely to smoke.

FALSE

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35. (p. 253) People who drink an occasional glass of wine with dinner have a lower risk of mortality than nondrinkers.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 36. It has been observed that efforts to educate ethnic/racial groups on health issues have not been successful because they are promoted through the mass media. What are some programs that might be used to address ethnic/racial groups' health issues?

Answers will vary.

37. Poor communication between older patients and physicians is cited as one of the reasons for the under-treatment of the elderly. How might the communication problem between older patients and doctors be addressed?

Answers will vary.

11-9 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

Chapter 12 Caring for the Frail Elderly

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 272) Care of the frail elderly exists on a continuum of care. The least formal care is performed by: A. social workers.

B. public or private institutions.

C. family members.

D. former colleagues.

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2. (p. 272) In the context of activities of daily living, which of the following activities has the highest percentage of limitation among people who are 85 years and above?

A. walking B. eating C. bathing D. dressing

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3. (p. 272) Which of the following category of caregivers is most likely to provide caregiving to the aging?

A. spouses B. children C. friends D. siblings

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

4. (p. 274) Most studies of family caregivers find that primary caregivers are usually: A. children.

B. siblings.

C. women.

D. friends.

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5. (p. 275) There is a gender difference in the division of labor among caregivers. Daughters are more likely than sons to: A. provide hands-on personal care such as dressing and bathing.

B. arrange transportation and social services.

C. assist in yard work and manage finances.

D. provide help with household repairs.

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6. (p. 274) It is difficult to determine whether elderly people are being denied care under Medicaid because: A. funding for Medicaid is under the control of private firms in the United States.

B. states set different income limits to determine the eligibility for Medicaid.

C. most elder people opt for Medicare instead of Medicaid.

D. Medicaid is the least popular source of long-term care for the elderly and disabled.

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7. (p. 274) Women are more likely to assume a disproportionate share of caregiving because: A. they have been socialized to be caring.

B. they are less likely to have other obligations.

C. their primary responsibility has been for unpaid domestic labor, thus they are seen as natural caregivers.

D. they are the primary parents in providing care for children.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

8. (p. 275) Congress instituted the "look back" period of five years in Medicaid because: A. it wanted to encourage people from the upper class to use Medicaid.

B. it wanted to ensure that the poor get adequate treatment for additional five years.

C. it believed that the funds for Medicaid were unevenly distributed among the various classes in the United States.

D. it suspected that middle-class elderly were sheltering their assets in order to qualify for Medicaid.

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9. (p. 276) Which measure is NOT a part of allostatic load?

A. blood pressure and cholesterol levels B. elevated cortisol C. depression scales D. having the flu

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10. (p. 277) Which of the following statements is true about the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993?

A. It allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of paid or unpaid leave.

B. It applies to any firm that employs more than 20 people.

C. It requires an employee to be employed with a firm for more than a period of 36 months in order to avail the benefits of the act.

D. It requires employees to pay 20 percent of their income to the government to avail the benefits of the act.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

11. (p. 278) Which of the following is usually NOT one of the issues that arise when siblings are caring for an aging parent?

A. conflict when one sibling feels the others are not doing their fair share B. disagreements over how to care for a parent C. refusing to contribute financially D. increased closeness between siblings

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12. (p. 279) In the context of the long-term effects of caregiving, the _____ predicts that experienced caregivers who have been in that role for a long time will display more negative marital quality.

A. adaptation hypothesis B. wear-and-tear hypothesis C. learned violence hypothesis D. attachment hypothesis

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13. (p. 278) In the _____ pattern of mother and daughter relationships, both mother and daughter have a rewarding relationship with minimal friction.

A. conflicted B. mutuality C. innovative D. ambivalent

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14. (p. 278) In the _____ pattern of mother and daughter relationships, there are rewards but also costs, and the relationships are sometimes tense.

A. conflicted B. innovative C. mutuality D. ambivalent

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

15. (p. 278) One study examining stress for women caring for a parent with Alzheimer's disease found that the greatest source of stress was: A. their siblings.

B. their children.

C. their spouse.

D. the spouse of the parent.

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16. (p. 279) A study of 20 adolescent grandchildren of Alzheimer's patients found that the caregiving experience had a(n) _____ influence on family relationships.

A. positive B. negative C. ambivalent D. major

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17. (p. 280) Which of the following activities is NOT performed by home and community-based services?

A. housekeeping B. case management C. travel plans D. personal care

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

18. (p. 280) Identify an accurate statement about the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE).

A. It requires individuals to be above 65 years of age to be eligible for it.

B. It requires its recipients to remain in nursing homes to be eligible for health care.

C. It is an optional benefit for older people who meet their states' standards for nursing home care.

D. It is the primary source of health care benefit for the elderly and the disabled people in the United States.

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19. (p. 280) All of the following statements related to home care are true except that: A. there is no evidence that home and community-based services reduce costs of nursing home use.

B. family members withdraw support when home services are provided.

C. family members do not withdraw support when home services are provided.

D. home and community-based services are not always adequate.

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20. (p. 282) Two problems create high turnover rates among home health aides. They are: A. transportation and training.

B. low wages and transportation.

C. low wages and poor working conditions.

D. poor working conditions and training.

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21. (p. 283) Elderly minorities are in poorer health than the white elderly. Yet they are _____ likely to receive home and community-based services.

A. more B. less C. both D. not

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

22. (p. 284) One reason ethnic minority groups are less likely to receive home and communitybased services or even to enter a nursing home is cultural preference. Another reason is: A. finances.

B. lack of access.

C. lack of information on services.

D. fear of abuse.

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23. (p. 285) Turnover among workers in the health care industry is extremely high, exceeding 100 percent each year. Which of the following statements is NOT a reason for the turnover?

A. Starting salary for nursing assistants is usually minimum wage with few fringe benefits such as health insurance or pensions.

B. The work requires aides to manually lift patients, which often results in back injuries.

C. The work requires that the aides receive monthly training.

D. There are few opportunities for advancement and participation in the planning of the care for residents.

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24. (p. 289) The process of entering a nursing home as a private pay, depleting one's income and assets, and becoming poor is known as: A. medical downsizing.

B. financial downsizing.

C. spending up.

D. spending down.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

25. (p. 288) Members of racial and ethnic minorities are more readily accepted for _____ on admission to nursing homes than whites.

A. Medicare B. Medicaid C. private health insurance D. private pay

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26. (p. 288) A nursing home is what Erving Goffman called a total institution. Total institutions are characterized by all of the following except: A. separating the main spaces of life—sleep, work, and play.

B. handling many human needs by bureaucratic organizations.

C. serving as a retreat from the world.

D. making simple independent decisions like taking a walk.

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27. (p. 288) According to Jaber Gubrium's book Living and Dying at Murray Manor, the most difficult loss when moving into a nursing home is the loss of: A. independence.

B. friends.

C. familiar places.

D. familiar furniture or objects.

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28. (p. 290) Timothy Diamond's book, Making Gray Gold: Narrative of Nursing Home Care, is: A. about the poor quality of care in nursing homes.

B. about the lack of social stimulation in nursing homes.

C. about how poorly paid nursing assistants struggled to reconcile the care they wanted to give patients with care that they were required to give.

D. about how nursing assistants organize patients to advocate for better emotional care.

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

29. (p. 291) Once a family member is admitted to a nursing home, sometimes stress: A. decreases.

B. increases.

C. remains the same.

D. comes in cycles.

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True / False Questions 30. (p. 272) Instrumental activities of daily living involve such tasks as keeping track of finances and doing household tasks.

TRUE

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31. (p. 274) Most long-term care of the frail elderly is provided by nursing assistants.

FALSE

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32. (p. 275) Daughters who provide care for elderly parents do not give up other obligations; they give up their free time.

TRUE

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33. (p. 275) Segregated nursing homes are more likely to have serious deficiencies in quality, have lower ratios of staff to patients, and have serious financial difficulties.

TRUE

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

34. (p. 277) Men are likely to leave the workforce once they begin caring for a family member.

FALSE

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35. (p. 275) Researchers distinguish between caregiver burden and caregiver stress.

TRUE

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36. (p. 278) Adult survivors of child abuse are more likely than others to experience mental and physical health problems and to have cognitive impairments.

TRUE

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37. (p. 280) Research shows that families do not withdraw support when home and communitybased services are provided, but the disabled elderly receive more care.

TRUE

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38. (p. 282) Federal standards require that nursing home patients receive an average of six hours of care each day from nursing assistants and 45 minutes a day from nurses.

FALSE

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39. (p. 283) Minority neighborhoods have more nursing homes than white neighborhoods.

FALSE

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Chapter 12 - Caring for the Frail Elderly

40. (p. 292) Abuse in nursing homes stems from instances in which overworked, underpaid aides, who provide all the hands-on care, become frustrated or simply make mistakes.

TRUE

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41. (p. 281) Siblings of gay and lesbian people often presume that gay and lesbian people are the most appropriate caregivers for aging parents.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 42. How can home and community-based services be regulated to ensure quality of care?

Answers will vary.

43. What kind of stresses are placed on families when caring for an aging relative?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

Chapter 13 Dying, Death, and Bereavement

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 299) The religion that views death as the passing of the soul from one body to another is: A. Hinduism.

B. Islam.

C. Buddhism.

D. Judaism.

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2. (p. 299) The religion that practiced widow sacrifice or suttee was: A. Hinduism.

B. Islam.

C. Buddhism.

D. Judaism.

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3. (p. 299) In which country are the dead cremated in fields because of the limited number of crematoria?

A. Thailand B. Cambodia C. the Philippines D. Malaysia

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

4. (p. 299) In comparison with the types of diseases that caused deaths among older people in the United States in the nineteenth century, one of the major causes of death among people 65 years and older today is _____.

A. pneumonia B. diphtheria C. tuberculosis D. cancer

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5. (p. 300) At what age do children begin to comprehend that death is irreversible and universal?

A. very young (ages 1–2) B. middle childhood C. pre-teen years D. teenage years

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6. (p. 301) According to physician Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, the last stage in the five stages of dying is _____.

A. anger B. bargaining C. acceptance D. depression

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7. (p. 301) In what stage of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's five stages of dying does a person promise good behavior in the hope that God will grant an extension of life?

A. anger B. denial C. bargaining D. confusion

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

8. (p. 301) In what stage of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's five stages of dying does a person develop coping mechanisms to face death?

A. anger B. denial C. bargaining D. depression

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9. (p. 303) In a _____, individuals specify their wish for treatment in advance.

A. living testimony B. living will C. directive D. power of attorney

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10. (p. 303) Identify an accurate statement about euthanasia.

A. Active euthanasia is legal in all states in the United States.

B. Male physicians are more likely to oppose euthanasia than female physicians.

C. Nearly 90 percent of physicians favor physician-assisted suicide and terminal sedation.

D. Passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing medical treatment from the hopelessly ill.

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11. (p. 305) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, who has the highest rate of suicide among those aged 65 and older?

A. African American women B. Hispanic men C. white men D. Asian men

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

12. (p. 305) What is the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorder among the elderly?

A. depression B. schizophrenia C. borderline personality disorder D. obsessive–compulsive disorder

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13. (p. 305) Which of the following statements is true about suicides among older people?

A. Older men who commit suicide are most likely to belong to an ethnic minority.

B. Older people who commit suicide are less likely than younger people to succeed at committing suicide.

C. Older people who commit suicide are more likely than younger people to be alone and socially isolated.

D. Older men are less likely than younger men to plan their deaths.

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14. (p. 305) Among the elderly, suicide often occurs without: A. physical or mental illness.

B. depression.

C. discussion of dying.

D. warning.

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15. (p. 307) A main component of the hospice philosophy is: A. pain management.

B. depression management.

C. withdrawal management.

D. anger management.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

16. (p. 309) The main source of payment support for hospice care is: A. private insurance.

B. private pay.

C. charitable donations.

D. Medicare.

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17. (p. 309) A problem with home hospice care is that: A. the funding for hospice services is mostly from private insurance companies and charitable donations.

B. there are very few women in the labor force in hospice care to aid the elderly.

C. its services are available only to the upper class and for five days a week.

D. it assumes that a family member will always be available to care for a dying relative.

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18. (p. 311) Women have a greater probability of becoming widowed because: A. they typically marry late in their adulthood.

B. they are less likely than men to face multiple personal losses in adulthood.

C. they typically live longer than men.

D. they are less likely than men to suffer from osteoporosis.

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19. (p. 314) The widowhood effect is defined as: A. the loss of a beloved person.

B. an increase in the survivor's risk of dying.

C. taking on new roles.

D. seeing friends more often.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

20. (p. 314) According to research, older people who lose a close relative survive longer when they have intimate ties to a(n): A. adult child.

B. close friend.

C. support group.

D. sibling.

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21. (p. 313) The problem of widowhood for men is compounded by the traditional role of: A. assertiveness.

B. aggressiveness.

C. dominance.

D. independence.

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22. (p. 313) Widowers rarely use: A. church groups.

B. support groups.

C. educational groups.

D. health groups.

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23. (p. 314) Which of the following statements is NOT true about adult children who have lost their parents?

A. Most people lose one of their parents when they are in their 50s.

B. The death of a parent severs one of the most emotionally significant bonds.

C. The death of a parent may occur after a long illness.

D. The loss of a father is more upsetting than the loss of a mother.

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

24. (p. 315) In a study of 107 married, middle-aged daughters' responses to their mothers' death, it was found that nearly all _____ their grief.

A. selectively addressed B. overcame C. symbolized D. selectively controlled

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25. (p. 307) Which of the following services do hospices NOT provide?

A. medications and treatment B. rehabilitation C. funeral planning D. emotional, social, and spiritual support

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True / False Questions 26. (p. 299) Death anxiety is greater among people living in an institutional setting.

TRUE

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27. (p. 299) Since the nineteenth century, the average life expectancy of people has decreased.

FALSE

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

28. (p. 302) A major criticism of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying is that they cannot be identified in every culture.

FALSE

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29. (p. 303) A living will specifies the type of treatment an individual should be granted if he or she becomes terminally ill.

TRUE

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30. (p. 303) The lowest suicide rates occur among divorced and widowed men.

FALSE

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31. (p. 314) Widowhood has been associated with increased risk of illness and mortality.

TRUE

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32. (p. 311) In most developed countries, suicide rates decrease with age.

FALSE

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33. (p. 314) According to some research, the loss of a father is more upsetting than the loss of a mother.

FALSE

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Chapter 13 - Dying, Death, and Bereavement

34. (p. 305) In the United States, Medicare is the main source of payment for hospice care.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 35. What is meant to be the role of hospice care? What are some problems that can occur?

Answers will vary.

36. Widowhood alters relationships, especially friendships, and is especially problematic for males. What can the family and community do to assist men in this process?

Answers will vary.

37. Discuss three different cultures perspectives on death.

Answers will vary.

13-9 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

Chapter 14 The Economics of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 322) Which of the following is a difference between the elderly before the 1960s and the elderly of today?

A. Mortality rates for the elderly have increased rapidly.

B. The elderly now have the highest poverty rates among all age groups.

C. Social Security benefits for the elderly have reduced.

D. The median income of people who are 65 and above has risen steadily.

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2. (p. 323) The cohort that reached adulthood in the 1950s had: A. low birth rates.

B. high divorce rates.

C. low fertility rates.

D. high marriage rates.

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3. (p. 324) The baby boom generation has fewer opportunities than their parents. One reason for this lack of opportunity is: A. the size of the cohort.

B. the number of children born to members in this cohort.

C. competition among members of this cohort.

D. limited resources.

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

4. (p. 327) _____ has proved to be the most successful program of the American welfare.

A. Social Security B. Medicare C. Medicaid D. Disability insurance

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5. (p. 327) By the 2030s, there will most likely be a deficit in funding the Social Security benefits because: A. fewer baby boomers than today will be working during that time.

B. the average life expectancy will be the lowest by then.

C. Social Security will be completely privatized by then.

D. fertility rates will be on the rise during that time.

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6. (p. 330) One of the recommendations to preserve Social Security is to raise the normal retirement age. A consequence of raising it is that: A. fewer people will receive its benefits than before.

B. it could worsen racial and ethnic inequality among older Americans.

C. more elderly people will fall below the poverty level than before.

D. companies will suffer due to the increasing average age of their employees.

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7. (p. 327) Between 2000 and 2010, attitudes toward Social Security have shifted. Which statement best describes this shift?

A. Elderly people now feel that too much is being spent on Social Security.

B. Young people now feel that too little is being spent on Social Security.

C. The majority of people now feel that too much is being spent on Social Security.

D. The majority of people now feel that the government is spending too little or just about the right amount on Social Security.

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

8. (p. 331) Reducing benefits is an option to preserve Social Security. Which age group is likely to be adversely affected by reducing benefits?

A. low-income elderly B. middle-income elderly C. higher-income elderly D. corporate elderly

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9. (p. 332) In the context of the expected shortage of funding for Social Security benefits, one of the most popular solutions to restore the trust fund is: A. to reduce the benefits.

B. means-testing.

C. to reduce the cost-of-living increases.

D. to gradually increase the payroll tax.

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10. (p. 332) Identify an accurate statement about means-testing.

A. It encourages people to increase their savings.

B. It is considered the most popular choice for funding Social Security benefits among the Liberals.

C. It would eliminate benefits entirely for retirees with high incomes.

D. It appears to encourage work in later life.

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11. (p. 333) One country with a means-tested age pension is _____.

A. Australia B. Finland C. Germany D. Italy

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

12. (p. 333) One major obstacle of means-testing is: A. it encourages risk-taking in the stock market.

B. it discourages savings.

C. it stops one from planning for retirement.

D. it encourages savings.

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13. (p. 333) The privatization of Social Security would mandate that individuals be more in charge of their own retirement and the government less responsible. One country with a privatization program in existence is: A. Argentina.

B. Chile.

C. Norway.

D. Sweden.

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14. (p. 334) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of defined benefit plans?

A. They typically pay lump benefits.

B. The amount of benefit is based on years of service and prior earnings.

C. They exclude yearly rises.

D. Funds may not be invested wisely; thus, there are not enough to cover all those eligible for them.

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15. (p. 334) The _____ was passed in 1974 to curb problems associated with defined pension plans.

A. Employee Retirement Fund B. Employee Retirement Security Act C. Employee Retirement Income Security Act D. Employee Security Act

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

16. (p. 336) Defined contribution plans represent a savings plan with some tax advantages.

Which of the following is NOT a problem with defined contribution plans?

A. The plan is involuntary.

B. The plan is voluntary.

C. Workers may withdraw funds before retirement.

D. Workers sometimes are encouraged or required to place all their contributions into company stock.

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17. (p. 337) Personal savings are a third source of income in retirement. Problems with saving for retirement include all of the following except: A. the uncertainty related to life expectancy.

B. the uncertainty in the labor market.

C. the little encouragement or advice to save.

D. the chronic illnesses that can deplete resources.

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18. (p. 341) Saving rates are lower among the elderly than all other age groups because they spend their money on: A. health care and housing.

B. their children.

C. vacations.

D. jewelry.

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True / False Questions 19. (p. 323) The primary policy tools of government are the power to tax and the power to spend.

TRUE

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

20. (p. 323) The elderly today do not have a diverse source of income compared to the elderly of the 1960s.

FALSE

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21. (p. 323) In the last 40 years, there has been a vast improvement in the economic position of the aged.

TRUE

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22. (p. 324) Because so much of the net worth of older people is housing wealth, some retirees have started using their home equity to pay for their retirement.

TRUE

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23. (p. 324) Median net worth is the total value of all assets.

TRUE

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24. (p. 327) One of the changes contributing to the decrease in the Social Security trust fund is the decline in birth rate.

TRUE

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

25. (p. 329) The United States is one of several countries thinking about raising the retirement age.

TRUE

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26. (p. 332) An increase in the payroll tax, to increase the Social Security fund, will fall heavily on high-income earners.

FALSE

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27. (p. 332) The idea of a means test appeals to many Americans. One reason for its appeal is the continued growth in living standards for most working Americans.

FALSE

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28. (p. 332) The greatest risk of a means test is that it would create two unequal classes of retirees.

TRUE

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29. (p. 334) A vesting rule is the length of time workers must be employed by a firm before they are eligible for pension benefits.

TRUE

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

30. (p. 337) In a traditional Individual Retirement Account, money is deposited into the fund before taxes are paid and then withdrawals at retirement are taxed as income.

TRUE

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31. (p. 337) Younger individuals are less likely than older people to choose the Roth Individual Retirement Account in saving for retirement.

FALSE

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32. (p. 339) A problem with defined contribution plans is that they are vulnerable to big fluctuations.

TRUE

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33. (p. 327) The majority of citizens believe that spending on Social Security is too high.

FALSE

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34. (p. 327) Public support for Social Security is low.

FALSE

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35. (p. 339) Wealth continues to rise until one dies.

FALSE

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Chapter 14 - The Economics of Aging

Essay Questions 36. Discuss the pros and cons of raising the retirement age to pressure the Social Security trust fund.

Answers will vary.

37. List some things a 35-year-old could begin to do to save for her/his retirement.

Answers will vary.

38. What are the major differences between a defined benefit and a defined contribution plan?

Answers will vary.

14-9 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

Chapter 15 Poverty and Inequality

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 346) The concept of "social class" includes all of the following dimensions except: A. income.

B. prestige.

C. power.

D. cumulative wealth.

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2. (p. 346) According to the theory of cumulative disadvantage, inequality begins with those who have greater resources and more opportunities to _____ additional resources.

A. occupy B. own C. acquire D. develop

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3. (p. 348) Older adults have numerous sources of income. The largest source of ethnic/racial disparity is income from: A. pensions.

B. savings.

C. assets.

D. antiques.

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

4. (p. 349) Inequality in old age is not a random pattern but a consistent one. A person's _____ is a major factor in her/his income security in old age.

A. assets B. inheritance C. work history D. pension benefits

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5. (p. 351) Among older men and women, regardless of their ethnic group, women are less likely to receive income from: A. pensions.

B. assets.

C. stocks.

D. Social Security.

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6. (p. 351) Gender inequality in old age, especially economic resources, can be attributed to: A. low labor force participation.

B. low educational achievement.

C. familial responsibilities.

D. the type of occupations in which women are employed.

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7. (p. 352) With respect to Social Security, people who receive the highest lifetime earnings receive the _____ benefits.

A. best B. highest C. longest D. consistent

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

8. (p. 352) Data have indicated that women earn lower wages than men. In 2009, women aged from 25 to 34 earned _____ percent as much as men.

A. 77 B. 40 C. 10 D. 88

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9. (p. 352) One recommendation to achieve gender equality in Social Security benefits is to take into account the differences between men and women and utilize measures to compensate the disadvantaged gender. This is referred to as: A. gender neutrality.

B. gender equalization.

C. gender recognition.

D. gender compensation.

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10. (p. 352) Which of the following countries has credited a mother or a father with 75 percent of average earnings for one year for each child raised?

A. Sweden B. Denmark C. Germany D. Switzerland

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

11. (p. 352) Although younger women in the United States are working more continuously than did women of older generations, it is estimated that by 2030, only _____ percent will have contributed the full 35 years to Social Security.

A. 60 B. 40 C. 25 D. 15

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12. (p. 353) Identify an accurate statement about spouse and widow's benefits.

A. Only wives are eligible for a spouse or a widow's benefit.

B. Today a surviving spouse of a deceased worker is eligible for a full benefit at age 70.

C. In the United States, the law requires a woman to be married to a spouse for a minimum of 10 years to be eligible for a spouse benefit.

D. A surviving spouse of a deceased worker is eligible for a reduced benefit at age 60.

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13. (p. 353) In the context of Social Security benefits, which of the following statements is true about replacement rate?

A. It actually favors households with a single earner.

B. Couples with two high-earning spouses receive the highest benefits in terms of replacement rates.

C. It is the percentage of household savings that Social Security replaces for a deceased spouse.

D. Replacement rates are the same for earning and non-earning couples.

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

14. (p. 356) In which European country are there virtually no poor elderly people?

A. Sweden B. Italy C. Holland D. Denmark

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15. (p. 359) All of the following are advantages of the Retirement Equity Act of 1984 except that: A. pensions for married couples must be joint and survivor annuities.

B. pension is considered a part of property settlement in divorces.

C. under no terms can survivor's benefits be waived.

D. the act applies only to private sector workers.

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16. (p. 359) Pension-splitting refers to: A. pension becoming part of a divorce decree and being applied to the divorced spouse.

B. an agreement such that each spouse gets half of the other's pension.

C. an arrangement that gay people can receive a portion of their partners' pension.

D. an agreement that the federal government will regulate pension rights.

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17. (p. 359) _____ are most likely to live in deep poverty among the minority groups in the United States.

A. Hispanics B. Asian Americans C. Blacks D. Arab Americans

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

18. (p. 360) _____ as a group have higher income than others classified as Hispanic in the United States.

A. Mexicans B. Puerto Ricans C. Cubans D. Colombians

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19. (p. 360) Because of a lack of housing wealth, most older African Americans have less income security for their old age, and an emergency can deplete their resources. Such unequal distribution of wealth perpetuates: A. powerlessness.

B. classism.

C. cumulative disadvantage.

D. racism.

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20. (p. 361) The Hispanic/Latino group with the lowest rates of labor force participation and lowest level of education is: A. Cubans.

B. Columbians.

C. Mexicans.

D. Puerto Ricans.

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21. (p. 362) Hispanic/Latinos are ineligible for Medicare because of: A. language barriers.

B. employment in occupations not covered by Social Security.

C. low wages.

D. seasonal work.

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

22. (p. 362) Many Chinese males migrated alone to the West Coast to work on the railroads during the early part of the 20th century. These elderly men currently have: A. no pensions.

B. no family support system.

C. no private property.

D. no children.

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23. (p. 362) The prosperity of some Asian groups can be explained by the high value they give to: A. investment/savings.

B. family support system.

C. hard work.

D. education.

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24. (p. 363) _____ constitute the largest Native American group.

A. Seminoles B. Creeks C. Navajos D. Cherokees

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25. (p. 363) _____ have the highest unemployment rates and the highest mortality rates of any minority in the United States.

A. Hispanics B. Asian Americans C. African Americans D. American Indians

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

26. (p. 364) Older Hispanics and African Americans had irregular patterns of work because: A. they primarily worked in high-skilled jobs where they were subject to high mental and physical stress.

B. they had higher mortality rates than any other ethnic minority in the United States.

C. they typically worked in sectors of the labor force where layoffs are common or work is seasonal.

D. Native Indians were the preferred labor force over these groups.

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27. (p. 364) For Native Americans, health care is provided by the Indian Health Services. This service is the responsibility of the: A. tribe.

B. state government.

C. local government.

D. federal government.

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28. (p. 364) What accounted for the high number of Native American elderly left alone on reservations in the years 1952–1972?

A. the relocation of more than 100,000 Native Americans to urban areas B. the high death rate of middle-aged Native Americans C. the reorganization of reservations by age D. the refusal of the elderly to leave the reservations when the government attempted to force them to do so

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True / False Questions

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

29. (p. 347) Replacement rate is the percentage of pre-retirement income that Social Security replaces for a retiree.

TRUE

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30. (p. 348) The disparity in income by ethnicity/race can be explained by the type of employment that a person had before retirement.

FALSE

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31. (p. 349) A reason why older African Americans have lower housing wealth is that the Federal Housing Authority encouraged the practice of redlining.

TRUE

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32. (p. 353) Dual entitlement under Social Security refers to men and women who have worked outside the home and are eligible for worker benefits as well as for benefits as a spouse.

TRUE

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33. (p. 355) The United States is the only country where single elderly women have lower rates of poverty than do older couples.

FALSE

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

34. (p. 357) One's access to a pension is determined by one's employment.

TRUE

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35. (p. 359) All state and local government workers' pension plans are regulated by the Retirement Equity Act of 1984.

FALSE

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36. (p. 359) American Indians are the most poorly educated of all minority groups.

TRUE

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37. (p. 362) The poverty rates for older Asian women are much lower than that for white women.

TRUE

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38. (p. 363) More than half of the Native American population lives on reservations.

TRUE

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39. (p. 363) High suicide rates have reduced the number of elderly Native Americans.

FALSE

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Chapter 15 - Poverty and Inequality

40. (p. 364) The Indian Health Services was established to provide health care for American Indians at no cost. One of the problems of this service is that it provides few chronic and longterm care services.

TRUE

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41. (p. 353) Marriage has a positive effect on a woman's finances in old age.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 42. Discus the patterns of gender inequality in old age.

Answers will vary.

43. Since women of all ethnic groups are involved in relatively more unpaid household work, child care, and other responsibilities, what are some programs that might assist them with adequate sources of income in their retirement years?

Answers will vary.

44. What might younger African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos do to limit the pattern of cumulative disadvantages during their older years?

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

Chapter 16 The Politics of Aging

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 387) Identify an accurate statement about voting.

A. Younger people are more likely than older people to register to vote.

B. Voter turnout is higher among people with disabilities than among those without disabilities.

C. Voter turnout is consistently low among older people for all election years.

D. Voting increases with age in any single election year.

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2. (p. 387) The ownership society is designed to appeal to _____ workers who like the idea of having an opportunity to build wealth.

A. middle-income B. middle-aged C. old D. young

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3. (p. 371) Retrospective voting is a type of bloc voting and occurs when: A. voters give votes to candidates based on promises made.

B. the elderly voters withhold votes to candidates based on a judgment of past performance.

C. voters tell their friends not to vote for a candidate based on the candidates' past performance.

D. elderly voters do not vote but think about the past times in which they have voted.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

4. (p. 371) Most older people do not engage in bloc voting because: A. they belong to a homogenous group.

B. old age physically disables them from exercising their voting rights.

C. they are less likely than younger voters to register and actually vote.

D. they do not know how their representatives vote on most issues.

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5. (p. 374) Research has found lower voter turnout among people with: A. health disabilities.

B. little or no employment.

C. caregiving responsibilities.

D. limited transportation.

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6. (p. 374) Proof that age does impact voting preferences is shown by the percentage of young people who voted for Barack Obama in 2012. That percentage was: A. 45.

B. 28.

C. 11.

D. 60.

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7. (p. 374) Identify an accurate statement about the Townsend movement.

A. It recommended that only wives should be eligible for spouse or widow's benefit.

B. It called for the privatization of Social Security and Medicare.

C. It was a movement dedicated to improving the image of older women.

D. It proposed that all people 65 or older should receive a pension of $150 a month.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

8. (p. 377) All of the following are factors in the increase of the "gray lobby" except: A. battle over health insurance.

B. convening of the White House Conference on Aging.

C. the consideration by President Carter to cut Social Security benefits as a solution to the declining reserves in the program trust fund in 1977.

D. the Townsend Movement.

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9. (p. 377) The largest senior voluntary organization is the: A. National Council of Senior Citizens.

B. Gray Panthers.

C. National Association of Retired Federal Employees.

D. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP).

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10. (p. 377) The organization that was created by AFL-CIO to lobby for Medicare is the: A. National Council of Senior Citizens.

B. Gray Panthers.

C. National Association of Retired Federal Employees.

D. American Association of Retired Persons.

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11. (p. 378) The main role of old age interest groups has been that of: A. lobbying for benefits.

B. winning new benefits.

C. protecting existing benefits.

D. proposing new benefits.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

12. (p. 378) Older people are _____ likely of all age groups to be involved in a social movement.

A. most B. highly C. least D. rarely

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13. (p. 378) The first social movement which attracted older people was the: A. Gray Panthers.

B. Senior Power Movement.

C. Intergenerational Movement.

D. Townsend Movement.

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14. (p. 380) Identify an accurate statement about the Red Hat Society.

A. It is an organization dedicated to improving the image of older women.

B. It is strongly in favor of the privatization of Social Security and Medicare.

C. It proposed that all women 70 or older should receive a monthly pension of $400.

D. It uses violence and physical threats to protest against unfair policies.

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15. (p. 382) The age at which the Constitution mandates that a person can be president is: A. 35.

B. 36.

C. 38.

D. 40.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

16. (p. 383) Older people are not only involved in voting and holding offices. All of the following are other examples of involvement except: A. watching a party convention on television.

B. working in voter's registration drive.

C. helping to recruit local candidates to run for office.

D. attending national party conventions.

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17. (p. 385) The generational equity debate first gained notice in 1984 by the demographer: A. Charles Longino.

B. Maggie Kuhn.

C. Samuel Preston.

D. Paul Erlich.

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18. (p. 385) The major issue in the generational equity debate is that there is more spending by the government for the elderly than for the youth. An international study on trends in spending on children and the elderly in Western nations found that: A. higher spending for the elderly was associated with lower spending for children.

B. there is no relationship between spending for the elderly and spending for children.

C. high spending for the elderly was not associated with low spending on children.

D. there is equal spending for the elderly and children.

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19. (p. 386) All of the following are findings from a representative sample of Floridians regarding their attitudes toward the elderly except: A. younger respondents viewed older Floridians as an economic burden.

B. people with the most critical attitudes toward the elderly came from a county with a low proportion of older adults.

C. younger respondents viewed older Floridians as an unconstructive community element.

D. younger respondents viewed older Floridians an economically selfish voting bloc.

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

20. (p. 386) Critics who feel that there is an entitlement crisis note that: A. the federal budget is out of control.

B. spending on entitlement programs should cease.

C. there is a disproportionate share of the budget being spent on the elderly, crowding out other social needs.

D. entitlement programs will increase.

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True / False Questions 21. (p. 370) Older people are much less likely than young people to register and actually vote.

FALSE

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22. (p. 371) Voter turnout is consistently low among older people for all election years.

FALSE

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23. (p. 371) In the United States, Medicare is provided to all citizens regardless of their age or income.

FALSE

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24. (p. 371) Older people are more likely to engage in bloc voting than any other age group.

FALSE

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

25. (p. 372) Most surveys show that people of all ages do not agree that Social Security taxes are at the right level.

FALSE

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26. (p. 377) A main goal of the National Council of Senior Citizens is to lobby for health insurance legislation.

TRUE

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27. (p. 378) Older people, more so than any other age group, are more likely to be adherents to a social movement.

FALSE

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28. (p. 378) The first major social movement consisting primarily of older people was the Townsend movement.

TRUE

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29. (p. 381) Older people are more likely to hold political offices because of their wisdom.

FALSE

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Chapter 16 - The Politics of Aging

30. (p. 386) The entitlement program debate is really a struggle over the future of Social Security and Medicare.

TRUE

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31. (p. 386) The main reason that generational equity is not viewed as a problem in Canada is the national health insurance system that it has for all its citizens.

TRUE

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32. (p. 386) Many citizens mistakenly believe that Social Security will run out of money.

TRUE

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Essay Questions 33. Did you vote in the last election? What factors went into your decision to vote or not to vote? What factors influenced your candidate of choice?

Answers will vary.

34. What evidence is there that an entitlement crisis exists?

Answers will vary.

16-8 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.