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≈ÒUŸ Á¬˝¢≈˜U‚ (ߢÁ«UÿÊ) ¬˝Ê0 Á‹Á◊≈U«U yy Á∑§.◊Ë. ◊Êß‹ S≈UÊŸ, Ÿ‡ÊŸ‹ „UÊßfl, ⁄UÊ„UÃ∑§ ⁄UÊ«
ª˝Ê◊ ⁄UÊ„UŒ, ¡Ÿ¬Œ ¤ÊîÊ⁄U („UÁ⁄UÿÊáÊÊ)
fMLDysej ¼vLohdj.k½
bl iqLrd esa mfüf[kr tkudkjh fofHkUu òksrksa] T;ksfr"k] iapkax] izopu] ekU;rkvksa vkSj èkeZxzaFkksa ls ladfyr dh xbZ gSA ;|fi bls ;FkklaHko foþluh; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS] fQj Hkh bldh iw.kZ lVhdrk dh dksbZ xkjaVh ug° nh tkrh gSA ;g iqLrd dsoy lkekU; lwpuk ds mís'; ls izdkf'kr dh xbZ gS( bldk vk'k; fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dkuwuh] O;kolkf;d] foÙkh;] T;ksfr"kh; vFkok èkkfeZd lykg nsuk ug° gSA
iqLrd esa of.kZr fdlh Hkh fofèk] vuq"Bku] mik; ;k vU; tkudkjh dks viukuk iwjh rjg ls ikBd ds Lofoosd ij fuHkZj gSA blls gksus okys fdlh Hkh izR;{k] vizR;{k] vkdfLed ;k ifj.kkeh izHkko ds fy, ys[kd ;k izdk'kd mÙkjnk;h ug° gksaxsA ys[kd vkSj izdk'kd] fdlh Hkh izdkj dh =kqfV] pwd ;k vlkoèkkuh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ug° Bgjk, tk ldrsA vr% ikBd viuh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij vko';drkuqlkj fo'ks"kK ;k lacafèkr {ks=k ds lykgdkj ls ijke'kZ ysaA bl iqLrd dk mís'; fdlh Hkh O;fä] leqnk; ;k èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks vkgr djuk ug° gSA bldk ,dek=k mís'; Kku o tkudkjh dk izlkj djuk gSA
fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B vfo'oluh; fgUnw èkeZ
1- fgUnw èkeZ nqfu;k dk lcls izkphu èkeZ 3 vfo'oluh; lH;rk
2- Hkkjr nqfu;k dh lcls iqjkuh lH;rkvksa ¼Oldest Civilizations½ esa ls ,d 15 vfo'oluh; pØ iz'ukoyh
3- pØ iz'ukoyh 23 vfo'oluh; jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijEijk,¡
3A- Hkkjrh; jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijEijk,¡ 49 vfo'oluh; fdys vkSj Lekjd
4- vkaèkz izns'k ds lcls iqjkus igkM+h fdyksa esa ls ,d xwVh fdyk vkaèkz izns'k ¼vuariqj½ 85
5- Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk fdyk dk¡xM+k fdyk fgekpy ¼dk¡xM+k½ 87
6- 'kwU; fpUg ds nwljs lcls iqjkus fjdkWMZ dk izek.k Xokfy;j fdyk eè; izns'k ¼Xokfy;j½ 89
I-4 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
7- tgk¡ ls vpkud xk;c gks xbZ Fkh iwjh ckjkr x<+ dqaMkj dk fdyk
eè; izns'k ¼Vhdex<+½ 91
8- fdyk tgk¡ v'oRFkkek gj jkst vkdj djrsa gSa Hkxoku f'ko ds n'kZu
vlhjx<+ fdyk eè; izns'k ¼cqjgkuiqj½ 93
9- fdyk tgk¡ lqukbZ nsrh gSa jksus vkSj fpYykus dh vkoktsa
'kfuokj okM+k fdyk
10- lkaiksa dk fdyk
iUgkyk fdyk
11- fdyk tgk¡] lwjt <+yus ds ckn dksbZ ug°a jgrk
dykoarh fdyk
12- fo'o dh nwljh lcls cM+h nhokj
egkjk"Vª ¼iq.ks½ 96
egkjk"Vª ¼dksYgkiqj½ 98
egkjk"Vª ¼jk;x<+½ 101
dqEHkyx<+ fdyk jktLFkku ¼jktlean½ 103
13- fdyk tgk¡ 'kke gksrs gh tkx tkrh g® vkRek,a
Hkkux<+ fdyk
14- Hkwr ds [kkSQ ls #d x;k Fkk fdys dk dke
ukgjx<+ dk fdyk
15- jgL;e;h fdyk tgk¡ uanh dh ewfrZ cnyrh gS 3 jax
jktLFkku ¼vyoj½ 105
jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 108
vpyx<+ fdyk jktLFkku ¼ekmaV vkcw½ 110
16- dqaokjk fdyk
vyoj fdyk
17- fdyk tgk¡ fxjrh gS ckfj'k dh igyh cw¡n
lTtux<+ fdyk
jktLFkku ¼vyoj½ 112
jktLFkku ¼mn;iqj½ 114
I-5 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
18- 500 lky iqjkuk fdyk] ftldh j{kk djrh g® phy
esgjkux<+ fdyk
19- ,slk fdyk tgk¡ gS ,f'k;k dh lcls cM+h rksi t;x<+ fdyk
20- ,slk fdyk tgk¡ feyk Fkk dksfguwj ghjk
jktLFkku ¼tksèkiqj½ 116
jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 119
xksydksaMk fdyk rsyaxkuk ¼gSnjkckn½ 122
21- xaxkrV ij cuk ,sfrgkfld pqukj dk fdyk
pqukjx<+ fdyk mÙkj izns'k ¼fetkZiqj½ 124
22- izsrckfèkr egyksa esa ls ,d tru uxj iSysl <sa+duky ¼vksfM'kk½ 126
23- egy tgk¡ vkt Hkh HkVdrh gSa] ohjkaxukvksa dh vkRek,a jk.kk dqaHkk egy jktLFkku ¼fpÙkkSM+x<+½ 128
24- nqfu;k dh ,slh bekjr tks fcuk fdlh u°ao ds [kM+h gS gok egy jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 130
25- lokbZ t;flag dh osèk'kkyk
tUrj eUrj jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 132
26- xq#Rokd"kZ.k dks pqukSrh nsus okyk egy cM+k bekeckM+k mÙkj izns'k ¼y[kuŽ 136
27- fdys dks iwjk djus esa yxs Fks 100 lky vkesj fdyk jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 139
28- gok ds >ksads ls ?kwerk Fkk bl fdys dk dejk fpdVu frCcr ¼Ygklk½ 145
I-6 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
29- tgk¡ 350 lky ls jgL; cuk gqvk gS >hy dk ikuh eq#n tathjk fdyk egkjk"Vª ¼jk;x<+½ 147
30- ,slk fdyk tgk¡ 2 f'kofyaxksa ds gksrs gSa ,d lkFk n'kZu pansy dkyhu ykSjh fdyk mÙkj izns'k ¼fp=kdwV½ 149
31- ,slk fdyk tgk¡ vkrh gS ?kq¡?k:vksa dh vkokt+ fp=kdwV fdyk eè;izns'k 150
32- 1600 lky iqjkuk ykSg LraHk dhfrZ LrEHk fnYyh ¼egjkSyh½ 153
vfo'oluh; >hysa vkSj dqaM
33- ;gk¡ vkRek,a ph[krh g® vkSj ikuh Nwrs gh x+k;c gks tkrk gS balku [kwuh unh fnYyh ¼jksfg.kh½ 157
34- ,slh >hy tgk¡ fNik gS vjcksa dk [ktkuk
de:ukx >hy fgekpy izns'k ¼eaMh½ 159
35- pk¡n ds vkdkj dh >hy
panzrky fgekpy izns'k ¼Lihfr½ 161
36- fnu esa dbZ ckj jax cnyrk gS ;g f'kofyax
fdUuj dSyk'k fgekpy izns'k ¼fdUukSj½ 163
37- >hy tgk¡ fdLer okyksa dks gksrs g® 'ks"kukx ds n'kZu
'ks"kukx >hy tEew vkSj d'ehj ¼vuUrukx½ 165
38- jax cnyus okyh >hy i®xksax Rlks >hy yík[k ¼ysg½ 168
39- mYdk fiaM ds Vdjkus ls cuh >hy yksukj ØsVj >hy egkjk"Vª ¼cqy<+k.kk½ 171
I-7 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
40- vuks[kh >hy ftelsa rSjrs g® ^vkby®M* yksdVd >hy ef.kiqj ¼fc".kqiqj½ 174
41- vuks[kk egy] ikuh ds vanj Mwcs g® pkj eafty ty egy jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 175
42- Hkh"k.k lnhZ esa Hkh ug°a terk gS] bl >hy ds ,d fgLls dk ikuh
xq#Mksaxekj >hy flfDde ¼mÙkj flfDde½ 177
43- 'kq) vkSj ifo=k ikuh dh >hy
ekuljksoj >hy
44- ,d vuks[kk igkM+] tgk¡ vkt rd dksbZ ug°a p<+ ik;k
xax[kj iqulqe
45- ,d vts; ioZr f'k[kj] ftl ij vHkh rd dksbZ Hkh ugha p<+ ik;k
dSyk'k ioZr
46- dadkyksa dh >hy
:idq¡M
47- ,slk peRdkjh >juk] tgk¡ ikih yksx ikuh dks
gkFk rd ug°a yxk ikrs
olqèkkjk tyizikr
48- flD[kksa dk ,d izfl) rhFkZ LFky
gsedqaM lkfgc vkSj gsedqaM >hy
49- ioZr ij ekuk tkrk gS f'ko dk okl] tgk¡ ij
peRdkfjd :i ls curk gS vkse
vkse ioZr
frCcr ¼ekuljksoj½ 179
frCcr 181
frCcr ¼ekuljksoj½ 182
mÙkjk[kaM ¼peksyh½ 189
mÙkjk[kaM ¼cnzhukFk½ 191
mÙkjk[kaM ¼peksyh½ 193
mÙkjk[kaM ¼fiFkkSjkx<+½ 195
I-8 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
50- cQhZyh BaM+ esa Hkh mcyrk gS daqM dk ikuh ef.kdj.k dqaM fgekpy izns'k ¼dqYyw½ 197
51- jgL;e;h dqaM] tgk¡ rkyh ctkus ij Åij vkus yxrk gS ikuh nykgh dqaM >kj[kaM ¼cksdkjks½ 199
52- dqaM esa Luku ls Bhd gksrs g® peZjksx c`Fkyk dqaM mÙkj izns'k ¼vkxjk½ 201
53- peRdkjh dqaM ftlesa jgrk gS lky Hkj xeZ ikuh rIrdqaM mÙkjk[kaM ¼peksyh½ 203
54- tgk¡ f'ko dk uke tius ij ikuh esa gksus yxrh gS gypy jsrl dqaM mÙkjk[kaM ¼#nziz;kx½ 205
55- ,d dqvk¡ ftlesa yxk gS ekSr dk vkbZuk
panzdwi mÙkj izns'k ¼okjk.klh½ 206
56- ,d izkphu LFky
leqnz dwi ;k mYVk fdyk mÙkj izns'k ¼iz;kxjkt½ 208
vfo'oluh; xk¡o
57- lcls Hkwfr;k dfczLrkuksa esa ls ,d dyiYyh dfczLrku dukZVd ¼c®xyksj½ 211
58- Mjkouk fczt tgk¡ vaèksjk gksrs gh dk¡ius yxrh gS :g
gksydj fczt egkjk"Vª ¼iq.ks½ 213
59- vafre foJke LFky
VkWoj vkWQ lkbysal
egkjk"Vª ¼eqacbZ½ 215
I-9 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
60- tgk¡ yksxksa dks utj vkrh g® vkRek,a vkSj lqukbZ nsrh gSa ph[ksa ykEch nsgj ekbal mRrjk[kaM ¼elwjh½ 217
61- nynyksa esa vys;k Hkwr dh jks'kuh nyny if'pe caxky ¼dksydkrk½ 219
62- 18o°a lnh dk xSj&ppZ dfczLrku lkmFk ikdZ LVªhV flesVªh if'pe caxky ¼dksydkrk½ 221
63- xk¡o tgk¡ ds yksx eq¶r esa nwèk ckaVrs gSa
èkksdM+k xqtjkr ¼dPN½ 223
64- 'kgjksa dks ekr nsrk gS Hkkjr dk ;g gkbZVsd xk¡o iqaljh xqtjkr ¼lkcjdkaBk½ 225
65- ,slk xk¡o tgk¡ ug°a pyrk ns'k dk lafoèkku eyk.kk xkao fgekpy izns'k ¼dqYyw½ 227
66- ,slk xk¡o tgk¡ ?kj&?kj esa cksyh tkrh gS laLÑr
eÙkw# xkao dukZVd ¼f'keksxk½ 229
67- tgk¡ ?kjksa esa iyrs g® lkai vkSj dkscjk ls [ksyrs g® cPps 'ksriky
egkjk"Vª ¼'kksykiqj½ 230
68- xk¡o tgk¡ ds 80 yksx g® djksM+ifr fgojs cktkj egkjk"Vª ¼vgenuxj½ 231
69- ,f'k;k dk lcls LoPN xk¡o
ekSfyUuksax es?kky; ¼iwoZ [kklh fgYl½ 233
70- fgeky; ij clk jgL;e;h 'kgj] tgk¡ dksbZ ug°a ejrk
Kkuxat frCcr ¼'kEHkkyk½ 235
I-10 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
71- 'kkfir xk¡o tgk¡ vkt Hkh HkVdrh g® 8 vkRek,a Lokyk mÙkjk[k.M ¼pEikor½ 238
72- lcls Hkwfr;k fgy LVs'ku MkWo fgy if'pe caxky ¼nktZfyax½ 239
73- fgeky; ioZr 241
vfo'oluh; izÑfr
74- ^dkys tknw* dh Hkwfe ek;ksax vle ¼eksjhxk¡o½ 245
75- ?kkVh esa ekStwn 550 lky iqjkuh eeh la?k rsuft+u fgekpy izns'k ¼Lihfr ?kkVh½ 247
76- lw;Z ds jgL;ksa dks mtkxj djus okyh os/k'kkyk dksMkbduky lkSj osèk'kkyk rfeyukMq ¼dksMkbduky½ 250
77- eafnj tgka czã gR;k tSls ikiksa ls feyrh gS eqfä jkes'oje rfeyukMq ¼jkeukFkiqje½ 252
78- ,slk LFkku tgk¡ gqbZ Fkh jaxhu ckfj'k yky ckfj'k dsjy ¼bMqDdh½ 254
79- jgL;e;h txg tgk¡ i{kh dj ysrs g® vkRegR;k tfraxk xk¡o vle ¼fnek gklks½ 256
80- nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k cjxn dk isM+ fo'kkydk; cjxn dk isM+ if'pe caxky ¼dksydkrk½ 258
81- tgk¡ fcuk LVkVZ fd, pyus yxrh gS xkM+h eSXusfVd fgy yík[k ¼ysg½ 260
82- ,slk xk¡o tgk¡ lcls T;knk tqM+oka cPps ysrs g® tUe dksfMUgh xk¡o dsjy ¼eyIiqje½ 262
I-11 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
83- ,slk LFkku tgk¡ Mwcus dh ctk; ikuh esa rSjrs gSa iRFkj rSjrk gqvk iRFkj rfeyukMq ¼jkes'oje½ 264
84- izkÑfrd :i ls fufeZr iqy fyfoax :V fczt es?kky; ¼t®fr;k fgYl½ 266
85- njxkg ij ,d maxyh ls mB tkrk gS 90 fdyks dk iRFkj ysfoVsfVax LVksu egkjk"Vª ¼f'koiqj½ 268
86- tgk¡ jkst xk;c gks tkrk gS leqnz dk fdukjk gkbM ,aM lhd chp vksfM'kk ¼pkanhiqj½ 270
87- 6-2 dh rhozrk okyk Hkwdai Hkh bls ug°a fgyk ik;k cSysaflax jkWd eè; izns'k ¼tcyiqj½ 272
88- fo'o dk lcls cM+k unh MsYVk xaxk&czãiq=k MsYVk if'pe caxky 274
89- jgL;e;h y?kq e#LFky rkydM+ dukZVd ¼eSlwj½ 276
90- bl bykds dks dgk tkrk gS ,fy;al dk csl dksaxdk yk ikl yík[k 278
91- bl bykds dks dgk tkrk gS izkphu lH;rkvksa esa ls ,d
flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk gfj;k.kk ¼fHkjM+k.kk½ 280
92- tgk¡ ls ,d gh jkr esa xk;c gks x, Fks 5 gtkj yksx dqyèkjk jktLFkku ¼tSlyesj½ 282
93- chp dks ekuk tkrk gS Hkwfr;k] ikbZ tkrh gS dkyh jsr Mqel chp xqtjkr ¼lwjr½ 284
94- Hkkjr dk vafre Nksj èkuq"kdksMh rfeyukMq ¼jkeukFkiqje½ 286
I-12 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
95- Hkkjr dh lcls yach lM+d lqjax
dlkjk egkjk"Vª ¼Bk.ks½ 288
96- fo'o dh igyh oSfnd ?kM+h] foØekfnR; oSfnd ?kM+h oSfnd ?kM+h eè; izns'k ¼mTtSu½ 290
97- izkÑfrd xeZ ty dqaM
rkrkikuh NÙkhlx<+ ¼cyjkeiqj½ 295
98- vuks[kk xk¡o] tgk¡ ds yksx [kkrs g® ,d ns'k esa vkSj lksrs g® nwljs ns'k esa
yksaxok ukxky®M ¼eksu½ 296
99- ,fy;al dh 10000 lky iqjkuh isafVaXl
pjkek NÙkhlx<+ ¼dkadsj½ 298
100- tgk¡ taxy nsork dh et+hZ ds fcuk dksbZ izos'k ug°a dj ldrk
ekSQykax es?kky; ¼iwoZ [kklh fgYl½ 300
101- tgk¡ caVrk gS vuks[kk izlkn
vEcqckph esyk vle ¼xqokgkVh½ 302
102- nqyZHk vkSj fons'kh iztkfr;ksa dk LoxZ
fnckax oU;tho vHk;kj.;
103- ?kqlrs gh [kks tkrs g® yksx( vaxzstksa us can dj nh Fkh ,aVªh
rykry ?kj
v#.kkpy izns'k ¼fnckax ?kkVh½ 305
vle ¼f'kolkxj½ 308
104- xqykch ifjanksa dk clsjk lkaHkj >hy jktLFkku ¼t;iqj½ 312
105- nqfu;k dh lcls rh[kh fepZ lcls rh[kh fepZ ¼Hkwr tksyksfd;k½ iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr 314
I-13 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
106- nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k vkby®M] tgk¡ jgrs g® 1 yk[k ls T;knk yksx unh }hi vle ¼tksjgkV½ 316
107- Hkwr tks lhek dh j{kk djrk gS ckck gjHktu flag flfDde ¼ukFkqyk½ 318
108- pêkusa tks pk¡n dh jks'kuh esa gks tkrh g® tknqbZ ekcZy jkWDl eè; izns'k ¼tcyiqj½ 320
109- Hkwfr;k jks'kuh fpj cÙkh xqtjkr ¼dPN½ 322
vfo'oluh; }hi
110- Hkkjr dk ykWfUpax LVs'ku
JhgfjdksVk vkaèkz izns'k ¼usYyksj½ 327
111- nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k unh }hi
ektqyh }hi vle ¼tksjgkV½ 329
112- jgL;e;h yksx] ckgjh nqfu;k ls ug°a j[krs dksbZ laidZ
mÙkj lsafVuy }hi v.Meku vkSj fudksckj 331
113- Hkkjr dk bdykSrk ftank Tokykeq[kh cSju }hi v.Meku fudksckj }hi lewg ¼iksVZ Cys;j½ 334
114- Hkkjr dk ,dek=k Hkwfr;k }hi
jkWl }hi
115- izÑfr dk ,dkar foJke LFky
v.Meku fudksckj }hi lewg 336
ckjkVkax }hi vaMeku ,aM fudksckj ¼iksVZ Cys;j½ 339
I-14 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
116- vaMeku o fudksckj }hi vaMeku o fudksckj }hi lewg vaMeku o fudksckj@ caxky dh [kkM+h 341
117- fefudkW; y{k}hi
fefudkW; y{k}hi y{k}hi 343
118- 104 lky iqjkuk leqnz ij cuk igyk iqy jkes'oje }hi ;k ikEcu }hi rfeyukMq ¼jkeukFkiqje½ 346
vfo'oluh; eafnj vkSj xqQk,¡
119- eafnj 351 120- xqQk,¡ 356
vfo'oluh; ckS) eB
121- ,f'k;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k eB rokax eB v#.kkpy izns'k ¼rokax½ 361
122- lcls ifo=k ckS) eBksa esa ls ,d ^Vkbxj usLV eksusLVªh*
Vkbxj usLV eksusLVªh HkwVku ¼ikjks½ 362
123- lcls ifo=k ckS) eBksa esa ls ,d ^dkbZ eB* dkbZ eB fgekpy izns'k ¼ykgkSy Lihfr½ 363
124- nykbZ ykek dk vkfèkdkfjd fuokl
RlqxykD[kkax dkWEIysDl fgekpy izns'k ¼èkeZ'kkyk½ 364
125- ^fgeky; ds vtark* ds :i esa izfl) rkcks eB fgekpy iznzs'k ¼Lihfr ?kkVh½ 365
126- 8o°a 'krkCnh esa fufeZr eB xaèkksyk eB fgekpy izns'k ¼ykgkSy½ 366
fo"k;&lwph
I-15
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B
127- frCcrh 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj fHk{kqvksa dk ?kj ukenzksfyax eB dukZVd ¼eSlwj½ 367
128- ,slk eB tgk¡ ,d lkFk fn[krh gS fganw laLÑfr vkSj ckS) f'k{kkvksa dh >yd gsfel eB yík[k ¼ysg½ 368
129- 'kgn ds NÙks tSlk fn[kus okyk eB Qqdrky eB yík[k ¼tkaLdj½ 369
130- lcls cM+k frCcrh eB fFkdh eB yík[k ¼ysg½ 371
131- flfDde dk lcls iqjkuk ckS) eB #eVsd eB flfDde ¼xaxVksd½ 372
132- lcls ifo=k ckSð eBksa esa ls ,d ,upsbZ eB ,upsbZ eB flfDde ¼xaxVksd½ 373
133- xksatkax eB ukFkZ bafM;k flfDde ¼xaxVksd½ 374
134- 350 lky iqjkuk eB n fMLdV eB frCcr ¼ysg½ 375
135- lcls iqjkus eBksa esa ls ,d ekbaMªksfyax eB ekbaMªksfyax eB mÙkjk[k.M ¼nsgjknwu½ 376
136- eS=ks; dh 15 QhV Å¡ph izfrek ?kwe eB if'pe caxky ¼nktZfyax½ 377
vfo'oluh; R;kSgkj ,oa esyk
137- R;kSgkj ,oa esyk 387
I-16 fo"k;&lwph
Ø-la- izlax jkT; i`"B vfo'oluh; ckoM+h
138- Hkkjr esa ckofM+;ksa dk egRo 409
139- jgL;e;h lqjaxksa okyh ckoM+h] tgk¡ Nqik gS vjcksa dk [ktkuk pksjksa dh ckoM+h gfj;k.kk ¼ege½ 419
140- Hkwfexr dksf'kdkvksa dk egy paik ckoM+h eè; izns'k ¼ekaMw½ 421
141- feujy okWVj ls Hkh 'kq) gS ;gk¡ dk ikuh [kwuh HkaMkjk eè; izns'k ¼cqjgkuiqj½ 423 vfo'oluh; izkphu Hkkjr
142- izkphu Hkkjr dh lH;rk,¡ 427 vfo'oluh; vk;kstu
143- lcls fo'kky vk/;kfRed vk;kstu µ egkdqaHk 435
fdyk tgk¡ v'oRFkkek gj jkst vkdj djrs gSa Hkxoku f'ko ds n'kZu
esa lriqM+k igkfM+;ksa ds f'k[kj ij leqnz ry ls 250 Q+qV dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA bldh x.kuk fo'o fo[;kr mu fxus pqus fd+yksa esa gksrh gS] tks nqHkZsn vkSj vts;] ekus tkrs FksA bfrgkldkjksa us bldk ^ckc&,&nD[ku* ¼nf{k.k }kj½ vkSj ^dyksn&,&nD[ku* ¼nf{k.k dh dq¡th½ ds uke ls mYys[k fd;k gS] D;ksafd bl fdys ij fot; izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ nf{k.k dk }kj [kqy tkrk Fkk] vkSj fotsrk dk lEiw.kZ [k+kuns'k {ks=k ij vkfèkiR; LFkkfir gks tkrk FkkA fdys dk bfrgkl
vlhjx<+ ds fdys dk fuekZ.k 15o° 'krkCnh esa vklk vghj us djok;k FkkA bl fdys esa eqx+y ckn'kkg tgk¡xhj us vius csVs fizal dks tsy esa j[kk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd vlhjx<+ fdyk 15o° 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vklk vghj uke ds jktk us cuok;k FkkA mudh gR;k [kkuns'k ds ukflj [kku us dj nh FkhA ukflj [kku ds oa'kt ehjku cgknqj [kku ¼1596&1600½ us viuh Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk dh vkSj eqxy lezkV vdcj vkSj muds csVs nkfu;ky dks J)katfy nsus ls badkj dj fn;kA 1599 esa vdcj us cqjgkuiqj dh vksj dwp fd;k vkSj 'kgj ij dCt+k dj fy;kA blds ckn vdcj us vlhjx<+ fdys dks ?ksj fy;k vkSj 17 tuojh 1601 dks ml ij dCt+k dj fy;kA f}rh; vkaXy&ejkBk ;q) ds nkSjku 18 vDVwcj 1803 esa vlhjx<+ ds isêk ij dCt+k dj fy;kA
fdyk tgk¡ v'oRFkkek gj jkst vkdj djrs gSa Hkxoku f'ko ds n'kZu
vlhjx<+ ds fdys dh LFkkiR; dyk fdys dh okLrqdyk eqxyksa ls izHkkfor Fkh] ftlesa bLykeh] Qkjlh] rqdhZ vkSj Hkkjrh; 'kSfy;ksa dk feJ.k FkkA ty vkiwfrZ iznku djus ds fy, rhu
ekuo fufeZr rkykc g®A
;gk¡ ,d eafnj gS ftls xqIrs'oj egknso eafnj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tks fganw nsork f'ko dks lefiZr gSA
fdys ds vanj ehukjksa okyh ,d [kaMgj efLtn gS ftls vlhj efLtn ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fganw vkSj eqfLye okLrqdyk ds vykok] dqN [kaMgj fczfV'k ewy ds g® vkSj fczfV'k dczsa Hkh g®A vaxzstksa ds tkus ds ckn ;g fdyk ohjku gks x;k gSA
xqIrs'oj egknso eafnj
;g izkphu le; esa nf{k.k Hkkjr tkus ds }kj ds #i esa Hkh izfl) FkkA bl fdys ds xqIrs'oj egknso eafnj esa v'oRFkkek jkst f'ko dh mikluk vkSj iwtk djrs g®A blds lcwr ds #i esa eafnj esa lqcg xqykc ds Qwy vkSj dqedqe fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ekuk tkrk gS fd v'oRFkkek eafnj ds ikl gh fLFkr rkykc esa Luku djrs g®A mlds ckn f'ko dh vkjkèkuk djrs g®A
;g eafnj cgqr iqjkuk gSA fdarq ;gk¡ ij igq¡pus ij fo'ks"k vkè;kfRed vuqHko gksrk gSA ;gka rd igq¡pus ds fy, jkLrk nqxZe gSA eafnj pkjksa vksj [kkbZ ls f?kjk gSA ftlesa ekuk tkrk gS fd bl [kkbZ esa cus xqIr jkLrs ls gh v'oRFkkek eafnj esa vkrs&tkrs g®A
xwQk,¡ vkSj lqjax
fdys ds vanj vkSj pkjksa vksj xwQk,¡ vkSj lqjax g®] tks fdys dh lqj{kk ds fy, cukbZ xbZ Fk°A bu lqjaxksa ds ekè;e ls] vki fdys ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa vklkuh ls igq¡p ldrs g®] vkSj ;gk¡ ls vius nq'euksa ds geyksa ls cpus dk ekSdk feyrk FkkA
fdyk tgk¡ v'oRFkkek gj jkst vkdj djrs gSa Hkxoku f'ko ds n'kZu
n'kZuh; izkphu lajpuk,¡
vlhjx<+ fdys ds Hkhrj vkidks dbZ izkphu lajpuk,¡ fn[kkbZ nsaxh] tSls fd
cM+s eafnj] lekfèk;k¡] vkSj fdys ds izeq[k HkouA ;s lHkh lajpuk,¡ ml le; dh
thou'kSyh vkSj dyk dk izeq[k izrhd g® vkSj vkidks ml le; ds Hkkjrh; lekt
ls :c: djkrh gSaA
c T C
fdyk tgk¡ lqukbZ nsrh gSa jksus vkSj fpYykus dh vkoktsa
rjg cudj rS;kj gks x;k FkkA bl egy dh u°o 'kfuokj ds fnu j[kh xbZ Fkh] blh otg ls bldk uke ^'kfuokj okM+k* iM+k FkkA djhc 85 lky rd ;g egy is'kokvksa ds vfèkdkj esa jgk Fkk] ysfdu 1818 bZLoh esa bl ij vaxztksa us viuk vfèkdkj tek fy;k vkSj Hkkjr dh vktknh rd ;g muds gh vfèkdkj esa jgkA
fdys dks cukus esa vkbZ 16 gtkj dh ykxr 'kgj ds ckthjko jksM+ ij vfHkuo dyk eafnj ds ikl cuk 'kfuokj okM+k egy is'kok jktkvksa dk fuokl LFkku FkkA bl egy dh u°o ckthjko izFke us 'kfuokj ds fnu 10 tuojh 1730 esa j[kh FkhA ml nkSjku blds fuekZ.k esa 16]110 #i;s dh ykxr vkbZ FkhA bl egy esa ,d lkFk 1 gtkj ls T;knk yksx jg ldrs FksA 22 tuojh 1732 dks bl egy esa fgUnw jhfr fjokt ds eqrkfcd x`g izos'k fd;k x;kA
csgn [kwclwjr gS ;g egy
egy dh nhokjksa ij egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.k dky ds n`'; cus gq, g®A ;gka izfrfnu 'kke dks 7-15 ls 8-10 rd ,d fo'ks"k ykbV ,aM lkmaM 'kks dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA ftls ns[kus ds fy, iq.ks vkSj vklikl ds yksx ;gka vkrs gSA bl egy dh igyh eafty ij 17&18o° lnh ds nkSjku dh dbZ oLrqvksa vkSj ewfrZ;ksa dks j[kk x;k gSA
fdyk tgk¡ lqukbZ nsrh gaS jksus vkSj fpYykus dh vkoktsa
egy esa ik¡p njokts
'kfuokj okM+k esa dqy ik¡p njokts g®A igys njokts dks fnYyh njoktk] nwljs dks eLrkuh njoktk] rhljs dks f[kM+dh njoktk] pkSFks dks ukjk;.k njoktk vkSj ik¡posa dks x.ks'k njoktk dgrs g®A bl egy dk lc ls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk Fkjksfy;k nhoku [kkuk] Mkaflax gky vkSj twuk vjlk egy gSA
vkx ls u"V gqvk Fkk ;g egy
o"kZ 1828 esa bl egy esa Hk;adj vkx yxh Fkh] tks lkr fnuksa rd tyrh jgh FkhA bldh otg ls egy dk cM+k fgLlk ty x;k Fkk] ysfdu cph gqbZ lajpuk,a vc ,d i;ZVd LFky ds :i esa j[kh xbZ g®A
'kfuokj okM+k fdys dh jgL;e;h dgkfu;ka
Hkkjr esa ekStwn vU; fdys ds eqdkcys 'kfuokj okM+k fdys dh jgL;e;h dgkuh csgn gh vthcks&xjhc gSA LFkkuh; yksxksa dh ekus rks mudk dguk gS fd vekoL;k dh jkr dks ,d nnZ Hkjh xwat iwjs egy vkSj blds vklikl dh txgksa ij lqukbZ nsrh gSA tks vkokt lqukbZ nsrh gS oks lgk;rk iqdkjrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA ,d vU; Mjkouh dgkuh ;s gS fd lÙkk ds ykyp esa ejkBkvksa ds is'kok ukjk;.k jko dh bl egy esa fueZe gR;k dj nh xbZ FkhA bl gR;k ds ckn mldh vkRek blh fdys esa HkVdrh gS vkSj jkr ds le; esa ukjk;.k jko dh ph[ksa vkt Hkh fdys esa lqukbZ nsrh gSaA ,d vU; fdanoarh ;s gS fd ,d jktdqekj dh Hkh blh egy esa funZ;rkiwoZd gR;k dj nh xbZ Fkh] ftlds ckn mldh HkVdrh vkRek dh vkoktsa ges'kk lqukbZ nsrh gSaA
c T C
lkaiksa dk fdyk
nwjh ij fLFkr gSA ;g fdyk Hkkjr ds lcls izkphu fdyksa esa ls ,d gSA bl fdys dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1178 vkSj 1209 ds chp f'kykgkj 'kkld Hkkst f}rh; }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fdyk csgn ,sfrgkfld gS D;ksafd ;gka dbZ jktoa'k tSls ;knoksa] vkfny 'kkfgl] cgkeuh lqYrkuksa vkfn us 'kklu fd;k gSA blds vykok] bl fdys dks ysdj yksxksa dk ;g Hkh feFkd gS fd 1673 bZLoh esa bl fdys ij f'kokth egkjkt us Hkh 'kklu fd;k gSA ;g fdyk 800 lky ls Hkh T;knk iqjkuk gSA
iUgkyk nqxZ dks ^lkaiksa dk fdyk* blfy, dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd bldh cukoV Vs<+h&es<+h gS ;kfu fd ;g ns[kus esa ,slk yxrk gS tSls dksbZ lkai py jgk gksA blh fdys ds ikl twuk jktckM+k esa dqynsoh rqytk Hkokuh dk eafnj fLFkr gS] ftlesa ,d xqIr lqjax cuh gS] tks lhèks 22 fdyksehVj nwj iUgkyk fdys esa tkdj [kqyrh gSA fQygky bl lqjax dks can dj fn;k x;k gSA
iUgkyk fdy dh okLrqdyk
iUgkyk fdyk leqnz ry ls 3127 QhV dh Å¡pkbZ ij cuk;k x;k gS] tks 14 fdyksehVj rd QSyk gqvk gSA lkFk gh] bls chtkiqj 'kSyh dh okLrqdyk dk mi;ksx djds eksj dh izÑfr ds lkFk cuk;k x;k gSA bl fdys ds uhps lqjax Hkh cukbZ xbZ gSA
lkaiksa dk fdyk
;gka vkidks dbZ izkphu vkSj lqanj ewfrZ;ka ns[kus dks fey tk,axhA [kkl ckr ;g gS fd ;s fdyk vfr lqanj ewfrZ;ksa ls ltk gS vkSj buesa fganw nsorkvksa] egkohj vkSj vU; tSu rhFk±djksa ds fp=k g®A
vaèkkj ckoM+h
iUgkyk fdys esa ,d vaèkkj ckoM+h gS] tks ,d bekjr ds uhps xqIr rjg ls cukbZ xbZ gSA crk;k tkrk gS fd bldk fuekZ.k eqx+y 'kkld vkfny 'kkg us djok;k
FkkA mldk ekuuk Fkk fd tc fdys ij geyk gksxk rks nq'eu ikuh esa tgj feyk ldrs g®A blfy, 'kkg us rhu eaftyk bekjr ds uhps xqIr :i ls ckoM+h cuokbZ FkhA
D;ksa dgk tkrk gS ^lkaiksa dk fdyk*
iUgkyk nqxZ dks ^lkaiksa dk fdyk* blfy, dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd bldh cukoV Vs<+h&es<+h gS ;kuh fd ;g ns[kus esa ,slk yxrk gS tSls dksbZ lkai py jgk gksA blh fdys ds ikl twuk jktckM+k esa dqynsoh rqytk Hkokuh dk eafnj fLFkr gS] ftlesa ,d xqIr lqjax cuh gS] tks lhèks 22 fdyksehVj nwj iUgkyk fdys esa tkdj [kqyrh gSA fQygky bl lqjax dks can dj fn;k x;k gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd bl lqjax esa dHkh egf"kZ ijk'kj jgrs FksA ;gh ug° ;gka 18o° lnh ds e'kgwj dfo eksjksiar us dforkvksa dh jpuk dh FkhA
iUgkyk fdys ds jkspd rF; ;g fdyk nDdu ds lcls cM+s vkSj yksdfiz; fdyksa esa ls ,d gS] ftldh ifjfèk yxHkx 14 fd-eh- ds {ks=kQy esa QSyh gqbZ gS vkSj ftlesa yxHkx 110 pkSdlh ds fy;s LFkku cus gq;s gSaA
fdys dh yxHkx 7 fd-eh- ls vfèkd dh fdyscanh ds dkj.k bldk {ks=k f=kdks.k tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA
bl fdys ds utnhd dykoarhpk egy fLFkr gS ftls uk;fduh lttk Hkh
dgk tkrk gS] ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS ßos';kvksa ds >Tts dk dejkÞA ;g egy fdys dh lqj{kk nhokj ds iwohZ rjQ [kM+k gS] tks o"kZ 1886 rd [kaMgj cu pqdk FkkA
bl fdys esa 3 èkkU;kxkj ekStwn gaS] ftlesa lcls igys vEcj[kkuk èkkU;kxkj gS ftles 950 oxZ ehVj dk {ks=k 'kkfey gS vkSj ;g 10-5 ehVj Å¡ph gS]
lkaiksa dk fdyk
nwljs uEcj ij èkeZ dksBh èkkU;kxkj gS] tks yxHkx 55 QhV yach] 48 QhV
pkSM+h vkSj 35 QhV Å¡ph Fkh vkSj rhljs uEcj ij lttk dksBh gS tksfd
1500 bZ- esa vkfny 'kkg }kjk cuokbZ xbZ FkhA
bl fdys dh vU; izeq[k lajpukvksa esa rhu njoktk] ok?k njoktk] jktnhUnh cqtZ] eafnj vkSj edcjs lfEefyr gSaA
c T C
fdyk tgk¡] lwjt <+yus ds ckn dksbZ ug°a jgrk
dykoafrfupk lqYdk ;k dykoafru f'k[kj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS( oSdfYid fyI;arj.k esa dykoafru] dykorh vkSj dykoarh 'kkfey g®A ;g ,d yksdfiz; VªSfdax xarO; gSA
fdy dk bfrgkl fdys dk fuekZ.k cgeuh lYrur ds le; esa iuosy vkSj dY;k.k fdys ij utj j[kus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu 1458 AD esa vgenuxj lYrur dh gkj ls ;s fdyk muls Nhu fy;k x;kA dykoarh fdys ds ckjs esa ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd ;gka vkus okys dbZ yksxksa dh fxjdj ekSr gqbZ gSA igys bl fdys dk uke eqjatu fdyk gqvk djrk Fkk] ysfdu N=kifr f'kokth egkjkt ds jkt esa bldk uke cny fn;k x;kA f'kokth egkjkt us jkuh dykoarh ds uke ij bl fdys dks uke fn;kA
lw;kZLr ls igys okil ykSV tkrs g® yksx
egkjk"Vª ds ekFksjku vkSj iuosy ds chp fLFkr bl fdys dks dykoarh nqxZ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl fdys ds ckjs esa crk;k tkrk gS fd dfBu jkLrk gksus ds dkj.k ;gka csgn de yksx vkrs g® vkSj tks vkrk gS mls lu lsV ¼lw;kZLr½ ds ds igys ykSVus dh lykg nh tkrh gSA njvly] [kM+h p<+kbZ gksus ds dkj.k vkneh ;gka yacs le; rd ug° #drk gSA lkFk gh fctyh] ikuh ls ysdj ;gka dksbZ Hkh
O;oLFkk ug° jgrhA 'kke gksrs gh ehyksa nwj rd lUukVk QSy tkrk gSA
fdyk tgk¡] lwjt <yus ds ckn dksbZ ug° jgrk
pêku dkV dj cukbZ xbZ lhf<+;ka bl fdys ij p<+us ds fy, pêkuksa dks dkVdj lhf<+;ka cukbZ xbZ g®A bu lhf<+;ksa ij uk rks jfLl;ka gSa vkSj uk gh dksbZ jsfyaxA p<+kbZ ds le; tjk&lh Hkh pwd gqbZ ;k iSj fQlyk rks vkneh uhps [kkbZ esa fxjrk gSA bl fdys ls fxjus ij vkt rd dbZ yksxksa dh ekSr Hkh gks pqdh gSA ;gka gksus okys gknlksa ds dkj.k LFkkuh; yksx bls ^ekSr dk fdyk* Hkh dgrs g®A yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd] ;gka ejs yksxksa dh vkRek vkt Hkh ;gka HkVdrh gSA
f'kokth ds jkt esa cnyk x;k uke
bl fdys dk uke N=kifr f'kokth egkjkt ds jkt esa cnyk x;kA igys bl fdys dks eqjatu fdyk dgk tkrk FkkA crk;k tkrk gS fd f'kokth us jkuh dykoarh ds uke ij bl fdys dks uke fn;kA
pksVh ls fn[krs g® dbZ fdys
dykoarh nqxZ ds fdys ls pansjh] ekFksjku] djuky] b'kZy fdys Hkh utj vkrs
g®A eqacbZ 'kgj dk dqN bykdk Hkh bl fdys ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vDVwcj ls ebZ rd bl fdys ij p<+kbZ dh tk ldrh gSA ckfj'k ds fnuksa esa ;gka p<+kbZ csgn [krjukd gks tkrh gSA
c T C
Rs. 795/-