Atlanta Bazaar - Master's Thesis Programming and Predesign

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overview Site Analysis Program User Groups precedents predesign Citations

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overview A bazaar is defined as an enclosed marketplace where goods and services are sold. In most cases, bazaars are the social and economic hubs of cities, bringing people and products together. In order to be effective, a bazaar must be enlivened by like-minded people who can come together to create a bustling environment of cuisine and commerce.

The bazaar must become an embodiment of the community and provide services that the people want and need. Without the community at the forefront of the business, it will not succeed long.

The intent of this bazaar is to stitch together various communities and people within downtown Atlanta to a central commodity and shopping destination. Being close to the Beltline Promenade, this site is ideal for a connector between north and south Atlanta. The community should be the focus of the design, with interactions and engagement being drivers. Not only will this project become a lively and sought after destination, it should perform additional functions in order to sustain itself. Housing will be provided to help populate downtown Atlanta and to create users for the bazaar. Office spaces also help to promote and bring people to this building, and provide places for professional work and interactions to be done. Site support spaces will also be included to help run the entire ‘organism’ as smoothly and efficiently as possible.

Through site analysis, a general knowledge of the urban forces acting upon the site will be addressed. These forces will start to shape the design moving forward. An existing abandoned building was chosen as the site, providing an opportunity for an adaptive reuse project. This building, an old railway office building, is unique in its size. Only 50 feet

wide and over 750 feet long, it provides a rare opportunity to work within tight constraints. Looking forward, the design must be flexible yet stringent to meet all the criteria needed to make the bazaar a successful and vibrant place.

Overall, this project is provocative in the fact that it can engage every member of the public in some way. The bazaar and additional functions are accessible by all, and needed by many. With it, one can only hope that it will provoke interactions, collaborations, and connections that wouldn’t be possible before.

SITE ANALYSIS The mixed use bazaar requires a detailed effort in researching and documenting forces taking place on the site. Located on 125 Spring St. SW, this site is home to an existing building that was built in the early 1900’s as an office for the Norfolk Southern railway company. Making sure the building makes sense in the context of the neighborhood is vitally important, whether that is the size, design, or content of the structure.

Looking at adjacencies, public transit, zoning, and more will help to create an understanding of site restrictions and opportunities.

site Adjacencies Site of Mixed-Use Bazaar 1 Mercedes-Benz Stadium 2 Atlanta United FC Stadium 3 Hard Rock Hotel 4 Beltline Promenade 5 Federal Buildings 6 Artist Lofts 7 Hotels & Multi-family Housing

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Major nodes and transit stops within reasonable walking distances from the site

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Surrounding uses within a 5 minute walk of the bazaar

Within a five minute walking distance from the bazaar, one can access large portions of the Beltline Promenade and major governmental buildings for the city. Ten minutes from the site provides even more connections to major entertainment hubs, such as the Mercedes-Benz stadium, the Atlanta United FC Stadium, the amphitheater, and many hotels. Residential pockets are scattered throughout this area which will likely become frequent patrons of the complex. For Atlantan’s that live too far to walk to the site, the MARTA subways and bus routes provide access into downtown from which they can walk to the site.

Directly to the north and northeast of the site are two large governmental buildings. Staff within these buildings will likely use this project as a place to relax during breaks and lunch hours and to grab a bite to eat. The mixed-use commercial and office spaces to the east will also use the bazaar during breaks, and they may also collaborate with offices above the bazaar.

Beltline Promenade users are drawn into the site while using the park space, so the west connection must be inviting and open, with clear signage and landmark identity. People residing in the housing and lodging near the site will become regular patrons, coming back for shopping and grocery trips.

Site Analysis

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existing Conditions 50’ wide

Norfolk Southern Offices Location: 125 Spring St. SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 Area: 32,700 ft2 per floor, 261,600 ft2 total Year Built: 1900 and 1945 Previous Uses: Office and Housing The existing offices of the Norfolk Southern railway company have been unused and abandoned for around 10 years after they moved their headquarters to Midtown Atlanta. The 260,000 square foot building is located in the central core of downtown, a prime location with plenty of storefront and now frontage to the Beltline Promenade. The smaller northern part of the building was built around 1900 at the turn of the century. The second addition, built in 1945 almost triples the about of usable space within the building.

740’ long

The long and skinny floor plate was likely formed because of rail lines that ran parallel to the west facade. Some of these railroads still exist today, although they aren’t as close to the building as they were during its conception. Structural bays are located every 17 feet lengthwise and 15 feet in width. The basement level opens up to the former gulch level, about 20 feet below street grade. The first floor is on grade with Spring St, with a pedestrian bridge running through the building that stretches over to the historic Castleberry hill neighborhood.

Above this main floor is six more stories, each 12 feet tall, that were once filled with offices.

This site has been chosen as the new location for a bazaar in downtown for many reasons. To help lower the vacancy rate, an adaptive reuse approach will be taken when re-hauling this building. The building has a large footprint with ample space to house a bazaar, offices, and housing within. The location of this building is close to public transit and major destinations throughout downtown, which will bring more people to the marketplace. This site also connects to the new Beltline Promenade, a linear park and entertainment node in downtown that reconnects the fabric of the city.

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

East facade from historical Ted Turner Avenue 1

West facade overlooking the gulch and rail lines 2 Site Analysis

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Trains Section looking north cutting through existing building and Beltline Promenade

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

Buildable Site

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Front Axonometric with Site Context

Back Axonometric with Site Context

The buildable site of the mixed-use bazaar is very slender, with only 124,000 square feet of ground space to work with. The existing building has a very strong connection to Spring Street on the eastern facade, with possibilities of interactions at a human level as people walk along the sidewalk. The Beltline Promenade is directly to the west of the site, connecting users of the park space directly to the site. These connections should not be ignored, but in fact celebrated and enlivened to create a

cohesive integration of all users. Since the Beltline Promenade covers the once disconnected gulch, opportunities have been made for parking and loading areas to occur at the basement level of the building, away from the open spaces surrounding this structure.

Site Analysis

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Major takeaways

Connecting to the Beltline and Street The building is located between the Beltline Promenade and Spring Street. These two busy thoroughfares will be connecting people directly or indirectly to this bazaar. Strategies should be developed to help to improve the transition between street to building and park to building.

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

Connecting vertically and horizontally This office building is laid out in a very horizontal manner, with little sectional quality. It is also separated into 2 separate structures.

Strategies should be developed to help to improve connections within the building itself.

Site Analysis

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Views and Zoning

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Atlanta United FC Stadium

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Major viewsheds to take advantage of from the building

Because of its prime location, the mixed-use bazaar will have many opportunities for views to take advantage of around downtown Atlanta. Both major sporting venues around the area can be seen from the site, with opportunities for gameday events and tailgating to occur. The amphitheater will be a large connection to the south of the site, with concert goers having opportunities to dine and shop before or after events.

Lastly, views of the entire Beltline Promenade and downtown skyline will be available from the upper floors and rooftop.

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

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Zoning

Sidewalks

Building falls within SPI-1 (Special Public Interest)

Sidewalks must be a minimum of 15’ wide, including street furniture and trees. 10 feet of this will be for sidewalk and 5 feet will be for the required trees and street furniture. Bike lanes that are 4 feet wide are optional but recommended along applicable streets.

FAR (Floor Area Ratio) = 35 240 Vehicle parking spaces required 50 Bike parking spots required Open space requirement = 15% of floor area or 20% of lot area (whichever is larger)

Occupancy Classifications Assembly: A-2 & A-3 Large gathering spaces that are designed for food & drink consumption are classified as A-2, which include the grand hall, event center, and restaurants/eateries within the bazaar.

Gathering spaces that are designed for entertainment, worship, or recreation are classified as A-3, which includes the fitness center and any public lobby or reception area.

Business: B Business spaces are defined as areas that are used for offices or service-type transaction spaces, which includes all offices in the bazaar.

Mercantile: M Spaces that are classified as Mercantile, such as retail shops and the grocery store, are defined as the areas for display and purchase of merchandise or goods.

Residential: R-2 Any residential building with more than two dwelling units with permanent tenants is classified as R-2, including all apartment units within this building.

10 ft. 5 ft. 4 ft.

Required Separation of Occupancies Fire separation is required by the IBC. For all occupancies in the bazaar, an hourly fire separation barrier must be provided between certain occupancies. If the building is sprinklered (S), then the degree to which a wall must be fire-resistant is lower. If it is non-sprinklered (NS), then the wall must be more resistant.

Occupancy A-2, A-3 B M R-2

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Site Analysis

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Sun and Transit Sun studies Sunlight will play a big role in laying out spaces logically and effectively within the building. Because of the slender but long footprint, both sides of the building will be oppositely lit during the day, with one in sunlight and the other in shade primarily.

During the summer and equinoxes, the southern and eastern facades will get the large amounts of sunlight through the midafternoon, with the western facade getting sunlight in the late afternoon and evening. In the winter, the southern and eastern facades will still get large amounts of daylight throughout the day, but the wester facade will receive little to no lighting due to the rotated footprint of the building.

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Summer Solstice Sun Angles

Transit Studies Providing ample access to the site is critical for the success of the bazaar. Without easy and diverse forms of transportation, users will not spend the effort to go out of their way. For pedestrians, there are many ways to walk to the site, especially with the pedestrian and bike only bridge that runs through the building. The Beltline Promenade also serves a large amount of locals and tourists throughout the area, which will provide another pedestrian connection. In terms of public transit, walking distances to two of the MARTA subway stops are under a 10 minute walking distance, with bus stops directly adjacent to the site. Lastly, vehicular traffic will be able to enter the building from the underground parking garage, which is accessible from the arterial roads of Trinity Avenue and Spring Street.

Pedestrian connections to the bazaar

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

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Bus stops and walking distances to MARTA stations near the site

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Vehicular connections around the site

Site Analysis

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Food Deserts A need for food access Food deserts, defined as places that have low access to affordable and healthy groceries, are prevalent around American cities, but Atlanta has been plagued with more deserts than most. 35 distinct food deserts can be found inside Atlanta’s city limits, according to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. People living in these areas, around 20% of the population, have to commute long distances to get access to good supermarkets.

Worse still, many of these residents don’t have access to a vehicle at all. Public transit can help, but many Atlantans are finding that the MARTA routes only get them part of the way to a store, and time schedules are not very reliable either. 3

= Low-income communities at least one mile from the nearest supermarket 3

Looking at the current conditions in the area, there is only one small grocery store that is located within a 2 mile radius. If you start to look at restaurants and cafes around, they are placed few and far between.

From these findings, one can infer that the downtown core desperately needs access to fresh ingredients and healthy dining.

A bazaar style market in downtown in Atlanta would help to solve many of these issues. With a more connected downtown, residents around the area can come to the bazaar to get healthy and affordable groceries. It provides a place to interact and engage with the community while providing a necessity in people’s lives. Restaurants and eateries within the bazaar would provide additional dining options for neighborhood as well.

= Communities where a significant number of residents don’t have access to a vehicle 3

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

Small Grocery Stores Restaurants & Cafes

“Food deserts are areas that lack access to affordable fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lowfat milk, and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet.�

-Center for Disease Control 4

Site Analysis

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program This mixed-use bazaar is intended to be a one-stop destination where many functions come together to serve a holistic environment. These functions need to be defined and quantified to start to get a grasp on the size and scope of work being done. All spaces should work together to create a cohesive building that integrates food, retail, office, and housing under one roof. The bazaar, office spaces, housing units, and site support groups of program will be the pillars on which the project is designed by. Looking at interactions and between halls, rooms and floors will be integral to the functionality of the building as a whole.

PROGRAM Summary Total Built Space 380,500 ft2 Interior Bazaar Office Housing Support Circulation (20%) Site Support Parking

256,000 ft2 87,700 ft2 77,950 ft2 73,150 ft2 17,200 ft2 59,600 ft2 64,900 ft2 42,000 ft2

23% Bazaar

20% OfďŹ ce

19% Housing

20% Building Support

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18% Site Support Mixed-Use Bazaar

87,700 ft2 Bazaar

76,800 ft2 Building Support

Restaurants Coffee Shop Bakery Grocery Store Food Boutiques Eateries Retail Boutiques Grand Hall

Restrooms MEP Loading Docks & Storage Security Office Janitorial and Trash Rooms Circulation

64,900 ft2 Site Support 77,950 ft Office 2

Reception Small Offices Medium Offices Large Offices Kitchens Event Center

Parking Plaza Space & Outdoor Dining Gardens Rooftop Bar & Patio Garbage Enclosure Mechanical Penthouse

73,150 ft2 Housing Studio Apartments 2-Bed Apartments 3-Bed Apartments Patios Fitness Center

Programming

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Bazaar entry Size: 600 ft

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This public doorway into the entire building serves as an entry point to welcome guests. This area should be logically placed and accessible from the street. As an entrance, it should include an area for kiosks or directories to help orient patrons when they visit. The design of it should intrigue viewers from the street and provide visual connection to different public areas of the building. Main circulation routes should be adjacent to this space.

Restaurants (2) Size: 6,350 ft2

The two restaurants will be open to the public and should be located near a public way via the street or the park. These will be serving food to guests through lunch and dinner. At the entrance should be a hostess stand with a 150 ft2 waiting area.

The 3,000 ft2 dining area should be suitable for 250 seated guests, with wait stations for the service staff located around the dining area as needed. The kitchen should be large enough to serve all guests, around 2,000 ft2, with a 400 ft2 storage space with a walk-in cooler and freezer. A janitor’s closet will be provided in the kitchen, and restrooms as required for guests and staff.

Coffee Shop Size: 2,500 ft2

The coffee shop will be a full service coffee, tea, and espresso bar to patrons of the bazaar. The seating area inside should be around 1,500 ft2, sized for guests to relax, study, work, and socialize. A 150 ft2 retail area by the service counter will sell home coffee and tea products to customers. The coffee bar, given up to 350 ft2 , will be adjacent to the service counter for baristas to prepare all drinks. Behind the bar should be a small kitchen, no larger than 200 ft2, with abilities to cook light fare such as sandwiches and appetizers. There will also be public restrooms, storage space, and a janitor’s closet for staff to use.

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

Bakery Size: 2,500 ft2

The bakery is a space in which baked goods are made and sold to the public. The kitchen makes up the bulk of the square footage at around 1,000 ft2, sized to house the necessary machinery and appliances. A 250 ft2 pantry and walk-in will be provided to store the ingredients and tools needed by resident bakers. The display counter and retail area will be where the patrons are able to look and buy the products made here and should be about 800 ft2 combined. The retail area is adjacent to the display, selling wares such as baking supplies and tools.

Next to the kitchen is also an educational room, where the bakers can do tutorials and teach classes. A janitor closet and employee restroom should be present as well.

Grocery Store Size: 9,200 ft2

The grocery store will serve as an anchor to the bazaar, serving healthy and organic ingredients to the public. When entering, there will be a 300 ft2 foyer space with new displays and check out stations adjacent. All foods sold at this grocery store should be organized throughout the store in a logical manner.

A 600 ft2 cooler and freezer area will store food that needs to be refrigerated and should be located next to the stock room.

Produce, baked goods, and deli foods will all have their own area to sell the specific food groups, sized according to their needs. For all other groceries, the general sales area will provide shelving to display and sell goods, which takes up around 3,300 ft2. For the administrative side of the grocery store, a manager’s office and break room will be provided. A 1,600 ft2 stock room should be placed with easy access to the sales floor.

Food Boutiques (8) Size: 1,400 ft

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Small Retail Boutique (8) Size: 1,300 ft2

Food boutiques are retail stores in which food products, services, and tools are sold. Some examples of specialty stores would be shops that sell kitchen bakeware, types of olive oil, wine & spirits, and many more. The patrons would enter in the 1,000 ft2 retail area where goods are displayed and sold, and a service counter would be in the area to pay and interact with staff. Behind the scenes would be a 200 ft2 storage area for merchandise and a 50 ft2 manager’s office.

Much like the medium retail boutiques, the small retail boutiques are store where goods of any kind are sold. The difference between small and medium boutiques is the amount of merchandise display area that is provided, being only 1,000 ft2 in this store. Otherwise, there is still a service counter, 50 ft2 manager’s office, and 200 ft2 storage provided.

Eateries (10)

Size: 7,000 ft2

Size: 1,400 ft2

Eateries are dining locations which are often quicker than restaurants, yet more wholesome than fast food. Some examples of eateries would be a taco shop, sandwich and soup cafe, or beer tasting room. These locations will serve a specific menu catered to a type of cuisine or cooking method. Inside the eateries will be a 650 ft2 kitchen with 200 ft2 of storage space. A 50 ft2 manager’s office will also be provided for the administration of each eatery. Next to the kitchen is the service counter where guests interact with the staff and order/receive food. A waiting or seating area around 350 ft2 is provided, though guests do not have to eat their food inside the eatery.

Medium Retail Boutique (8)

Grand Hall This seating hall is the area the provides relief from the retail and food functions of the bazaar. It will provide a public amenity area to eat, relax, and socialize with others. Visual connection to most stores and eateries is key, and the area should be easily accessible from anywhere in the bazaar. Also, 30 food and retail stalls will be available to rent. These stalls will be 100 ft2 each and will be a great place for interaction with the community. Local artisans, aspiring chefs, and gardeners all can have a dedicated space to promote themselves in Atlanta. An open floor plan should allow visitors to move easily through the space, with ample seating and dining area. This area should provide plenty of natural light and ideally have a large ceiling height. The hall should connect to restrooms and circulation paths throughout the bazaar, and also connect the street-life with park-life.

Size: 2,550 ft2

The medium retail boutiques are stores in which goods of any kind are sold. Some examples of boutique stores would be children’s clothing, home decor, or pet stores. The retail area makes up the majority of the boutique at 2,000 ft2, with an administration area that has a service counter, 50 ft2 manager’s office, and 200 ft2 merchandise storage.

Programming

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Office Reception Area (2) Size: 400 ft

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The reception area of the offices provides a space for clients and guests to orient themselves and wait for office staff.

This area should provide a reception desk and ample seating for those waiting. The area should be located directly next to vertical circulation so that it is the first area guests interact with. Natural lighting and attention to design is key to making it a welcoming space.

Small Office (2) Size: 5,150 ft2

The small office is built to house a company of up to 25 people.

The majority of the staff would be housed in an open office floor plan, with 2 private offices dedicated to senior employees.

Two conference rooms would provide a quiet space for client and company meetings. 600 square feet would be dedicated to storage, server, and supply rooms. The open office should have plenty of indirect light to promote a healthy atmosphere to work in.

Medium Office (2) Size: 12,250 ft2

The medium office is built to house a company of up to 65 people. The majority of the staff would be housed in an open office floor plan, with 5 private offices dedicated to senior employees. Four conference rooms would provide a quiet space for client and company meetings. 1,000 square feet would be dedicated to storage, server, and supply rooms. The open office should have plenty of indirect light to promote a healthy atmosphere to work in.

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Large Office (2) Size: 17,600 ft2

The small office is built to house a company of up to 120 people. The majority of the staff would be housed in an open office floor plan, with 10 private offices dedicated to senior employees. Six conference rooms would provide a quiet space for client and company meetings. 1,600 square feet would be dedicated to storage, server, and supply rooms. The open office should have plenty of indirect light to promote a healthy atmosphere to work in.

Kitchen (2) Size: 500 ft2

A kitchen would be provided on both floors of office space to serve all offices on that floor. Each kitchen would provide two refrigerators, a dishwasher, a sink, and 20 linear feet of counter space. Next to the kitchen area would be a seating area or bar that accommodates 30 people to act as a lunch/break room for the offices.

Event Center Size: 6,140 ft2

The event center is a gathering space for up to 400 people that is rentable to anyone. This provides a place for any party, reception, or conference that would want a place close to downtown and overlooking the Beltline Promenade. The event center would consist of a large banquet room with a stage that would serve as the main ceremony hall. This space must be highly designed with access to natural light. Three suite rooms are provided to serve as gathering and meeting spaces before, during, and after events. A full-service catering kitchen should be located close to the banquet room. A large storage space that stores tables, chairs, and decorations must also be provided. Outdoor connections like a rooftop bar and patio have been added to give a secondary area to gather and socialize.

Housing Studio Apartment (30) Size: 450 ft

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patio (2) Size: 600 ft2

Studio apartment units will be the smallest option available for residents in the building. A maximum of two people can live in this apartment, and is ideal for a single person or a young couple. A bedroom and kitchen will be placed in one room to save space and provide openness. This room should be large and provide plenty of light since the unit is lacking a living room. One bathroom is provided in the studio unit, as well as a laundry closet and a storage room.

The patio will be the outdoor area that residents and their guests will be able to use. Each floor of housing will get one, and seating and tables should be furnished. Since it will be open air, sunlight should penetrate the space at least 4-5 hours a day. A small area that is covered would be ideal in case of inclement weather.

2-Bed Apartment (30)

Size: 5,650 ft2

Size: 800 ft2

Two bedroom apartment units will be the mid-range option available for residents in the building. Although 1-3 people can live in this apartment, it is ideal for couples or two single people. Two bedrooms and a large living room will be provided with plenty of lighting and opportunities for natural ventilation.

The kitchen and dining area will be larger than the studio unit, therefore serving a larger number of people. One bathroom is provided in the 2-bed unit, as well as a laundry closet and a storage room.

3-Bed Apartment (30)

Fitness Center The fitness center is the energetic hub to the office and housing areas. It will be serving all staff and residents of the building, and be readily accessible via main circulation paths. A foyer area would need to be close to the front to check patrons in and provide help as needed. Close by would be a laundry and janitorial space for the staff to use. Men’s and women’s locker rooms will serve as restrooms, changing areas, showers, and locker space for any users. The facilities provided to any patrons will be a large weight training area & machine exercise area. On top of this, three-600 square feet studio rooms will be provided to hold classes such as yoga, pilates, or Zumba.

These studios should have plenty of natural light and tall ceilings with opportunities to use natural ventilation.

Size: 1,000 ft2

Three bedroom apartment units will be the largest option available for residents in the building. Up to 4 people can live in this apartment, but it is ideal for a small family or three roommates. Three bedrooms and a large living room will be provided with plenty of lighting and opportunities for natural ventilation. The kitchen and dining area will be larger than the studio unit, therefore serving a larger number of people. Two bathrooms are provided in the 3-bed unit, as well as a laundry closet and a storage room.

Programming

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Building Support Restrooms Size: 1,900 ft

2

Security Office Size: 800 ft2

As stated in the International Building Code, restrooms are required for any building type. Sizing and number of restrooms needed is determined by the occupant load. Public restrooms will be provided in the bazaar, grocery store, restaurants, fitness center, offices, and event space. Private restrooms will be provided in each housing unit.

A security office would be an area where security guards and monitors would be located. This hub would be the central control room for the security team, providing up to 10 workstations for those managing the building.

Loading Docks (4)

Size: 100 ft2

Size: 400 ft2

Loading docks will be provided to help with the delivery and unloading of goods and merchandise. Since a large part of the building is retail, four docks will be needed to keep up with the demand of shipments. This area should be located next to a large freight elevator and main circulation paths to ease with the unpacking of shipments.

MEP (2) Size: 8,400 ft2

Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing needs of this building will be housed in this area. Air handling units, boilers, water tanks, electrical panels, and more will be located here. This machinery should be arranged with circulation paths between them to service if necessary. A server room should also be added to equip the buildings internet and data needs. Mechanical and electrical chases with service rooms will be provided on each floor. Large equipment and machinery will be placed in either the basement or on a rooftop penthouse.

Storage Size: 3,000 ft2

A large storage space for the bazaar will be located in the basement. Room for tables, chairs, decorations, goods, and more must be provided.

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

Janitorial Closets (6) Provided on each floor, these rooms would be an area where staff can access cleaning supplies and tools. It should be located discretely, yet close to main circulation paths.

Trash Rooms (6) Size: 150 ft2

A space provided to collect trash should be provided on each floor. Staff and residents of the building would bring their trash to this room, where the custodial crew would later empty into the garbage enclosure outside. Trash rooms next to bazaar functions should add an additional 100 sf to account for larger amounts of waste.

Circulation Size: 59,600 ft2

Vertical and horizontal circulation around the building will be a key element in how the building is laid out. The circulation paths should be planned out logically and try to connect the shortest paths possible. Though not always achievable, natural light and visual connections would be ideal to keep users engaged throughout each floor.

Site Support Parking Size: 42,000 ft

2

As stated in the International Building Code, parking stalls are required for mixed-use buildings. 140 stalls are needed, determined by the occupant load of the building. Parking for the public will be minimal, with the majority of parking being for staff and residents. Members of the public can park in parking structures adjacent to the site or use the public transit system in Atlanta.

Plaza Space Size: 6,000 ft2

This is the main outdoor public space that complements the bazaar. This plaza will provide seating and tables in a variety of settings. The purpose of the space is to connect the Beltline Promenade with the bazaar, so permeability and openness are key design factors. Users of the beltline can feel like they can stop here and relax for a while. It should be inviting to all ages, and should be a front door to the bazaar from the park.

Outdoor Dining (2) Size: 400 ft2

Next to each restaurant should be a space provided for outdoor dining. This space should provide ample shade for customers.

The semi-enclosed area should provide seating for around 40 guests, with a wait station attached.

Garbage Enclosure Size: 500 ft2

A garbage enclosure should be located to give garbage trucks easy access. Proximity to vertical circulation is ideal to help circulate garbage from trash rooms on each floor.

Rooftop Bar Size: 600 ft2

A garbage enclosure should be located to give garbage trucks easy access. Proximity to vertical circulation is ideal to help circulate garbage from trash rooms on each floor.

Rooftop Patio Size: 1,000 ft2

A garbage enclosure should be located to give garbage trucks easy access. Proximity to vertical circulation is ideal to help circulate garbage from trash rooms on each floor.

Mechanical Penthouse Size: 4,000 ft2

A garbage enclosure should be located to give garbage trucks easy access. Proximity to vertical circulation is ideal to help circulate garbage from trash rooms on each floor.

Gardens Size: 8,000 ft2

Garden space should be provided outside to grow fresh produce for the bazaar. This produce could then be sold by vendors or used in a farm-to-table restaurant. The garden needs access to sunlight for several hours a day, while an area with shade plants will be kept separate with a shading structure over it.

Programming

29

PROGRAM BRIEF Total Built Space 380,500 ft2 Bazaar 23% Office 20% Housing 19% Building Support 20% Site Support 18%

Bazaar 87,700 ft2 Lobby 600 ft2 Restaurants 2 x 6,350 ft2

Dining Area 3,000 ft2 Bar 300 ft2

Waiting Area 150 ft2 Kitchen 2,000 ft2 Pantry/Walk-In 400 ft2

Janitor Closet 100 ft2 Restrooms 400 ft2 Coffee Shop 2,500 ft2

Seating Area 1,500 ft2

Small Retail 150 ft2

Coffee Bar 350 ft2 Kitchen 150 ft2 Storage 100 ft2

Janitor Closet 50 ft2 Restrooms 200 ft2 Bakery 2,500 ft2 Kitchen 1,000 ft2

Display Counter 400 ft2

Retail Area 400 ft2

Educational Room 350 ft2 Pantry/Walk-In 250 ft2

Janitor Closet 50 ft2

Employee Restroom 50 ft2 Grocery Store 9,200 ft2

Main Entry 300 ft2

Check-Out Area 300 ft2

General Sales Area 3,300 ft2 Coolers 300 ft2 Freezers 300 ft2

Produce Area 1,200 ft2 Deli 900 ft2

Baked Goods 600 ft2

Manager’s Office 110 ft2

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Mixed-Use Bazaar

Break Room 140 ft2

Stock Area 1,600 ft2

Janitor’s Closet 50 ft2 Restrooms 100 ft2 Food Boutiques 8 x 1,400 ft2

Retail Area 1,000 ft2

Service Counter 150 ft2 Storage 200 ft2 Office 50 ft2 Eateries 8 x 1,400 ft2 Kitchen 650 ft2

Waiting/Seating Area 350 ft2

Service Counter 150 ft2 Storage 200 ft2 Office 50 ft2 Medium Retail Boutiques 8 x 2,550 ft2

Retail Area 2,000 ft2

Service Counter 300 ft2 Storage 200 ft2 Office 50 ft2 Small Retail Boutiques 8 x 1,300 ft2

Retail Area 1,000 ft2

Service Counter 150 ft2 Storage 100 ft2 Office 50 ft2 Grand Hall 7,000 ft2

Office 77,950 ft2 Reception Area Small Offices

Open Office Space

Conference Rooms

Private Offices

Storage & Servers Medium Offices

Open Office Space

Conference Rooms

Private Offices

Storage & Servers Large Offices

Open Office Space

Conference Rooms

Private Offices

Storage & Servers

2 x 400 ft2 2 x 5,150 ft2 3,750 ft2 500 ft2 300 ft2 600 ft2 2 x 12,250 ft2 9,500 ft2 1,000 ft2 750 ft2 1,000 ft2 2 x 17,600 ft2 13,000 ft2 1,500 ft2 1,500 ft2 1,600 ft2

Kitchens 2 x 500 ft2 Event Center 6,140 ft2

Banquet Room 4,500 ft2 Stage 200 ft2

Catering Kitchen 200 ft2

Suites 3 x 600 ft2 Storage 400 ft2 Restrooms 240 ft2

Housing 73,150 ft2

Studio Apartments 30 x 450 ft2 Bedroom/Kitchen 300 ft2 Bathroom 50 ft2 Storage 50 ft2

Laundry Closet 10 ft2 Mechanical 40 ft2 2-Bed Apartments 30 x 800 ft2

Bedrooms 2 x 150 ft2 Bathroom 65 ft2

Kitchen and Dining 200 ft2

Living Room 150 ft2 Storage 50 ft2

Laundry Closet 10 ft2 Mechanical 25 ft2 3-Bed Apartments 30 x 1,000 ft2

Bedrooms 3 x 145 ft2

Bathrooms 2 x 65 ft2

Kitchen and Dining 200 ft2

Living Room 150 ft2 Storage 50 ft2

Laundry Closet 10 ft2 Mechanical 25 ft2 Patio 2 x 600 ft2 Fitness Center 5,650 ft2

Front Desk/Foyer 200 ft2

Men’s Locker Room 500 ft2

Women’s Locker Room 500 ft2

Machine Area 1,000 ft2

Weights Area 1,000 ft2

Open Option 500 ft2

Classrooms 3 x 600 ft2

Laundry & Janitorial 150 ft2

Building Support 76,800 ft2 Restrooms 1,900 ft2 Loading Docks 4 x 400 ft2

Truck Pull-In 200 ft2

Staging Area 200 ft2 MEP 8,400 ft2 Mechanical 4,000 ft2 Electrical 500 ft2 Plumbing 1,000 ft2 Servers 50 0 ft2

M/E Chases 6 x 400 ft2 Storage 3,000 ft2 Security Office 800 ft2 Janitorial Closets 6 x 100 ft2 Trash Rooms 6 x 150 ft2 Circulation (20%) 59,600 ft2

site Support

64,900 ft2

Parking 42,000 ft2 Plaza Space 6,000 ft2 Outdoor Dining 2 x 400 ft2 Gardens 8,000 ft2 Garbage Enclosure 500 ft2 Rooftop Bar 600 ft2 Rooftop Patio 1,000 ft2 Mechanical Penthouse 4,000 ft2

Programming

31

adjacent programs Adjacencies between spaces have been broken down into four categories: the bazaar, offices, housing, and support. With the use of space bubble diagrams, connections are able to be visualized and implemented. A major consideration when looking at the layout of this entire building will be circulation space. With a width of only 50 feet, the placement of circulation spaces will be key in determining where the rest of the programmatic elements are located. The bulk of the program need to be connected to circulation routes, whether this is horizontal or vertical.

function, with public spaces on the first few levels and more private areas on the upper levels. Since the bazaar is the most public and populated operation, it should be directly adjacent to the street-life and park space. Offices, being semi-public, will be located above the bazaar, allowing accessibility to staff and clients. Housing is situated at the top of the building because it is the most private function of the building, giving residents a sense of security and place within the scheme.

Since all the four main functions of the building don’t need to interact with the other parts of the building, vertical organization should be simple and clear. Each floor will likely house a major

Bar

Kitchen

Patio

Lobby

Patio

RR Event Center

RR Small Offices

Circulation

Circulation Fitness Center

Studio

Large Offices Medium Offices

2-Bed 3-Bed

Housing Adjacencies and Connections

32

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Office Adjacencies and Connections

Housing OfďŹ ce Bazaar Support Exterior

Functional layout of building by levels

Gardens Patio

Storage Coffee Shop

Loading Docks

Food Retail

Restaurants

Eateries Grand Hall Bakery

Small Retail

Plaza Lobby

Circulation RR

Medium Retail

Security

MEP Grocery Store

Circulation

Janitor RR

Bazaar Adjacencies and Connections

Trash Rooms Dumpsters

Support Adjacencies and Connections

Programming

33

user groups When planning out a project and programming it, a designer should think about all the possible occupants that may one day interact with the design.

Possible user groups show us how to design each space differently to cater to the needs of the correct user. Whether a space is used by back-ofhouse staff or an everyday patron, the wants and needs of the user must be considered. In terms of a mixed-use bazaar, the user groups will likely be quite diverse. By documenting these scenarios and breaking them down, a viable strategy can start to take form.

User Groups Bazaar Staff

Grocery Store Patrons

The bazaar staff consists of those who staff kiosks, stalls, restaurants, retail shops, and eateries. This also includes service staff such as janitorial and security workers. This staff must ensure the marketplace is running smoothly and efficiently. The typical worker will be in the building several times a week for 4-8 hours at a time. They will need access to the first few levels of the building, where the commercial spaces are located, as well as some support spaces in the basement.

The patrons of the grocery store will likely be coming to this building on a regular basis for their grocery shopping. They will need access to the public areas of the grocery store, and will stay for just a few hours at most. These patrons are locals to the area, probably living in close proximity to downtown Atlanta.

Building Access: Levels 0-2 Hours of Access: 7am-9pm 7 days a week Amount of Staff: 200-350 people

Bazaar Patrons

Building Access: Levels 1-2 Hours of Access: 9am-9pm 7 days a week Amount of Patrons: 250-1,500 people The patrons of the bazaar are the largest group that will be visiting this building. These people are those who will shop, dine, and socialize in the main public spaces of the project. The patrons will most likely come to the bazaar as a destination, only a few times a month. They will be able to access the first few levels where all of the commercial spaces are located. These patrons are most likely live somewhere in the metropolitan region of Atlanta unless they are visiting from out of town.

Grocery Store Staff Building Access: Levels 0-2 Hours of Access: 7am-9pm 7 days a week Amount of Staff: 20-50 people

This staff will be responsible for running the grocery store on a day to day basis. Like the bazaar staff, they will have access to the commercial areas of the building, but will mainly stay on the first floor where the grocery store is located. These workers will be in the building several times a week for their shifts.

36

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Building Access: Levels 1-2 Hours of Access: 9am-9pm 7 days a week Amount of Patrons: 20-150 people

Office Staff

Building Access: Levels 3-4 Hours of Access: 7am-9pm 7 days a week Amount of Staff: 400-700 people The office staff is those that operate in a company on the office floors. These professionals will be at the building during typical business hours Mondays through Fridays. Their access is limited to the floor their office is on, minus the other public spaces throughout the bazaar.

Office Clients & Guests Building Access: Levels 3-4 Hours of Access: 8am-5pm 5 days a week Amount of Guests: 10-75 people

The clients and guests of the office employees are a group that will be in the building for short amounts of time. They are typically coming for meetings with the companies, just a few times a month at most. They will have limited access to just public areas of the offices like the lobby and conference rooms. Like the office staff, they will only be in the building during typical business hours.

Fitness Center Staff

Event Patrons

Those who are employed at the fitness center may be part or full-time employees who teach classes, carry out administrative duties, or clean the facilities. They will be here several times a week, with access to the two-story fitness center between the housing and office floors.

Event patrons are the people who are invited to and participating in any activity that happens on the event space.

These people will just have access to the 6th floor event space and adjacent rooftop access. They will only be at the building once or twice a year at most during the duration of the event.

In the event space, they will just have access to the public gathering spaces.

Building Access: Levels 4-5 Hours of Access: 5am-10pm 7 days a week Amount of Staff: 10-40 people

Fitness Center Patrons Building Access: Levels 4-5 Hours of Access: 6am-9pm 7 days a week Amount of Patrons: 25-150 people

The patrons of the fitness center are those who are residents, office staff, or bazaar staff. These groups are given exclusive access to the fitness center as a bonus of working/living in the building. They will most likely use the center for an hour or two at a time, up to 7 days a week. In addition to their current access in the building, they will also be able to use these facilities during the day.

Event Staff

Building Access: Level 6 Hours of Access: 6 hours before and 2 hours after events Amount of Staff: 10-50 people The staff includes those who are employed by the event space or the event coordinator. This staff will have access to the public and private areas of the facilities in order to run events smoothly. The staff will not be working a regular schedule like other staff in the building, but will just work when meetings, parties, and receptions are held. They will typically work a few hours before and after events take place.

Building Access: Level 6 Hours of Access: Varies per event times Amount of Patrons: 100-500 people

Residents

Building Access: Levels 5-6 Hours of Access: Unlimited Amount of Residents: 120-270 people The residents are the full time inhabitants of the most private areas of the building. They are located on the top floors, away from the hustle and bustle of the commercial areas of the building. These people can access the building any time of day, with restricted access to their apartment unit. They will most likely be gone during business hours at jobs, freeing up parking for office staff.

Resident Guests Building Access: Levels 5-6 Hours of Access: Unlimited Amount of Guests: 10-75 people

The guests of residents are those who are invited over by current inhabitants. These people will have access to any areas the residents can access, as long as they are together.

While they can come to the building anytime, most guests will only be over for a few hours at a time.

User Groups

37

precedents Looking at precedents to help ground and inspire this bazaar is key to determining a strategy moving forward. While researching projects, focusing on typical building types that relate to goals of the project helps to gain understanding of what a bazaar could be. The four project types are adaptive reuse, modern bazaars, modern markets, and shopping centers. By being able to understand the separate functions that occur in the bazaar, a more informed solution that accomplishes many goals can be made.

adaptive-reuse Leszczynski Antoniny Manor Architect: NA NO WO architekci Location: Jana Ostroroga, Leszno, Poland Area: 8,930 m2 Year: 2015

The restoration and renovation of three former farm buildings in Poland looks at adaptive reuse in a new light. The healthcare and residential facility focused on creating a coherent complex that provided each programmatic function the space it needed.

All of the buildings had a different height, character, and materials that related to the time of their construction. The use of Cor-Ten steel sheets throughout the manor design helps to symbolize the passage of time. Each building uses the steel in a different way, yet holistically ties together each structure.5 Moving forward, using modern materiality between different styles of architecture will help to create a cohesive building.

Aged Cor-Ten steel is used in many ways to provide relief from stark white facades 5

marseilles Docks Architect: 5+1AA Location: Marseille, France Area: 21,000 m2 Year: 2015

The redevelopment of the historical Marseilles docks was a big undertaking, but 5+1AA say the project was a way to re-establish bonds between the city, the site, and the local inhabitants. Using light and visual apertures, they have creating original atmospheres which create different ephemeral qualities as you move through the building. Penetrations and transparencies of space break up the patron’s movement and site, creating moments of reflection and interest.6 By using parametric design and construction techniques a vocabulary between old and new can start to reintegrate the design.

Modernized approach to facade treatments on an existing building 6

40

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Both buildings within the manor are tied together with the use of Cor-Ten steel 5

Large art pieces forming space within a courtyard 6

Updated facades are modernized with minimal ornaments and new window treatments 5

Aerial of Les Docks showing new addition in conjunction with the original building 6

Precedents

41

modern bazaars Capri on Via Roma Architect: BDA Architecture Location: Isle of Capri, Australia Area: 7,200 m2 Year: 2013

This commodity style shopping incorporates retail, dining, and grocery under one roof to act as a one-stop destination for the Gold Coast region of Australia. The hall spaces are light and airy, with opportunities to open up the building to the subtropical climate. The warm breezes from the ocean are ideal to ventilate the space most of the year. Supergraphics and signage are used throughout the project to act as a way-finding device for the patrons. This project poses as a landmark on the waterfront to draw people in and redefine what convenience shopping should be.7 Branding with supergraphics should be a strong focus of this project to bring together the mix of commercial, retail, office, and housing spaces.

Large, double height entrance to the bazaar with lots of natural light 7

Forks Market Food Hall Architect: Number TEN Architectural Group Location: Winnipeg, Canada Area: 975 m2 Year: 2016

The design of the Forks Market Food Hall aims to define Winnipeg’s beloved public space as a vibrant and social environment. The Forks is a historic trading site, meeting place, and green space, located at the convergence of two rivers in downtown Winnipeg. This shopping and dining destination unites two historic structures with a place to relax with friends and family. The former horse stalls were re-imagined as food kiosks, with an industrial material palette to pay homage to the machine shops and freight car factories that once resided here.8 The large top-lit hall is a grand space that is intimate yet vibrant, providing a great example of a successful industrial renovation project.

Open food hall which uses materials that pay homage to the industrial past 8

42

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Coffee shop tenant space inside the building with signage 7

Front facade of Capri on Via Roma, with landmark signage and public exterior spaces 7

Bar at the end of the food hall that orients and localizes people within the space 8

Natural and artificial lighting evoking a warm, social atmosphere 8

Precedents

43

modern markets Mercado Roma

Architect: Rojkind Arquitectos + Cadena y Asociados Location: Roma Nte., Mexico City, Mexico Area: 1,750 m2 Year: 2013 Mercado Roma serves as a space to express the rich contemporary gastronomic culture in Mexico. The space is designed to promote encounters and interactions between people, making memorable moments when you visit. By reinterpreting the grid of a traditional market, the ground floor engages the customers in a personal way. Upper levels house restaurants and a roof deck. A vertical also incorporates an open air garden on the interior that will be harvested and sold at the market.9 By providing a space for community interaction and engagement Mercado Roma sets a precedent for how to prepare and present food in an evolving market.

Front facade of the Mercado Roma which engages the street-life 9

Marly-le-roi market Architect: Ameller Dubois & Associes Location: Marly-le-Roi, France Area: 16,400 m2 Year: 2014

This market, located just outside Paris, looks at how a marketplace can integrate natural systems and light in a minimalistic yet effective way. The roof slightly pulls up at point, allowing light to flow from above food stalls. The roof is covered in vegetation, providing thermal comfort and rainwater management. A forecourt beside the building was created to house exterior stalls and create a public plaza for local residents in the neighborhood. The natural slope of the topography is generously planted with trees and flowerbeds that acts as a front door to the community.10 Natural light and greenspace can be an essential tool in engaging patrons to come back and enjoy a building on a regular basis. Without these key features, the modern marketplace wouldn’t be a vibrant and inviting place to be.

44

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Green roof structure of the Marly-le-Roi market that folds upwards 10

Food and drink stations weave around the floor plan to promote interaction and engagement

Natural light reveal from roof folds above with marketplace stalls underneath 10

Grand cafe space that opens to vertical gardens 9

Site plan of the marketplace which engages housing, plazas, and green spaces 10

Precedents

45

shopping centers Tsvetnoy

Architect: Project Meganom Location: Moscow, Russia Area: 37,000 m2 Year: 2010 Tsvetnoy is a shopping complex that includes restaurants, commercial and retail, public areas, and a market. Because of a residential property setback near the site, the market was not allowed to be built on a the first floor. Instead, Project Meganom located it on the 5th level of the building and create an open atrium connecting all floors of dining and shopping.

In the atrium, public art and a green wall rise to the top of the space to move your eyes upward.11 Compressing spaces vertically instead of horizontally in this project has been key to making an intimate yet diverse experience while shopping.

Front folding facade of Tsvetnoy with vertical windows to allow natural light 11

Shopping Center Pivovar Decin Architect: Studio acht Location: Decin, Czech Republic Area: 34,420 m2 Year: 2014

This shopping center acts as a commercial and socio-cultural center of Pivovar Decin and is located in the former Decin brewery. The configuration of the floor plans are based on joining the previous inner courtyards. By uniting these spaces, a bright gallery was created to unite the access to all shopping units. Glass atriums and pop-outs were created to link visually throughout the center. Trying to preserve the original building, most materials were recycled and restored to create a minimal and industrial palette, true to the original 19th century design.12 Respecting the existing fabric has created a simple yet effective design for this shopping center.

Central atrium which connects both levels of the shopping center 12

46

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Atrium with public art and a vertical green wall 11

The marketplace, located on the top floor, with materials that enlarge and enliven the space 11

Exposed original materials bring a natural feel to the complex, with ceiling reveals around the excavated structure 12

Skylight from second floor radiates into the lower level 12

Precedents

47

Predesign Considering all the prior research and analysis is vital when moving from a planning phase to a design phase. Throughout pre-design, three schemes have been developed, named Linking, Thresholds, and Cascade. With each design, site analysis and adjacencies were considered heavily. A strong connection between the street and the Beltline Promenade was the first priority. Next, a focus on reconnecting throughout the building vertically and horizontally was key to creating a cohesive design.

The Linking scheme focuses on erasing the barrier between Spring Street and the Beltline Promenade. Next, the Thresholds idea organizes spaces vertically and deals with a space within a space. Lastly, the Cascade design tries to unite the building within its own fabric. Though each design takes a drastically different approach, the three ideas try to achieve some of the same goals of connectivity throughout the site and the building.

linking The linking scheme first and foremost tries to reconnect the street to the Beltline Promenade. Through tunnels that occur every 4 bays in the existing building’s structural grid, the fabric of the building is broken allowing the passage of people to flow more easily. To connect within the building vertically, atriums are placed in the center of the tunnels to allow views into other floors of the building. These atriums also act as light wells, bringing natural sunlight deep into the center of the structure.

On the back side of the building lies the grand hall, a paviliontype addition that is proposed to house the marketplace and other bazaar functions. It is intentionally kept open to act as

Bazaar Grand Hall

Bazaar

OfďŹ ce Housing

Plan Parti

Section perspective showing horizontal and vertical links

50

Mixed-Use Bazaar

a transitional structure between the park and the bazaar. The office functions of the complex are housed on the 4th and 5th floors, with residential dwelling units on the 6th and 7th floors.

Pathways to the multimodal pathways of the Promenade are extended onto the pedestrian bridge running through the site.

Front View

Back View

PreDesign

51

thresholds The threshold’s scheme differs from the other two schemes because of its organization of major functions vertically. The building is almost evenly divided into 3 sections horizontally, which house the residential units, the bazaar, and the offices respectively. Around the bazaar section, which is in the center part of the building, there is a screened courtyard.

This courtyard encloses the existing building, allowing circulation to flow around the entire perimeter of the bazaar.

Two penetrations through this enclosed courtyard are made, once in the front along the street and once in the back near the park. These two ‘exterior’ courtyards act as entry points into

the public realm of the building, and the screened facade pulls upwards to invite people in. On the street side, a sunken plaza is located 20 feet below grade (which is currently existing) to create a space to allow light into the basement and provide landscaping in the front of the building. In the back, the Beltline Promenade is extended to the edge of the screened courtyard, allowing for a procession from park grade to building grade as you enter below the first floor.

Exterior Courtyard Interior Courtyard Housing

Bazaar Exterior Courtyard

Open Air Cour tyard

Plan Parti

Section perspective showing open-air courtyards and bazaar

52

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Office

Stree

es

ranc

t Ent

Front View

Prom

enade

Entra

nces

Back View

PreDesign

53

CASCADE The cascade idea came from a desire to reconnect the building within its own fabric, both horizontally and vertically. Because of the irregular shape of being long and narrow, large pieces of program such as the grand hall, restaurant, and event center were offset onto different floors and given a multiple floor volume. These two-story volumes are all directly adjacent to each other, creating a stair-step or ‘cascade’ effect. Between these volumes, light can flow through and visual sightlines are available throughout the entire building. On the west side of the building, sculptural circulation bars were added to the outside to allow for more room on the floor plate of the

Patio

Fitness Center

Event Center

existing building. These help users, residents, and staff to circulate in their own space without disrupting functions that are happening within the existing fabric. Along Spring Street, the sunken plaza has been covered to allow users to enter on grade with the first level of the bazaar. The Beltline Promenade is addressed on the west facade by terracing the landscape gently down to park grade, with plenty of room for plaza and garden space.

Restaurant

Bazaar Grand Hall

Section Parti

Housing

Office Bazaar Bazaar Perspective showing Circulation and Double-Height Spaces

54

Mixed-Use Bazaar

Bazaar

Front View

Back View

PreDesign

55

citations 1. “Norfolk Southern Complex, Front.” Digital image. Georgia Trust. 2012. Accessed November 4, 2016. <http://www. georgiatrust.org/news/2012pip/atlanta_railroads.php> 2. “Norfolk Southern Complex, Back.” Digital image. Georgia Trust. 2012. Accessed November 4, 2016. <http://www. georgiatrust.org/news/2012pip/atlanta_railroads.php> 3. Staples, Gracie Bonds. “Starving for Nutrition.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 6, 2015. Accessed November 7, 2016. <http://investigations.myajc.com/fooddeserts/> 4. USA. Center for Disease Control. Division of News and Electronic Media. A Look Inside Food Deserts. Compiled by Associate Director for Communication. September 24, 2012.

Accessed November 7, 2016. <http://www.cdc.gov/features/ FoodDeserts/> 5. “Leszczynski Antoniny Manor Intervention / NA NO WO architekci” 05 Feb 2016. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www.archdaily.com/781567/leszczynski-antoninymanor-intervention-na-no-wo-architekci/> 6. “Marseilles Docks / 5+1AA” 15 Apr 2016. ArchDaily.

Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www.archdaily.com/785412/ marseilles-docks-5-plus-1aa/> 7. “Capri on Via Roma / BDA Architecture” 02 May 2014.

ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www.archdaily. com/501844/capri-on-via-roma-bda-architecture/>

8. “The Forks Market Food Hall / Number TEN Architectural Group” 08 Jul 2016. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http:// www.archdaily.com/790796/the-forks-market-food-hallnumber-ten-architectural-group/> 9. “Mercado Roma / Rojkind Arquitectos + Cadena y Asociados” 09 Mar 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www.archdaily.com/606453/mercado-roma-rojkindarquitectos/> 10. “Marly-le-Roi Market / Ameller Dubois & Associés “ 06 Feb 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www. archdaily.com/594489/marly-le-roi-market-ameller-duboisand-associes/> 11. “Tsvetnoy / Project Meganom” 28 Jun 2014. ArchDaily.

Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www.archdaily.com/517170/ tsvetnoy-project-meganom/> 12. “Shopping Center Pivovar Děčín / Studio acht” 25 Apr 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 4 Nov 2016. <http://www. archdaily.com/622885/shopping-center-pivovar-decinstudio-acht/>