R
tARA sEARS
table of contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
overview code analysis pre design site design design evolution program organization interior architecture building tectonic citations
2-9 10-19 20-27 28-35 36-43 44-51 52-59 60-69 70-71
overview
bazaar Overview A bazaar is defined as an enclosed marketplace where goods and services are sold. In most cases, bazaars are the social and economic hubs of cities, bringing people and products together. In order to be effective, a bazaar must be enlivened by people who can come together to create a bustling environment of cuisine and commerce. The bazaar must become an embodiment of the community and provide services that the people want and need. Without the community at the forefront of the business, it will not succeed long.
professional work and interactions to be done. Site support spaces will also be included to help run the entire ‘organism’ as smoothly and efficiently as possible.
Through site analysis, a general knowledge of the urban forces acting upon the site will be addressed. These forces will start to shape the design moving forward. An existing abandoned building was chosen as the site, providing an opportunity for an adaptive reuse project. This building, an old railway office building, is unique in its size. Only 50 feet wide and over 750 feet long, it provides a rare opportunity The intent of this bazaar is to stitch together various to work within tight constraints. Looking forward, the design communities and people within downtown Atlanta to must be flexible yet stringent to meet all the criteria needed a central commodity and shopping destination. Being to make the bazaar a successful and vibrant place. adjacent to the Beltline Promenade, this site is ideal for connection between east and west Atlanta. The community Overall, this project is provocative in the fact that it can should be the focus of the design, with interactions and engage every member of the public in some way. The bazaar engagement being drivers. Not only will this project become and additional functions are accessible by all, and needed a lively and sought after destination, it should perform by many. With it, one can only hope that it will provoke additional functions in order to sustain itself. Housing will be interactions, collaborations, and connections that wouldn’t provided to help populate downtown Atlanta and to create be possible before. users for the bazaar. Office spaces also help to promote and bring people to this building, and provide places for
4
Mixed-Use Bazaar
35% Bazaar
17% Building Support
Restaurants Coffee Shop Bakery Grocery Store Food Boutiques Eateries Retail Boutiques Food Hall
Restrooms MEP Loading Docks & Storage Security Office Janitorial and Trash Rooms
16% Site Support 16% Office Reception Medium Offices Large Offices Kitchenettes Event Center
Parking Plaza Space Outdoor Dining Gardens
18% Housing 1-Bed Apartments 2-Bed Apartments 3-Bed Apartments Patio Fitness Center
Overview
5
Why in Atlanta? Small Grocery Stores Restaurants & Cafes
“Food deserts are areas that lack access to affordable fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lowfat milk, and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet.� -Center for Disease Control 1
6
Mixed-Use Bazaar
Food deserts, defined as places that have low access to affordable and healthy groceries, are prevalent around American cities, but Atlanta has been plagued with more deserts than most. 35 distinct food deserts can be found inside Atlanta’s city limits, according to the Atlanta JournalConstitution. People living in these areas, around 20% of the population, have to commute long distances to get access to good supermarkets. Worse still, many of these residents don’t have access to a vehicle at all. Public transit can help, but many Atlantans are finding that the MARTA routes only get them part of the way to a store, and time schedules are not very reliable either. 2 Looking at the current conditions in the area, there is only one small grocery store that is located within a 2 mile radius.
If you start to look at restaurants and cafes around, they are placed few and far between. From these findings, one can infer that the downtown core desperately needs access to fresh ingredients and healthy dining. A bazaar style market in downtown in Atlanta would help to solve many of these issues. With a more connected downtown, residents around the area can come to the bazaar to get healthy and affordable groceries. It provides a place to interact and engage with the community while providing a necessity in people’s lives. Restaurants and eateries within the bazaar would provide additional dining options for neighborhood as well.
75% of our site is in a food desert 30% of Atlanta’s population is obese,
leading to associated illnesses
24% of households don’t have access to vehicles
Overview
7
Adaptive Reuse Norfolk Southern Offices Location: 125 Spring St. SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 Area: 32,700 ft2 per floor, 261,600 ft2 total Year Built: 1900 and 1945 Previous Uses: Office and Housing
building as they were during its conception. Structural bays are located every 17 feet lengthwise and 15 feet in width. The basement level opens up to the former gulch level, about 20 feet below street grade. The first floor is on grade with Spring St, with a pedestrian bridge running through The long and skinny floor plate was likely formed because of the building that stretches over to the historic Castleberry rail lines that ran parallel to the west facade. Some of these hill neighborhood. Above this main floor is six more stories, railroads still exist today, although they aren’t as close to the each 12 feet tall, that were once filled with offices. An adaptive reuse approach was taken in regards to the bazaar in Atlanta. With this approach, a once empty and abandoned property will now be re-inhabited and reimagined.
Abandoned Buildings Empty Surface Lots Norfolk Southern Complex
8
Mixed-Use Bazaar
East facade of the abandoned Norfolk Southern OfďŹ ces 3
West facade overlooking the Gulch and train tracks 4
Overview
9
Code analysis
code overview Zoning
Sidewalks
Building falls within SPI-1 (Special Public Interest)
Sidewalks must be a minimum of 15’ wide, including street furniture and trees. 10 feet of this will be for sidewalk and 5 feet will be for the required trees and street furniture. Bike lanes that are 4 feet wide are optional but recommended along applicable streets.
FAR (Floor Area Ratio) = 35 240 Vehicle parking spaces required 50 Bike parking spots required Open space requirement = 15% of floor area or 20% of lot area (whichever is larger)
Occupancy Classifications Assembly: A-2 & A-3 Large gathering spaces that are designed for food & drink consumption are classified as A-2, which include the grand hall, event center, and restaurants/eateries within the bazaar. Gathering spaces that are designed for entertainment, worship, or recreation are classified as A-3, which includes the fitness center and any public lobby or reception area.
10 ft. 5 ft. 4 ft.
Building Construction type
Business: B Business spaces are defined as areas that are used for Type I: Fire Resistive offices or service-type transaction spaces, which includes Walls, partitions, columns, floors and roofs are noncombustible. Designed to withstand the effects of all offices in the bazaar. fire for a limited time and prevent fire spread. Made of poured concrete and steel. Steel members must have a fire Mercantile: M Spaces that are classified as Mercantile, such as retail shops protective coating. and the grocery store, are defined as the areas for display and purchase of merchandise or goods.
Residential: R-2 Any residential building with more than two dwelling units with permanent tenants is classified as R-2, including all apartment units within this building.
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
ibc code analysis Chapter 3 – Use & Occupancy Classification [Section 302] Classification 5 “A room or space that is intended to be occupied at different times for different purposes shall comply with all of the requirements that are applicable to each of the purposes for which the room or space will be occupied.” [Section 303] Assembly Group A 5 A-2 Banquet halls, casinos, nightclubs, restaurants, and bars A-3 Art Galleries, community halls, museums, fitness centers
Exceptions [Section 303.1]: Occupancy less than 50 persons to be classified as Business Group B occupancy Occupancy less than 50 persons and accessory to another occupancy to be classified as Business Group B Room or space is less than 750 sq. ft. is to be classified as Business Group B
[Section 304] Business Group B 5 Banks, professional services, print shops, etc. [Section 309] Mercantile Group M 5 Department stores, retail or wholesale, sales rooms
Exceptions [Section 404.6] 1. A fire barrier isn’t required where a glass wall forming a smoke partition is provided. Sprinklers should be located on both sides of the separation, 4-12” away from the glass. Glass doors should be self-closing or automatic. 2. A fire barrier isn’t required where a glass-block wall assembly have a ¾ hour rating is provided. 3. A fire barrier isn’t required between the atrium and the adjoining spaces of any three floors of the atrium, provided such spaces are accounted for in the design of the smoke control system.
Chapter 5 – General Building Heights and Areas [Section 503] General Height and Area Limitations 5 503.1.2 Buildings on same lot – for reference [Section 504] Building Height and Number of Stories 5 *See Table 504.3 - Allowable Building Height *See Table 504.4 - Allowable Number of Stories [Section 506] Building Area 5 *See Table 506.2 - Allowable Area Factor
506.2.4- Mixed occupancy, multistory buildings For buildings with more than three stories above grade [Section 310.4] Residential Group R-2 R-2 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units of plane, the total building area shall be such that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the actual area of more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including apartments, hotels, each story divided by the allowable area of such stories, determined in accordance with Equation 5-3 based on and dormitories. applicable provisions of Section 508.1, shall not exceed three. 5
Chapter 4 – Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy
[Section 404] Atria 5 404.6- Enclosure of Atria Atrium spaces shall be separated from adjacent spaces by a 1-hr fire barrier
506.3- Frontage increase Every building shall adjoin or have access to a public way to receive an area factor increase based on frontage Minimum Distance of 20 feet in length Average Width=[(690x30)+(690x60)]/1380 W=45 Area Factor Increase=(Public way perimeter/Entire perimeter - .25)(W/30) (1380/1580 - .25)(45/30)=.934
Code Analysis
13
ibc code analysis [Section 508] Mixed Use & Occupancy 5 *See Table 508.4 - Required Separation of Occupancies
705.8- Maximum Area of Exterior Wall Openings With fire separation distance being 30 feet or greater, there is no limit to the amount of openings.
508.4.2 In each story, the building area shall be the sum of the ratios of the actual building area of each separated occupancy divided by the allowable building area of each separated occupancy shall not exceed 1. Exception [Section 508.4.2] [Section 903] Automatic Sprinkler Systems 5 Accessory assembly areas having a floor area less than 903.2.1.2 - Sprinklers are required for Group A-2. 750 sq. ft. are not considered separate spaces 903.2.1.3 - Sprinklers are required for Group A-3. 903.2.7 - Sprinklers are required for Group M. 903.2.8 - Sprinklers are required for Group R.
Chapter 9 – Fire Protection Systems
Chapter 6 – Types of Construction
Chapter 10 – Means of Egress
[Section 601] General 5 5 *See Table 601 - Fire Resistance Rating Requirements for [Section 1003] General Means of Egress 1003.2 - Ceiling height minimum is 7’6” Building Elements [Section 1004] Occupant Load 5 [Section 602] Construction Classification 5 Since all neighboring buildings are 30+ feet away, 0 hr. rated 1004.1.1- Cumulative Occupant Loads Where the path of egress includes many rooms, the assembly minimum required occupant loads shall be the combined occupant load of 602.2- Type I and II interconnected accessory or intervening spaces. Egress Type I and II construction are those made of path capacity shall be based on the cumulative occupant noncombustible materials loads of all rooms, areas, or spaces to that point. 602.3- Type III Type III construction is where the exterior walls are noncombustible and the interior elements are any permitted by code.
Chapter 7 – Fire-Resistance Rated Construction
1004.5- Outdoor areas Outdoor areas usable by building occupants shall be provided with means of egress, with occupant loads assigned by building officials according to anticipated use.
[Section 1005] Means of Egress Sizing 5 1005.3.1- Stairways The width of stairs shall be calculated by multiplying [Section 705] Exterior Walls 5 the occupant load served by such stairways by a means Cornices, eave overhangs, exterior balconies and similar of egress factor of 0.3” per occupant. When serving projections extending beyond the exterior wall shall conform more than one story, only the occupant load of each to the requirements of this section and Section 1406. story considered individually shall be used. 705.2- Minimum Distance of Projections With neighboring buildings being at least 30 feet away, projections of up to 20 feet in distance are allowed. The materials shall conform to the type of construction.
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
[Section 1006] Number of Exits/Exit Access Doorways 5 1006.2.1 - Egress based on Occupant Load Two exits are required unless otherwise noted in Table 1006.2.1
*See Table 1006.2.1 1006.2.1.1- Three or more exits Three exits shall be provided from any space with occupant loads of 501-1,000. Four exits shall be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1,000. *See Table 1006.3.1 - Minimum Number of Exits or Access to Exits per Story [Section 1017] Exit Access Travel Distance 5 *See Table 1017.2 - Exit Access Travel Distance 1017.3- Measurement: Exit Access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance to an exit. [Section 1020] Corridors 5 *See Table 1020.1 - Corridor Fire-Resistance Rating 1020.2 - Minimum Corridor Width Minimum Width of Corridors shall be 36” with loads of less than 50 or within dwelling units, 24” for access to MEP equipment, and 44” for all other cases. 1020.4 - Dead Ends Where more than one exit required, dead end corridors longer than 20 feet are not permitted. Exception [Section 1020.4] 5 In occupancies B, M, and R-2 that are sprinklered, the length of a dead end corridor may be up to 50 feet in length.
Chapter 11 – Accessibility [Section 1105] Accessible Entrances 5 1105.1- Public Entrances At least 60% of all public entrances are required to be accessible. [Section 1106] Parking and Passenger Loading Facilities 5 1106.1 - Accessible Parking Spaces For 101-150 spaces, 5 must be handicap accessible For 151-200 spaces, 6 must be handicap accessible
Code Analysis
15
[ R
ibc tables OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
TYPE I
TYPE III
A B A B A B OCCUPANCY TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III A, B, M, NS UL 160 65 55 65 55 CLASSIFICATION A B A B A B R OCCUPANCY TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III S UL 180 85 75 85 75 CLASSIFICATION A, B, M, NS UL 160 65 55 65 55 A B A B A B TableR 504.3- Allowable Building Height (feet) 5 Table 504.4 - Allowable Number of Stories S UL 180 85 75 85 75 UL 160 65 55 65 55 A, B, M, NS R OCCUPANCY TYPE I S UL 180 85 75 TYPE II 85 75 Table 504.4 - Allowable Number of Stories CLASSIFICATION A B A B Table 504.4 - Allowable Number of Stories OCCUPANCY TYPE I TYPE II CLASSIFICATION A-2, A-3 UL 12 4 3 A B A B OCCUPANCY TYPE I TYPE II B UL 12 6 4 CLASSIFICATION A-2, A-3 UL 12 4 3 A B A B M UL 12 5 3 B UL 12 6 4 A-2, A-3 UL 12 4 3 R-2 UL 12 5 5 M UL 12 5 3 B UL 12 6 4
R-2 UL [Section 506] Building Area M UL Table 506.2 - Allowable Area Factor R-2 Table 504.4- Allowable Number of Stories 5 UL [Section 506] Building Area Table 506.2 - Allowable Area Factor OCCUPANCY TYPE I CLASSIFICATION [Section 506] Building Area A Table 506.2 - Allowable Area Factor OCCUPANCY TYPE I CLASSIFICATION A-2, A-3 UL A OCCUPANCY TYPE I CLASSIFICATION A-2, A-3 UL A B UL
TYPE II
TYPE V A B TYPE V 50 40 A B TYPE V 70 60 50 40 A B 70 50
60 40
B 3 B 4 3 3 4
5 5
5 3
5 5
5 3
12
5
5
5
5
B UL B
A
TYPE II
[
B
12 12
TYPE II
3 4 3
B
A TYPE III
28,500 B 57,000 (A-3 only)
42,000 55,500 85,500
28,500 37,500 57,000 (A-3 only) 48,000 37,500 57,000
46,500 64,500 112,500
R-2 M B
UL UL UL
UL UL UL
72,000 64,500 112,500
28,500 37,500 69,000 (A-3 only) 48,000 37,500 69,000
42,000 28,500 A B TYPE III (A-3 only)
72,000 55,500 85,500
R-2 UL UL 72,000 48,000 72,000 48,000 506.2.4 Mixed occupancy, multistory buildings M UL UL 64,500 37,500 55,500 37,500 For buildings with more than three stories above grade plane, the total building area shall be such R-2 that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the actual area of each story divided by the allowable area UL UL 72,000 48,000 72,000 48,000 506.2.4 Mixed occupancy, multistory buildings For buildings with more than three stories above grade plane, the total building area shall be such of such stories, determined in accordance with Equation 5-3 based on applicable provisions of Table 506.2- Allowable Area Factor (square feet) 5 that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the actual area of each story divided by the allowable area Section 508.1, shall not exceed three. 506.2.4 Mixed occupancy, multistory buildings of such stories, determined in accordance with Equation 5-3 based on applicable provisions of For buildings with more than three stories above grade plane, the total building area shall be such Section 508.1, shall not exceed three. 506.3 Frontage increase Mixed-Use Bazaar that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the actual area of each story divided by the allowable area Every building shall adjoin or have access to a public way to receive an area factor increase based of such stories, determined in accordance with Equation 5-3 based on applicable provisions of
16
[
B
42,000 A 85,500
UL UL UL
C
TYPE III
UL B UL
UL UL UL
E
5
46,500 28,500 A B TYPE II (A-3 only) 46,500 28,500 A B 112,500 69,000 (A-3 only)
A-2, A-3 M B
E
C
70 TYPE III 60
A TYPE III 4 A TYPE III 6 4 A 5 6 4 5 5 6
[
[
Area Factor Increase=(Public way perimeter/Entire perimeter - .25)(W/30) (1380/1580 - .25)(45/30)=.934 S NS S NS S NS S This would allow all 3 building types to be permitted as per Table 506.2.
A-2, A-3 N/A N/A [Section 508] Mixed Use & Occupancy Required Separation of Occupancies (Hours) B 1 2 M 1 2 OCCUPANCY A-2, A-3 R-2
1 S
2 NS
NS
1
2
1
2
1
2
N/A
N/A
1
2
1
2
2
N/A
N/A
1
2 NS
1 S
2 NS
N/A S
1
B
1 S
M
R-2
2 N/A NS
A-2, A-3 N/A N/A 1 2 1 2 1 2 508.4.2 In each story, the building area shall be the sum of the ratios of the actual building area of each separated occupancy divided by the allowable building area of each separated occupancy shall not B 2 N/A N/A 1 2 1 2 exceed 1. 1 M 1 2 1 2 N/A N/A 1 2 Exception: Accessory assembly areas having a floor area less than 750 sq. ft. are not considered separate spaces R-2
1
2
Chapter 6 – Types of Construction
1
2
1
2
N/A
N/A
[Section 601] General Table 508.4- Required Separation of Occupancies (hours) 5 508.4.2 In each story, the building area shall be the sum of the ratios of the actual building area of each Table 601 - Fire Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements separated occupancy divided by the allowable building area of each separated occupancy shall not exceed 1. BUILDING ELEMENT TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III Exception: Accessory assembly areas having a floor area less than 750 sq. ft. are not considered separate spaces A B A B A B
Chapter 6 – Types of Construction Primary Structural Frame
3 2 [Section 601] General Table 601 - Fire Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements Exterior Bearing Walls 3 2 Interior Bearing Walls 3 2 BUILDING ELEMENT TYPE I
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
2
1 0 TYPE II
1 0 TYPE III
Nonbearing walls and partitions
0 A
0 B
0 A
0 B
0 A
0 B
Floor Construction and associated members Primary Structural Frame
2 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
Roof Construction and associated members Exterior Bearing Walls
1.5 3
1 2
1 1
0 0
1 2
0 2
Table 601- Fire Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (hours) [Section 602] Construction Classification Interior Bearing Walls 3 2 1 0 1 0 Table 602 - Fire Resistance Ratings for Exterior Walls Based on Separation Distance 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nonbearing walls and partitions Since all neighboring buildings are 30+ feet away, 0 hr. rated assembly minimum required Occupancy Maximum Occupant Maximum Common 602.2 - Type I and II construction are those made of noncombustible materials Floor Construction and associated members 2 2 1 0 1 0 Load of Space Path of Egress Travel Distance (Sprinklered) Roof Construction and associated members 1.5 1 1 0 1 0 A-2, A-3, M 49 75’ [Section 602] Construction Classification B 49 100’ Table 602 - Fire Resistance Ratings for Exterior Walls Based on Separation Distance Since all neighboring buildings are 30+ feet away, 0 hr. rated assembly minimum required R-2 10 125’ 602.2 - Type I and II construction are those made of noncombustible materials Table 1006.2.1- Spaces with One Exit or Exit Access Doorway 5 1006.2.1.1 - Three exits shall be provided from any space with occupant loads of 501-1,000. Four exits shall be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1,000. Table 1006.3.1 - Minimum Number of Exits or Access to Exits per Story Code Analysis 5
Occupant Load per Story Min. Number of Exits from Story
17
R-2 10 125’ Occupant Load per Story Min. Number of Exits from Story 1006.2.1.1 - Three exits shall be provided from any space with occupant loads of 501-1,000. Four exits shall 1-500 be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1,000. 2 1006.2.1.1 - Three exits shall be provided from any space with occupant loads of 501-1,000. Four exits shall be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1,000. Table 1006.3.1 - Minimum Number of Exits or Access to Exits per Story 501-1000 3 Table 1006.3.1 - Minimum Number of Exits or Access to Exits per Story 1000+ 4 Occupant Load per Story Min. Number of Exits from Story Occupant Load per Story Min. Number of Exits from Story 1-500 2 [Section 1017] Exit Access Travel Distance 1-500 2 Table 1017.2 - Exit Access Travel Distance 501-1000 3 501-1000 3 1000+ Occupancy With Sprinkler System 4 1000+ 4 250’ A-2, A-3, M, R-2 [Section 1017] Exit Access Travel Distance Table 1006.3.1- Minimum Number of Exits per Story 5 [Section 1017] Exit Access Travel Distance Table 1017.2 - Exit Access Travel Distance B 300’ Table 1017.2 - Exit Access Travel Distance Occupancy With Sprinkler System 1017.3 - Measurement: Exit Access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a Occupancy With Sprinkler System story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the A-2, A-3, M, R-2 250’ entrance A-2, A-3, M, R-2 250’ to an exit. B 300’ B 300’ [Section 1020] Corridors Table 1017.2- Exit Access Travel Distance 5 1017.3 - Measurement: Exit Access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a Table 1020.1 - Corridor Fire-Resistance Rating 1017.3 - Measurement: Exit Access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance Occupancy Occupant Load of Required Fire-Resistance entrance to an exit. Corridor Rating (Sprinklered) to an exit. [Section 1020] Corridors A-2, A-3, B, M Greater than 30 0 hour [Section 1020] Corridors Table 1020.1 - Corridor Fire-Resistance Rating Table 1020.1 - Corridor Fire-Resistance Rating R-2 Greater than 10 .5 hour Occupancy Occupant Load of Required Fire-Resistance Occupant Load of Required Fire-Resistance Corridor Rating (Sprinklered) 5 TableOccupancy 1020.1- Corridor Fire-Resistance Rating Table 1020.2 - Minimum Corridor Width Corridor Rating (Sprinklered) Minimum Width of Corridors shall be 36” with loads of less than 50 or within dwelling units, 24” for A-2, A-3, B, M Greater than 30 0 hour
ibc tables
A-2, A-3, B, M R-2 R-2
Greater than 30 Greater than 10 Greater than 10
0 hour .5 hour .5 hour
Table 1020.2 - Minimum Corridor Width Table 1020.2 - Minimum Corridor Width Minimum Width of Corridors shall be 36” with loads of less than 50 or within dwelling units, 24” for Minimum Width of Corridors shall be 36” with loads of less than 50 or within dwelling units, 24” for
18
Mixed-Use Bazaar
Code Analysis
19
Pre design
Linking The linking scheme first and foremost tries to reconnect the street to the Beltline Promenade. Through tunnels that occur every 4 bays in the existing building’s structural grid, the fabric of the building is broken allowing the passage of people to flow more easily. To connect within the building vertically, atria are placed in the center of the tunnels to allow views into other floors of the building. These atria also act as light wells, bringing natural sunlight deep into the center of the structure. On the back side of the building lies the grand hall, a pavilion-type addition that is proposed
Bazaar Grand Hall
Bazaar
OfďŹ ce Housing
Plan Parti
Section perspective showing horizontal and vertical links
22
Mixed-Use Bazaar
to house the marketplace and other bazaar functions. It is intentionally kept open to act as a transitional structure between the park and the bazaar. The office functions of the complex are housed on the 4th and 5th floors, with residential dwelling units on the 6th and 7th floors. Pathways to the multimodal pathways of the Promenade are extended onto the pedestrian bridge running through the site.
Front View
Back View
Pre-Design
23
thresholds The threshold’s scheme differs from the other two schemes because of its organization of major functions vertically. The building is almost evenly divided into 3 sections horizontally, which house the residential units, the bazaar, and the offices respectively. Around the bazaar section, which is in the center part of the building, there is a screened courtyard. This courtyard encloses the existing building, allowing circulation to flow around the entire perimeter of the bazaar. Two penetrations through this enclosed courtyard are made, once in the front along the street and once in the back near
the park. These two ‘exterior’ courtyards act as entry points into the public realm of the building, and the screened facade pulls upwards to invite people in. On the street side, a sunken plaza is located 20 feet below grade (which is currently existing) to create a space to allow light into the basement and provide landscaping in the front of the building. In the back, the Beltline Promenade is extended to the edge of the screened courtyard, allowing for a procession from park grade to building grade as you enter below the first floor.
Exterior Courtyard Interior Courtyard Housing
Bazaar Exterior Courtyard
Open Air Cour tyard
Plan Parti
Section perspective showing open-air courtyards and bazaar
24
Mixed-Use Bazaar
Office
Stree
es
ranc
t Ent
Front View
Prom
enade
Entra
nces
Back View
Pre-Design
25
CASCADE The cascade idea came from a desire to reconnect the building within its own fabric, both horizontally and vertically. Because of the irregular shape of being long and narrow, large pieces of program such as the grand hall, restaurant, and event center were offset onto different floors and given a multiple floor volume. These two-story volumes are all directly adjacent to each other, creating a stair-step or ‘cascade’ effect. Between these volumes, light can flow through and visual sight lines are available throughout the entire building. On the west side of the building, sculptural
Patio
Fitness Center
Event Center
circulation bars were added to the outside to allow for more room on the floor plate of the existing building. These help users, residents, and staff to circulate in their own space without disrupting functions that are happening within the existing fabric. Along Spring Street, the sunken plaza has been covered to allow users to enter on grade with the first level of the bazaar. The Beltline Promenade is addressed on the west facade by terracing the landscape gently down to park grade, with plenty of room for plaza and garden space.
Restaurant
Bazaar Grand Hall
Section Parti
Housing
Office Bazaar Bazaar Perspective showing Circulation and Double-Height Spaces
26
Mixed-Use Bazaar
Bazaar
Front View
Back View
Pre-Design
27
site design
adjacent context The location of the mixed-use bazaar is central to the master plan proposed by the studio. This was seen as the ideal location for a food-oriented program for many reasons. An existing 260,000 ft2 building is located on this site off of Spring Street. This building was once home to offices for the Norfolk Southern railway company. After sitting empty for 10 years, a bazaar would help to enliven and energize the neighborhood. A large number of residents in the area are located directly across the pedestrian bridge that runs through the existing building. This creates an easy access to the Castleberry Arts district and adjacent neighborhoods. Directly north and east of the site is home to many civic and office buildings, supplying the stores and eateries with an
ample amount of business during the daytime as well. Lastly, the Beltline Promenade runs parallel to the project. This park space with multimodal pathways creates an attractive location to interact with guests other than through street frontage. On game days, the Beltline will be full of sports fans tailgating and enjoying the downtown entertainment scene. During concerts at the amphitheater or performance center south of the site, many users can stop by and enjoy many of the amenities offered from the bazaar.
Government District
New Hotel
Beltline Promenade Existing Housing
Mixed-Use Commercial and OfďŹ ce
Adjacent uses of surrounding site context
30
Mixed-Use Bazaar
Site of Mixed-Use Bazaar 1 Mercedes-Benz Stadium 2 Atlanta United FC Stadium 3 Hard Rock Hotel 4 Beltline Promenade 5 Federal Buildings 6 Artist Lofts 7 Hotels & Multi-family Housing
inute Walking Distan ce 10 M
8 Art Galleries and Studios 9 Brewery
2
10 Amphitheater Subway and Bus Stops
1
Walking D ista inute nc 5M e 5
3 4
5
6 8
7
4
9
10
Major nodes and transit stops within reasonable walking distances from the site
Site Design
31
street approach If you are approaching the building from the street-side of the building there are multiple options to arrive here. First off, there are two MARTA stations that are less than a 10 minute walk from the site, providing easy access for the greater Atlanta population, or even tourists. Multiple bus and bike-rental stops are also located in this neighborhood, making it comfortable to get to the bazaar without having to drive a car. As you approach the building, there are multiple
bridges from the sidewalk up to the building. These bridges provide plaza and outdoor space for the entrances, and exist from the original building. In areas where there aren’t these walkways, the grade changes to 15 feet below street level, allowing light and ventilation access to the basement floor. The building and security offices are located in this area, as well as support spaces such as MEP or storage.
ts
i
oF n. t
6m
7 min. to Garn tion
ett Sta
Bus stops and walking distances to MARTA stations near the site
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i
oin P e v
on
ti Sta
East/West section perspective through the site
East facade, looking towards entrance atrium & cascaded volumes
Site Design
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beltline approach From the Beltline, the approach is much different. The parking, accessible by a turn off of Trinity Avenue, will hold multimodal path runs parallel to the building, and there around 275 vehicles. Seven loading docks are also provided are multiple pathways from here to approach the building. to allow for deliveries to the bazaar stores. As you walk up these pathways, you are moving through a series of terraces that are nestled into the topography of this site. With only 2 feet of vertical change in elevation from terrace to terrace, it provides an integrated landscape that seamlessly draws people to the site from the Beltline. The terraces serve not only to allow visitors to relax and enjoy the outdoors, but also to grow fresh produce to sell in the food hall marketplace. The top terrace platform is a large plaza space adjacent to the building, where patrons can browse shops or even sit and enjoy some food. During the warmer months, farmer’s market stalls are set up around this plaza to engage the community and open the building up to the outside. Much like the street side, a large entrance atrium is situated at a prime location to draw users in and to orient them as they move through the bazaar. Another feature of the site design are large openings in the ground to the parking garage below. These openings help to bring in light and clean air to the underground parking. The
Approach from Beltline
Beltline Canal Multimodal Path Skylight to Below Terraced Gardens Parking Garage Market Stalls Building Walk-Out Basement Spring Street
Site Design Strategies
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
Site Plan
Site Design
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design evolution
form evolution The design for the Atlanta Bazaar has been dialing into its final iteration since the project has started. Beginning with pre-design in Chapter 2, three solutions were designed: Linking, Thresholds, and Cascade. They helped to clearly organize program in three different ways, but one design solution was required to move forward. The cascade option was chosen as the main organization technique, with the major amenity spaces cascaded through the length of the building with double-height volumes. The linking technique also informed how these double-height volumes would live within the facade. By inserting these hollow ‘tubes’ through the facade, it creates visual and physical connection between these spaces.
In terms of designing, looking at the original shell of the building was the starting point. From there, the five doubleheight cascaded spaces were arranged in a diagonal fashion along the building. Inside these spaces were major programmatic functions: the food hall, a restaurant, event center, fitness center, and resident patio. The volumes were created to be double height not only for views and natural light, but so that you can view into the other spaces around these rooms. This visual connection was key to creating a community that provoked interaction.
Existing Building
Cascaded Double-Height Spaces
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
Next, these cascaded spaces were extruded from the 50 foot floor plates, giving them more square footage. Not
only did this help to alleviate the tight footprint of the original building, but to reach out towards the street and the beltline. The major spaces became more grand with this extrusion, and passersby were able to see the most important spaces in the building. Lastly, two entrances were added to the building, one on the Spring Street and one facing the Beltline Promenade. These entrance atria were created to act as an orienting device, protruding to invite pedestrians and users to enter the complex. Once inside, the large volume acts provides wayfinding and clear passage to circulation routes to take users to their desired destination.
Extrusion of Spaces
Addition of Entrances
Design Evolution
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facade evolution For the major amenity spaces in the double-height volumes, the protruded facade extrusions were originally only extended 6 feet beyond the enclosure of the original facade. This was tight and lacking sufficient space for any activities to occur. In the next iteration of their design, they were angled from the existing 6 feet at one end to 12 feet at the longest part. The angle came about for a need to shade the glazing in these major spaces, but after analysis it was found to perform poorly. While this angle created more usable space, the result was an odd shape that was awkward to
3rd Iteration -12’ Extrusion - Glazing at Edge
2nd Iteration -12’ to 6’ Angled Extrusion - Glazing at Original Facade
1st Iteration - 6’ Extrusion - Glazing at Original Facade
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navigate around. Finally, the extrusions were squared out at 12 feet beyond the original building enclosure. The glazing facade was pushed out to the edge of this 12 foot extrusion, to make the spaces within these ‘tubes’ more grand and have more room to work with than the original 50 foot limit.
program evolution Housing and office spaces were at first split up by floor, with from the 4th-7th floors on either side of the building, split offices located on the 3rd and 4th floors, then apartments only by the sky bridge over the pedestrian bridge running on the 6th and 7th floors. The thought was that floor by through the building. floor separation of programs would be sufficient, but by looking further it seemed to divide and make the building unnecessarily complex in terms of organization. The 750 foot length was too long to make each function work cohesively, so the residential and office programs were split to the north and south side of the building. They each occur
Housing OfďŹ ce
Design Evolution
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circulation evolution The circulation throughout the building proved itself as one of the harder challenges to tackle. Starting with the original construction, 4 main circulation cores happened throughout the building. Once the location of these cores were established, the next step was to insert the cascaded double-height spaces and carve out floor plates. With this move, the floor plans were now divided, providing relief within the building, yet a need for reconnection was evident.
Existing Circulation Cores
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
In a few places around the building the egress requirements were no longer up to code, so pathways were added back in to provide a safe environment for all users of the building. While these pathways intersected the double-height spaces in certain points, they provided more square footage and connection between different functions of the building, which proved helpful throughout the design process.
Double-Height Cascaded Spaces
The last piece of the puzzle was to figure out how occupants This move allowed the floor plates to be free for programmed of the building would circulate to and from their desired spaces and for users to circulate seamlessly from one place destinations. The 50 foot width of the building made it to another. difficult to provide programmed spaces and circulation pathways. Trying to fit a wide enough hallway for people yet small enough to allow for programmed space proved very difficult with this width. These issues led to the major circulation pathways to occur on the outside of the facade.
Egress Pathways Added Back
Exterior Circulation Moved Outside Floor Plates
Design Evolution
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Program Organization
spatial organization The program of this building is broken up into four categories: bazaar, office, housing, and the extruded double-height amenity spaces. These four categories were developed to complement one another and create a holistic environment that would engage and interact within itself throughout it’s lifetime. The residents could use amenities and shop for groceries within their own building. Office workers could grab lunch in the bazaar floors, and might even live down the hall. The public could shop and come here for a place to relax and hang out, and find out about local companies
Spatial Organization Diagram
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
that are working upstairs, or meet a resident living in an apartment here. This overlap of user groups creates an energizing environment, provoking chance encounters and a diversified hub for activity within the downtown Atlanta region. The organization of the program also stemmed from a need to separate private and public functions. Many different user groups are coming to this building, and all of them have different needs. A sense of privacy and security was needed
for residents, while people coming here to shop or dine needed an inviting and open feel. The most public areas of the building were situated on the first three floors, allowing any member of the public to access the building from any direction. The semi-public spaces like the offices were situated on the northern side of the building, which pointing towards the more densely populated and trafficked area of Atlanta. The housing units and associated amenities were located in the southern and upper floors of the building, with restricted access to only residents and their guests.
This side of the building is pointing towards Castleberry Hill and Trinity Avenue, which are more residential and low-rise areas of Atlanta. With this gradient of public to private, a sense of community is further emphasized, giving access and security to all users of the building.
Public Semi-Public Semi-Private Private
Public vs. Private Diagram
Program Organization
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public spaces The bazaar is the main public face for the buildings, where almost any user group can come to dine, shop, and relax. On the south side of the building, the first three floors are where the retail-based bazaar is located. The 1st through 3rd floors are lined with many shops, ranging from large and small retail shops, restaurants, and food boutiques where you can find niche stores that sell products like wines, baked goods, and kitchen supplies. These stores are arranged along a hallway that runs parallel to the street-side entrance atrium, providing views into many stores as soon as you enter. The
First Floor Plan
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
first amenity space, an upscale restaurant, is located on the third floor, beckoning views from users on the street or in the lobby space. On the northern side of the building, the bazaar is foodoriented. This includes a grand food-hall on the main floor, where guests can come and check out local vendors and shops. The food hall, being the main public front door to this entire project, is one of the five amenity double-height spaces throughout the building. This room is envisioned to
be bustling, provoking users to try new things and interact with others in a main public living room. Just outside, on the plaza space, stalls are set up where produce that’s grown around Atlanta or on the garden terraces can be sold during the warmer months. Also on the first floor is the coffee shop, providing a key amenity to attract people to linger and relax while they are visiting the bazaar. The third floor is then dedicated to a health-foods store & bakery. This was included in the program to provide healthy and affordable options for groceries to the local population. The entire
downtown neighborhood is located within a large food desert, without any other grocery stores within at least a 2 mile radius.2 This grocery store helps to bring residents from all surrounding communities to this hub to conveniently buy nourishing products.
Program Organization
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private spaces Above the south retail-side of the bazaar is the housing component, including studios, 1-bedroom, and 2-bedroom units. These units are nestled around the building, some being mid-range typical apartments while others are more upscale, with double-height volumes to create loft. The public users have restricted access to the upper floors, with only residential users being able to enter the upper floors and their amenities. The cascaded double-height amenities continue throughout this portion of the building, serving more private programs as they get higher in the building. The 4th floor event center can be rented out to residents, offices, or even members of the public. Access to this space is only open when events are going on. The fitness center, located on the 5th floor, is provided for the residents and office users of the building, but not the public. Lastly, the
Fourth Floor Plan
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
patio on the south end of the building is for residents and their guests only. In the upper floors of the north side of the building lives the four leasable office spaces. Each of these spaces have conference rooms, restrooms, kitchens, and storage spaces for every office. Near the reception area of the 4th floor office is a small atrium that allows views to the other spaces, visually connecting the offices and creating a more interactive environment that provokes curiosity and collaboration.
Event Center looking into the Restaurant, 4th Floor
Program Organization
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interior architecture
contrasting the existing The interior architecture of the building has evolved and will continue to evolve with each new detail of the project being set in stone. Looking at the existing building, it has a very heavy and monolithic feel. The concrete columns, beams, and slabs have created a massive feeling, which may lead patrons to feel trapped inside this bulky concrete jungle. The industrial qualities lingering from the era it was built should be somewhat preserved, but an intervention must be present to alleviate the imposing perception of space. The double-height volumes that are added throughout the building are the first step towards creating a more open and connected project. These open up to the surrounding context, jutting out into the public realm and exposing functions that are happening within. The large ceiling height
Entrance atrium looking into food hall, 1st Floor
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gives breathing room to large-occupancy spaces, and views into other volumes help to visually release pressure from the user. A dropped ceiling system has been put in place throughout most of the building to give the building a more refined and sleek feel, straying away from having exposed structure everywhere. With this new strategy, the existing building will feel improved and new, while still having ‘bones’ tied to the original construction. The red metal paneling from the exterior is translated into the slat ceiling of the double-height spaces, with the pop of red denoting when you are in the grand volumes within the building. This will help to orient users from outside to inside, creating a holistic idea of space as you move from the exterior into the interior of the building.
Retail store with updated materials, 2nd Floor
Restaurant overlooking the Beltline, 3rd Floor
Interior Architecture
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choosing materials Lightweight and contrasting materials are chosen to balance the qualities of the original concrete construction. These will help to denote new interventions within the adaptive-reuse project. Materials like wood will be used as finishes for retail areas to give warmth to these spaces that currently feel cold and uninviting. The signature red color is placed in key areas throughout the building, such as ceilings and graphics. This consistent notion helps to give an identity to the project, branding it with the color to give it public recognition. For any new structural members that are added into this
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project, steel post & beam systems are implemented with a blackened steel finish. This finish will help to stray away from the gray-tones of concrete existing structure, giving a timeless and practical appeal. The light nature of steel construction & curtain walls give the intervention an ethereal feel, transforming the project into a modern adaptation of architecture.
Wood Finishes
Blackened Steel
Red Metal
Polished Concrete
Mixed-Use Bazaar
diversity in lighting Natural and artificial light are key in providing spaces that promote healthy & integrated communities. This bazaar is setting an example for healthy lifestyle options, whether it’s through buying fresh and local food, being out in nature through the Beltline, or exercising in the fitness center. Natural light can be a powerful element that increases productivity, boosts mood, and saves on energy. With large glazing walls, natural light can penetrate deep into the most intimate of spaces within the building. The vertical fins on the facade are a light color, diffusing daylight to
evenly bounce light into the adjoining room. The 50 foot wide floor plates allows for light to penetrate deep into the building. In large volumes in the building, artificial lights become centerpieces, illuminating activities and creating a more intimate environment. With these artificial lights, the double-height volumes in the building will glow from the exterior, giving elusive glimpses to what happens within to passersby. These spaces take on a personality of their own at night, beckoning new patrons to discover what this building can offer to them.
West facade, daytime
West facade, nighttime Interior Architecture
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experiencing the space
Street Entrance to Bazaar
Grand Food Hall with marketplace stalls
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Fitness Center, 5th Floor
Resident Patio, 6th Floor
Interior Architecture
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building tectonic
structural systems Because of the nature of adaptive reuse projects, the tectonics of building are split between existing conditions and new construction. The Norfolk Southern office building was built in two parts, the north and south segments of the building. They were originally erected in 1912 and 1928 respectively, being both seven floors tall with a basement. The constructions of the buildings are concrete columns and one-way slabs, with floors being typically 12 feet apart. The column bays are roughly 17 feet apart on center, with columns being 21 inches wide. The facade comprises of
Structural Diagram of Entire Building
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formed concrete and plaster, and interior walls are finished with plaster as well. The existing floor plates are covered with tile or carpet, but can be stripped back to the concrete slab and a polished-concrete finish applied. The majority of new construction around the building happens where there are extruded double-height amenity spaces, such as the fitness center. When these spaces intervene with the original construction, different materials and construction methods are used to denote a change
from the original tectonic. The facade is broken in the five has an insulation layer that lightens the load that needs double-height volumes where it intersects the facade, and is to be carried to the weld plate, and also provides thermal stripped down to just the columns. Interior column bays are separation. taken away, and loads are carried through a 3-foot transfer beam. To cantilever out 12 feet on either side of the facade, a beam system is attached to the existing columns through a bolted weld plate. To add more stability to this system, cross-bracing members occur every four bays. On top of the steel beam and joist system is metal decking with a lightweight concrete product above. The lightweight product
Existing Concrete Structure 3’ Transfer Beam W12x65 Column Steel Cross Bracing W12x26 Beam W8x10 Joists
Structural diagram of cantilevers
Building Tectonic
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wall section For the ceiling construction underneath the cantilevered beam system, there is first a sheathing layer. Mounted onto that is rigid insulation, and then an air gap before the dropped ceiling. The metal slat ceiling is hung from cables that attach to the sheathing, and run along metal c-channels. A curtain wall encloses the east and west sides of these volume, with a double-glazing system with an air gap in between the panes of glass. Attached to the metal mullions are metal L-brackets that hold up the composite louvers. Every floor and ceiling plate are around 18 inches thick due to the structural members, ceiling, and decking. To clad the thickness of these members, a red metal panel system running on steel tracks are mounted at the same
Drainage Channel Metal Handrail Steel Tube Supports Cable Railing Panel Clips Metal Paneling 16” Steel Beam 3/4” Rigid Insulation 3/4” Plywood Sheathing Curtain Wall Mullion Double Glazing Composite Louvers
Wall section detail through ceiling & floor plate, new construction
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
depth as the louvers, outlining the interior spaces within and creating a unity between the systems in play. The entrances atria are constructed in a similar fashion, but instead of cross bracing supporting the load, a post and beam system is used to transfer loads straight to the ground. This frees up the space inside to be a grand entry into the public realm of the bazaar. The ceiling is still dropped, covering up the structure and creating a uniform language for new additions throughout the building. The exterior circulation walkways are bolted back with a weld plate as well, and are clad in the metal panel system on the front and underside of the floor plate.
8” Steel Joist Metal Slat Ceiling, Red C-Furring Channel Hanging Pole 3/4” Rigid Insulation 3/4” Plywood Sheathing 3” Metal Deck Insulated Cellular Concrete System
Existing Structure & Transfer Beams
Existing Facade and New Structure
Sheathing, Insulation, and Stud Walls
Exterior & Interior Finishes
Dropped Ceilings and Slat Walls
Curtain Walls and Louvers
Building Tectonic
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solar analysis Since much of the glazing that occurs within this project is on the east and west facades, a design strategy was developed to compensate for solar radiation entering into the building. Initial solar studies were performed on both sides of the building using Ladybug, a plug-in for Grasshopper. Ladybug allowed accurate analysis and extraction of Atlanta’s weather data in this area. From this, it was found that the east facade was receiving 212 kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2) of radiation from 9:00-10:00 a.m. on
East facade before shading strategy; Solar Radiation = 212 kWh/m2
West facade before shading strategy; Solar Radiation = 226 kWh/m2
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June 21st, the harshest hour for sunlight. The west facade was receiving a comparable 226 kWh/m2 of radiation from 5:00-6:00 p.m. on the same day. From there goals were set to reduce the radiation by at least half of what it is for the summer solstice. Vertical louvers were chosen to be the passive strategy because of their ability to shade during the sunrise and sunset hours. The sun angles in the morning and afternoon
are low enough that horizontal louvers or overhangs won’t sufficiently block out enough light. A standard array of parametric louvers were made through Grasshopper and a solar analysis was performed. It was found that vertical fins that were 1 foot long and spaced every 20 inches would block out enough sunlight to reduce the solar gain by up to 57%. This helped to gain an understanding of the general density that they must be placed to reach a reduction of half.
East facade after vertical louvers; Solar Radiation = 91 kWh/m2
West facade after vertical louvers; Solar Radiation = 96 kWh/m2
Building Tectonic
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louver design Moving forward, a need to make the louvers blend seamlessly with the rest of the building design led to a further exploration in their size and shape. A third vertice was added on the outer side of the louver that was pulled out to 18 inches, whereas the top and bottom of the louver was set to only 6 inches in depth. This third vertex, or ‘kink’ in the louver, changed in the y-direction from one louver to the next. Altogether, all of the louvers were able to form an implied line that stretched from the bottom of the building to the top. This line provided a way to connect the shading system with the overall idea of the building, connecting the double-height extrusions in the building that form the basis for the design.
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Mixed-Use Bazaar
After finalizing the form, the fins were tested again to make sure that they performed as well as, if not better than the generic louvers. On the east facade, the solar radiation with the new fins was only 91 kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2), a 57% reduction from before. The west facade was found to have a new solar radiation of 96 kWh/m2, giving it a 57% reduction as well. With these results, the vertical shading strategy was determined a success and implemented onto the facade of the building where large amounts of glazing occurred, such as the double-height extruded spaces and the entrance atria.
6”
18” Vertical Louver Strategy Diagram
Building Tectonic
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citations 1. USA. Center for Disease Control. Division of News and Electronic Media. A Look Inside Food Deserts. Compiled by Associate Director for Communication. September 24, 2012. Accessed November 7, 2016. <http://www.cdc.gov/features/ FoodDeserts/> 2. Staples, Gracie Bonds. “Starving for Nutrition.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 6, 2015. Accessed November 7, 2016. <http://investigations.myajc.com/fooddeserts/> 3. “Norfolk Southern Complex, Front.” Digital image. Georgia Trust. 2012. Accessed November 4, 2016. <http://www. georgiatrust.org/news/2012pip/atlanta_railroads.php> 4. “Norfolk Southern Complex, Back.” Digital image. Georgia Trust. 2012. Accessed November 4, 2016. <http://www. georgiatrust.org/news/2012pip/atlanta_railroads.php> 5. “International Building Code.” International Building Code Council. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. <http://publicecodes.citation. com/icod/ibc/2009/index.htm>