Futuretech 2015

RECOGNISED AHMED HASSAN POLYTECHNIC

FUTURE VISIONS OF AHMED HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

ANNUAL STUDENT MAGAZINE

2015-16 ARCHITECTURE

CIVIL

ELECTRICAL

ELECTRONICS

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SKETCHES BY AHP STUDENTS

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

SKETCHES BY AHP STUDENTS

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Engineering is the art of modeling materials we do not wholly understand, into shapes we cannot precisely analyse, so as to withstand forces we cannot properly assess, in such a way that the public has no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance.

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ADVANCEMENT IN SURVERYING

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

ADVANCEMENT IN SURVERYING

TECHNOLOGY

SATELLITE POSITIONING SYSTEMS

DRONES

Surveyors have been around for centuries. While their tools and techniques have changed over me the underlying principles of measurement and mapping are s ll the same today.

Satellite posi oning systems allow the measurement of features or points anywhere in the world, from space. The data collected by these systems can be used to control large infrastructure projects or provide the informa on for In-car naviga on systems.

Drones or UAVs – ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicle’ come in many different models and sizes dependent on their applica on. You may be familiar with it’s military applica ons, but drones are star ng to be used for commercial and even recrea onal purposes. They’re much cheaper and more nimble than a helicopter or other conven onal aircra s but with the exact same advantages of aerial photography and mapping.

The advancement of new technology means Surveyors can now take measurements and report data with increased speed and accuracy. Modern Surveyors get to use the latest technology to get their job done every day.

get their job done every day. Surveyors use equipment like total sta ons, worth upwards of $50K each, to electronically calculate distances 100’s of metres away, to cen metre accuracy. Robo c versions are also available, allowing Surveyors to single-handedly operate a total sta on by remote control.

THE GEOSPATIAL REVOLUTION While most of us don’t realise it, Surveying and Geospa al Science are fields that have affected our lives in tremendous ways and will con nue to do so. The Geospa al Revolu on Project is an integrated public media and outreach ini a ve about the world of digital mapping and how it is changing the way we think, behave, and interact. It features a web-based serial release of eight video episodes; each telling an intriguing geospa al story.

Surveyors use equipment like total sta ons, worth upwards of $50K each, to electronically calculate distances 100’s of metres away, to cen metre accuracy. Robo c versions are also available, allowing Surveyors to single-handedly operate a total sta on by remote control.

GIS SOFTWARE GIS so ware is used to capture and analyze data to create digital maps of areas. The high-tech so ware is used to create programs such as google maps, used by over 100 million people a month.

3D LASER SCANNER 3D laser scanners are used to understand and interpret the shape of things such as buildings or land by collec ng clouds of points to create digital 3-D models. These instruments are used by surveyors to provide data to architects to accurately visualise the land they are going to build or design on.

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DEEP TOWS Deep tows are deep ocean floor survey systems (o en a AUV – autonomous underwater vehicle) that can be ou i ed with sonar or cameras and towed through the water at low speeds at the end of a cable normally measuring several thousand meters in length.

GEOSPATIAL SYSTEM

Surveyors have been around for centuries. While their tools and techniques have changed over me the underlying principles of measurement and mapping are s ll the same today.

The advancement of new technology means Surveyors can now take measurements and report data with increased speed and accuracy. Modern Surveyors get to use the latest technology to

TOTAL ROBOTIC SURVEYING SYSTEM

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10 MODERN WONDERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

10 MODERN WONDERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE

BAILONG ELEVATOR

Also known as the Pearl Bridge, is a stunning sample of the modern civil engineering. Located in Japan, this bridge is the world’s largest cable bridge and there are no pillars for the supports. It has the longest central span of any suspension bridge in the world, at 1,991 metres (6,532 ). It was completed in 1998. The bridge links the city of Kobe on the mainland of Honshu to Iwaya on Awaji Island by crossing the busy Akashi Strait. It carries part of the Honshu-Shikoku Highway.

The highest and heaviest outdoor elevator in the world, The Bailong Elevator is a glass elevator built onto the side of a huge cliff in the Wulingyuan area of Zhangjiajie, China that is 1,070 feet (330 m) high. Also known as “Hundred Dragons Elevator,” the sight-seeing elevator, which takes two minutes to ride from the base to the top, can carry 50 people in one trip with a total of 18,000 people daily. Construc on of the elevator began in October 1999 and was finished in 2002 for public use.

MILLAU VIADUCT

PALM ISLANDS

The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed road-bridge that spans the valley of the river Tarn near Millau in southern France. It is the tallest bridge in the world with one mast’s summit at 343.0 metres (1,125 ) above the base of the structure. It is the 12th highest bridge deck in the world, being 270 metres (890 ) between the road deck and the ground below. It was completed on 14 December 2004. The bridge received the 2006 IABSE Outstanding Structure Award.

Here is another great example of the Modern Engineering’s success, these islands are the worlds biggest ar ficial islands in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. There are 1500 villas in it and all are on the ar ficial beaches. The islands are the Palm Jumeirah, the Palm Jebel Ali and the Palm Deira.

USS GEORGE H.W. BUSH (CVN-77) USS George H. W. Bush, its Construc on began in 2001 at the Northrop Grumman Newport News shipyard and was completed in 2009 at a cost of $6.2 billion. She is home ported at Naval Sta on Norfolk, Virginia. USS George H. W. Bush stretches 1,092 feet and displaces over 100,000 tons, making her one of the world’s largest warships (though she is slightly shorter than USS Enterprise) but equipped with latest technology which was not used before. Her top speed exceeds more than 30 knots and it is powered with two nuclear reactors, she can operate for more than 20 years without refueling.

NORTH EUROPEAN GAS PIPELINE Nord Stream or North European Gas Pipeline is an offshore natural gas pipeline from Vyborg in Russia to Greifswald in Germany. It is the longest sub-sea pipeline in the world, surpassing the Langeled pipeline. This project includes two parallel lines. The first line of the pipeline was laid by May 2011 and was inaugurated on 8 November 2011. The second line was laid in 2011–2012 and was inaugurated on 8 October 2012. At 1,222 kilometres (759 mi) length.

BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM World’s largest steel structure, Beijing Na onal Stadium also known as the Bird’s Nest is a stadium in Beijing, China. This astonishing structure looks more like a public work of art than an Olympic stadium. Designed by the Swiss architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron to be used throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.

EUROTUNNEL This is an amazing sample of the Modern Engineering, this tunnel start from England and End in France. Interest thing is that this is in water. The length of this tunnel is 31 miles and 23 of which is in the sea.

THREE GORGES DAM The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest power sta on in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). Not only does it produce electricity for the area, it also increases shipping capacity and provides flood storage space. Construc on of the dam began in 1994; it opened for commercial opera on in 2008.

PAN-STARRS PAN-STARRS is an acronym for Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System. It is an innova ve design for a widefield imaging facility developed at the University of Hawaii’s Ins tute for Astronomy. In order to observe en re available sky, the engineers combined rela vely small collec on of mirrors with a large digital camera consequently produced an economical observing system. The prototype single-mirror telescope PS1 is now opera onal on Mount Haleakala; scien fic research program is being undertaken by the PS1 Science Consor um, a collabora on between ten research organiza ons in four countries. A key objec ve of Pan-STARRS is to iden fy and characterize Earth-approaching objects, both asteroids & comets that might create a danger to our planet. It’s also ideal for research in several other astronomical areas, par cularly those which involve an aspect of me inconsistency. Pan-STARRS make it to see the Objects in the Inner Solar System and it is also capable to see the object outer the Solar System and now we can see Galaxy proper es be er than ever before.

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TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE

FACADE RETROFITS

Many specialists and professionals, consider Vitruvius's theories as the founda ons of architectural technology. His a empt to classify building types, styles, materials and construc on methods influenced the crea on of many disciplines such as civil engineering, structural engineering, architectural technology and other prac ces which are now and since the 19th century, forming a conceptual framework for architectural design.

Buildings of a certain age o en have problems with their facades. Even those that have been well maintained can suffer from failing joints, broken gaskets and crumbling mortar- condi ons that cause air and water infiltra on, compromising energy performance and occupant comfort. Some mes buildings, especially those built in the 1960s and 70s, are simply aesthe cally out of sync with the desires of current owners or tenants. But despite their problems, these structures o en have good bones and can be reinvigorated with a renova on that includes a new skin.

In his published research, Stephen Emmi explains that in our modern society, "The rela onship between building technology and design can be traced back to the Enlightenment and the industrial revolu on, period when advances in technology and science were seen as the way forward and mes of solid faith in progress. As technologies mul ply in number and complexity the building profession started to fragment. Increases in building ac vi es brought about social and cultural changes”.

INNOVATION IN GLASS Glass may be the most chameleonlike of building materials. Depending on how it is manipulated, combined with other materials, or how it is installed, it can appear transparent, translucent, or opaque. The same glass surface can take on varying characteris cs in different atmospheric condi ons. It can be made flat as a pancake or bent into perfect arcs. These stories explore how architects are pushing the limits of technology to exploit this material's mutable nature, its aesthe c quali es, and its energy-conserving poten al—demonstra ng that glass is more than merely molten sand.

SCULPTURAL SKINS Digital fabrica on has been employed in the produc on of everything from furniture and ligh ng to jewelry and cell phones, but its use for large-scale construc on has been rare. While parametric design has been a mainstay of architectural prac ce for decades, the computer's role in the manufacturing process for architectural applica ons has been limited mostly to small building components or temporary pavilions.

However, several recent facade projects—for a courthouse, a stadium, and one par cularly high-profile museum expansion now under construc on—are taking digital fabrica on to a new level. These building skins are proving that the process can be a highly efficient and costeffec ve op on when transla ng complex computer-derived forms into well-executed, precision-built structures that can be produced locally.

WOOD SPEAKS Long one of the most universally applied construc on materials, wood established itself as so indispensable to the built world that it began to be overlooked, prac cally invisible. In recent years, technical advances have given birth to a wide range of process innova ons, such as CNC milling and off-site assembly, as well as engineeredwood products with enhanced performance proper es. These developments have prompted designers to take a new interest in the material, exploring not only its aesthe c appeal but also its structural poten al and environmental value. A sampling of projects — from a seven-story office building that employs tradi onal wood joinery to a new model for ultra-energy-efficient housing — highlight surprising new uses of this age-old material.

(Source: www.wikipedia.com)

ENERGY BIOSCIENCES BUILDINGS The scien sts and policy experts at the Energy Biosciences Ins tute (EBI) are tackling some of today's most urgent environmental problems, including climate change and the diminishing supply of fossil fuels. The ins tute's chemists, biologists, engineers and economists represent three different public research ins tu ons -The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley); the Lawrence Berkeley Na onal Laboratory; and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign—as well as the energy company BP. Given the diversity of these stakeholders, it is not surprising that the project brief for EBI's $85 million, 1-year-old home at the edge of the UC Berkeley campus called for a flexible facility that would spur innova on and foster crosspollina on.

In response, designers from na onal architecture and engineering firm SmithGroup JJR have created an open and mostly transparent 113,000-squarefoot building. Although largely daylit and designed to perform almost 20 percent be er than California's stringent energy code, the five-story structure meets the demanding ligh ng expecta ons of the EBI researchers. A long and narrow bar of state-of-the-art labs is rainscreenclad, with generously sized north-facing bay windows. Offices are enclosed in a wedge that protrudes from the building's south face and wraps one corner. This volume has a fri ed glass skin that includes fixed laminated-glass sun shades for diffusing and direc ng sunlight.

LIGHTING WITHIN LIMITS Ligh ng designers can help assure that a project is adequately illuminated, set the tone of a space or a room, or emphasize architectural form. But their role is growing increasingly complex, in part because ligh ng-related technology is evolving at a breakneck pace, but also because energy codes are becoming progressively more stringent.

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PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING ARCHITECTURE

Passive strategies can help your home keep its cool during the hot summer months and cut down on air condi oning use.

Ancient cultures knew the importance of si ng their homes for good solar exposure, but much of this knowledge was lost with the discovery of cheap energy. The ancient Greek author Aeschylus observed that the first Barbarians “lacked the knowledge of houses turned to the sun.” As do most architects. The modern convenience of brute-force hea ng and cooling with fossil fuels has allowed several genera ons of architects to ignore the sun.

PASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE: A book by David A. Bainbridge and Ken Haggard. Considering hea ng, cooling, ven la on, day ligh ng, and more using natural flows these authors want to bring passive solar back into the consciousness of architects, builders, and the general public. Their new book explains their vast knowledge gained from two life mes of professional work in harnessing the sun’s free energy.

In the days before mechanical cooling systems, architecture responded to the climate. In the humid areas, where cooling needs predominated, houses had big porches, deep eaves, high ceilings, and plenty of well-placed windows to encourage cross-ven la on. In the desert, the thermal mass of earthen berms and adobe blocks helped slow heat transfer through the walls to keep interiors cool.

But mechanical systems that could operate independently of the weather—keeping a home’s interior at a steady temperature changed our architecture, and many of the features that were once relied on for achieving comfort without energy input were shunted to the wayside.

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

REFLECT IT According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), dull, dark-colored exteriors can absorb 70% to 90% of the sun’s radiant energy. And your home’s roof could capture about 30% of this undesirable heat gain, depending on its pitch and orienta on. Dark-colored roofs can reach temperatures of 150° or more in the summer.

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING ARCHITECTURE

ORIENTATION Orienta on refers to the way you place your home on its site to take advantage of clima c features such as sun and cooling breezes. For example, in all but tropical climates living areas would ideally face north, or as close to north as possible, allowing maximum exposure to the sun, and easy shading of walls and windows in summer. Good orienta on reduces the need for auxiliary hea ng and cooling and improves solar access to panels for solar photovoltaics and hot water. Your home is thus more comfortable to live in and cheaper to run. It takes account of summer and winter varia ons in the sun's path as well as the direc on and type of winds. Read this ar cle in conjunc on with Design for climate, Passive solar hea ng and Passive cooling. Figure below shows orienta on with longer facades on N-S.

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south- and west-facing windows. If your goal is also to capture passive solar gain in the winter, keep trees out of your solar window to the south. Even bare branches can create significant shade, reducing your solar gain in the winter me. Deciduous vines, planted close to but not up against your home, may be a be er choice, as their seasonal leaf loss, die-back, and much finer branches may not block passive solar gain during the winter.

Exterior shades and (to a lesser degree) interior shades can also help prevent overhea ng, although exterior shades are generally superior because they block sunlight before it enters a home. Another op on that fits both summer passive cooling and winter passive hea ng goals is adjustable overhangs, such as retractable awnings. Rolling panels and shu ers a ached to the wall on either side of a window can also filter out some of the sun’s energy, although they’ll also restrict views. Other shading op ons include roll-up shades, which

are best mounted on the home’s exterior to prevent heat buildup inside the building.

Even if you can’t re re your air condi oner for good, incorpora ng some of these methods can s ll save you energy and money—and make it easier to keep your cool.

White or light-colored roofing materials (“cool roofs”) reflect sunlight, staying 50°F cooler than their darker counterparts, and reduce the amount of heat absorbed and passed through to the a c or to living spaces below. Three terms come into play with a cool roof material: While white roofs tend to be good reflectors, colored roofing materials can also be manufactured to reflect sunlight. Known as “cool dark-colored surfaces,” these materials might reflect 40% of the incoming sunlight as compared to a conven onal dark-colored surface, which might only reflect 20% of incoming sunlight.

Cool roofs are strongly recommended for hot climate zones. If you live in a cooling-dominated zone and are building new or replacing a roof, choose a roofing material with high reflec vity, like white and light-colored metal roofs or ceramic les. Most asphalt and fiberglass composite shingles, even light-colored ones, s ll absorb quite a bit of solar radia on. With these materials, installing radiant barriers (like the Jumbolon) directly underneath the roofing material or in your a c can minimize heat gain through your roof and ceiling.

Presently we’re beyond the age of cheap energy and we’re again turning to tradi onal passive cooling strategies. Unlike mechanical air condi oning, passive cooling approaches take their cues from the area’s climate which differ for each area.

Preven ng heat from entering your home’s roof, walls, and windows should be your first priority. Combat this by using reflec ve surfaces, high insula on levels, heat-blocking window films or shades, and appropriately sized roof overhangs. Shading with vegeta on and structures, and if you’re building new, properly orien ng your home, are also important.

SEAL & INSULATE No ma er what climate you live in, weather-stripping and caulking leaky windows and cracks to prevent air infiltra on is a good idea.

Next, check insula on levels—the more insula on your home has, the be er. Insula on is rela vely inexpensive, durable, and works year-round. The 2012 Interna onal Energy Conserva on Code (IECC) has boosted its minimum insula on requirements for all but the mildest climates. If you have a limited budget for improvements, most experts recommend adding insula on to a home’s roof first, since it is a major contributor to a home’s heat gain.

CREATE SHADE Shading your home can decrease indoor temperatures by at least 20°F. Shading may be accomplished naturally (shrubs, vines, and trees) or with built structures.

Summer/night passive solar performance diagram

Trees and other plants placed around the house can provide seasonal shade and help lower the localized air temperature, since the leaves absorb heat and remove it through transpira on. But plan your plan ng wisely—placing vegeta on against a wall s fles airflow, making your house even warmer, and also can damage siding. For cooling purposes, shrubs and small trees can work well to shade

Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany won the 2007 Solar Decathlon in Washington, D.C. with this passive house designed specifically for the humid and hot subtropical climate.

Source: h p://www.homepower.com/

The story of civilization is, in a sense, the story of engineering—that long and arduous struggle to make the forces of nature work for man's good.

Lyon Sprague DeCamp

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POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

THE MARVELOUS WORLD OF SCIENCE TELEPHOTO COPIER

MAGNETO HYDRODYNAMICS POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

A common electronic equipment used in all organiza ons, offices and homes called the FAX machine was invented by Alexander Bain, a clock maker from Edinburgh. The machine capable of receiving signals and transmi ng them in to images on paper. This machine called facsimile, meaning an exact copy became popular in mid-80 by its acronym FAX.

A magneto hydrodynamic generator (MHD generator) is a magneto hydrodynamic device that transforms thermal energy and kine c energy into electricity. MHD generators are different from tradi onal electric generators in that they operate at high temperatures without moving parts. MHD was developed because the hot exhaust gas of an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. MHD was developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric genera on, especially when burning coal or natural gas. MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD drives, which have been applied to pump liquid metals and in several experimental ship engines.

Xerox 'Telecopier 485' fax machine, 1980.

An MHD generator, like a conven onal generator, relies on moving a conductor through a magne c field to generate electric current. The MHD generator uses hot conduc ve plasma as the moving conductor.

The mechanical dynamo, in contrast, uses the mo on of mechanical devices to accomplish this. MHD generators are technically prac cal for fossil fuels, but have been overtaken by other, less expensive technologies, such as combined cycles in which a gas turbine's or molten carbonate fuel cell's exhaust heats steam to power a steam turbine.

We may be at the beginning of a new era in which electricity may not require wires and electronic devices may be operated without plugging them into wall sockets. The development has come from new breaking hard work of Prof. Marin Soljacic at M.I.T. and is based on the principle of transfer of energy between two magne c coils having the same frequency. The first coil is contained in a box embedded in a wall and is connected to the home’s electricity mains, which supplies the power.

The second recipient coil is a ached to the electronic devices like laptop, computer, television etc. the frequency of the two coils is matched (made resonant) which allows the transfer of energy from the first supplier coil in the wall to the second coil installed on the device being used. The technology is perfectly safe as it is based on magne c fields interac on which has no nega ve effects on the human body.

Natural MHD dynamos are an ac ve area of research in plasma physics and are of great interest to the geophysics and astrophysics communi es, since the magne c fields of the earth and sun are produced by these natural dynamos.

POWER GENERATION Typically, for a large scale power sta on to approach the opera onal efficiency of computer models, steps must be taken to increase the electrical conduc vity of the conduc ve substance. The hea ng of a gas to its plasma state or the addi on of other easily ionisable substances like the salts of alkali metals can accomplish this increase.

Indeed the same principle is employed in Magne c Resonance Imaging (MRI), body scanning machines in which the resonance frequency of the oscillator coils in the MRI machine is matched with that of the dancing (oscilla ng) hydrogen atoms inside the human body, thereby allowing these atoms to absorb energy and become visible.

LIMITATION OF MHD POWER GENERATION

A U.S. company “WITRICITY” using the work of Prof. Marin Soljacic has now demonstrated that it is possible to transport electricity wirelessly through the air, so that a light bulb can be switched on or a computer operated without any wiring or ba eries!

In prac ce, a number of issues must be considered in the implementa on of an MHD generator: generator efficiency, economics, and toxic byproducts. These issues are affected by the choice of one of the three MHD generator designs: the Faraday generator, the Hall generator, and the disc generator.

There are some 40 billion disposable ba eries built every year and millions of miles of wiring required in our homes annually. All this huge expenditures’ may soon be a thing of the past because our homes will have intelligent walls with in built devices to supply invisible power through the air to various home gadgets.

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY 22% efficiency record for closed-cycle disc MHD generators was held

by Tokyo Technical Ins tute. The peak enthalpy extrac on in these experiments reached 30.2%. Typical open-cycle Hall & duct coal MHD generators are lower, near 17%. These efficiencies make MHD una rac ve, by itself, for u lity power genera on, since conven onal Rankine cycle power plants easily reach 40%.

The exhaust of an MHD generator burning fossil fuel is almost as hot as the flame of a conven onal steam boiler. By rou ng its exhaust gases into a boiler to make steam, MHD and a steam Rankine cycle can convert fossil fuels into electricity with an es mated efficiency up to 60 percent, compared to the 40 percent of a typical coal plant. A magneto hydrodynamic generator might also be heated by a Nuclear reactor (either fission or fusion). Reactors of this type operate at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. By pumping the reactor coolant into a magneto hydrodynamic generator before a tradi onal heat exchanger an es mated efficiency of 60 percent can be realized. One possible conduc ve coolant is the molten salt reactor's molten salt, since molten salts are electrically conduc ve.

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Wri en and compiled by RANA YASIR M.S.C ELECTRICAL ENGINEER (AHP Teacher)

Con nuing on the development of MRI (Magne c Resonance Imaging) as one of the major medical breakthrough of the last century, MRI is a powerful, safe and non-invasive radiological diagnos c tool, which uses magne sm , radio waves and a computer to produce two (now three) dimensional images of the body. It was almost a life me of sheer hard work and painstaking research taken by two recent Noble Laureates in medicine Dr. LAUTERBUR PAUL C. an American and Sir PETER MANSFIELD an Englishman who developed MRI and refined it to the present form as first MRI equipment became available in the early 1980’s. Today more than 60 million inves ga ons are performed each year using MRI across the globe. Today MRI offers a be er alterna ve to invasive (involving surgery) or painful diagnos cs. MRI can detect various medical condi ons which other technologies like X-ray and ultrasound cannot. It is not far off when it will be possible to provide images of selec ve ssues and blood flow using MRI. Wri en and compiled by ABDUL MAJEED BALA. Teacher, Telecommunica on, AHP Lahore.

Fax machines digi ze images and divide them into a grid of dots. Each dot is either on or off, depending on whether it is black or white and each is represented by a ‘Bit’ which has a value of “0” (off) or “1” (on).

Fax machine translate text of pictures in to a series of 0 and 1 called BIT maps, which can be transmi ed like normal computer data. The fax machine on the receiving end, reads the incoming data, translate the 0 and 1 back into dots and reprints the text or picture.

With the advancement in technology and introduc on of Email, internet etc. the machine has not gone redundant for the reasons that it is • Secure (No Hacking – Virus Issues) • Speedy (Sends – Receives in Seconds) • Convenient (Easier opera on especially graphic and illustra ons)

DID YOU KNOW 1. That light reaches Earth in approximately eight and half (8½) minutes! With a mean average distance of 150 million kilometers from earth and with light traveling at 300,000 kilometers per second and dividing one from the other gives us an approximate me of 500 seconds or 8 minutes and 20 seconds.

2. That we can see only about 4 percent of the universe? About 74% of it is accounted for by a mysterious force called “DARK ENERGY” while other 22% is composed of an invisible ma er termed “DARK MATTER”. Determina on of what this missing mass is composed of is among the biggest puzzles of cosmology and par cle physics.

3. That e-cigare es are in vogue. A ba ery powered cigare e with a red LED p which glows each me the smoker takes a puff without exhaling any smoke. The cigare e does not contain tobacco but allows the smoker to inhale a few micrograms of nico ne. Invented by a company in China, the device costs about US$60 while nico ne cartridges cost about US$1.5 each. Thus cancer causing nico ne in ordinary cigare es is greatly reduced.

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HAZARDS AND RISKS OF ELECTRICITY

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

HAZARDS AND RISKS OF ELECTRICITY

HAZARDS AND RISKS

BASIC ELECTRICITY SAFETY

OF ELECTRICITY Exposing to ‘live parts’ that are either touched directly or indirectly by means of some conduc ng object or material can be dangerous to any person. Voltages over 50 volts AC or 120 volts DC are considered hazardous. Electricity can kill. Each year about 1000 accidents at work involving electric shocks or burns are reported to the Health and Safety Execu ve (HSE). Around 30 of these are fatal, most of them arising from contact with overhead or underground power cables. Shocks from faulty equipment can cause severe and permanent injury and can also lead to indirect injuries, due to falls from ladders, scaffolds, or other work pla orms. Faulty electrical appliances can also lead to fires. As well as causing injuries and loss of life, fires cause damage to plant, equipment and property.

WHO IS MOST AT RISK FROM ELECTRICITY? Anyone can be exposed to the dangers of electricity while at work and everyone should be made aware of the dangers.

Those most at risk include maintenance staff, those working with electrical plant, equipment and machinery, and people working in harsh environments such as construc on sites.

Most electrical accidents occur because individuals: • are working on or near equipment which is thought to be dead but which is, in fact, live • are working on or near equipment which is known to be live, but where those involved are without adequate training or appropriate equipment, or they have not taken adequate precau ons • misuse equipment or use electrical equipment which they know to be faulty.

LEGAL DUTIES AROUND ELECTRICITY • have the electrical systems constructed in a way that prevents danger • maintain their electrical systems as necessary to prevent danger • have work on, use of, or closure of, electrical systems carried out in a way that prevents danger.

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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW TO STAY SAFE The following incidents must be reported: • injury to staff due to an electric shock or electrical burn leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscita on; or admi ance to hospital • electrical short circuit or overload causing fire or explosion • plant or equipment coming into contact with overhead power lines.

ASSESSING THE RISK FROM ELECTRICITY Live parts with normal mains voltage of 230 volts AC, can kill. Also, contact with live parts can cause shocks and burns.

Electrical faults can cause fires. This is par cularly true where the equipment contains a heat source (e.g. heaters, including water heaters, washing machines, ovens, heat-seal packaging equipment).

Electricity can be a source of igni on in a poten ally flammable or explosive atmosphere, e.g. in spray paint booths or around refueling areas.

Where and how electricity is used The risks from electricity are greatest in harsh condi ons.

In wet condi ons, unsuitable equipment can easily become live and can make its surroundings live. While in outdoors, equipment may not only become wet but may be at greater risk of damage.

In cramped or confined spaces with a lot of earthen metalwork, such as inside tanks, ducts and silos, if an electrical fault develops it can be very difficult to avoid a shock.

Types of equipment in use. Some items of equipment can also involve greater risk than others. Extension leads are par cularly liable to damage to their plugs and sockets, cables, and electrical connec ons. Other flexible leads, par cularly those connected to equipment that is moved a great deal, can suffer from similar problems.

BASIC ELECTRICITY SAFETY Below are some minimum steps you should take to ensure electrical safety MAINS SUPPLIES

• install new electrical systems to BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installa ons • maintain all electrical installa ons in good working order • provide enough socket-outlets for equipment in use • avoid overloading socket-outlets – using adaptors can cause fires • provide an accessible and clearly iden fied switch ('Emergency Off' or 'EMO' bu on) near fixed machinery to cut off power in an emergency • for portable equipment, connect to nearby socket-outlets so that it can be easily disconnected in an emergency.

USE THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT

• choose electrical equipment that is suitable for its working environment • ensure that equipment is safe when supplied and maintain it in a safe condi on • electrical equipment used in flammable/explosive atmospheres should be designed not to produce sparks.

Seek specialist advice when choosing this type of equipment.

• protect light bulbs and other easily damaged equipment – there is a risk of electric shock if they are broken.

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS • ensure equipment is fi ed with the correctly rated fuse.

• ensure cable ends always have their outer sheaths firmly clamped to stop wires working loose from plugs or inside equipment • replace damaged sec ons of cable completely – never repair cuts with insula ng tape.

• use proper connectors to join lengths of cable – don't use connector blocks covered in insula ng tape or 'splice' wires by twis ng them together • some equipment is double insulated. These are o en marked with a ‘double-square’ symbol. The supply leads have only two wires – live (brown) and neutral (blue) • make sure all wires are connected securely if the 13A plug is not a moulded-on type.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

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INNOVATIONS IN ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY

TRANSPARENT SMART PHONES Inventors, Jung Won Seo, Jae-Woo Park, Keong Su Lim, Ji-Hwan Yang and Sang Jung Kang, who are scien sts at the Korean Advanced Ins tute of Science and Technology, have created the world's first transparent computer chip. The chip, known as (TRRAM) or transparent resis ve random access memory, is similar to exis ng chips known as (CMOS) or metal-oxide semiconductor memory, which we use in new electronics. The difference is that TRRAM is completely clear and transparent. What is the benefit of having transparency? "It is a new milestone of transparent electronic systems," says Jung Won Seo. "By integra ng TRRAM with other transparent electronic components, we can create a total see-through embedded electronic systems." The technology could enable the windows or mirrors in your home to be used as computer monitors and television screens.

This technology is expected to be available within 3 to 4 years.

A transparent computer chip

HOLLOW FLASHLIGHT Ann Makosinski is a 16-year-old student who competed against thousands of other young inventors from around the world to win first prize and a $25,000 scholarship at Google's Interna onal Science Fair. She invented a ba ery-free flashlight. A free energy device that is powered by the heat in your hand. While visi ng the Philippines, Ann found that many students couldn't study at home because they didn't have electricity for ligh ng. Unfortunately, this is a common problem for developing regions where people don't have access to power grids or can't afford the cost of electricity.

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

Ann recalled reading how the human body had enough energy to power a 100-wa light bulb. This inspired her to think of how she could convert body heat directly into electricity to power a flashlight. She knew that heated conduc ve material causes electrons to spread outwards and that cold conduc ve material causes electrons to condense inwards. So, if a ceramic le is heated, and it's pressed against a ceramic le that is cool, then electrons will move from the hot le towards the cool le producing a current. This phenomena is known as the thermoelectric effect. Ann started using ceramic les placed on top of each other with a conduc ve circuit between them (known as Pel er les) to create the amount of electricity she needed for her flashlight. Her idea was to design her flashlight so that when it was gripped in your hand, your palm would come in contact with the topside of the les and start hea ng them. To ensure the underside of the les would be cooler, she had the les mounted into a cut-out area of a hollow aluminum tube. This meant that air in the tube would keep the underside of her les cooler than the heated topside of the les. This would then generate a current from the hot side to the cold side so that light emi ng diodes (LEDS) connected to the les would light-up. But although the les generated the necessary wa age (5.7 milliwa s), Ann discovered that the voltage wasn't enough. So she added a transformer to boost the voltage to 5V, which was more than enough to make her flashlight work.

Ann successfully created the first flashlight that didn't use ba eries, toxic chemicals, kine c or solar energy, and that always works when you picked it up. She credits her family for encouraging her interest in electronics and derives her inspira on from reading about inventors such as Nikola Teslaand Marie Curie.

She told judges at the Google compe on that her first toy was a box of transistors.

Time Magazine listed Ann as one of the 30 people under 30 who are changing the world. She is working on bringing her flashlight to market and is also developing a headlamp based on the same technology.

uHEAT ABSORBED The second law of thermodynamics states that heat will move to a cooler area. The thermoelectric module absorbs heat on the cold side.

vELECTRICITY The transfer of temperature creates electrical power.

NEGATIVE ELECTRON FLOW

COLD SIDE CONDUCTOR POSITIVE

THERMOELECTRIC ELEMENTS HOT SIDE HEAT SINK

wHEAT EMITTED The module ejects heat on the hot side to a heat sink

WORKING OF PELTIER TILES

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

INNOVATIONS IN ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY

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ELECTRONIC PILLS

DIGITAL PEN

A er years of investment and development, wireless devices contained in swallow-able capsules are being introduced.

Companies such as SmartPill based in Buffalo, New York and Israelbased Given Imaging (PillCam) market capsules the size of vitamin tablets. These pills contain sensors or ny cameras that collect informa on as they travel through the gastrointes nal tract before being excreted from the body a day or two later. They transmit

A digital pen is one of the new electronic inven ons that can help us record informa on. Despite the digital age, we s ll use pens. But it would be great to have our handwri en notes and drawings digitally recorded without having to use a scanner.

The Zpen from Dane-Elec is a wireless pen that uses a clip-on receiver to digitally record what you write.

It uploads the informa on to your computer where it can be viewed, edited and filed as a word processing document.

The digital pen u lizes character recogni on so ware and works by recording movement. Features include profile crea on, a dic onary and fi een language op ons.

informa on such as acidity, pressure and temperature levels or images of the esophagus and intes ne to your doctor's computer for analysis.

Doctors o en use invasive methods such as catheters, endoscopic instruments or radioisotopes for collec ng informa on about the diges ve tract. So device companies have been developing easier, less intrusive ways, to gather informa on."One of the main challenges is determining just what is happening in the stomach and intes nes." says Dr. Anish A. Sheth, Director of the Gastrointes nal Mo lity Program at Yale-New Haven Hospital.

Doctors can inspect the colon and peer into the stomach using endoscopic instruments. But some areas cannot be easily viewed, and finding out how muscles are working can be difficult.

Electronic pills are being used to measure muscle contrac on, ease of passage and other factors to reveal informa on unavailable in the past.

INSTANT PRINTS Crea ng instant prints from a digital camera is one of the new electronic inven ons in prin ng. The Polaroid PoGo™ is a small portable printer that weighs only a few ounces. The printer produces full color 2" x 3" prints using an "inkless" technology.

The images are created from heat ac vated crystals in the photo paper. The photos are water proof, tear proof and smear proof. It connects to a digital camera using a USB cable, or to a mobile phone through wireless Bluetooth. It uses rechargeable ba eries or an AC adapter.

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EXTRA CIRCULAR ACTIVITIES IN AHP

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AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

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PROMINENT PERSONALITIES OF AHP

ATTA E MUSTAFA

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

FAISAL BILAL DAE : AHP 2005 – 2008 B Arch : College Of Art & Design ( Punjab University Lahore 2009 – 2014) Job: Working in Riaz-Ur-Rehman Associates as an architect

DAE (Civil Tech): Ahmad Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Session 2005 - 2008 College Roll No. 1489 Board Roll No. 81304 Marks Obtained 2892/3350 Percentage 86.33 Board Posi on: 1st (Gold Medal) Bsc Civil Engineering-UET Lahore CGPA 3.904/4.0 Posi on 1st (05 Gold Medals)

MUHAMMAD IKRAM

FAROOQ AKRAM The shining star of the A.H.P family who has made us proud.

Ge ng BEST TEACHER AWARD from the D.M of TEVTA D.A.E in Architecture: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Got 2nd posi on in Punjab board of TechnicalEduca on (obtaining 2468/3150 marks) Board Roll No. 100398 Teaching in A.H.P since 2010 B. Arch degree in progress: University of Sargodha.

D.A.E in Architecture: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Session: 2007-2010 College Roll No. 391 Board Roll No. 116800.

Marks obtain 2674/31550 Percentage: 84.75 Board Posi on: 1st (Gold Medal ) B. Arch: College of Art & Design, University of the Punjab (2009-2014) GPA- 3.26 (Dis nc on Holder)

AHMAD HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 2015-16

PROMINENT PERSONALITIES OF AHP

AZEEM AHMAD DAE : Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Session: 2001-2004 Got first posi on in first year and awared trophy by principal BCS: GC University Lahore, session 2008 Worked as so ware engineer in Electrical consul ng service from 2008 to 2009 MS in So ware Engineering: Blekinge Insi tute of Technology, SWEDEN in 2009 Got research grant from Industry worth of 1 million PKR PhD on computer security: University College London is at ini al stages.

Worked as Assistant Researcher in UAE University Abu Dhabi, UAE and Currently teaching in Alfaisal University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

SYED ZAIN UL HASSAN NAQVI DAE in Architecture: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute

Percentage: 82 % B. Arch: 3rd year in progress from College of Art & Design, University of the Punjab

Started to freelancing projects and already have 4 years of work experience.

SYED SHAZAIB HASSAN NAQVI DAE Electronics: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Session: 2004-2006 with Percentage: 2414/3350 grade A. Joined Wateen Telecom as Field Engineer in 2008 ll 2012, B-TECH in (Telecommunica on): 2008 - 2009 with 833/1050 marks with grade A. In 2012 visited Dubai for job hun ng and got job in DU Telecom as Network Engineer, and holding that post ll now.

MEHBOOB IJAZ BHATTI D.A.E Electronic: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Lahore (board topper) B.tech Electrical: B.Z.U Multan Work : Running an I.T company named "New Era Technologies".

Major projects : 1. Installed "Interac ve CCD touch smart bords" at L.C.I.T Lahore , and ,any other well known schools.

2. Installed Bio Matric A endance machine And telephone exchange At A.H.P Lahore.

3. Providing services to Verioline Kitchens Pvt. limited, Regarding Servers and I.T accessories.

4. Completed a Networking project at " Ali Agro Food Mill ".

5. Working with many other offices regarding I.T services.

RAHEEL AZMAT DAE Electronics: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic

SYED RIZWAN HAMEED KAZMI DAE in Electrical Technology: Ahmed Hassan Polytechnic Ins tute Session: 1985-1988 (with Dis nc on) Bsc. Electrícal Engineering: Adamson University, Manila, Philippines Session: 1989-1994 with a total percentage of 86.8 (On university record high average achieved by any student in 14 years) Work Experience and Achievements: (Asia, Europe & USA)

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Ins tute

Session: 2003-2006 BCS: Punjab University College of Informa on Technology 2006-2010 Job: Senior Engineer in Netsol Technologies

AHMED HASSAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE RECOGNISED AHMED HASSAN POLYTECHNIC

FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES 1) Electrical Engineering 2) Electronic Engineering

3) Civil Engineering 4) Architecture Engg.

4-Dev Samaj Road, Opposite DCO ofď€ ce, Near Secretariat Bus Stop, Sant Nagar Lahore - Pakistan.

Ph: 042-3722 46 17, 37111921 Fax: 042-37244 100 E-mail: ahp@nexlinx.net.pk Web: www.ahpi.edu.pk