Graphic Design Portfolio

—

—

TAT YA N A MORACZEWSKI

GRAPHIC DESIGN P O RT F O L I O

A R C H I T E CT U R E A N D D E S I G N P O RT F O L I O S E T

G R A D U AT E A N D PROFESSIONAL WORK

—

—

TM — TAT YA N A MORACZEWSKI

A R C H I T E CT U R E A N D D E S I G N P O RT F O L I O S E T —

— GRAPHIC DESIGN P O RT F O L I O

G R A D U AT E A N D PROFESSIONAL WORK —

— TABLE OF CONTENTS

GRAPHIC DESIGN

01

LCCR, Fete de Justice Gala Event

Invitations Posters (6)

Feburary 2015 March 2015

1-2 3-6

02

LCCR, Children’s Rights Gala Event

Invitations

Feburary 2016

7-8

03

LCCR, Juvenile in Justice Exhibit

Postcard Poster Exhibition Guide

September 2015 September 2015 October 2015

9-10 9-10 9-10

04

LCCR, “Keep Children Out of Prison”

Booklet

November 2014

11-12

05

RdlR Architects Statement of Qualifications

Proposal Booklet

August 2014

13-14

06

Transparancy in Casino Design

Thesis Booklet

December 2014

15-16

07

LCCR, Raise the Age

Postcard Booklet

July 2016 March 2016

08

NJDC, Defend Children

Booklet

November 2016

17 18 19-20 TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

xx

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

01 PLACE S TA M P HERE

LOUISIANA CENTER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS 1 1 0 0 - B M i l t o n S t re e t New Orleans, LA 70122

FETE 15

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

Fête de Justice! .

A Cocktail Reception

Yo u r s u p p o r t m a k e s a t re m e n d o u s d i ff e re n c e in the lives of the young people we serve.

T h e re a re t w o e a s y w a y s t o m a k e y o u r g i f t : CHAMPION OF JUSTICE ($10,000) Te a m - b a s e d , w r a p a ro u n d s u p p o r t f o r 1 0 c h i l d re n swept up in the juvenile justice system.

1.

w w w. l a c c r. o rg / d o n a t e

GUARDIAN OF JUSTICE ($5,000) J u v e n i l e d e f e n s e s e r v i c e s f o r 8 c h i l d re n w h o c o u l d n o t o t h e r w i s e a ff o rd l e g a l a s s i s t a n c e .

LCCR INVITATIONS

DONATE ONLINE

2.

L o u i s i a n a C e n t e r f o r C h i l d re n ’s R i g h t s Attn: Fête de Justice 2015 1 8 2 0 S t . C h a r l e s Av e , S u i t e 2 0 5 New Orleans, LA 70130

DEFENDER OF JUSTICE ($2,500) C a s e m a n a g e m e n t a n d s o c i a l s e r v i c e s f o r 6 c h i l d re n in need of guidance at home and in school.

ADVOCATE OF JUSTICE ($1,000) 40 hours of legal assistance to help advocate for a re h a b i l i t a t e d c h i l d ’s e a r l y re l e a s e .

BENEFACTOR OF JUSTICE ($500) Yo u t h a d v o c a t e v i s i t s t o 5 c h i l d re n n a v i g a t i n g t h e complex education system to find a school that best serves their needs.

DONATE BY MAIL

T h a n k Yo u !

Yo u ’ re h e l p i n g u s d e f e n d t h e r i g h t o f L o u i s i a n a ’s c h i l d re n t o f a i r n e s s , d i g n i t y, a n d o p p o r t u n i t y.

Yo u m a k e o u r w o r k p o s s i b l e !

FELLOW OF JUSTICE ($250)

TIME

F E B R U A RY 2 01 5

A c t i v i t y f e e s , s u c h a s s p o r t s o r b a n d , f o r 2 c h i l d re n wanting positive development outlets.

PLACE

FETE DE JUSTICE, GALA, NEW ORLEANS, LA

FRIEND OF JUSTICE ($100)

CLIENT

LO U I S I A N A C E N T E R F O R C H I L D R E N ’ S R I G H TS

S c h o o l u n i f o r m s f o r 2 c h i l d re n o t h e r w i s e a ff o rd t h e c o s t .

who

could

not

Donation card and envelope

LOUISIANA CENTER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS I N V I T E S

Y O U

T O

Fête de Justice! .

A Cocktail Reception

W H EN? Friday, Marc h 13, 2015 6:00 p m - 8:00p m

Iterations 1, 2

W HERE?

A DDRESS

At the home of Lulu and Billy Freiberg

501 A ud ub on St reet New Or l eans , LA 70118

A C O C KTA I L R E C E P TI O N

TH E E V E NT At the Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights, we help vulnerable children caught in the juvenile justice system break the cycle of arrest and incarceration.

Join us on March 13, 2015 to learn more about how we’re working to make Louisiana a better place for all children.

A C O C KTA I L R E C E P TI O N C H A M P I O N O F J U STI C E AWA R D Honoring Dana Kaplan, former executive director of the Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana, for her years of service to Louisiana youth.

D ATE & TI M E

C O C KTA I LS A N D LI G HT H O R S D’O E U V R E S

Friday, March 13, 2015 6:00pm - 8:00pm

B U S I N E S S AT TI R E P R E F E R R E D

Iterations 3, 4

LO C ATI O N at the home of Lulu and Billy Freiberg 501 Audubon Street New Orleans, LA 70118

R S V P by February 2 8th laccr.org/fete or fete@laccr.org

LOUISIANA CENTER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

hosted by LO U I S I A N A C E NTE R F O R C H I LD R E N’S R I G HTS

I N V I TE S YO U TO

A C OCKTA IL R E CE P TIO N

Fete de Justice!

D ATE & TIME Fri da y, Ma rch 13, 2015 6:00pm - 8:00pm

L OC AT I ON a t th e h o m e o f L ulu a n d B illy F reib erg

ADDRESS 5 01 A u d u b o n Stree t New Orle a n s, L A 70 11 8

D ATE & TI M E Friday, March 13, 2015 6:00pm - 8:00pm

LO C ATI O N At the home of Lulu and Billy Freiberg

ADDRESS 501 Audubon Street New Orleans, LA 70118

LO C ATI O N At the home of Lulu and Billy Freiberg

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

2

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

01

LCCR GALA EVENT POSTERS TIME

M A R C H 2 01 5

PLACE

FETE DE JUSTICE, GALA, NEW ORLEANS, LA

CLIENT

LO U I S I A N A C E N T E R F O R C H I L D R E N ’ S R I G H TS

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

A SUCCESS STORY

DEFENDING CHILDREN WE FIGHT FOR FAIRNESS AND HELP CHILDREN IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM WIN STRONG LEGAL AND LIFE OUTCOMES.

CHARLES* Charles was just 13 when he was arrested.

His mother struggled financially and they often went without food. Desperate to help, Charles looked for a way -any way- to bring home a few extra dollars. He soon faced a series of theft charges.

Then things got worse. Charles and his mother became homeless as his trial approached, spending some nights huddled under an overpass. He struggled with the pressure of his stresses, and the court ordered him to be held in a mental hospital pending trial.

Charles isn’t in a hospital anymore, and he isn’t homeless. His Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights defense team got him into in a group home where he has his own room, a ride to and from school, and three meals a day. His defense team showed the judge that he is eager to engage with his peers and happy to have a safe, reliable routine.

“Our community is stronger when we provide all of our children with the tools to learn from their mistakes, reach their full potential, and achieve their dreams.”

His mother found affordable housing, and Charles visits her every weekend. She is building a stable home where Charles can return in the future. But for now, the comfort and safety of the group home permits Charles to enjoy school and childhood.

CAROL KOLINCHAK Special Counsel, Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

CHILDREN’S DEFENSE TEAM Nearly every child who is arrested and prosecuted in Orleans Parish is represented by our Children’s Defense Team. An attorney, a social worker, an investigator, and an education advocate work continuously with each child from their first exposure to the justice system until they are free of state supervision. Through nearly 1,000 cases annually, we develop and implement comprehensive advocacy plans that defend clients’ rights and respond to the causes and consequences of arrest and incarceration.

DEFENDING CHILDREN *name has been changed.

There has been a 40% decline in juvenile arrests for serious offenses since 2005 – yet we are still building new prison beds.

Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

4

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

A SUCCESS STORY

BUILDING OPPORTUNITY THROUGH PARTNERSHIPS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, AND POLICY ADVOCACY, WE STRENGTHEN THE SYSTEMS AND BUILD THE SUPPORTS THAT KEEP VULNERABLE CHILDREN OUT OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM.

“Keeping children in school is about economic prosperity, because kids who don’t learn can’t work. It’s about public safety, because connection to school is a strong protective factor against delinquency. And it’s about the rights of children and families, and our fundamental commitment as a society to equal opportunity.”

JOHN* John had always loved school but, after his mother passed away, he found it progressively more difficult to follow along.

Then the trouble started. John was acting out in class, and it wasn’t long until he received an out-ofschool suspension.

Day after day, he felt increasingly disconnected and alone. It finally became too much. John returned to school and refused to leave campus. The police were called and John was arrested.

When the Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights began working on John’s case, we learned that he hadn’t gone to school in weeks. His LCCR team campaigned for his readmission. They collected records, referred John to mental health counseling, and connected him with a mentoring program.

John is now enrolled in a school-based therapeutic program that better serves his needs. Just recently, we received an update from his principal: John is focused and happy, has built strong relationships with staff, including the school counselor, and has no new infractions.

JOSH PERRY Executive Director, Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

ADVOCACY FOR EDUCATIONAL EQUITY Commitment to school is one of the best protections against involvement in the juvenile justice system. Through public education, policy advocacy, and direct services to protect children’s education rights, we fight for the right of every child in New Orleans to real educational opportunity. This means equal opportunity to enroll in high-performing schools, equal access to high-quality special education, and the replacement of unnecessary suspensions, expulsions, and push-outs with restorative approaches and positive behavioral supports.

BUILDING OPPORTUNITY *name has been changed.

Last year, we enrolled 399 kids in school; secured 98 new support plans for kids struggling with educational disabilities; and represented 45 children at suspension or expulsion hearings. Success in school is one of the best protections against delinquency and jail.

Only 8% of children in Louisiana’s prisons are currently earning high school credits.

Southern Education Foundation

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

TRANSFORMING JUVENILE JUSTICE

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

A SUCCESS STORY In the past few years alone, New Orleans has sent more than 100 children to the adult criminal justice system for prosecution. In the vast majority of cases, these youth – some as young as fourteen – are held at the Orleans Parish Prison pending their trials.

In the fall of 2014, the Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights released a report urging the City of New Orleans to end its practice of incarcerating children at the notoriously violent adult prison.

The report, Keep Children Out of Orleans Parish Prison, details the appalling conditions facing children in what has been called the worst large prison facility in the country: Their dangerous vulnerability to sexual and physical assault, their increased risk for suicide, and the absence of mental health care and educational supports.

Following the report’s release, the New Orleans City Council passed a resolution calling on the city to stop incarcerating youth alongside adults, and instead to hold children in a best practices juvenile facility.

Since then, a process has begun that aims to move every child from the parish prison to the juvenile detention center. And, until the last child is removed from the adult jail, LCCR will stay engaged and involved, fighting for the safety of New Orleans’ most vulnerable young people.

“There is no evidence that sharp reductions in juvenile incarceration cause any increase in juvenile crime or violence.”

ANNIE E. CASEY FOUNDATION

JUVENILE JUSTICE PROJECT OF LOUISIANA The Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana (JJPL), our policy reform arm, has almost two decades of experience using policy advocacy and impact litigation to create a safer, smaller, smarter juvenile justice system.

We advocate at the legislature and engage community partners to build support for investment in community-based services, not unnecessary juvenile incarceration. Juvenile prison doesn’t work. It doesn’t reduce offending, it’s unsafe, and it hurts children’s life chances. It’s also staggeringly expensive – $424 per day.

When children do fall into the juvenile justice system, we monitor prison conditions to keep them safe. We advocate for the supports they need to come home successfully. And we work to keep children out of the criminal justice system. Louisiana is one of only a handful of states that always prosecutes 17 year olds as adults. And, too often, our jails hold children alongside adults. Those practices expose children to extraordinary danger – actually increasing recidivism in the long run.

TRANSFORMING JUVENILE JUSTICE Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

6

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

02

CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

Gala

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights 1100-B Milton Street New Orleans, LA 70122

GALA 16

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

CHILDRENS RIGHTS

Gala

Your support makes a tremendous difference in the lives of the young people we serve.

CHAMPION OF JUSTICE ($10,000) Team-based, wraparound support for 10 children swept up in the juvenile justice system.

Yes!

GUARDIAN OF JUSTICE ($5,000) Juvenile defense services for 8 children who could not otherwise afford legal assistance.

I would love to attend.

DEFENDER OF JUSTICE ($2,500)

LCCR INVITATIONS

Case management and social services for 6 children in need of guidance at home and in school.

(GUEST 1)

ADVOCATE OF JUSTICE ($1,000)

(GUEST 2)

40 hours of legal assistance to advocate for the early release of a child who has demonstrated a commitment to change.

Or RSVP online at laccr.org/Gala BENEFACTOR OF JUSTICE ($500) Youth advocate visits to 5 children navigating the complex education system to find a school that best serves their needs.

FELLOW OF JUSTICE ($250) Activity fees, such as sports or band, for 2 children wanting positive development outlets.

TIME

F E B R U A RY 2 01 6

PLACE

CHILDREN’S RIGHTS GALA, NEW ORLEANS, LA

FRIEND OF JUSTICE ($100)

With regrets, I cannot attend.

School uniforms for 2 children who could not otherwise afford the cost.

Enclosed is my gift of $

CLIENT

LO U I S I A N A C E N T E R F O R C H I L D R E N ’ S R I G H TS Donation card and envelope

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights dren’s Ri gh

ts

Pr

6:00pm - 8:00pm

es

Gala

en ts

This year, the Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights marks 10 years of providing meaningful juvenile defense and educational support services to New Orleans’ most at-risk youth.

Lo

ui

si

an

a

C

en

r te

hil r C o f

CHILDRENS RIGHTS TS

Join us March 10, 2016 as we celebrate our successes and look ahead to a future of making Louisiana a better place for all children.

tV uln era ble C hildren

CHILDRENS RIGHTS TS M

os

Gala

na

’

s

Ce

leb

rat

ing

10 Years of Servin

o gL

u

a isi

Thursday, March 10, 2016 6:00pm - 8:00pm

1427 Oretha Castle Haley Blvd New Orleans, LA 70113

Gala Committe Royce Duplessiss Jeanne Firth George C. Freeman, IIIs Lulu and Billy Freiberg Meghan Garvey Troy Glover Ryan Hill Martha Landrum Jana Lipman Shaun Rafferty Karon Reese Harpreet Samra Renee Slajda Monica Smith Ariel Test Judge Miriam Waltzer (ret.)

For more information, please visit www.laccr.org

RSVP by February 29th at laccr.org/Gala or by returning the enclosed card.

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

8

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

03

JUVENILE IN JUSTICE TIME

S E P T E M B E R 2 01 5

PLACE

NEW ORLEANS, LA

CLIENT

LO U I S I A N A C E N T E R F O R C H I L D R E N ’ S R I G H TS

LOUISIANA CENTER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS PRESENTS

JUVENILE

PHOTOGRAPHY BY RICHARD ROSS Curated by Gia M. Hamilton

IN PHOTOGRAPHY BY RICHARD ROSS Curated by Gia M. Hamilton

4

JUVENILE

The Myrtle Banks Building / 3rd Floor / 1307 Oretha Castle Haley Blvd / New Orleans

ACT

IN

5

By engaging young people in the telling of their truth, we are embodying the act of restorative justice. Viewers are encouraged to reach beyond their normal comfort levels in order to consider the physicality of confinement in these spaces and the children who inhabit them. This exhibition is a call to action, a request for concern and commitment from each viewer to become aware, support preventative measures and alternatives to this system, and investigate ways to adopt a community healing praxis.

In an environment designed to strip away all agency, art becomes a tool of survival. The act of writing, drawing, performing is an act of repossessing the body and space – no longer art for art’s sake, but an intentional and purposeful re-imagination of reality. This timely work is an invitation to reimagine the way we treat each other and, more importantly, the way we treat our children.

Richard Ross’ Juvenile In Justice provides a stark contrast to this ideal, revealing the practices of isolation, alienation, and displacement from community that define our current justice system. Ross raises awareness of the often opaque system of juvenile incarceration through his documentary-style images, which are amplified by the personal and visual narratives of local high school students.

During the Juvenile In Justice exhibit, the viewer is invited to LOOK, LISTEN, and ACT in a series of activities that provide immersion into the ways in which the juvenile justice system impacts us all.

LISTEN

JUSTICE PHOTOGRAPHY BY RICHARD ROSS

LOOK

For more information, visit facebook.com/JuvenileInJusticeNOLA

Letter from the Curator

Restorative justice is described as a system of criminal justice that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. It requires that we work to restore those who have been injured, allows agency of those most affected by crime to participate in the response, and acknowledges the government’s role to preserve public order while holding the community responsible for building and maintaining peace.

Presented by Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

A PHOTOGRAPHY EXHIBIT documenting the treatment of children housed in America’s detention facilities, plus COMMUNITY EVENTS reimagining the juvenile justice system and youth development in New Orleans.

Letter from the Curator

Letter from the Curator, Gia M. Hamilton

Exhibition Guide OCTOBER 23 TO NOVEMBER 20, 2015

JUSTICE

JUVENILE JUSTICE

OCTOBER 23 TO NOVEMBER 20, 2015

IN

OCTOBER 23 TO NOVEMBER 20, 2015

For more information, visit facebook.com/JuvenileInJusticeNOLA

LOUISIANA CENTER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS PRESENTS

A PHOTOGRAPHY EXHIBIT documenting the treatment of children housed in America’s detention facilities, plus COMMUNITY EVENTS reimagining the juvenile justice system and youth development in New Orleans.

The Myrtle Banks Building / 3rd Floor / 1307 Oretha Castle Haley Blvd / New Orleans

Curated by Gia M. Hamilton

Throughout Ross’ exploration of the juvenile system, his images of young people come into dialogue with Nell Bernstein, author of Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison. Bernstein poses a large, provocative question that is echoed in Ross’ work: Why do we have juvenile prisons? The viewer is asked to question and unearth his or her own relationship to confinement, as well About the Work as the criminalization and commodification of young people – the overwhelming majority of whom, in New Orleans’ justice system, are African American.

Gia M. Hamilton www.giamhamilton.com

3

About the Exhibit

The personal narratives of New Orleans’ youth, in concert with Ross’ national images, question our break with humanity and allow for In Justice is ayouth projectand by photographer Richard Ross document the placement a Juvenile reconnection with their development.

The to journalistic and treatment American juveniles by lawpeople in facilities that treat, quality of Ross’ofimages feel silent,housed the young forgotten andconfine, punish, assist and, tucked occasionally, To date, project includes and the spaces awayharm fromthem. everyday lifetheand society.

It isphotographs this interviews withwith morethe thanvisual 1,000messages juveniles infrom over those 200 facilities in 31 states silence paired most affected by in the U.S., from detention, correction, treatment facilities tosogroup homes, departments, and New Orleans’ justice and system that resonate loudly in thepolice former courtrooms.

Myrtle Banks School.

Gia M. Hamilton is the Executive Director of the Joan Mitchell Center. She is an anthropologist, cultural broker, and curator who centers her work on securing equitable opportunities, access, and resources for and in conjunction with marginalized communities.

The Joan Mitchell Center www.joanmitchellfoundation.org/center The Joan Mitchell Center is an artist residency center developed to offer both time and space for artists to create work in a contemplative environment. In addition to the artist residency and local artist studio programming, the Center curates and produces public programming that serves the broader community of New Orleans, and endeavors to serve as an incubator, conduit and resource for partnerships in the arts.

Juvenile In Justice has been generously supported by grants from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Annie E. Casey Foundation, and the Center for Cultural Innovation.

Tell City Council to Remove All Children from Orleans Parish Prison.

Sign the petition at www.laccr.org

Richard Ross is a photographer, researcher and professor of art based in Santa Barbara, California. He has been the principal photographer for the Getty Museum and has photographed for the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Vogue, Esquire, la Repubblica, COLORS, and more. Numerous books of his work have been published, including Architecture of Authority (Aperture Press 2007) and Waiting for the End of the World (Princeton Architectural Press 2005). Ross was awarded both Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellowships. He is a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara where he has taught since 1978.

Student Artwork Local artwork included in the exhibition was created by students at the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts; KIPP: McDonogh 15 School for the Creative Arts; Net Charter High School; Bard Early College; and Episcopal High School. The high schoolers worked with students at UNO who are participating in the Global Dialogues on Incarceration, a project sponsored nationally by the Humanities Action Lab in New York City and locally by the Midlo Center for New Orleans Studies. The students created pieces directly responding to Ross’ work to answer the question: What would a world without prisons look like?

Additional work was created by participants in the Youth Participatory Action Research project at the Institute for Women and Ethnic Studies. Youth engaged in a process to inform the development of community-driven indicators of wellness. Students conducted research and surveys to understand their peers’ experiences of oppression in New Orleans. The featured mural displays their results.

CeaseFire New Orleans also contributed work. Based in the Central City neighborhoods, CeaseFire uses violence interrupters and outreach workers with street credibility to interrupt and resolve potentially violent situations before they escalate.

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

10

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

04

‘KEEP CHILDREN OUT OF PRISON’ TIME

N O V E M B E R 2 01 4 & S E P T E M B E R 2 01 5

PLACE

NEW ORLEANS, LA

CLIENT

LO U I S I A N A C E N T E R F O R C H I L D R E N ’ S R I G H TS

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ONE INTRODUCTION

KEEP CHILDREN OUT OF ORLEANS NEW ORLEANS PARISH PARISH PRISON Wew e can act now stop children being raped, beaten, N Orleans cantoact now to stopfrom young people from being and even killed.and Weeven can do it while canmoney. do legally raped, beaten, killed.

We saving can do money. it while We saving We and do constitutionally, while enhancingwhile publicenhancing safety andpublic reducing longcan it legally and constitutionally, safety termreducing recidivism.

We canrecidivism. do it right away. and long-term jailing children pretrial in ainfacility that is We just have to commit to holding youth accountable age-appropridesigned for them notdetain at theyouth Orleans Parish Prison (OPP). hold them ate settings.

When–we prior to trial, we should in a facility that is designed to keep them safe – not at the Orleans Parish Prison (OPP), New Orleans’ adult The pretrial jail. Parish Sheriff and OPP is no place for children.

Orleans the federal government have agreed that the conditions at OPP are OPP is no placeharsh. for children.

OPPaisfederal under judge a federal unconstitutionally One expert told thatconsent the facility – is aprobably worst the country. decree binding the ruling thatinimposes federal judicial oversight.

As part of the consent decree, the Orleans Parish Sheriff and the But, at any given moment, a dozen orthe more children at – 17 of are them on federal government have agreed that conditions OPP October 30, 2014, the dayOne this expert report told was awritten are locked up at unconstitutionally cruel. federal–judge that the 1 the notorious prison, trial.jailIt’s it’s not legal; it’s not facility is probably theawaiting worst large in not the safe; country. fair; and it could cost the City of New Orleans millions of dollars.

But, at any given moment, at least thirty children younger than If children stay at OPP, cityaccording is going totohave pay 18those – 33 of them on August 28,the 2015, datatocollected by for space and services forRights them.–That space wasn’t the specialized Louisiana Center for Children’s are locked up at the factored intodangerous the cost orprison, the plans of thetrial. new jail the sheriff has notoriously awaiting It’sthat not safe; it’s not constructed. legal; it’s not fair; and the costs of attempting to fix the problems for children in OPP are prohibitively expensive.

What does that mean for future costs? The jail is built in “pods” of 60 beds.

Boys andchildren girls cannot beOrleans held together, both federal law and Who are those at the Parish and Prison? the consent decree – the binding agreement that controls reforms at the jail – +prohibit jailing children alongside adults.

Some are “transfer” youth – children who were 14, 15, and 16 years old when they were Holding the current population of 17 children at OPP, then, would accused of committing an offense. Those require setting aside two pods with a total of 120 beds. That’s youth are being prosecuted as adults, at the assuming no children need to be placed in 2protective custody, which District Attorney’s discretion. would require additional set-asides. New Orleans could end up paying to build, and maintain into the indefinite future, more than a hundred + Some are children who were 17 years old beds that will never be used. when they were arrested. Those youth are always prosecuted as adults in Louisiana.

Louisiana is one of only 9 states in the country that prosecute all 17-year-olds as adults, even though they are too young to vote, buy cigarettes, sign contracts, or serve on a jury.3 Louisianachildren may count 17-year-olds as adults, but of when it comes Holding in OPP exposes them to a risk suicide that is 36 to safety standards jails andheld prisons, the federal government times higher than iffor they were in juvenile custody.

At OPP, the considers them children. federal Prison Rape Elimination Act risk of sexual assault and The brutality is impossibly high.

And, because requires all jails andbeen prisons imposeand complete sight and soundheld they havethat so frequently brutalized traumatized, children 4 separation between 18 and and children younger in adult custody are adults more likely toover recidivate when they comethan back18. into Thatcommunity. rule was driven by a tragic history of sexual and physical violence the in America’s prison system.

Why does that matter?

If we continue to hold children younger than 18 at OPP, it’s going to cost us.

Orleans Parish Prison, © Richard Ross

4 | Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights | laccr.org

Keep Children Out of OPP: Speedy, Safe, and Cost-Effective Prison Reform in NOLA | 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

+ The Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights is a nonprofit law center that defends the right of every child in Louisiana’s juvenile justice system to fairness, dignity, and opportunity.

Our Children’s Defense Team is the juvenile public defender in New Orleans, using an innovative model of holistic, cross-disciplinary advocacy to help vulnerable youth achieve their legal and life goals in nearly 1,000 cases each year.

Our policy reform and impact litigation arm is the Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana. JJPL has 17 years of experience fighting for a juvenile justice system that is fair, compassionate, and supportive of positive youth development. We have closed down prisons, helped to reduce Louisiana’s incarcerated youth population by 75%, and passed legislation that fundamentally reshaped the state’s juvenile justice system by requiring the provision of key evidence-based supports to vulnerable children.

ONE Introduction: Keep Children Out of Orleans Parish Prison

4-7

TWO Holding Children in Juvenile Custody is a National Best

9-10

THREE We Can’t Afford to Build Unneeded Prison Beds for Children

11-12

FOUR It’s Not Safe to Hold Children in Adult Custody

13-14

Practice That Can Be Embraced in Louisiana

FIVE Orleans Parish Prison Is No Place for Children

15

SIX Orleans Parish Prison Cannot Educate Children

17-18

SEVEN The Youth Study Center Can Serve All Detained

19

EIGHT The Youth Study Center Can Hold All Children Cost-Effectively

21

NINE Recommendations

23

Children Younger than 18

TEN Endnotes

+

24-26

For more information about this report and LCCR’s campaign to remove youth from Orleans Parish Prison, please contact: Rachel Gassert 504-658-6853 rgassert@laccr.org

SEVEN OPTIONS

THE YOUTH STUDY CENTER CAN SERVE ALL DETAINED CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 18 The Youth Study Center is the only facility in New Orleans that can house all youth constitutionally and in accordance with best practices for safety and positive youth development.

KEEP

CHILDREN OUT OF

The OPP federal consent decree requires “developmentally appropriate mental health and programming services” for children at the jail. Building and implementing the structures and programming to meet those requirements in the jail will be costly – and it might never happen properly because OPP lacks expertise in giving children the developmental supports that they need.

But all of that can be done affordably at YSC.

New Orleans Juvenile Justice Center 1100 Milton St. www.nola.gov/youth-study-center

ORLEANS PARISH

PRISON

Speedy, Safe, and Cost-Effective Prison Reform in New Orleans, Louisiana Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights September 2015

20 | Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights | laccr.org

Seven years ago, the Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana – the policy reform and impact litigation arm of the Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights – sued the City of New Orleans, arguing that YSC inflicted unconstitutional conditions of confinement on children.

In response, a new facility was built, a new leadership team was hired, and both staffing and programming were completely revamped. The results speak for themselves. The federal litigation has concluded, and while YSC continues to face some challenges, it is light-years ahead of OPP:

Facility

YSC is a new, secure facility that was designed and built with dedicated education, programming, and indoor- and outdoor-recreation space.

Education

At YSC, there is a traditional high-school setting such that all juveniles can attend school every day. The curriculum moves children toward a high school diploma, not just an equivalency test.

Programming

YSC boasts a daily, structured schedule that includes school, meals, group therapy, recreation, and other programming. The schedule calls for at least 16 hours outside of the cell every day. In addition, YSC has implemented a behavior management program that rewards positive behavior.

Staff

YSC staff is trained specifically to working with young people. The training covers such topics as adolescent development, de-escalation techniques, and suicide prevention. There are social workers and a medical psychologist on staff.

Intake

When youth arrive at YSC, there is a comprehensive intake specifically designed for youth. It includes mental health screening, risk assessment, and an education assessment. This ensures youth and staff safety and enables the facility to better meet the needs of the youth. It helps, for example, to identify suicide risks, avoid delays in youth receiving necessary medication, and ensure appropriate education placement.44

Keep Children Out of OPP: Speedy, Safe, and Cost-Effective Prison Reform in NOLA | 19

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

12

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

05

ARCHITECTURE SERVICES PROPOSAL TIME

A U G U S T 2 01 4

PLACE

H O U S TO N , T X

CLIENT

R d l R A R C H I T E CT U R E

RdlR Narrative Budget

Maintaining the budget is critical to the success of a project. Quality design is the result of good planning not high budgets. We maintain budgets through constant evaluation of costs and search for innovative solutions. Depending on the project delivery method selected, RdlR will work with the CM at Risk, Program Manager or cost consultant to establish and maintain budgets. RdlR provides cost control reviews at each phase of the project.

“During the design of John H. Reagan High School, the cost estimate at the fifty percent CD phase of the project indicated a cost overrun. Within one week, RdlR was able to bring the project in budget by reconfiguring a classroom building and using a preengineered metal building for vocational classrooms. This was a brilliant recommendation, the result was an efficient cost effective project which improved the campus plan and was embraced by the school administration, code officials, and community. RdlR’s quick response and creative solutions enabled the project to move forward without delay or additional costs.”

RdlR understands that Cost Control is an integral part of the design process. We integrate the cost estimator in the design team. We work carefully with our cost estimators to evaluate solutions before we document them, while we document them and as we finalize documenting them. This process leads to cost saving solutions before we deal with post-bidding value engineering.

Budget Recovery for $31M John H. Reagan High School Renovations and Additions: This complex project included demolition, renovation and new construction. Designed prior to world changing events, RdlR feared the rise in material costs would force the project to exceed the budget. In addition, the school district had experience numerous cost over runs on similar projects. On its own initiative the RdlR team redesigned an entire building wing and site during the construction document phase, in order to use cost efficient construction methods.

- Tim Richard, AIA Sr. Project Manager, Gilbane Building Company

RdlR Track Record of Working Withing a Budget:

Budget

METRO Burnett Plaza

$6,000,000

Bid

Schedule Recovery at HCC SE Learning HUB: While reviewing the critical path schedule for HCCS SE Hub Learning Center, it was determined that the specified curtain wall system would be delayed due to production schedule. On its initiative, RdlR evaluated alternate curtain wall systems and worked with vendors to modify standard details to meet project requirements and project schedule.

The following is a list of five completed or on-going projects.

Project

Orig. Design Sched. Project Delivery

METRO Burnett Plaza

Orig Constr. Sched.

Final Constr. Sched.

7/10/2014

N/A

N/A

Carnegie Vanguard High School 11/24/2010

11/24/2010

7/1/2012

8/17/2012

The Joy School

7/15/2014

8/13/2012

8/13/2012

7/31/2013

8/7/2013

LCISD Transportation Center*

11/20/2010

11/20/2010

9/10/2011

4/30/2012

9/24/2012

5/1/2013

8/1/2013

*project delayed because of city lawsuit

The following is a list of five recently completed or on-going projects.

Project

Delays can also occur during construction. RdlR recognizes that as project architects we can greatly assist the contractor in schedule recovery. If required the firm will reduce submittal response time; evaluate alternate products that have less led time; consider alternate construction sequencing or systems to reduce time.

CVHS Settegast

Final Const. Cost

9/24/2012

Comment

$5,503,582

N/A

In Construction

Carnegie Vanguard High School $14,000,000

$14,000,000

$17,500,000

Scope increase for

The Joy School

$4,700,000

$4,614,443

$4,708,780

LCISD Transportation Center

$8,153,730

$7,029,000

7,425,206

LCISD Renovations

$5,917,969

$5,314,000

$5,314,000

Quality

Quality of Technical Services, Quality Documents Technical competence and management qualifications are evident in the numerous (+100) complex public sector projects the firm has led and in our principals whom are often called to serve the profession with their technical expertise. RdlR + EIT team members are thoroughly familiar with the applicable building codes, design requirements, and procedures of the local regulating agencies. RdlR + EIT is also knowledgeable of Texas Architectural Barriers requirements, and have been trained and certified in Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) procedures. RdlR principals participate on numerous code related boards including the Houston Fire Code Review Board, Mayor’s Permit Board and the Construction Specifications Institute Board.

new parking garage, building renovations and athletic facilities

Evidence of the quality of our documents is found in the low number of change orders typical in our projects.

Schedule

Schedules are critical to clients and overall project success. We look at the overall project goals at the beginning of the project to determine if there are site implications, agency review implications, community involvement requirements and any other extenuating circumstances that would impact the project schedule.

In addition, we are realistic when projecting work effort on projects. We base our resource allocations on historic data of efforts and man-hours on similar projects. We review in-house resource allocations for projects on a bi-weekly basis.

Project Understanding & Approach The RdlR + EIT team is uniquely qualified to respond to CCC needs. RdlR’s experience in community centers, senior care facilities and auditorium design is augmented with EIT’s hands-on knowledge of the CCC current facility and cultural influences. Our approach to this project includes: an inclusive design process; unique considerations for senior centers and auditorium spaces; and design considerations important to non-profit organizations.

We control schedule through strong consultant management and use of proven strategies such as streamlined decision-making and fast-track project delivery. We use a variety of tools to plan, track and evaluate schedules including scheduling software such as Microsoft Project and FastTrack Schedule.

Frequent evaluation of the work product and effective team communication, keeps the project progressing.

When schedules are compressed, we have been known to streamline the decision-making process by facilitating work sessions with stakeholders.

Content tab 01

Letters Transmittal Letter Schedule Fees

List of Team Members - Key Personnel Inclusive Design Process We believe the best solutions come from a collaborative, interactive process led by the designers that involves all stake-holders, design team members, contractors and specialty consultants. Our approach includes an inclusive process where CCC board members, staff, user groups are invited to participate in the design process through a CCC design charrette. We are well versed at techniques for generating ideas in such settings including on-site visualizations. Additionally, our team meets with staff, custodial services and landscaper to review design solutions prior to finalizing our design.

Once a schedule is established we are committed to meeting the schedule and use a variety of tools to do so. The key tools used are Primavera, Microsoft Project and FastTrack software packages. RdlR Chinese Community Center aggressively monitoring the schedule throughout the project making adjustments without impacting client move-in dates. We clearly communicate expectations to entire project team and maintain an issues tracking system that lists issues, critical resolution dates, and documents their resolutions. When schedules change,Howard Merrill AIA, LEED AP BD+C RdlR works with the design team, owner and contractors to recover the schedule. We have been known toPrime Architect / QA-QC Manager streamline the decision-making process with stakeholders through workshops, phase document delivery and Edward Tsao, Architect draw additional staffing resources to the project. As a general practice, we specify locally available products Associate Architect to avoid construction delays.

Name + Role

Experience

RdlR

Howard Merrill AIA, LEED AP BD+C Principal in Charge / QA-QC Manager

30+ years experience in award winning architecture for public and non-profit clients.

EIT

Edward Tsao, Architect Principal Architect

Senior architect providing quality design services to Houston’s Asian community for over 12 years.

Extensive experience with CDBG funding and with CCC

RdlR

Daniel Ortiz Project Manager - Design

12+ years experience with Project Manager experience on complex jobs from $5M-$20M

EIT

Darcy Cheung Project Manager - Production

15+ years experience in institutional, industrial and commercial projects ranging from $1M to $9M

Interiors

RdlR

Lorie Westrick AIA, LEED AP Interiors and FF&E

Over 5 million sf of corporate and non-profit interiors.

Projects include: Houston Food Bank, Sheltering Arms and India House

Kitchen Design

EIT

Edward Tsao, Architect Kitchen Planning

Designed over 40 commercial kitchens

Graphics

RdlR

Lorie Westrick Building Graphics

LW has over 25 years of environmental graphic design experience on numerous projects.

Lighting

BOS

John Bos, IALD, LC, IENSA Lighting Design

Over 20 years of Lighting Design including design for Alley Theater, Stages Theater, Horse Cave Theater

Landscape

ARC

Patrick Chang ASLA Landscape Architect

20+ years experience in award winning landscape design.

Structural

PAR

Moe W. Mirza P.E. Structural Engineering

20+ years experience in design of steel, concrete and timber structures for commercial and institutional clients.

Mech/P.E.

IA

Matt Flukinger P.E. QCxP Lead Mechanical and Plumbing

30 years Mech and Plumb design experience for commercial facilities as well as energy conservation system for various types of facilities.

Electrical

IA

Rahim Tazeh P.E. LEED AP Electrical Engineering

33 years Electrical design experience as well as project management, MEP system analysis.

Fire Protection

IA

Matt Flukinger, P.E., QCxP Lead Fire Protection Designer

30 years Mech and Plumb design experience for commercial facilities as well as energy conservation system for various types of facilities.

Technology

IA

William Kluesner Lead Technology Designer

12+ years technical experience

Security

IA

William Kluesner Lead Security Designer

12+ years technical experience

IA

Brad White, P.E. Lead Civil Engineer

20+ years civil and surveying experience.

Arno Bommer Lead Acoustics Consultant

13 years acoustical engineering experience.

Architecture

RdlR + EIT

tab 02

Team Organization & Experience

RdlR Architects + Edward I Tsao Architects Daniel Ortiz Project Manager - Design / Prime Architect

Team Members - Firm Profiles Team Members - Key Personnel

Darcy Cheung Project Manager - Production / As. Architect

Organization Chart RdlR Community Center Experience

RdlR + EIT

Project Briefs / Graphic Information 1. Houston Food Bank 2. India House 3. The Joy School tab 03

Narrative

tab 04

Quality of Service Testimonials

tab 05

1245 W. 18th Houston, TX 77008

Architecture / Design

Engineering

Lowrie Westrick AIA LEED AP interiors and FF&E

Moe W. Mirza P.E. Structural Engineering

RdlR

PAR

Edward Tsao, Architect Kitchen Planning

Matt Flukinger P.E. QCxP Mech/Plumbing Engineering

EIT

IA

Lorie Westrick AIA LEED AP Building Graphics

Rahim Tazeh P.E. LEED AP Electrical Engineering

RdlR

IA

John Bos IALD LC IENSA Lighting Design

Brad White P.E. Civil Engineering

Appendix Firm of the Year Publication

RdlR Architects

RdlR Architects + Edward I Tsao Architects

p.713.868.3121 f.713.802.0112 Lorie Westrick, AIA, LEED AP lwestrick@rdlr.com

Edward I. Tsao Architects 6918 Corporate Drive, B-3 Houston, Texas 77036 p.713.988.0220 f.713.988.0282 eita@edwardtsaoarchitects.com

BOS Patrick Chang ASLA Landscape Architect ARC Jack Hagler ASTC* Theater Planner SS

Statement of Qualifications Architectural Services

Proposal for Architectural/Engineering Services Relating to New Development of a Senior Center/Community Facility August 15, 2014

ORIGINAL

*additional service if requested by CCC

List of Team Members - Firm Profiles KUO William Kluesner Technology & Security IA RdlR Architects, Inc. 1245 West 18th Street Houston, TX 77008 tel: 713.868.3121 Arno Bommer Acoustician rdlr.com

CSTI Sheltering Arms Senior Acoustician Center Allen Parkway Village Senior Center India House Community Center Audio/Visual Allen Parkway Village Community Center Wilhelmina Cullen Robertson Auditorium (450 seats) Theater Planners

Edward I Tsao Architects, Inc.

Associate Architect - For over 12 years, EIT Architects, Inc. has provided Houston’s Asian community quality architectural design services. This client focused firm 6918 Corporate Drive Suite B-3 provides services for industrial, commercial and community projects. Past projects have construction costs ranging from $500K to $15M. The firm is especially Houston, TX 77036 noted for culturally sensitive designs that meet the needs of the Asian community, while adhering to municipal, state and federal regulations.

RdlR Architects + Edward I Tsao Architects tel: 713.988.0220 www.edwardtsaoarchitects.com

SS

Chinese Community Center Renovations Accelerated Intermediate Academy Charter School Crown Mark Inc. Office Warehouse Buildings Bits Technical Corporation Training Facility Castilian Imports Office and Showroom

Design/Build Jack Hagler ASTC Specialty Theater Consultant

Lighting Design - Bos Lighting Design offers lighting consulting services worldwide. In the last Five years we have been awarded seven International Illuminating Design Award “Award of Merit” Citations by the Illuminating Engineering Society for our contributions to lighting design. Additionally, our studio members and projects are featured regularly in many of the Nation’s top professional publications.

Stafford Opera House Stages Theater Carver Cultural Center Clear Lake Theater

Numerous projects with RdlR

Asakura Robinson

Landscape Architect - Asakura Robinson Company is recognized as one of Houston’s premier Landscape Architecture firms, providing design services leading to numerous awards and acknowledgement at local, state and national levels. The firm was founded in 2004.

Baker-Ripley Neighborhood Center BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Center Citation Oil and Gas Corporate Headquarters Fondren Poilice Station The Oaks - Galveston

Numerous projects with RdlR

Paramount Engineering LLC

Structural Engineering - Paramount Engineering LLC has provided structural and civil engineering consulting in Houston for 15 years. Project types include education buildings, community facilities, and multi-family projects.

Harmony School Science Academy High School I Harmony School Science Academy High School II Various Project at Rice University ISGH NW Education Center

Numerous projects with EIT

Infrastructure Associates, Inc.

MEP/F; IT, Security Design, Civil Engineering - Infrastructure Associates, Inc. (IA) is a multi-discipline consulting design and engineering firm dedicated to providing the following professional services to public and private sector clients: Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing Engineering, Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Transportation/Traffic Design & Engineering, Telecommunications/Security Design & Engineering, and Construction Management. The firm was established in 1993.

India House Community Center The Weekley Family YMCA IAH Bush Houston Terminal A/B Parking Garage Over 25 Higher Education Projects Multiple Projects for 8 school districts

Numerous projects with RdlR

CSTI Acoustics

Acoustics Design - CSTI Acoustics provides consulting services in acoustics, noise, and vibration. The firm’s principal consultants have been working together since the early 1980s, working on over 1000 projects for over 700 clients. The firm was established in 1987

Carnegie Vanguard High School

Numerous projects with RdlR

Schuler Shook

Theater Planning - Schuler Shook is an internationally recognized Theater Consultant with offices in Chicago, Dallas, Minneapolis and Melbourne. Firm projects include opera houses, professional theatres, concert halls, dance theatres, ballrooms, worship spaces and performance venues for universities and high schools ranging from 100 to 15,000 seats.

UT Brownsville College Performance Center Dallas City Performance Hall Wilson Performing Arts Center Minneapolis Convention Center Schauer Arts & Activities Center

Numerous projects with RdlR

1245 West 18th Street Houston, TX 77008 tel: 713.869.9559 www.boslightingdesign.com

1902 Washington Ave Suite A Houston, TX 77007 tel: 713.337.5830 http://www.asakurarobinson.net

16155 Park Row, Suite 150 Houston, TX 77084 tel:281.492.2784

325 N Saint Paul, Suite 3250 Dallas, TX 75201 tel: 214.747.8300 www.schulershook.com

30+ years of theater planning including: Dallas City Performance Hall, Walton Arts Center and Wortham Center RdlR Architects + Edward I Tsao Architects

Bos Lighting Design

6117 Richmond Ave., Suite 200 Houston, TX 77057 tel: 713.622.0120 www.iahouston.com

& Edward Tsao Architects 713.988.0220

Prime Architect - RdlR Architects, Inc. is a design oriented architecture firm that is embedded in the greater Houston community. For over thirty years the firm has provided comprehensive planning, facility design and interior architecture services to public, private and non-profit clients. RdlR is a recognized leader in community oriented projects. The firm has insight to the Houston community and is known for exceptional outreach and consensus building skills; collaboration with local artist, and fundraising support services. The firm is recipient of thirty awards and of the 2005 Architecture Firm Award the highest honor the Texas Society of Architects and AIA Houston can bestow upon a firm. RdlR creates community inspired architecture.

CSTI

7322 SW Freeway, Suite 1050 Houston, TX 77074 tel: 713.636.9977 www.pellctx.com

RdlR Architects, Inc. 713.868.3121 rdlr.com

Engineering Relevant ProjectCivil Experience

Role + Firm Profiles

RdlR Architects + Edward I Tsao Architects

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

14

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

06

‘TRANSPARENCY IN CASINO DESIGN’ TIME

D E C E M B E R 2 01 4 M.ARCH THESIS BOOKLET

PROGRAM TABLES

CASINO PROGRAM: SPORTS BOOKING

CASINO PROGRAM: SPORTS BOOKING

PROGRAM DIAGRAM

THE LOCATION FOR A LARGE RACE & SPORTS BOOK RESORT-HOTEL-CASINO PROGRAM

KEY

The Astral Casino is created from the ashes of a historical sports graveyard and is centrally located among Houston’s greatest sports arenas. It can open its doors to be a sports betting hub.

SPA

A sportsbook is a place where a gambler can wager on various sports competitions, including golf, football, basketball, baseball, hockey, soccer, horse racing, boxing, and mixed martial arts. Although dissimilar to player-to-player games like poker and other card games, the individual/bookie relationship in sports gambling is made social by providing a place for the gamblers to accumulate and watch the game together - whether it ends in celebration or dispair, this is a decent form of loss and revelry for a person.

YEAR COMPLETED GROSS SQFT HOTEL ROOMS

1 .

3 .

COSMOPOLITAN

WESTGATE CASINO

The Cosmopolitan’s Race and Sports Booking area is located on the 2nd floor, seperate from the casino floor but adjacent to the shopping center. Because of this, there are betting windows on the casino floor as well.

The ‘Best of Las Vegas’ Race and Sports Superbook is the largest sportsbook in the world with more than 30,000 square feet, 350 seats, 28 giant screens highlighted with a massive 15’x20’ screen for a grand total of more than 60 viewing monitors.

4 .

BUSINESS (CONVENTION, ETC)

LUXOR

BELLAGIO

VENETIAN

ARIA

COSMOPOLITAN 2010

SHOPPING

3.2 mil

6 mil

~ 12 mil

6.1 mil

6.5 mil

CASINO FLOOR

1993

1998

1999, 2009

2009

DINING +NIGHTCLUBS HOTEL +RESIDENCE 4,400

6,100

8,000

800

4,000

CONDOS

0

0

450

2,200

0

SPA

20,000 sqft

65,000 sqft

60,000 sqft

80,000 sqft

40,000 sqft

BUSINESS

20,000 sqft

125,000 sqft

500,000 sqft

350,000 sqft

180,000 sqft

RETAIL

3,000 sqft

42,000 sqft

475,000 sqft

500,000 sqft

250,000 sqft

THEATERS

1,800 seats

1,800 seats

4,000 seats

1,800 seats

1,800 seats

BARS

6

6

10

10

5

RESTAURANTS

9

9

20

16

14

NIGHTCLUBS

26,000 sqft

42,000 sqft

30,000 sqft

30,000 sqft

70,000 sqft

CASINO FLOOR

120,000 sqft

116,000 sqft

105,000 sqft

165,000 sqft

100,000 sqft

TABLE GAMES

80

150

140

224

90

SLOTS

1,700

2,400

1,900

1,800

1,500

SPORTSBOOK

3,200 sqft

5,600 sqft

10,000 sqft

10,000 sqft

4,300 sqft

POKER ROOM

1,000 sqft

8,000 sqft

8,000 sqft

4,000 sqft

n/a

P R O G R A M

P R O G R A M B R E A K D O W N

P R O G R A M

P R O G R A M

P R O G R A M

B R E A K D O W N

B R E A K D O W N

B R E A K D O W N

B R E A K D O W N

2 .

ARIA

THE PALMS CASINO

With 10,000 square feet, 40 TVs, a bar, and restaurant, the Aria Sportsbook is a great amenity for sports enthusiasts as well as gamblers. It is located adjacent to the Poker Room.

What is so notable about the Palms’s Sportsbook is that it is wrapped around the Poker Room, expressing the connection that Bobby Toye, professional poker player (see page number __ ) mentioned about the connection between the poker players and sports betters. The Palms Sportsbook has 10,000 square feet, 93 seats, and a massive 1,300 square foot screen.

LUXOR

http://www.vegas.com/ was used for much of this table.

1993

BELLAGIO

VENETIAN

1998

1999, 2009

ARIA 2009

COSMOPOLITAN 2010

1 http://www.sportsthunder.com/sportsbooks-las-vegas.html 2 Ian Sutton, https://www.flickr.com/photos/gamingfloor/

MEDIUM-SCALE, “METRO-CASINO”

3 http://www.cosmopolitanlasvegas.com/game/race-and-sports-book.aspx

CASE STUDY #5

4 Home Technology Designs, http://www.pinterest.com/pin/385761524303268074/

TATYANA MORACZEWSKI | AHST 5110 | PROFESSOR AMMAR ELOUEINI | PROGRAM LOOKBOOK

1

49

48

42 TRANSPARENCY AND FLOATING PLATFORMS

| PLANS AND DIAGRAMS BY AUTHOR

E& K RAC BOO RTS

43

2

Tomás Saraceno’s ‘Cloud Cities’ installation was on display at Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin in 2012. The body of work is a collection of geometric, Saraceno maintains that his inflated shapes “challenge the notions of place, space, future, and gravity.”

With these floating objects, he seeks to form communal ground between earth and sky, and the people between.

1 .

EXTERIOR

SPO

TATYANA MORACZEWSKI | AHST 5110 | PROFESSOR AMMAR ELOUEINI | CASE STUDIES

THE COSMOPOLITAN, THE BLACKSTONE GROUP, 2010 FRIEDMUTTER GROUP + ARQUITECTONICA LAS VEGAS, NEVADA

COSMOPOLITAN 2010

GROSS SQFT HOTEL ROOMS CONDOS

6.5 mil 4,000 0

SPA

40,000 sqft

BUSINESS

180,000 sqft

RETAIL

250,000 sqft

THEATERS

1,800 seats

BARS

5

RESTAURANTS

14

NIGHTCLUBS

70,000 sqft

CASINO FLOOR

100,000 sqft

TABLE GAMES

90

SLOTS

1,500

SPORTSBOOK

4,300 sqft

POKER ROOM

n/a

TATYANA MORACZEWSKI | AHST 5110 | PROF. AMMAR ELOUEINI

The Cosmopolitan, besides boasting the most fantastical sophistication in its contemporary style and extravagance, it redefines the ideal standards for Las Vegas hotel accommodations by introducing ‘fresh air!’ - the room balconies, poolside venues, outdoor terraces, fresh air nightclubs, and a casino that looks out onto the Vegas Strip. By realizing this forward-looking idea, the Cosmopolitan has experienced unprecedented success and popularity with the highest occupancy and weekend rates in Vegas.

LOBBY ENTRANCE - Art Installation

2 .

© staatliche museen zu berlin; photo: tomás saraceno

It holds its ground as a metro-casino with 2,995 hotel rooms; 800 condos; ample retail, restaurant and nightclub space; a spa and fitness facility; an 1,800 seat theater; meeting/convention space; and a 100,000 square feet casino.

As a vertically designed resort with all of its public program and convention space stretching across 4 floors, it does not relate formally to my thesis site.

However, it is an extremely important study because it shook up the typical Las Vegas resort accommodation typology and redefined the user experience of their function.

CLOUD CITIES POOLSIDE DECK, 1 of 3 types: a relaxing pool, a day club pool and a nightclub pool.

TOMAS SARACENO DECEMBER 2011

3 .

1 http://www.avegasguide.com/ 2 http://galleryhip.com/cosmopolitan-hotel-lobby.html

NRG PARK + ASTRODOME

NRG PARK + ASTRODOME

3 http://anglerz.com/the-cosmopolitan-las-vegas-luxury-resort-andcasino-opened.html

TAT YANA MORACZEWSKI | AHST 5110 | PROFESSOR AMMAR ELOUEINI | CASE STUDIES

© staatliche museen zu berlin; photo: tomás saraceno 39

24

TATYANA MORACZEWSKI | AHST 5110 | PROFESSOR AMMAR ELOUEINI | DESIGN INSPIRATION

25

HOUSTON’S HISTORICAL ASTRODOME SITE JUSTIFICATION

RPORT

TRANSPARENCY IN CASINO DESIGN

IN

T E RCONTIN

AI ENTAL

Demolishing Houston’s Reliant Astrodome, the first indoor domed sports stadium, would be a travesty for the architectural and sports worlds. However, the dozens of proposals regarding the re-use of the “8th wonder of the world” have so far been met with doubt, lack-of-funding capability, and voter rejection. In a city where the desire for development and economic gain typically outweighs nostalgia and preservation, I propose that revitalizing the dome as a casino is the only feasible way to preserve the Astrodome and reinvigorate the southwest side of town. Legal gambling in Texas would inspire job creation and overall economic benefit of an estimated $1 billion per year (yes, $1 billion per year), which would move Houstonians to promote the allocation of their tax dollars towards this project.

TO

A casino is a natural fit for this site – it will benefit from the entertainment centers around the dome, and the surrounding area will benefit from the casino’s amenities (provided by the generated $$$) such as a retail drag, public walk, and improved transit center.

NIGHT SCENE

HT SCE NE

THEATER DISTRICT NIGHT SCENE

MALL

DOWNTOWN BUSINESS DISTRICT

NIG

38 | PLANS AND DIAGRAMS BY AUTHOR

MINUTE MAID PARK CONVENTION CENTER

GALLERIA SHOPING MALL

O LIT E RA IL

RICE UNIVERSITY

MUSEUM DISTRICT

ME

TR

MALL

NRG PARK

OR RP AI BY

MALL

MALL

TO H OB

TEXAS MEDICAL CENTER

11/25/14 CHECKPOINT

T

© GENERAL CHUCK YEAGER 62

TATYANA MORACZEWSKI | AHST 5110 | PROFESSOR AMMAR ELOUEINI | THESIS ESSAY

63

http://www.chuckyeager.com/

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

16

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

07

TOGETHER, WE MADE HISTORY!

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights 1100-B Milton Street New Orleans, LA 70122

WE DID IT! With support from allies across the state, the Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights and the Louisiana Youth Justice Coalition passed four major pieces of juvenile justice reform legislation in 2016!

RAISE THE AGE

Your support helped make these huge wins possible — changing the lives of more than 6,000 young people every year. Thank you!

TIME

M A R C H & J U LY 2 0 1 6

PLACE

NEW ORLEANS, LA

CLIENT

LO U I S I A N A C E N T E R F O R C H I L D R E N ’ S R I G H TS

These victories are just the beginning.

Stay tuned for more on our 2017 reform agenda.

Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights

laccr.org/newsletter-signup

executive summary

executive summary

In Louisiana, as with other states, adulthood usually means 18. Seventeen-yearolds cannot vote, serve on juries, join the army, or buy a lottery ticket. There is only one exception: Kids are automatically charged, jailed, and imprisoned as adults the day they turn 17, regardless of their offense. Their arrests and convictions are then public record – making it that much harder for them to enlist in the military, obtain a job, or even get an education. They are set up to fail before they have even gotten started.

raising the age is smart

#RaiseTheAgeLa

Prosecuting 17-year-olds as adults hampers their ability to obtain an education, provide for themselves in the future, and contribute to the workforce. Even if a 17-year-old is not convicted, adult arrests are public record and can create barriers to any number of opportunities, including enlisting in the military.v Adult convictions shut the door on even more opportunities, such as obtaining student loans or certifications that are required for employment in Louisiana’s biggest industries.

And we need youth to stay on track for the workforce – Louisiana needs 250,000 trained workers to meet the demand created by $60 billion worth of new economic projects coming to our state.vii

massachusetts

Unemployment is a major contributing factor to recidivism.viii The stigma of an arrest record makes finding employment after re-entry significantly more difficult.

Louisiana cannot afford to burden youth with public arrest records and convictions before they have even had a chance to become independent adults.

raising the age is safe

Excluding 17-year-olds from the juvenile justice system does not improve public safety. Research shows that prosecuting youth as adults increases recidivism by as much as 34%.i Here in Louisiana, the recidivism rate for youth admitted to the adult corrections system at age 17 is more than double the recidivism rate than for youth placed in juvenile custody at a similar age.ii The juvenile justice system is specifically designed to hold youth accountable in age-appropriate settings and provide the rehabilitative services youth need to develop into law-abiding, successful adults.

capacity Change estimated prior to raising the age xcvii

actual change in system usage

overall

Arrests

LOUISIANA CAN FOLLOW THE SUCCESS OF OTHER STATES

pages 16-21 connecticut

This report argues that Louisiana should join 41 other states – including our neighbors in Mississippi and Alabama – in raising the age of juvenile jurisdiction to 18. Including 17-year-olds in our juvenile justice system is safe, smart, costeffective, and fair.

raising the age is cost Effective

illinois

overall

40%

detentions

5%

commitments

2%

Raising the age will not require significant upfront costs to increase resources in our juvenile justice system. As implementation of Raise the Age in other states demonstrates, raising the age can be done without increasing the overall size of the juvenile justice system, and without increasing costs.

4%

connecticut

37%

detentions

38%

commitments

35%

+ 1,302 detentions

Only 46% of detentions

estimated

+ 335 commitments

only 51% of estimated commitments

pages 22-25

Connecticut raised the age first for 16-year-olds in 2010 and then again for 17-year-olds in 2012. The state’s juvenile justice system is now smaller than it was prior to raising the age, and 16- and 17-year-olds have lower recidivism rates and better outcomes than younger children in the juvenile justice system.xcviii

arrests of people under 18 in connecticut xcix

spending on juvenile justice in connecticut c

20000

150

As the elected State’s Attorney in Jefferson County, Illinois (a rural county in $137

million

million

2001-2002

2011-2012

15000 100 10000

11,824

with really low-level offenses … I was very aware that what we did in court was going to follow this kid around in life.” cv

Removing 17-year-olds from adult jails would protect sheriffs from the costs and liability associated with housing youth and adults together. Federal law requires complete “sight and sound” separation between youth under eighteen and adults in adult correctional facilities. But most of our jails were not designed for that kind of separation, so costly retrofitting or new construction may be required to bring the jails in compliance with federal law.

50 5000

5000

Looking back six years after the initial passage of the law and a year after full implementation, Bradley says that concerns about overloading the juvenile

0

0

system were overblown, and there were no political ramifications for elected officials. “We did see our detention numbers rise due to the fact that kids that would have been in the county jail were now going to the detention center, but they were definitely not overwhelming numbers,” he said. “And Raise the Age did

Meanwhile, states that raised the age in recent years have downsized their juvenile justice systems and lowered short-term and long-term costs.ix Four years after Connecticut raised the age, the state has seen a 53% drop in the number of 18- to 21-year-olds admitted to state prisons. The Governor’s Office estimates this drop saves the state at least $53.3 million each year.x

When young people break the law, they should be held accountable. It is imperative that youth understand the consequences of their actions, and it is just for the sake of those harmed. Holding youth accountable also helps young people grow and fosters positive development over the long term. At the same time, we know that all people are capable of change, and this is especially true of adolescents.

Adolescents allowed the opportunity for rehabilitation will be less likely to make poor choices in the future.

$139

10000

13,091

compared to the juvenile system. As a result, he supported raising the age in Illinois: civ “There were a lot of times I had kids that were 18, 19, 20 years old,

15000

15,821

Raising the age would not prevent district attorneys from prosecuting 17-year-olds as adults if they are charged with serious offenses. Under current law, prosecutors have complete discretion to prosecute 15- and 16-year-olds as adults if they are charged with offenses ranging from violent acts to possessing drugs with intent to distribute.iii Louisiana could extend that discretion to include 17-year-olds as well.

But the vast majority of 17-year-olds involved in the justice system are charged with minor, nonviolent offenses. The Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement reports that only 6.7% of 17-year-olds arrested in 2012 – the most recent year for which statewide data is available – were charged with violent crimes.iv

18,732

the south of the state), former prosecutor Jeff Bradley said he felt much more limited in what he could do for young people in the criminal justice system,

Excluding 17-year-olds from the juvenile justice system is costly in both the short term and the long term. Louisiana taxpayers and communities pay a high price to hold children in adult jails, and the increased recidivism that comes with prosecuting youth as adults is expensive.

2009

2010

2011

2012

re-arrest from start of probation ci

not create the backlash that some claimed it would. cvi

Rearrest within 12 months

pages 12-15

For the first time in 108 years, Louisiana will include 17-year-olds in the juvenile justice system. Every child in custody will have access to a meaningful education and a timely parole hearing. Children will be more likely to get the services they need in their own homes and communities — not in jail.

“raise the Age did not create the backlash that some claimed it would.”

40 48% 30

47%

46% 43%

40%

47%

46% 41%

42%

40%

20

10

0

#RaiseTheAgeLa

2010

#RaiseTheAgeLa

What is the Louisiana Youth justice coalition?

2

–Jeff Bradley, Juvenile Justice Project Manager and Government Affairs Liaison for the Illinois Collaboration on Youth and former State’s Attorney

3

30

The Louisiana Youth Justice Coalition is a network of organizations and individuals who support a legislative and policy agenda for common-sense juvenile justice reform that will curb crime, use taxpayer resources responsibly, and achieve better outcomes for children.

“

The Louisiana Youth Justice Coalition believes that Louisiana’s juvenile justice system should be built around common-sense values that matter to our state:

safe Our juvenile justice system should curb crime and keep our neighborhoods safe.

When the ‘Raise the Age’ process began, some said that it would cost millions of dollars and overwhelm the juvenile courts with all of the new cases for 16- and 17-year-olds. Here’s the reality. ‘Raise the Age’ resulted in a significant decrease in the number of cases, and today I am proud to report that:

Cost-effective

2011

Raise the Age savings 15 years orgenerates younger

2012

2013

2014*

16 years old and over *year-to-date, as of may 2014

With no money allocated upfront for the costs of implementation, the state of Illinois raised the age first for youth charged with misdemeanors in 2010, and then for youth charged with felonies in 2014.lxvi ●

After implementing the first phase of raising the age, Illinois saw record declines in the number of youth coming into the juvenile justice system.

Arrests dropped 24%, the number of youth held in short-term detention facilities fell 18%, and youth prison populations dropped 22%.lxvii

●

At the end of 2014, after full implementation of raise the age, detention center populations are still lower than they were in 2009, and the number of youth in state facilities is down 35%.lxviii Since raising the age, Illinois has closed one detention center and two youth prisons.lxix

31

Louisiana must use taxpayer funds responsibly.

We should use the right tools to help young people behave in positive ways – and we should not waste money on interventions that just do not work.

we now have the lowest number of juveniles in pre-trial detention.

smart Our state cannot be prosperous unless we ensure that our most vulnerable young people are educated and ready for the workforce

eXECUTIVE SUMMARY

fair

we now have the lowest ever population at the connecticut juvenile training school. the number of inmates under the age of 18 at manson youth institute is also at its lowest ever, down 75% since 2009.

We want a juvenile justice system that is fair to every young person – a system that holds kids accountable while embodying our deepest values about how all people should be treated.

The best evidence of the success of Raise the Age is what has happened to young adults as they age out of the juvenile system. The number of inmates in a correctional facility between the ages of 18 and 21 is at its lowest in more than a quarter-century. It’s down 51% over the last six years − and still dropping.

The members of the Louisiana Youth Justice Coalition include: Grow Dat Youth Farm Innocence Project – New Orleans Institute for Women and Ethnic Studies Jesuit Social Research Institute Jewish Family Service of Greater New Orleans Justice and Accountability Center Kids Rethink New Orleans Public Schools Kingsley House The Law Offices of John S. Williams Liberty’s Kitchen The Louis A. Martinet Society of Greater New Orleans Louisiana Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers The Louisiana Association of Children and Family Agencies (LACFA) Louisiana Budget Project Louisiana Campaign for Equal Justice Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights Louisiana Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health Louisiana Interchurch Conference Louisiana Partnership for Children and Families Louisiana Progress Louisianachildren.org

Mental Health America of Louisiana The Micah Project NAMI Louisiana (National Alliance on Mental Illness – Louisiana) National Association of Social Workers − Louisiana Chapter National Council of Jewish Women − New Orleans New Schools for New Orleans One Voice Louisiana Orleans PlaceMatters Orleans Public Education Network The Orleans Public Defenders The Promise of Justice Initiative Pyramid Community Parent Resource Center The R Street Institute SEIU Local 21 LA Southern Poverty Law Center Total Community Action Urban League of Greater New Orleans VAYLA New Orleans Women with a Vision Youth Empowerment Project

–The Campaign for Youth Justice

“

The Advocacy Center Agenda for Children American Academy of Pediatricians – Louisiana Chapter Blueprint Louisiana Boys Town Louisiana BreakOut! Café Reconcile CASA New Orleans The Cecil J. Picard Center for Child Development and Lifelong Learning The Center for Children and Families The Center for Restorative Approaches Children’s Bureau Citizens for 1 Greater New Orleans Communities in Schools CORE USA The Cowen Institute at Tulane University Covenant House of New Orleans Crescent Leadership Academy Equality Louisiana Families Helping Families of Southeast Louisiana Foundation for Louisiana

“‘Raise the Age’ has proven to be good fiscal and public safety policy.

Concerns about large numbers of older juveniles and their associated costs straining juvenile justice systems have not come to pass, and juvenile crime has continued to decline.”

–Connecticut Governor Dannell P. Malloy

#RaiseTheAgeLa

raising the age will make our communities safer 20

1

Raising the age will improve public safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that prosecuting youth as adults increases recidivism by as much as 34%.xxvii

i Ra

se

g the a e is s a

●

fe ●

●

Stigma and collateral consequences.xxviii The negative effects of labeling young people as convicted felons makes it more difficult for them to be included in productive efforts such as employment and schooling upon re-entry. Collateral consequences may also include, for example, limited access to jobs, the loss of school loans, or eviction from public housing.

Exposure to more hardened or sophisticated criminal thinking while incarcerated with adult offenders.

This exposure can make youth more likely to commit crimes in the future.xxix

21 21

table one

year 2012 17-year-old arrests arrest charge violent crime index murder / non.neg mansl forcible rape robbery aggravated assault property crime index burglary / breaking or entering larceny / theft motor vehicle theft arson other

# 351

% 6.7%

16 8 116 205

0.3% 0.2% 2.2% 3.9%

1498

28.5%

340 1105 43 10

6.5% 21% 0.8% 0.2%

3404

64.8%

other assault 698 weapons (carrying, possession) 108 sex offenses (except rape & prost) 38 617 drug possession drug sales / manufacturing 86 disorderly conduct 550 all other 1303

13.2% 2.1% 0.7% 11.7% 1.6% 10.5% 24.8%

5253

100%

The lessened focus on rehabilitation and family involvement in the adult system. grand total A focus on therapeutic programs and increased judicial engagement in the juvenile system allow youth opportunities to develop in positive ways with supportive guidance, as well as receive necessary resources (such as mental health care) that would help them

#RaiseTheAgeLa

While conventional thinking may be that the harsher punishments of the adult system are a better response to criminal behavior by older adolescents, these punishments do not appear to have the desired effect. Juvenile courts are simply more effective at holding youth accountable and preventing future criminality.xxxi Furthermore, there is no evidence that prosecuting youth as adults has any deterrent effect on crime.xxxii One study compared youth arrested for robbery in New York, where adult prosecution begins at 16, to youth charged with robbery in New Jersey, where youth remain in the juvenile system until age 18. Both areas shared similar demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The study found that the youth who remained in the juvenile system were 20% less likely to be re-arrested. Youth who were prosecuted in the criminal justice system were also re-arrested after a shorter period of time, and more frequently. Recidivism increased for youth in the adult system regardless of whether they were sentenced to probation or corrections; however, youth who were incarcerated as adults had the highest recidivism rates.xxxiii

A Common-Sense Plan for Safer Communities:

include 17-Year-Olds in Juvenile Court

Raising the age of juvenile jurisdiction would not prevent District Attorneys in Louisiana from using their discretion to prosecute serious youthful offenders as adults. But the vast majority of 17-year-olds in Louisiana’s justice system are charged with non-violent offenses. Only 6.7% of all 17-year-old arrests were for allegations of violent crimes, according to the most recent data available from the

12

13 13

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

18

—

— GRAPHIC DESIGN

08

DEFEND CHILDREN

A BLUEPRINT FOR EFFECTIVE JUVENILE DEFENDER SERVICES TIME

N O V E M B E R 2 01 6

PLACE

WA S H I N GTO N , D C

CLIENT

N AT I O N A L J U V E N I L E D E F E N D E R C E N T E R

2 .0 ENSURE MEANINGFUL ACCESS TO COUNSEL THROUGHOUT THE DELINQUENCY PROCESS

A TIMELINE OF KEY U NITED STATES SU PREME COU RT CASES

ESTA B LISH IN G A UN IQUE J UVEN ILE J URISPRUD EN CE

R OP E R V. S I MMONS

GALLEGO S V. CO LO R ADO

Co o k Co u n t y, Illin o is e s t ablis he s firs t e ve r ju ve n ile co u rt , re co gn izin g yo u t h are n o t s im ply s m all adu lt s an d t hu s de s e rve a dis t in ct co u rt s ys t e m .

Bu ildin g o n H aley , t he Co u rt again re co gn ize s t hat yo u t h are m o re s u s ce pt ible t o co e rcio n an d n o t e t hat yo u t h “... w o u ld have n o w ay o f kn o w in g w hat t he co n s e qu e n ce s o f his co n fe s s io n w e re w it ho u t advice as t o his right s — fro m s o m e o n e co n ce rn e d w it h s e cu rin g him t ho s e right s ....” 3 7 0 U.S. 4 9 , 5 4 (1 9 6 2 ).

1899

19 86 92 9

F IRST JU VENILE COU RT

1948

19 86 96 9

HALEY V. O HIO U.S. Su pre m e Co u rt firs t re co gn ize s t hat yo u t h are m o re s u s ce pt ible t o co e rcio n du rin g an in t e rro gat io n .

The Co u rt n o t e s , “[t ]hat which w o u ld leave a m an co ld an d u n im pre s s e d [du rin g an in t e rro gat io n ] can o ve rawe an d o ve rw he lm a lad in his early t e e n s .” 3 3 2 U.S. 5 9 6 , 5 9 9 (1 9 4 8 ).

KENT V. UNIT ED STAT ES

IN R E WINS HI P The Co u rt fin ds t hat ju ve n ile adju dicat io n s req uire pro o f “be yo n d a reas o n able do ubt.”

1967 IN R E GAULT The Co urt ho l ds the Due Pro ces s Cl aus e o f the Fo urteenth Amendment guarantees y o uth the ri ght to co uns el .

The Co urt al s o fi nds that due pro ces s requi res y o uth hav e the ri ght to no ti ce o f charges agai ns t them, the ri ght to co nfro nt and cro s s -exami ne wi tnes s es , and the pri v i l ege agai ns t s el fi ncri mi nati o n.

“Juv eni l e Co urt hi s to ry has agai n demo ns trated that unbri dl ed di s creti o n, ho wev er benev o l entl y mo ti v ated, i s frequentl y a po o r s ubs ti tute fo r pri nci pl e and pro cedure.”

3 8 7 U.S. 1 , 1 8 (1 9 6 7 ).

The Co u rt ho lds t hat yo u t h are e n t it le d t o du e pro ce du ral pro ce s s pro t e ct io n s at t ran s fe r hearin gs .

Th e Co u rt a b o l i s h e s t h e d eat h p e n a l t y a s a p p l i e d t o minors based on the Eighth A m e n d m e n t p ro h i b i t i o n a g a i n s t “c r u e l a n d u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t .” I n e l i m i n at i n g t h e j u v e n i l e d eat h p e n a l t y t h e Co u rt re l i e d o n d e v e l o p m e n t a l re s ea rc h h i g h l i g h t i n g “ Th re e g e n e ra l d i ff e re n c e s b e t w e e n j u v e n i l e s u n d e r 1 8 a n d a d u l t s . . . .” 5 4 3 U. S . 5 5 1 , 5 6 9 ( 2 0 0 5 ) . “ Th e d i ff e re n c e s b e t w e e n j u v e n i l e a n d a d u l t o ff e n d e r s a re t o o m a r ke d a n d w e l l understood to risk allowing a y o u t h f u l p e r s o n t o re c e i v e t h e d eat h p e n a l t y d e s p i t e i n s u ff i c i e n t c u l p a b i l i t y.” I d . at 572-73.

Th e Co u rt p ro v i d e s t h at , “a rea s o n a b l e child subjected to police questioning will sometimes feel p re s s u re d t o s u b m i t w h e n a rea s o n a b l e a d u l t w o u l d f e e l f re e t o g o.” 5 6 4 U. S . 2 6 1 , 272 (2011).

“ I n l i g h t o f w h at t h i s Co u rt h a s s a i d i n Ro p e r, G ra h a m , a n d M i l l e r a b o u t h o w c h i l d re n a re c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y d i ff e re n t f ro m a d u l t s i n t h e i r l e v e l o f c u l p a b i l i t y… [ c h i l d re n s e n t e n c e d t o m a n d at o r y l i f e w i t h o u t p a ro l e ] m u s t b e g i v e n t h e o p p o rt u n i t y t o s h o w t h e i r c r i m e d i d n o t re f l e c t i r re p a ra b l e c o r r u p t i o n … .”

136 S.Ct. 718, 736 (2016).

1970

1975

2005

2011

2016

1984

1971 MC KEIVE R V. PENNSYLVANI A The Co urt fails t o ex t end the co n s t it u t io nal r ight t o a t rial by jur y to ju ve n ile s . 403 U.S. 5 2 8 (1971).

2010

2012

S CH AL L V. MART I N

G R AH AM V. FLOR I DA

MI L L E R V. AL AB AMA

Th e Co u rt a u t h o r i z e s p re - t r i a l d e t e n t i o n of youth accused of delinquency acts without the right to b a i l . 4 6 7 U. S . 2 5 3 (1984).

Th e Co u rt h o l d s i t i s unconstitutional to impose the penalty of life imprisonment without the p o s s i b i l i t y o f p a ro l e o n j u v e n i l e s (J LWO P ) f o r n o n h o m i c i d e o ff e n s e s .

Th e Co u rt , a g a i n citing developmental s c i e n c e , h o l d s t h at juveniles cannot be sentenced to a m a n d at o r y l i f e w i t h o u t p a ro l e sentence, even for h o m i c i d e o ff e n s e s .

“A s c o m p a re d t o a d u l t s , juveniles have a ‘lack o f m at u r i t y a n d a n u n d e rd e v e l o p e d s e n s e o f re s p o n s i b i l i t y ’ ; t h e y ‘a re m o re v u l n e ra b l e o r s u s c e p t i b l e t o n e g at i v e i n f l u e n c e s a n d o u t s i d e p re s s u re s , i n c l u d i n g p e e r p re s s u re ’ ; a n d t h e i r c h a ra c t e r s a re ‘ n o t a s w e l l f o r m e d .’ ” 5 6 0 U. S . 4 8 , 6 8 ( 2 0 1 0 ) ( i n t e r n a l c i t at i o n s o m i tt e d ) .

CONTENTS

01-07 01

Challenges Innovations Recommendations

04 06 07

08-09

T H E CA S E F O R R E F OR M

10-12

R E CO M M E N DAT I ON S

13-49

4.0 EXPAND THE FOCUS ON ELIMINATING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES

2.0 ENSURE MEANINGFUL ACCESS TO COUNSEL THROUGHOUT THE DELINQUENCY PROCESS

NATIONAL JUVENILE DEFENDER CENTER WASHINGTON, DC

2. 3 No Waiver of Counsel without Prior Consultation with a Defense Attorney

2. 4

“ O u r d e c i s i o n s re s t e d not only on common s e n s e — o n w h at ‘a n y p a re n t k n o w s ’ — b u t on science and social s c i e n c e a s w e l l .” 1 3 2 S.Ct. 2455, 2464 (2012) (internal c i t at i o n s o m i tt e d ) .

Support, Fund, and Expand Access to Counsel to Include Post-Disposition Representation and Reentry Planning

3.0

RECOMMENDATION 3.0

IMPLEMENT STRONG, WELL-RESOURCED, AND IMPLEMENT STRONG, WELL-RESOURCED, AND SPECIALIZED JUVENILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS SPECIALIZED JUVENILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS Given the highly specialized nature of juvenile defense practice and the unique demands that accompany the juvenile defender’s role, an autonomous juvenile defense system with a well-funded and robust early and post-disposition practice is the preferred method of service delivery. In an autonomous system, chief juvenile defenders are able to make hiring and firing decisions, determine and seek out appropriate budgetary allocations, oversee quality control and support services, and take responsibility for operating a first-rate, highly specialized law practice for children, rather than the piecemeal representation seen in most jurisdictions today.

32

35

5.0 ATTRACT AND RETAIN NEW AND DIVERSE TALENT TO THE FIELD OF JUVENILE DEFENSE

36

5.1 Support the Expansion of Public and Private Law School Clinical and Experiential Learning 5.2 Engage Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, and Tribal Colleges and Universities 5.3 Establish Dedicated Juvenile Defense Committees in Bar Associations Expand Legal Incubator Programs to Promote Juvenile Defense

6.0

However, few autonomous juvenile defense systems currently exist.89 Accordingly, opportunities for juvenile defense leadership are also scarce. Without an autonomous system that is separate from the adult criminal defense system, the representation of youth is often not prioritized.

Further, when juvenile and adult defense systems are intermingled, as most are, juvenile-specific budgets may not exist, and juvenile defenders may exercise little influence over how funds are spent.

34

Achieving autonomy will strengthen the specialization of juvenile defense practice and cultivate greater opportunities for dedicated leadership. This structure and leadership will help to develop juvenile-specific mechanisms for oversight, as well as the coordination of training and supervision for private counsel, contract attorneys, and juvenile public defenders to ensure high-quality representation of children in delinquency proceedings.

RECOMMENDATION 3.1

37 37 38 38

PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF YOUTH WHO FACE ADDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLATION OF 39

6.1 Ensure Meaningful Access to Counsel for American Indian / Alaska Native Youth 6.2 Support System-Wide Training and Develop Policies that Promote Cultural Competence for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and Gender Non-Conforming Youth 6.3 Ensure Youth in Facilities Have Access to Counsel 6.4 Develop Specialized Defense Expertise for Youth Charged with Sex Offenses 6.5 Remove All Youth from the Adult System and, Until Then, Develop Specialized Public Defense Units to Defend Youth in the Adult System

14 15 16 17

3.0 IMPLEMENT STRONG, WELL-RESOURCED, AND SPECIALIZED JUVENILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS

21

19

22 26 27

7.0

40

30

Funding aimed at developing effective juvenile defense systems will spark innovation and provide local leaders with the support needed to drive change. In order to reach constitutional and ethical thresholds, juvenile defense systems should have the resources to be effective, due-process-based, specialized, developmentally and procedurally sound, technologically equipped, community oriented and respectful of and responsive to cultural differences.

44

FUND AND IMPLEMENT MECHANISMS TO COLLECT DATA, CONDUCT ASSESSMENTS AND COURT OBSERVATIONS, AND INITIATE EVALUATION AND RESEARCH 46 7.1 Develop Juvenile Defense Indicators Targeted to Measure System Performance 7.2 Develop Case Management Systems Specific to Juvenile Defense 7.3 Develop a Comprehensive Juvenile Defense Research Agenda 7.4 Conduct Assessments to Evaluate Access to and Quality of Juvenile Defense Counsel

47 47 48 48

CO N CLU S I O N

45

Juvenile defenders appointed early in the delinquency process can work to protect youth from the consequences of false confessions and uncounseled guilty pleas, seek diversion or case dismissal for their clients, and limit exposure to costly and harmful detention.69 They are also better positioned to build a strong defense strategy that includes investigations, find alternative placements, obtain discovery, file motions, and encourage clients to exercise other rights, such as the right to remain silent. Additionally, early appointment of counsel keeps the goals of juvenile court in focus by allowing juvenile defenders to develop case

Juvenile courts should ensure youth have meaningful

64 See Kenneth J. King, Patricia Puritz & David A. Shapiro, The Importance of Early Counsel in Juvenile Court, in Nat’l Ctr. For State Courts, Trends in State Courts: 2014, 13, 14 (2014).

65 See Statement of Interest in N.P., supra note 45, at 12-13, 15 (“Every child who faces the loss of liberty must be represented from the time of arrest through the disposition of their case . . . . [I]f [the lawyers] do not have the time or resources to engage in effective advocacy or if they do not receive adequate training or supervision . . . then they will inevitably fail to meet the minimum requirements of their clients’ right to counsel. These conditions lead to de facto nonrepresentation.”).

66 See NJDC Assessments, supra note 31.

67 Id. involvement, and education and mental health 68 Id. 69 See Nat’lexcessive Juvenile Defender Ctr., National Juvenile Defense Standards (2012) (explaining the role of counsel throughout the process of assisting a status. The need to generally reduce workloads juvenile client) [hereinafter National Juvenile Defense Standards].

RECOMMENDATION 3.1

14

experienced juvenile defense attorneys equipped to provide representation from pre-detention through post-disposition, a dedicated training attorney, an appellate attorney, support staff, social workers, and investigators. These units should be equal in pay and promotion with adult defense units—individual attorney advancement should not be predicated on moving “up” to adult defense practice. Likewise, juvenile defense supervision and performance evaluations should be based upon juvenile defense standards.

and regularly monitor the workloads of public defenders has been recognized by organizations including The Constitution Project,90 the American Bar Association,91 the National Association for Public Defense,92 the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers,93 the National Legal Aid and Defender Association,94 and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.95

15

At a minimum, federal, state, local, and tribal governments need to invest in juvenile defense systems on par with investments for agencies that prosecute juveniles, such as prosecutors, police, and crime labs. Consistent with DOJ’s guidance from the Statement of Interest filed in N.P. v.

Georgia, competent and effective juvenile defense requires more than just a body in the courtroom.96 Government leaders should ensure juvenile defense systems have sufficient resources to access investigators, social workers, computers, and other support, as well as ample time to meet with clients, conduct investigations, develop motions, prepare for trials and dispositions, and monitor and advocate for clients post-disposition.

Whether a jurisdiction adopts an autonomous juvenile defense system or a dedicated juvenile unit, the workload of a juvenile defender must be reasonable. Unreasonable workloads hurt defenders’ ability to advocate for their clients.

Because no two juvenile delinquency cases are alike, caseload limits by themselves are a poor tool to ensure effective advocacy. Instead, an assessment of workload, rather than a concrete number of cases, is a better measure. In setting limits on workload, it is important to view each case holistically and take into consideration the resources required—such as investigators, social workers, and experts—and the circumstances of the individual client—such as family make-up, offense alleged, prior court

SUPPORT AUTONOMOUS JUVENILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS AND SEMI-AUTONOMOUS JUVENILE UNITS

41 43 44

29

access to counsel, which mandates youth be given enough time to both receive information from and share information with their lawyer. Navigating the complexities of the delinquency process and making informed decisions at all junctures of a case requires meaningful opportunities to interact with a lawyer. Juvenile courts and indigent defense systems should acknowledge the developmental differences of youth and allow juvenile defenders to invest the proper time, care, and resources to actively engage children in the court process.

R E CO MM E NDAT IO N 3. 1

13

2.1 Guarantee Early, Timely, and Meaningful Access to Juvenile Defense Counsel 2.2 Appoint Counsel for All Children Without Requiring a Determination of Indigence 2.3 No Waiver of Counsel without Prior Consultation with a Defense Attorney 2.4 Support, Fund, and Expand Access to Counsel to Include Post-Disposition Representation and Reentry Planning

3.3 Implement Juvenile-Specific Standards and Training 3.4 Develop and Fund State- or Regionally Based Resource Centers and Provide Coordination, Training, and Support to Juvenile Defense Attorneys 3.5 Adequately Fund and Support Effective Juvenile Defense Services in Rural, Remote, and Underserved Regions

Appoint Counsel for All Children Without Requiring a Determination of Indigence

4.1 Enhance Efforts to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Court Through Advanced Training and Policy Reform 4.2 Support the Implementation of Existing Best Practices and Resources to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities

Juvenile court systems should provide children with timely access to a defense attorney in advance of their first appearance before a judge, allowing the attorney time to prepare for the hearing. Juvenile defenders appointed at the early stages of a case are better situated to help youth understand their rights, the direct and long-term consequences of juvenile court involvement, and how to navigate an increasingly complex juvenile justice system.64 Qualified juvenile defenders who have the opportunity to consult with youth prior to the initial hearing are essential to helping youth make informed decisions about their cases.65 However, in many states, there is a failure to provide adequate time for the juvenile defender to meaningfully represent the child at the first hearing.66 In some states or counties, the child may be entirely unrepresented at early proceedings, including the detention hearing and initial hearing.67 In others, counsel is appointed either during the detention hearing or immediately before the hearing, leaving the juvenile defender without an opportunity to meet and talk with the child or to prepare for the hearing.68

2. 2

09

THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 1.0 CHAMPION, UPHOLD, AND FUND CHILDREN’S RIGHT TO COUNSEL

3.1 Support Autonomous Juvenile Defense Systems and Semi-Autonomous Juvenile Units 3.2 Ensure the Method of Attorney Appointment Is Fair and Does Not Create Any Conflicts of Interest

R E CO M M E NDAT IO N 2. 1

GUARANTEE EARLY, TIMELY, AND MEANINGFUL ACCESS TO JUVENILE DEFENSE COUNSEL

2. 1 Guarantee Early, Timely, and Meaningful Access to Juvenile Defense Counsel

i ii

History

ESTABLISHING A UNIQUE JUVENILE JURISPRUDENCE

Th e Co u rt re i n f o rc e s t h at c h i l d re n a re c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y d i ff e re n t f ro m a d u l t s a n d h o l d s t h at M i l l e r ’s p ro h i b i t i o n o f m a n d at o r y j u v e n i l e l i f e w i t h o u t p a ro l e is a substantive rule of constitutional law and is t h e re f o re re t ro a c t i v e .

Th e Co u rt h o l d s t h at t h e D o u b l e J e o p a rd y C l a u s e o f t h e Fi ft h A m e n d m e n t applies to youth in d e l i n q u e n c y c o u rt .

4 2 1 U. S . 5 1 9 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

08

TIMELINE

Th e Co u rt r u l e d t h at a c h i l d ’s a g e m u s t i n f o r m t h e M i ra n d a custody analysis by l a w e n f o rc e m e n t during juvenile i n t e r ro g at i o n s . Th e decision includes underpinnings t o s u p p o rt a “ rea s o n a b l e c h i l d s t a n d a rd ” i n l e g a l c o n t ex t s .

B R E E D V. J ONE S

CONTENTS About the National Juvenile Defender Center Acknowledgements

ENSURE MEANINGFUL ACCESS TO COUNSEL THROUGHOUT THE DELINQUENCY PROCESS

MONTG OME R Y V. LOU I S I ANA

“ The s am e co n s ide rat io n s that de m an d ex t re me cau t io n in fact finding t o pro t e ct t he in n o ce n t adu lt apply as we ll t o the in n o ce n t child.” 397 U.S. 3 5 8 , 3 6 5 (1970).

“ The re is n o place in o u r s ys t e m o f law fo r reachin g a re s u lt o f s u ch t re m e n do u s co n s e qu e n ce s wit ho u t ce re m o n y — wit ho u t hearin g, wit ho u t e ffe ct ive as s is t an ce o f co u n s e l, w it ho u t a s t at e m e n t o f reas o n s .” 3 8 3 U.S. 5 4 1 , 5 5 4 (1 9 6 6 ).

I N T R OD U CT I O N

Every child who faces prosecution or sanctions imposed by the state, including children accused of status offenses, should be represented by counsel throughout the duration of their case. Counsel is the gateway through which a child receives crucial rights, protections, and entitlements—and those can only be meaningfully guaranteed if a child first has access to an attorney.

R E CO M M E NDAT IO N 2. 0 J . D. B V. NORT H CAR OL I NA

developmental framework will become increasingly difficult, and juvenile defense will continue to be viewed as the lesser component of the adult indigent defense system. From the local to federal level, governments should establish dedicated juvenile defense leadership positions and promote policies to ensure juvenile defenders have seats on boards, task forces, and commissions.

In the absence of autonomous juvenile defense systems, ensuring that defense offices include dedicated juvenile units with their own juvenile defense leadership are the next best delivery method. Juvenile units should include: a juvenile defense chief who is supported by a core group of

Leaders at all levels should develop funding strategies to support autonomous juvenile defense systems through direct and indirect approaches.

Without autonomy, implementing a true

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A CALL TO ACTION

CRISIS IN JUVENILE DEFENSE

THE BLUEPRINT FOR REFORM 89

See NJDC Assessments, supra note 31.

22

90 See Nat’l Right to Counsel Committee, The Constitution Project, Justice Denied: America’s Continuing Neglect of Our Constitutional Right to Counsel 12 (2009) (“Recommendation 6—The Board or Commission should establish and enforce workload limits for defense attorneys, which take into account their other responsibilities in addition to client representation, in order to ensure that quality defense services are provided and ethical obligations are not violated.”).

91 See Am. Bar Ass’n, Juvenile Justice Standards: Standards Relating to Counsel for Private Parties 15, 63 (1980).

92 See Nat’l Ass’n for Public Defense, NAPD Statement on the Necessity of Meaningful Workload Standards for Public Defense Delivery Systems (2015).

93 See Written Statement of John Wesley Hall, President, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, to House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security, regarding Representation of Indigent Defendants in Criminal Cases: A Constitutional Crisis in Michigan and Other States 4-6 (2009).

94 See Nat’l Legal Aid & Defender Ass’n, Standards for the Defense, Standard 13.12 Workload of Public Defenders (1973), http://www.nlada.net/sites/default/files/ nac_standardsforthedefense_1973.pdf.

95 Statement of Interest in N.P., supra note 45, at 14 (“A juvenile division should have the resources to monitor workloads so that attorneys are available to advocate for clients at intake and during detention and probable cause hearings. Outside of court, they need adequate time to meet with clients, investigate the prosecution’s factual allegations, engage in a robust motions practice, devote time to preparing for trial and the disposition process, and to monitor and advocate for the needs of postdisposition clients who are still within the court’s jurisdiction.”).

96 See Statement of Interest in N.P., supra note 45, at 14.

23

America criminalizes childhood, particularly for children of color. 1 WHITE YOUTH

01 Champion, Uphold, and Fund Children’s Right to Counsel

YOUTH OF COLOR NON-VIOLENT PROPERTY OFFENSES

DRUG LAW VIOLATIONS

35%

67% 54%

13%

46% 26% 33%

26%

PUBLIC ORDER OFFENSES

PERSON OFFENSES GENERAL POPULATION OF YOUTH 3

Most children are arrested and prosecuted for developmentally normative adolescent misconduct, such as non-violent destruction of property, drug use, and disorderly conduct. 2

Youth Still Don’t Get Lawyers

NOVEMBER 2016

A BLUEPRINT FOR EFFECTIVE JUVENILE DEFENDER SERVICES

Fair and reasonable treatment of children in delinquency courts is virtually impossible without the availability of specialized and highly skilled counsel advocating for the expressed legal interests of the child client. Yet, few children in this country actually receive meaningful access to qualified defense counsel, as constitutionally required in delinquency proceedings.

YOUTH IN RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES 4

Throughout the juvenile justice system, a disproportionate number of children of color are arrested, charged, and committed to residential placement. 5

Too Many Barriers Prevent Effective Juvenile Defense In most federal, state, local, and tribal jurisdictions, existing juvenile defense delivery systems are inadequate or wholly lacking. Children do not have access to counsel early enough in the process, and problems with the timing and appointment of counsel, in addition to burdensome and lengthy indigence determinations, contribute greatly to the high rates of waiver of counsel. Further, many children languish in costly out-of-home placements due to a lack of postdisposition access to counsel.

02

Court Practices Are Not Developmentally Appropriate Many current juvenile court practices and policies criminalizing normative adolescent conduct are inconsistent with positive youth development.

Research shows that without any intervention most delinquent behavior desists by early adulthood.6

02 Ensure Meaningful Access to Counsel Throughout the Delinquency Process

05 Attract and Retain New and Diverse Talent to the Field of Juvenile Defense

Every child who faces arrest, prosecution, or sanctions imposed by the state should be represented by counsel until the child is no longer under the supervision of the justice system.

Specific attention must be paid to developing a corps of excellence and attracting a diverse corps of talent, expertise, and leadership to the juvenile defense field.

03 Implement Strong, Well-Resourced, and Specialized Juvenile Defense Systems

06 Protect the Rights of Youth Who Face Additional Discrimination and Violation of Their Constitutional Rights

All juvenile defense systems should be sufficiently funded, due process based, technologically equipped, developmentally sound, and respectful of and responsive to cultural differences.

Certain populations of children face additional risks and barriers to fair treatment. They require specialized attorneys who are trained to recognize, monitor, and uphold their rights.

=

The National Juvenile Defender Center (NJDC) is a non-profit,

NATIONAL JUV ENILE

non-partisan organization dedicated to promoting justice for

DEF ENDER C ENTER

all children by ensuring excellence in juvenile defense. NJDC

1350 Connecticut Avenue NW

provides support to public defenders, appointed counsel, law

Suite 304

school clinical programs, and non-profit law centers to ensure

Washington, DC 20036

quality representation in urban, suburban, rural, and tribal areas.

202.452.0010 (phone)

NJDC also offers a wide range of integrated services to juvenile

202.452.1205 (fax)

defenders as well as other decision-makers and advocates, including training, technical assistance, advocacy, networking,

www.njdc.info

collaboration, capacity building, and coordination. To learn

www.gaultat50.org

more about NJDC, please visit www.njdc.info.

04 Expand the Focus on Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities

07 Fund and Implement Mechanisms to Collect Data, Conduct Assessments and Court Observations, and Initiate Evaluation and Research

The over-inclusion of children of color in our juvenile justice system and their disproportionate treatment once involved is undeniable. It is critical to address this disproportionality and combat implicit and explicit bias throughout the justice system.

Dedicated juvenile defense research, evaluation, and data collection must be established and are required to create a baseline, measure progress, and sustain effective juvenile defense systems.

This project was supported in part by Grant #2013-MUFX-K004 awarded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this guide are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.

03

TAT YA N A M O R A C Z E W S K I

20