10K House -- Light House

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家

Dept. of Architecture | MIT | Hung Fai Tang | 05.28.2012

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 POST DISASTER HOUSING DESIGN MArch Level III Option Studio | Fall 2011 Instructors: Yung Ho Chang & Nick Gelpi Team project with Carolyn Hiller Jenkins Context: Japan

Existing issues Rapid Construction Design Low cost

Quality living

LIGHTW

Targeted At Flexibility Adaptibility Liviability Expand-abi

+ Sapporo

Design + Tohoku Area

strategy

WEIGHT

ttributes:

y

Earthquake epicenter

Scaffolding structure + Tokyo

Joints prototyping LIghtweight enclosure Open interior

ility

Utilities integrations

Recently, post disaster housing becomes a re-emerging housing typology in Architecture discourse.

Our design, Light House, designed as the prototype for the Japan 3.11 disaster, is specifically representing our architectural interpretations on this post disaster context. Through our design, we address three major issues of emergent notions of rapid construction (huge housing demand), low cost housing (limited resources) and quality dwelling (disaster resilience). As a result, our design is focusing on the lightweight structure, lightweight envelope and domestic interior to embody our interpretation of fast, economical and quality postdisaster housing. p.2

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 FLEXIBILITIES

Adaptibility

Rural Environment

Urban Environment

Liviability

Rigid Box

Open Domescity

“Expand-ability”

Typical Family

Nisedaijūtaku (two generation housing)

The light-weight design of Light House provides various flexibilities, which are very suitable for post disaster context in Japan, where land and resource are limited, high density of population and high economical cost.

Firstly, the lightweight design provides tremendous flexibility in term of adaptability to allow the house to be constructed at different type of site condition. Secondly, the open domesticity interior becomes crucial property of livability to facilitate dynamic and generous living in a post-disaster context. Lastly, the flexible light-weight design allows “expand-ability� in order to accommodate future long term expansion of a family to fulfil a sustainable development for the family. p.4

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 DRAWINGS 01

A’

02

06

+ 11.3 m

DETAIL 01 07

08

+ 8.6 m

09

SEE WINDOW PLAN +/- 0 m

+1.1 m

10

+ 6.1 m

11

DETAIL 02

12

+ 3.6 m

DET

13 14

B

B’

+1.1 m 15

+/- 0 m DETAIL 03 16

SEE JOINT PLANS

1F PLAN 1:75

A

PLANS 1:200

03

04

+11.3 m +3.6 m + 8.6 m

+6.1 m

05

2F

3F

4F

ROOF

18

1,074

27

1,074

17

300

300

+ 11.3 m

19 07

2,200

2,200

19

08

+ 8.6 m

20

300

300

20

09

2,200

2,200

28

11,816 300

21

2,200

21

2,200

300

11,816

+ 6.1 m

26

22

24

23

300

300

23

2,200

+ 3.6 m

10

2,200

TAIL 04

742

742

+1.1 m

25

25

+/- 0 m 29

16

SECTION AA’ 1:100

SECTION B’ 1:100

LEGENDS: PLANS 01_Kitchen core on first floor 02_Water heater/ Mechanical closet 03_Roof access hatch 04_Wood decking raised on pedestals 05_Solar tubes below translucent envelope at roof SECTIONS 06_Solar hot water tubes located on inside of translucent roof membrane 07_Fluoropolymer monofil (80% translucent) ‘window’ panel 08_PVC coated opaque fabric panel (waterproof and durable) 09_48mm aluminum tube structure 10_Operable window located to maximize cross ventilation 11_CNC fabricated 38mm plywood stair 12_Aircraft wire supports outrigger 13_Plywood sandwich entrance wall assembly 14_Insulated entrance door

15_Insulating facade fabric returned to door threshold 16_Concrete sonotube pier foundations 17_Wood decking at roof sits on stacked plastic pedestals 18_Wood roof decking 19_Aluminum roof access ladder/ stair 20_Interlocking bamboo floor on 50mm corrugated aluminum decking mechanical closet 21_Tension cables alone where no floor above 22_Combined sink + washing machine 23_300 mm rods support floor midspan 24_Mechanical closet 25_Supplemental greywater storage pillows (functions as thermal mass + structural ballast for lightweight structure) 26_Aircraft wire supports outrigger 27_48mm facade tube support, typ.

28_Adjustable outrigger pulls facade taut when extended and assists in water shedding 29_Leveling jacks allow for varied terrain

p.6

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 CONSTRUCTION & COST MATERIALS

PRICING

ROLL UP ENVELOPE

610 LBS SPOOLED TENSION CABLES

500 LBS FLAT PACK FLOORING

1,440 LBS

FLAT PACK STRUCTURE

7783 LBS MISAWA HOUSE

LIGHT HOUSE

CORE BOX

226 LBS

10

AVERAGE HOUSE SIZE: 204M2 * 2.7M = 550M3 AVERAGE HOUSE COST: $500,000 (AT $2,580/M2) COST PER M3: $909

AVERAGE HOUSE SIZE: 100M2*5M = 500M3 AVERAGE HOUSE COST: $20,000 (AT $203/M2) COST PER M3: $40

TOTAL WEIGHT: ~204,000 LBS * *1,000 LBS/M2 RULE OF THUMB FOR WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION

*SEE COST/ WEIGHT SPREADSHEET FOR CALCULATIONS

TOTAL WEIGHT: 9,000 LBS

Houses per 40’ truck - (max 40 tonnes per truck)

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE & COSTS

$2.59 / ft3 concrete foundations

$18 / ea leveling jacks

tension cables

$30 / ea

$11.84 / ea

$1.57 / M

vertical

plywood subfloor

$25 / ea horizontal

01

02

- Soil work to dig holes (1/2 day) - Pour concrete footings (1/2 day) - Concrete curing (1 day)

- Base standard installation (1/4 day) - Base tension stabilization (1/4 day)

Foundation- 2day $850

03

Footings - 1/2day

1F Flooring - 1/2 day

$156

$3,810*

04

1F Vertical Standards - 1/20 day

- 1st floor standards installation (1/4 day) - Sub floor installation (1/4 day)

- 1st floor vertical standards installation (1/20 day)

$2,900*

*price for whole house components

*price for whole house components

envelope module division

$1.57 / M $1.57 / M

tension cables

tension cables

$5 / ea outrigger

$15 / ea diagonal

$681 / ea

$1,923 plumbing fixtures

$11/M2

core box level

membrane

05

Bracing Stabilization - 1/2 day - Diagonal tension bracing installation (1/4 day) - Plywood shearwall core (1/4 day)

$2,637*

*price for whole house components

06

Building up - 1 days

- Second level core installed (1 day) (Floor tension bracing at occupied floors only) - Plumbing (1 day)

$3,059

07

Enclosure Installation - 1 days

- Enclosure fixing (1day) - Enclosure modules installation for single floor (1/2 days) - Apply fabric weld/ neoprene patch at corner joints (1/8 day)

$5,733

08

Completion - total 1 week - Enclosure Installation Complete

$21,137 total

TENSILITY FLOOR SYSTEM: UTILIZING TENSION STRUCUTURE TO REDUCE MATERIAL WEIGHT

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC VIEW 08

09

10 SCAFFOLDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: SIMPLE BUT STABLE CONSTRUCTION (REFER TO STRUCTURE DESIGN)

LIGHTWEIGHT ENCLOSURE SYSTEM: FLEXIBILE FABRIC MATERIAL

01 03

04

05 02 06

07

11

FOUNDATION

12

LEGENDS:

13

SCAFFOLDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: 01_Tailored scaffolding connection joint for easy assemblage (Refer to Joint Design) 02_Typical scaffolding aluminum extrusion with diameter of 48mm

TENSILITY FLOOR SYSTEM: 08_1mm steel tension cable & 20mm dia. steel compression rod 09_Wood shear wall core provides stability for the scaffolding structure 10_Interlocking engineered bamboo flooring sits on plywood subfloor

LIGHTWEIGHT ENCLOSURE SYSTEM: 03_PVC coated fabric opaque panel (waterproof & durable) 04_Fluoropolymer monofil fabric provides translucent “windows” 05_25 mm tension provides strength to prevent the frame from racking 06_Adjustable outrigger pulls facade taut 07_Tension cable for enclosure fixing

FOUNDATION: 11_Insitu-casted concrete footing with paper tube form work 12_2 mm flat steel plate to even the loads for undation 13_ Scaffolding leveling jack gives the project build-in grade tolerance

p.8

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 SCAFFOLDING STRUCTURE WIND LOADS 6.46 m

A

KIDS BEDROOM

8.28 m

Two scenerios: Tokyo: Assume Light House is situated in urban condition with relative low wind speed (75 mph) due to the building density.

Sapporo: Assume Light House may be located in coastal area, country side of Sapporo, where Light House will bear stronger wind with speed (100 mph).

v: 33.5 m/s (Tokyo) 44.7 m/s (Sapporo) Formula: Force = A P Cd A = projected area of the item P = wind pressure (lb/ft2) = 0.00256 x V2 (V= wind speed in mi/hr) (For a long cylinder (like most antenna tubes), Cd = 1.2.)

Note the relationship between them is 1.2/2 = 0.6, not quite 2/3.

B

A. Longitudinal

Tokyo

STUDY MODELS 1:50

8.28 11.64

11.64

Area (m2)

96.3792

75.1944

Wind Speed (m/s)

A

B. Transverse

Width (m) Height (m)

33.5

6.46

33.5

Wind Speed (mi/hr)

75

75

Wind Pressure (lb/ft2)

14.4

14.4

Wind Pressure (N/m2)

0.30

0.30

Wind Load (N)

28.99

22.61

Moment (Nm)

168.70

131.62

Sapporo

A. Longitudinal

B. Transverse

11.64 m Width (m)

8.28

6.46

Height (m)

11.64

11.64

Area

(m2)

96.3792

75.1944

Wind Speed (m/s)

44.7

44.7

Wind Speed (mi/hr)

100

100

(lb/ft2)

25.6

25.6

Wind Pressure (N/m2)

0.53

0.53

Wind Pressure

Wind Load (N)

51.53

40.20

Moment (Nm)

299.91

233.99

JOINTS PROTOTYPES

TYPE A: TYPICAL

TYPE B: FACADE

STRUCTURAL MODEL 1:50 TYPE C: CORNER

LIGHT HOUSE JOINT STUDIES DRAWING SCALE 1:4 INTERLOCKING JOINT FABRICATED FOR 1:2 MOCK UP MODEL

TYPE A: TYPICAL

TYPE B: FACADE

TYPE C: CORNER

CUT FILES: SCALE 1:4

TYPE A: TYPICAL

VIEW_01: LIVING ROOM

3 UNIQUE PARTS

TYPE B: FACADE

TYPE C: CORNER

7 UNIQUE PARTS

8 UNIQUE PARTS

48MM ALUMINUM SCAFFOLD TUBE, TYP.

1/4”DIA BOLTS, NUTS, WASHERS, TYP. SECURE ASSEMBLY

ROUNDED PLATE WITH 3/4”DIA CONNECTION HOLES FOR FACADE CABLE (1/8” COATED CABLE) ATTACHMENT

EXPLODED AXON + ASSEMBLYSEQUENCE SCALE 1:4 05. 1/4” ALUMINUM DIAGONAL CONNECTORS

03. 1/4” ALUMINUM HORIZONTAL CONNECTORS BOLTED ON

04. INSERT EITHER 1/4” ALUMINUM CROSS PLATE INTO CENTER PLATE LAST TO LOCK ASSEMBLY

04. INSERT 1/4” ALUMINUM

CROSS PLATE INTO CENTRAL PLATE TO LOCK (WELDING THIS JOINT WILL PERMANENTLY FIX THE ASSEMBLY)

02. 1/4” ALUMINUM

02. 1/4” ALUMINUM CENTER PLATE

CENTER PLATE WITH HORIZONTAL CONNECTORS SLOTTED IN PLACE

WITH HORIZONTAL CONNECTORS SLOTTED IN PLACE

01. INSERT 1/4” ALUMINUM CROSS

PLATE INTO VERTICAL TUBE

03. 1/4” ALUMINUM HORIZONTAL CONNECTORS BOLTED ON

04. INSERT THIS 1/4” ALUMINUM CROSS PLATE INTO CENTRAL PLATE TO LOCK (WELDING THIS JOINT WILL PERMANENTLY FIX THE ASSEMBLY)

03. 1/4” ALUMINUM HORIZONTAL CONNECTORS BOLTED ON 01. INSERT 1/4” ALUMINUM CROSS PLATE INTO VERTICAL TUBE

02. 1/4” ALUMINUM CENTER PLATE 01. INSERT 1/4”

ALUMINUM CROSS PLATE INTO VERTICAL TUBE

p.10

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 JOINTS PROTOTYPING DESIGN EVLOUTION LIGHT HOUSE JOINT STUDIES AXON SCALE 1:4

HYBRID JOINTS

CAST JOINTS

FABRICATED FOR 1:2 MOCK UP MODEL

INTERLOCKING JOINTS

VIEW_02: BEDROOM @ 2F

JOINTS FABRICATION

VIEW_02: BEDROOM @ 3F

p.12

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 LIGHTWEIGHT ENCLOSURE CLIMATIC RESEARCH

COMFORTABLE STRATEGIES Summer

+ Sapporo (lat: 43° | long: 141.4°) Average wind speed: 5.5 m/s Relative Humidity: 77%(high) | 63% (low)

+ Sapporo

Winter

∆ T = 5 oC

Tin = 27 oC

Tout = 32 oC

Summer + Tokyo (lat: 35.7° | long: 139.7°) Average wind speed: 7.5 m/s Relative Humidity: 99%(high) | 49% (low)

∆ T = -35 oC

Tin = 19.5 oC Tout = -15.5 oC

Winter

∆ T= 8 C o

∆ T = -30 oC

+ Tokyo Tin = 25 oC

ENTRANCE DETAIL

Tout = 33 oC

Tout = -10 oC

Tin = 20 oC

OPERATBLE WINDOW DETAIL

01 . OPERABLE ENVELOPE SECTION - SCALE 1:4

02.

OPERABLE ENVELOPE PLAN SCALE 1:20

Light House - Operable Windows 02. OPERABLE ENVELOPE PLAN - SCALE 1:4

stitching waterproof zipper quilted opaque insulating panel

operable translucent panel

01.

OPERABLE ENVELOPE UNROLLED ELEVATION SCALE 1:20

OPERABLE ENVELOPE UNROLLED SECTION SCALE 1:20

VIEW_04: WINTER SCENARIO

Light House - Operable Windows

WATERPROOF/ RESISTANT ZIPPER (4M LENGTH PER WINDOW) ROOF DECK

WINDOWS ORIENTED TO INCREASE CROSS VENTILATION 02. PARTIALLY OPEN

01. FULLY CLOSED

WATERPROOF/ RESISTANT ZIPPER (4M LENGTH PER WINDOW) PLEATED RAIN GUARD PANEL IN UPPER CORNER

PIANO HINGE STYLE STAY EXTENDS ALONG INTERNAL FRAME

OVERALL WINDOW AXON

03. OPEN WITH RAIN GUARD

04. FULLY OPEN

p.14

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 COMMUNITY & UTILITIES INTEGRATION POST DISASTER RESILIENT COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY GARDEN PLOT

COMMUNITY UTILITY LINES

KIT OF PARTS HOUSE ASSEMBLY ALLOWS FOR MULTIPLE VARIATIONS SELECTED BY RESIDENT

PERVIOUS CAR PARK

COMMUNITY ‘POWER PLANT’ SUPPLIES FRESH WATER (SOLAR HEATED) ELECTRICITY (PV OR WIND) SEWER TREATMENT (COMMON SEPTIC) SUPPLEMENTAL GREYWATER STORAGE

OFF GRID COMMUNITY PLAN

SCALERESPONSE 1:250 DISASTER PLAN

UTILITY LINE DE-CENTRALIZED SERVICE STATION

70m

OFF GIRD COMMUNITY PLAN

105m

UTILITIES CORE

Light House - Compact Core

greywater supply line

COMBINE GREYWATER + SOLAR HOT WATER stove hood exhaust through ‘venturi’ bathtub - 14mm supply pipe for shower head + tub, 25mm drain pipe Greywater Storage immediately captured greywater and storage pillow capacity used for flushing toilets. Excess water is stored communally.

sinks- 13mm supply pipe, 19mm drain pipe

clothes washer - 13mm supply pipe, 19mm drain pipe

Solar Hot Water - oriented 20 degrees off true south

water closet- 25mm greywater supply pipe, 25mm drain pipe

Solar Radiant Heating may use floor, ceiling, and wall for heat

Radiant solar water heating tubes run through corrugated aluminum sub floor throughout the house tubes spaced 300mm apart, 205mm clear of ceiling outlets and 150mm clear of sidewalls

Radiant heating has the energy saving advantage of making people feel more comfortable at lower temperatures and thereby energy expendature than forced air systems.

water storage + pressure tank

Radiant heating systems only require water temperatures around 100ºF/38ºC, which a good set of solar panels can provide in normal sunlight conditions

thermostat (controls radiant heat for the house)

Radiant solar heating is a combination of two subsystems: a common solar hot-water system and a common floor-radiant heating system.

Community Utility Core contains: 1 Fresh (white) water supply (solar heated) 2 Photovoltaic, wind turbine system (electicity supply) 3 Sewer treatment (garden) 4 Supplemental greywater storage

underfloor greywater storage - provides thermal mass and lowers the house’s structural center of gravity

UTILITIES SYSTEMS

SUPPLEMENTAL STORAGE + FILTRATION SYSTEM

BASED ON AVERAGE OF 1700 MILIMETER RAINFALL PER YEAR, THIS 13M2 ROOF DECK COLLECTS APROXIMATELY 20,000 LITERS ANNUALLY.

ELECTICAL LINES UNDER FLOOR - ALL ELECTRICAL OUTLETS ARE IN-FLOOR

10M2 SOLAR TUBES LOCATED BENEATH TRANSLUENT ROOF ENCLOSURE, PROTECTING THEM FROM SEASONALLY COLD AMBIENT TEMPERATURES, WHILE MAINTAINING SOLAR GAIN.

TRANSLUCENT ENCLOSURE REDUCES THE NEED FOR ELECTRICAL LIGHTING

A FAMILY OF 4-6 USES 128,000 LITERS ANNUALLY, 25,600 OF THAT FROM TOILETS (USING LOW FLOW MODEL). THE LIGHT HOUSE COLLECTS 80% OF THE WATER NEEDED TO FLUSH TOILETS.

PLAN FOR COMMUNITY SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

70% OF EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR ARRAY USED FOR RADIANT FLOOR HEATING IN WINTERTIME.

GREYWATER STORAGE PILLOWS SERVE AS STRUCURAL BALLAST AND THERMAL MASS. A FAMILY OF 4-6 CONSUMES 90L OF HOT WATER A DAY EACH. FOR PERSONAL USE, THEY REQUIRE A 265L HOT WATER STORAGE TANK. 22 SOLAR TUBES OF THE ARRAY ARE DEDICATED TO PERSONAL USE.

ELECTRICAL SCHEME

COMMON UTILITY ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

GREYWATER SCHEME

COMMON UTILITY

SOLAR HOT WATER/ HEATING SCHEME

SUPPLEMENTAL STORAGE + FILTRATION SYSTEM

SUPPLY FRESH WATER HOUSE + SOLAR PANELS

ALUMINUM ANGLE TRIM ANCHORED TO STRUCTURE WITH PIPE FITTING

UTILITIES INTEGRATION

ALUMINUM PLATE WITH SLOT FOR CABLES INTERLOCKING ENGINEERED BAMBOO FLOORING

RADIANT HOT WATER TUBES SPACED AT 300MM O.C. 48MM DIA SCAFFOLD HORIZONTAL BEYOND

04

COMMON UTILITY

15MM DIA SUPPORT ROD, BOLDTED TO SUBFLOOR SPACED AT 600MM TO EQUALLY SUBDIVIDE STRUCTURAL BAY

AIRCRAFT CABLE CROSS BRACING STRUNG THROUGH 100 MM DIA ROD TO FORM RIGID SPACE FRAME

FLOOR BAY(SCALE 1:2.5)

FLOOR DETAIL 1:12.5

p.16

, )064& r LIGHT HOUSE | 軽 い 家 DETAILS & MOCK UPS LEGENDS: 01 ROOF DETAIL

01

01_PVC coated fabric opaque panel (waterproof and durable) 02_Custom facade anchors bolted to scaffold tube frame 03_Cruciform tube connection bolted to vertical (typ.)

04_48 mm dia aluminum tube scaffold frame, typ.

05_100 mm preformed pillows filled with insulation 06_Waterproof zipper 07_Air inflated fluropolymer monofil (80% translucent) fabric window panel 08_Cable support for adjustable outrigger below 09_Structural floor depth 10_Aircraft cable cross bracing

02

03

04

05

06 07

09

08 10

01 ROOF DETAIL 1:20 18

11

12

19

13

20

14

15

21

16 22

17

02 PERIMETER FLOOR DETAIL 11_30mm dia aluminum tube support for operable window stay 12_Facade clamp bolted to joint 13_Fabric facade modules snap together then roll and clamp to create water resistant seal 14_Perimeter type B.1 joint supports outrigger below 15_Cruciform tube connection bolted to vertical (typ) 16_Air inflated fluropolymer monofil (80% translucent) fabric window panel 17_Perimeter type B.2 joint supports outrigger below 18_Perimeter 150mm x 200mm aluminum angle trim anchored to structure with pipe fitting 19_Interlocking engineered bamboo flooring 20_50mm corrugated aluminum decking subfloor spans .6 meters (with space frame support) 21_aAircraft cable cross bracing integrates with floor structure to form rigid space frame 22_48mm dia scaffold horizontal beyond

02 PERIMETER FLOOR DETAIL 1:20 29

23 30 24

25 31 26

32 27

03 FOUNDATION DETAIL AT ENTRANCE 23_50mm marine-grade plywood entrance stairs 24_Plywood entrance support wall beyond 25_Aircraft cables strung through stainless grommets to hang facade 26_Fabric pre-joined in 1820 mm (w) x 7500 (H) sections (3 project modules) 27_Scaffolding leveling jack gives the project built - in grade tolerance 28_200 mm square st. stl. plate bolted to 500mm dia, 0.3m deep concrete pier foundations 29_50mm marine-grade plywood entrance flooring 30_30mm dia plastic radiant heating tubing channeled through corrugated subfloor @ 300mm o.c.

31_Depth of space frame floor structure used for supplemental greywater storage (doubles as structural ballast) 32_Aircraft cable cross bracing stabalize foundation during and after construction 33_Tube clamp

33

28

03 FOUNDATION DETAIL 1:20

STAIR BEYOND PERIMETER 150MM X 150MM ALUMINUM ANGLE TRIM ANCHORED TO STRUCTURE WITH PIPE FITTING

50MM CORRUGATED ALUMINUM DECKING SUBFLOOR SPANS .6 METERS (WITH SPACE FRAME SUPPORT)

SINGLE MODULE MOCK UP STUDIES 1:2

CORNER BAY MOCK UP 1:2

p.18