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2017 A N N U A L R E P O R T

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FR O M T H E DI R EC TO R A B O U T T H E I N S TI T U T E FA C U LT Y F E L L O W R E C R U I T M E N T S E L E C T E D FA C U LT Y F E L L O W S A D M I N I S T R AT I V E C O U N C I L E X T ER N A L A D VI S O RY B O AR D FA C U LT Y A D V I S O R Y B O A R D A D V O C AT E S H AG L E R I N S T I T U T E S TA F F FA C U LT Y F E L L O W A R T I C L E S 201 7 -1 8 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W S 201 7 -1 8 D I S T I N G U I S H E D L E C T U R E R S 201 7 -1 2 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W S 201 7 E V E N T S FI N A N CI A L O V ER VI E W C H A R T I N G T H E W AY FO R W A R D H AG L E R I N S T I T U T E L EG A C Y S O C I E T Y

FROM THE DI R EC TO R

John L.

J U N KI N S The Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University is unique in the United States in that it is dedicated to adding the highest level of excellence to every college in the University. To support the ambitions of the faculty to work with other outstanding scholars in their respective fields, the Hagler Institute evaluates nominees and financially assists with bringing world-class individuals as Hagler Faculty Fellows for up to twelve months in residence to collaborate with our faculty and students.

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

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FR O M T H E DI R EC TO R

2017 The Institute also provides fellowships for graduate students to work with the Faculty Fellows and their A&M faculty hosts. Faculty Fellows typically do not teach formal classes but instead perform cutting-edge research and interact extensively with faculty and students at all levels. Faculty Fellows have access to high-quality educational programs and research facilities in addition to a well-focused research team of excellent Texas A&M faculty and student collaborators. At the same time, Texas A&M faculty and students have access to some of the world’s finest minds. Through Jon Hagler’s endowment, coupled with support from Texas A&M’s President Michael K. Young, the Institute’s operation has been secured forever. Now in its sixth year, the Institute has proven its value by bringing fifty-two top-tier scholars to Texas A&M to collaborate on research, present their views on frontier scholarship, and generate that spark of inspiration that can change students’ careers. Seven of those Faculty Fellows have chosen to join A&M’s permanent faculty, and more will undoubtedly do so as they realize firsthand the opportunities available for their own advancement at Texas A&M.

As Texas A&M continues to rise in reputation and academic stature among world-leading institutions of higher learning, the Institute’s truly transformative nature will be further revealed. The Institute offers young professors at Texas A&M the opportunity to accelerate their careers by working with the best in their field. To attract and educate the best students in the state and the nation, Texas A&M offers a chance to learn from world-class scholars from other universities and countries as well as the University’s excellent permanent faculty. In only six years, the Hagler Institute has advanced from an interesting concept to a proven, vital, and unique excellence initiative that sets Texas A&M apart from all public universities. The Institute offers donors an opportunity to establish and name one-of-a kind Hagler Institute Endowed Chairs for their preferred department or college. Such chairs are filled only with visiting top-notch scholars. Those Hagler Institute Endowed Chairs will forever be used to promote ultimate excellence. Please join us in elevating Texas A&M to world-academic leadership.

John L. Junkins

Founding Director Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

ABOUT THE I N S TI T U T E The goal of the Hagler Institute is to help make Texas A&M University a world academic leader. advantage of the Hagler Institute’s proven ability to attract world-class talent. Now a permanent feature at Texas A&M, the Hagler Institute will bolster excellence in research and scholarship.

The Hagler Institute for Advanced Study is founded on the idea that the world’s finest universities have access to the world’s finest minds. The Hagler Institute brings worldclass scholars to take up residence at Texas A&M University for up to twelve months. Those scholars collaborate with A&M faculty and top graduate students on research projects designed to solve some of the world’s toughest problems and challenges. The results may lead to important insights presented in joint peerreviewed publications, conference presentations, grant applications, college and departmental lectures, and lectures for the public.

The Hagler Institute is a key ingredient in accomplishing the goal of Vision 2020: to continue the academic evolution of Texas A&M University so that it will be generally considered one of the ten best public universities in the United States by the year 2020. Another important objective of Vision 2020 is to elevate the faculty’s stature and recognition. The Hagler Institute creates personal connections between Texas A&M faculty–researchers and some of the most recognized scholars in their fields. Moreover, the Institute strives

Achieving national and international leadership stature is an aggressive goal, particularly for a land-grant university with its obligations to serve many students and, for Texas A&M, to help attain the broad education objectives of the state of Texas. That stature, however, will be achieved with a multifaceted approach that takes full

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

" T h e H ag l e r I n s ti t u t e en ri ch es an d en h an ces ou r q u e s t fo r excellence i n le arni ng, d i s c o v e r y, a n d i n n o v ati o n . ” Michael K. Young, President, Texas A&M University

Welcome remarks from the 2017 Hagler Institute Spring Symposium

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to make certain that the results of those collaborations are known to the global academic community. The Institute also has a long-term impact on the quality of our students. Because the finest students want the finest education, their choice of schools may be influenced by the objectives and proven success of the Hagler Institute.

highest standards of accomplishment in their professions, hold national academy or equivalent stature, and currently produce top-quality work and be proven mentors. The time in residence for Faculty Fellows is flexible, with many choosing to spread their work at Texas A&M over multiple years, ensuring long-term collaboration.

The Institute—the only one of its kind in the nation—serves every college and school as well as several key institutes at Texas A&M, including the Galveston campus. Nominations for the Institute’s Faculty Fellows come from our faculty and college deans. Those nominations are strictly confidential, and they are evaluated by a revolving panel of University Distinguished Professors. Those approved nominations must meet the

Although the Institute is not designed for recruiting, by its very nature it affords a valuable look at the opportunities and research facilities of this great institution. Six of the fifty-two scholars in the first six classes have chosen to join Texas A&M’s permanent faculty: Leif Andersson (Wolf Prize recipient, Uppsala University, Sweden), the late Christodoulos Floudas (Princeton University), the late Karl Hedrick

(University of California, Berkeley), Roger Howe (Yale University), Alan Needleman (University of North Texas), and Robert Skelton (University of California, San Diego). Building a great university requires constant renewal and integration of exceptional scholars and researchers with Texas A&M’s extraordinary faculty. The Hagler Institute is designed with that truth clearly in mind. The Institute’s world-class scholars have an immeasurable impact on our faculty, students, and reputation. In addition, the Fellows are energized by the flexible structure of the Institute and by their ability to team with enthusiastic faculty and exceptional students. The Hagler Institute has demonstrated a proven, affordable way to advance Texas A&M, as expressed in Vision 2020.

J O N L . H AG L E R A 1958 graduate of Texas A&M University, Jon L. Hagler is recognized nationally as a leader in investment management as well as philanthropy. In 1984, he and wife Jo Ann founded the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, a private, independent foundation that has served as a longtime financial supporter of Texas A&M as well as multiple philanthropic efforts across the nation. Hagler has shown an interest in supporting overarching initiatives to elevate Texas A&M’s academic stature and long-term success. He is highly regarded and respected at the University for both his leadership and his contributions that have spanned decades. Texas A&M recognized Hagler with an honorary doctorate in 2015 and with the 2005 Sterling C. Evans Medal for his dedication to philanthropy in supporting Texas A&M. He was

named a Texas A&M Distinguished Alumnus in 1999 and is a past member of The Association of Former Students’ Board of Directors. His many contributions include serving as a chair of the executive committee of the “One Spirit, One Vision Campaign” from 2000 to 2006; co-chairing the University’s 1999 strategic planning initiative, “Vision 2020: Creating a Culture of Excellence”; serving as past chairman and trustee emeritus of the Texas A&M Foundation Board of Trustees; and being the lead donor of the Texas A&M Foundation’s campus headquarters named in his honor. Hagler received his bachelor’s degree in agricultural economics in 1958 from Texas A&M. He was Corps of Cadets commander during his senior year and served as a Ross Volunteer. He earned an MBA from Harvard University in 1963.

"I don ' t u n d e r s ta n d why we shouldn 't demand the very bes t o f o u r s e lv e s . I mean ...

why n o t ?"

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

N O MI N EES , APPR O VALS , AN D FA C U LT Y F E L L O W R E C R U I T M E N T In its first six years, the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study has brought fifty-two Faculty Fellows to Texas A&M University. The chart below shows the number of nominees the Institute received from each college or school in its first six years, the number of those nominees approved for recruiting, and the number of those approved who were successfully recruited. Participation by each college or school in the Hagler Institute’s mission is best measured by the number of their nominations of Faculty Fellows. Each college and school can submit 2.5 nominations per call for nominations (the half arising when two colleges share a nominee’s time on campus). That system favors smaller colleges because the number of nominating slots is not linked to college size. The chart clearly shows that the College of Science and the College of Engineering have attracted the most Faculty Fellows. That outcome is a result of those colleges’ significantly greater number of nominations. The nominations with respect to faculty size in the colleges are not measured not measured in this chart.

course, and the evaluation process by the Faculty Advisory Board that approves nominees is always “apples versus oranges” comparisons across disciplines. The chart, however, shows that the Hagler Institute has developed a rigorous process to evaluate nominees and that it does not discriminate against disciplines that lack national academies. The chart shows that most colleges, even those without academies, are

submitting high-quality nominations as measured through the fraction of nominees approved for recruitment. For example, the Faculty Advisory Committee has approved every nominee for recruitment to the Mays Business School. The College of Liberal Arts has had eight of nine nominees approved. Approval does not guarantee successful recruiting, which is always challenging and depends on many factors.

N O MI N EES , APPR O VALS , AN D APP OI N TM EN TS Bush School Institute of Bioscience and Technology, HSC Houston Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering Architecture Marine Sciences, TAMU at Galveston College of Medicine Agriculture Vet Med Business

A revolving panel of nine A&M University Distinguished Professors— the Institute’s Faculty Advisory Board—can evaluate Faculty Fellow recruiting eligibility only from nominations received. The composition of the Faculty Fellows mirrors the composition of nominees from the colleges. Nominees must hold the equivalent of at least national academy–level stature in their discipline. Not all fields have such academies, of

Education Law Geosciences Liberal Arts Science Engineering

0 5 Nominees Appointed Nominations Approved

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

Nominees

“.5” represents a Fellow shared between two colleges.

FA C U LT Y FELLOWS

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2012–17 Faculty Fellows 2017–18 Faculty Fellows

MEM BERSHIPS AN D ACC O L AD ES

S EL EC TE D FA C U LT Y F E L L O W S The hallmark of a great university is to offer its students opportunities to work with the world’s finest academic minds and for its faculty to conduct cutting-edge research to benefit humankind. Faculty Fellows collaborate with Texas A&M’s own stellar faculty–researchers and with rising stars among the University’s junior faculty and graduate students. Those collaborations offer participants opportunities that could fundamentally enhance their career options. During their time on campus, Faculty Fellows engage in intense research. They set goals with faculty members, interact with students, and present public lectures in the Hagler Institute’s Distinguished Department Lecture

Series. In addition, one Faculty Fellow is chosen each semester to present the Eminent Scholars Lecture. The annual influx of talent enriches our intellectual atmosphere, enhances the quality of our programs, accelerates solutions to difficult research problems, and enhances Texas A&M’s reputation as a top-tier research university. The Hagler Institute for Advanced Study serves as a standard of excellence for our academic and research community.

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Nobel Prize National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering American Academy of Arts and Sciences National Academy of Medicine Wolf Prize National Medal of Technology and Innovation Hubbell Medal in Literary Scholarship National Medal of Science

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

C O - C H AI R S

A D M I N I S T R ATI V E C O U N CI L Carol A. Fierke Provost and Executive Vice President Texas A&M University

Mark A. Barteau Vice President for Research Texas A&M University

The Hagler Institute Administrative Council establishes the rules and oversees the operation of the Institute and reviews its progress. The University’s provost selects the Institute’s director. Meigan Aronson

Pamela Matthews

Dean College of Science

Dean College of Liberal Arts

James Batteas

Jeffrey Savell

Professor Department of Chemistry College of Science

University Distinguished Professor Holder, E. M. “Manny” Rosenthal Chair in Animal Science Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Philip Berke Professor Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning College of Architecture

"through i n i ti ati v e s su ch as t h e H ag l e r I n s ti t u t e , T e x a s A& M is well p o s i ti o n e d as A le ader i n high er e d u c ati o n . ” Carol A. Fierke, Provost, Texas A&M University Remarks from the 2017 Hagler Reception

Leonard Bierman

Vice President for Finance and Administration and Chief Financial Officer Division of Finance and Administration

Professor Mays Research Fellow Department of Management Mays Business School

Debbie Thomas

Eleanor Green

Tyson Voelkel

Dean Holder, Carl B. King Deanship College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences

President Texas A&M Foundation

Mark Hussey

University Distinguished Professor Holder, Harold J. Haynes Chair in Geosciences Department of Atmospheric Sciences College of Geosciences Professor Department of Chemistry College of Science

Vice Chancellor and Dean College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Dimitris Lagoudas University Distinguished Professor Holder, John and Bea Slattery Chair in Aerospace Engineering Associate Vice Chancellor and Senior Associate Dean for Research College of Engineering

Jay Maddock Dean School of Public Health

Jerry R. Strawser

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

Interim Dean College of Geoscience

Renyi Zhang

Mark Zoran Acting Associate Provost Office of Graduate and Professional Studies

V I C E C H AI R

C H AI R

EX TERN AL A D VI S O R Y BOARD Norman R. Augustine Former Under Secretary, US Army Former Chair and CEO, Lockheed Martin Corporation Former President, National Academy of Engineering Chair, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future National Medal of Technology

Ray M. Bowen Distinguished Visiting Professor, Rice University Former President of Texas A&M University Former Chair, National Science Board Former Division Director and Deputy Director, National Science Foundation

The External Advisory Board annually reviews the activities of the Hagler Institute to offer guidance, advice, and recommendations. H. Norman Abramson

V. Lane Rawlins

Former Executive Vice President, Southwest Research Institute National Academy of Engineering American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) ASME Medal Recipient AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Award

President Emeritus, University of North Texas Former President, Washington State University Former President, University of Memphis National Collegiate Athletic Association Board of Directors

Jon L. Hagler

Chancellor Emeritus, The Texas A&M University System Director Emeritus, Texas A&M Transportation Institute University Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University National Academy of Engineering ASME Rufus Oldenburger Medal

Former Director, GMO LLC Former Chairman, Texas A&M Foundation Board of Trustees Former Co-Chair, Texas A&Mâ€™s Vision 2020 Planning Initiative Sterling C. Evans Medal, The Texas A&M Foundation Distinguished Alumnus, Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University Honorary Doctor of Letters, Texas A&M University

Anita K. Jones Professor Emerita, University of Virginia Former Director, Defense Research and Engineering, US Department of Defense National Academy of Engineering Committee Member, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future Former Vice Chair, National Science Board

Herbert H. Richardson

Ronald L. Skaggs Chairman Emeritus and CEO, HKS Inc., Architects/Engineers/Planners President, American Institute of Architects Chancellor, AIA College of Fellows Board Chairman and Vice Chair, National Institute of Building Sciences National Academy of Construction Distinguished Alumnus, Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University

Linda P. B. Katehi Chancellor, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis National Academy of Engineering American Academy of Arts and Sciences Alexander von Humboldt Research Award

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

FA C U LT Y A D VI S O R Y B O A R D The Hagler Institute’s Faculty Advisory Board is key to identifying world-class scholars who will be invited to join the Institute. Each year, the Faculty Advisory Board reviews all Faculty Fellow nominations submitted. The Board ensures that the nominees have obtained prominence in their chosen fields, have made major contributions to those fields, and possess outstanding mentorship qualities. Ultimately, the

University Distinguished Professor College of Science

R. Duane Ireland University Distinguished Professor Mays Business School

Alan Needleman

Olga Kocharovskaya

University Distinguished Professor College of Engineering

University Distinguished Professor College of Science

Marlan O. Scully

J. N. Reddy

University Distinguished Professor College of Science

University Distinguished Professor College of Engineering

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Kim Dunbar

TER M S EX PI R E O N N O VEM B ER 30

2019

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BOARD M EM BERS

Board identifies its top candidates for selection in the upcoming year. Three of the nine seats on the Faculty Advisory Board are chosen by the University’s provost and the vice president for research. The remaining six seats are chosen by the Electorate from among its members.

Ronald DeVore University Distinguished Professor College of Science

Marcia Ory University Distinguished Professor School of Public Health

Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe University Distinguished Professor, Emeritus College of Engineering

A D V O C AT E S Advocates champion the Institute to anyone who shares an interest in the advancement of Texas A&M. They also identify like-minded prospective donors who may want to help establish a strong financial foundation for the Institute’s mission.

Norman R. Augustine

Jerry S. Cox

Rodney C. Hill

Jason A. Blackstone

John L. Crompton

Michael A. Hitt

Ray M. Bowen

Edward S. Fry

Christopher Layne

Janet Briaud

J. Rick Giardino

Carolyn S. Lohman

Jean-Louis Briaud

Melbern G. Glasscock

Joanne Lupton

Bill E. Carter

William C. Hearn

George J. Mann

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

I N S TI T U T E S TA F F John L. Junkins Founding Director

Clifford L. Fry

University Distinguished Professor Department of Aeorospace Engineering College of Engineering

Associate Director

Ed Fry

Deputy Director

Amanda Scott

Associate Department Head for Development Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science

I h o n e s t ly b e li e v e f r o m an acad emi c s ta n d p o i n t t h i s wi l l d o m o r e fo r A& M t h a n a n y progr am i n h i s to r y. â€? Bill E. Carter Hagler Institute Advocate Distinguished Former Student Texas A&M University

Assistant to the Director

William J. Merrell Jr.

Stephanie W. Sale

Charles R. Munnerlyn

Thomas R. Saving

Alan Needleman

Marlan O. Scully

Wanda Needleman

Les E. Shephard

H. Joseph Newton

James M. Singleton IV

Gerald R. North

Ronald L. Skaggs

Erle A. Nye

Michael L. Slack

Thomas W. Powell

Christine A. Stanley

Herbert H. Richardson

Bruce Thompson

Jess C. (Rick) Rickman III

James E. Womack

B. Don Russell 2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

“ H AG L E R I N S T I T U T E I S A N E N D U R I N G F E AT U R E O F T H E T E X A S A& M C U LT U R E T H A N K S T O T H E G E N E R O U S E N D O W M E N T O F J O N L . H AG L E R --

A VI S I O N A R Y WHOSE PAS SI O N , L E A D E R S H I P, A N D COM MI TM EN T T O T E X A S A& M I S U N PAR ALLELED.” John Sharp, Chancellor, The Texas A&M University System,

Remarks from the 2017 Hagler Institute Spring Symposium

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

FA C U LT Y FELLOW A R TI C L E S 14

C H E M I S T R Y O F T H E E L E M E N T S : A FO C U S ON NI TROGEN AN D PH OSPH ORUS C H RI S TO P H ER C U M MI N S

TH E CH ALLENG E O F U R B AN FLO O DI NG G E R A L D G A L L O W AY

C L O U D S A N D T H E R A D I AT I O N BAL ANCE OF TH E PL ANE T M I C H A E L D . KI N G

F R A C K I N G H E A LT H C A R E : L E A R N I N G T O S A F E LY D E - M E D I C A LI Z E A M E R I C A A N D R E C O V E R T R A P P E D V A L U E FO R I TS CI TI Z E N S W I L LI A M S AG E

H O W S M A L L F I S H C A N H E L P S O LV E BI G PR O B L E M S I N BI O M E DI CI N E M AN FRED SCH ARTL

I M PACTS O F C O N N ECTE D VEHI CL ES O N T R A F F I C O P E R AT I O N A N D F U E L C O N S U M P TI O N KU M ARES C . SI N H A

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

201 6 -1 7 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W 2016â€“17 Faculty Fellow

C H RI S TO P H ER C .

CU M MI N S

Christopher Cummins, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), is among the most innovative synthetic chemists of his generation. He is known for his impact on small-molecule activation related to energy research and is recognized for generating and manipulating small molecules that exist only in interstellar space. His ideas have inspired two generations of chemists, extending his approach to the California Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Princeton University, and other top research institutions. He graduated from Cornell with a bachelorâ€™s degree in chemistry in 1989. From there he studied inorganic chemistry under Nobel Laureate Richard R. Schrock and obtained his doctoral degree from MIT in 1993. Cummins joined the chemistry faculty at MIT as an assistant professor and three years later was promoted to professor. His research focuses on exploratory synthesis and reactivity studies involving elements from across

the periodic table. That endeavor includes synthesis stemming from the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, methods to generate unsaturated reactive intermediates, new inorganic molecules and ligands, bonding modes and reaction patterns of carbon dioxide, uniting anion recognition and transition-metal coordination chemistries, and new oxygenreduction phenomena. As a Faculty Fellow, Cummins collaborated with faculty and students from the College of Science and the College of Engineering.

AM ERI C A N AC A D EM Y O F AR TS A N D S CI E N C ES , M EM B ER :

G O T TI N G E N AC A D E M Y O F S CI E N C ES A N D H U M A NI TI ES , M E M B ER

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

CH EMI STRY OF TH E E L E M E N T S : A FO C U S O N NI TROGEN AN D PH OSPH ORUS Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements for all living things and form the basis for the underpinnings of global agriculture by way of fertilizer production. For example, the Haber–Bosch process, discovered during World War I, is used to synthesize ammonia from the elements hydrogen and nitrogen. We have an essentially limitless supply of nitrogen (“N” on the periodic table) because N2 molecules make up 78 percent of Earth’s atmosphere. Phosphorus (“P” on the periodic table) is present in an oxidized form as a constituent of phosphate rock, which is mined as a raw material from sedimentary deposits. We can extract pure phosphorus by subjecting phosphate rock to the so-called thermal process. Using electrical energy and arc-furnace technology, that process uses coke to reduce the phosphorus atoms and to strip away the phosphate oxygen atoms as carbon monoxide. The

volatilized P4 molecules can then be condensed and stored or transported as liquid white phosphorus. Those elements present the inorganic chemist with many opportunities for exciting research discoveries. One line of research is to seek new nitrogen-fixing reactions that would complement the Haber–Bosch process. That process takes place at elevated temperature and very high pressure— conditions that require complex and expensive infrastructure to put the ammonia synthesis reaction into production. For that reason, chemists have sought low-pressure reactions for transforming the N2 molecule.

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

and investigations of synthetic applications, including incorporating N2-derived nitrogen atoms into organic molecules.

s e t ti n g t h e s tag e fo r d e li v e r i n g e l ec t r o n s a n d r e d u ci n g t h e s m a l l m o l ec u l e i n a n y s y s t e m --

bi o logi c al , s y n t h e ti c , or i n d u s tri al

Chemists first discovered in 1965 that the N2 molecule could act as a ligand in a coordination complex, and that information connects nicely with the understanding that the biological fixation of nitrogen takes place with a transition metal–containing cofactor. The binding of N2 to a transitionmetal center is probably the initial event setting the stage for delivering electrons and reducing the small molecule in any system—biological, synthetic, or industrial—that can fix nitrogen. In our research on molecular complexes of the element molybdenum, we found a system that can not only bind the N2 molecule but also affect its complex six-electron reductive cleavage. That N2-cleavage reaction was the first of its kind in homogeneous solution. The welldefined nature of the reactants and products, as well as the ability to characterize intermediates along the cleavage pathway, permitted thorough mechanistic analysis

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

White phosphorus, which consists of tetrahedral P4 molecules, similarly may be transformed upon interaction with a transitionmetal center. By activating P4 at a niobium center, we found that the molecule was subject to complete breakdown with formation of a terminal metal–phosphorus triply bonded functional group; in turn, that novel inorganic species could be used to transfer phosphorus atoms into organic molecules, forming carbon–phosphorus triple bonds. The reactions constituted a new method to synthesize phosphaalkynes, a reactive class of organophosphorus compounds. The niobium-based approach could also be used to generate, as a transient species, the diatomic P2 molecule, which normally exists only at extremely high temperatures. That work permitted the first systematic investigation of the chemistry of P2 under the mild conditions of temperature and pressure that are conducive to organic synthesis applications. We also have sought to discover reactions to transform white phosphorus that do not rely on the action of a transition metal. Taking inspiration from work published by Sir Derek Barton, the English organic chemist and Nobel laureate— whom I met on a visit to Texas A&M University—we have described a mode of P4 breakdown upon exposure to an excess of organic radicals

generated by reducing corresponding organic halides. A current hot topic in phosphorus chemistry is to find ways to produce value-added phosphorus chemicals, which have a variety of commercial applications, from P4 but without going through PCl3. Industrially, current practice is to treat white phosphorus with elemental chlorine to produce phosphorus trichloride; that is true even though the desired product typically contains no chlorine, such that it must then be eliminated. Also, using chlorine poses a significant environmental hazard. Thus, it is easy to see why chemists are eager to find ways to connect the dots between white phosphorus and fine chemicals without the intermediate step of using chlorine. Another effort along those lines is our discovery that P2 can be generated photochemically from white phosphorus and incorporated into organophosphorus compounds via cycloaddition reactions that form carbon–phosphorus bonds. We have elaborated the products of such reactions into a new class of macrocyclic chelating bis-phosphine ligands that have found application

in forefront catalytic reactions such as CO2–ethylene coupling. In addition to delivering P2 units into organic molecules, our efforts also have turned up interesting new combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Cycloaddition of P2 with the azide ion led via an inorganic “click reaction” to the P2N3− ion, a planar five-

i m p li c ati o n s

fo r t h e c o n s t r u c ti o n o f c o n d u c ti n g o r s e m i c o n d u c ti n g e l ec t r o n i c m at e r i a l s membered ring aromatic ion composed only of nitrogen and phosphorus. The very existence of such an all-inorganic species with a strongly delocalized π system has interesting future potential implications for the construction of conducting or semiconducting electronic materials from such element combinations as fundamental building blocks. Having learned much about the properties of the diatomic molecules N2 and P2 as ligands in coordination chemistry, we are seeking to open up a new vista for PN as a ligand in transition-metal chemistry and as a reactive intermediate.

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

201 6 -1 7 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W 2016–17 Faculty Fellow

GER ALD

G A L L O W AY Regarded as the top flood-management expert in the United States, Gerald Galloway is renowned for leading a federal study into the causes of the Great Flood of 1993 along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. He has consulted on projects for governments around the world. As a Research Professor and Glenn L. Martin Institute Professor of Engineering in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, Galloway focuses his research on disaster resilience and mitigation, sustainable infrastructure development, and water resources and energy policy and management under climate change. Galloway graduated from the US Military Academy with a bachelor’s degree and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the US Army Corps of Engineers. After a 38-year career in the military, he retired as a brigadier general. He earned a master’s degree in engineering from Princeton University, a master’s degree in public administration from Penn State University, a master’s degree in military art and science from the US Army Command and General

Staff College, and a doctorate in geography from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Galloway has served as vice president for geospatial strategies at the Titan Corporation and as secretary of the US Section of the International Joint Commission, an independent binational organization. As a Faculty Fellow, Galloway will collaborate with faculty–researchers at Texas A&M’s Galveston Campus.

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G , M E M B E R N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F P U B L I C A D M I N I S T R AT I O N , F E L L O W

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

TH E CH ALLENGE O F U R B AN FLO O DI NG Imagine that heavy rainfalls occurred in your neighborhood several times a year and filled the streets and the basement where you lived, or that water or sewage soaked the first floor of your house or the place where you work. Because the flooding occurred only in limited sections of your community, public officials considered it “nuisance flooding,” but for you each time it was a disaster. Floods are natural events. Flood disasters result from human occupancy of floodplains—low-lying areas adjacent to rivers and coasts— and the elimination of natural storage of rainfall that reduces the impact of major meteorological events. Over the years, as engineers were building dams, levees, and other projects to

“control” flooding, development across the nation was increasing—invading floodplains and paving over areas that had previously absorbed rainfall. By the turn of the twentieth century, uncontrolled development and changes in the intensity and frequency of major storm events brought national flood losses to new highs. The 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster and major floods in 2008, 2011, and 2012 (Superstorm Sandy) reinforced the need to address the nation’s flood risks. Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria have emphasized that need.

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Federally insured flood losses outside the 100-year floodplain

hi dden wi t h i n t h e s tati s ti c s o n m a j or flo o d e ven ts are i n fo r m ati o n a n d d ata a b o u t a l e s s w e l lu n d e r s to o d element of th e flo o d t h r e at :

urban flo o di ng

Unfortunately, hidden within the statistics on major flood events are information and data about a less well-understood element of the flood threat: urban flooding. Until recently, attention has been focused on the flooding that results from overflow of rivers and from high water along coastlines as a result of sea-level rise, tidal variability, and coastal storm surges. Decision makers have neglected flooding that occurs in many urban areas, where it has been considered “storm water” or “sewer problems resulting from heavy rainfalls.” Those impacts are often seen as local and relatively minor. In many of those affected areas, the population has been socially and economically vulnerable and unable to deal with the recurring flood threats. Their political standing did not lead to reporting or analysis of that type of flooding. Because of the frequency of street flooding and basement flooding in Chicago neighborhoods, the Center

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for Neighborhood Technology (CNT), a nonprofit research and advocacy organization, examined the extent and impact of that flooding in 2012 and 2013. CNT concluded that urban flooding was widespread in the metropolitan area and that it was affecting people who were least able to deal with the challenges. CNT pressed the state legislature to study the issue, and in 2015 the state of Illinois, with the cooperation of insurance companies operating there, produced a statewide report on urban flooding. The study indicated that more than 90 percent of urban flood damage claims from 2007 to 2014 were on property outside the mapped floodplain, which is often known as the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) 100-year floodplain. Those losses were taking place in areas where storm water and drainage systems were ineffective and sewer backup was occurring. At the same time, similar flooding problems were seen in the Washington and Baltimore metropolitan areas and were being examined by the University of Maryland Center for Disaster Resilience (CDR). In June 2016, Texas A&M University and Sam Brody, director of the Texas A&M Center for Texas Beaches and Shores (CTBS) in Galveston, contacted me about becoming a Fellow at the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study. We agreed that having Maryland and Texas A&M to work together to assess the national scope of the urban flooding problem might be fruitful. I arranged my fellowship so that it would extend over three years with monthly visits to Texas. Brody and Wes Highfield of CTBS were already heavily engaged in examining a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) program for

community rating under the NFIP and were well aware of the urban flooding challenges that Texas communities faced. In July 2016, with the support of the Hagler Institute, we began our effort to determine the extent and consequences of—and possible methods to mitigate—urban flooding in the United States. Using flood-loss and populationrelated data provided by FEMA, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Small Business Administration, and the Census Bureau, CTBS began to identify areas across the country where flood losses had occurred in areas outside the 100-year floodplain identified on NFIP flood maps. Using geospatial analytical techniques, CTBS identified areas with the greatest concentration of often-flooded areas and dug deeper into the specific location of such events within several urban centers. In fall 2017, the CTBS–CDR team supplemented the geospatial analysis with data from a survey of more than 400 storm and floodwater managers across all the states. We also conducted follow-up interviews with individuals who had completed the survey and volunteered to provide supplementary information. Although the analysis is ongoing, many communities across the nation are clearly suffering from urban flooding and struggling to manage the runoff from major rainfall events. It is also becoming clear that urban flooding results from inadequate and aging infrastructure and from new developments that overwhelm the original designs for storm water management. The analysis also indicates that, as in the CNT study, urban flooding is significantly

affecting neighborhoods in which incomes are low, housing is old, basements are primary residences, and neighborhood social challenges exist. Urban flooding also affects the at-large community by disrupting transportation systems, limiting access to critical facilities, interrupting business operations, and closing workplaces and schools. Solving urban flooding problems will require upgrading or replacing storm water systems, preventing sewage backup at the housing unit level, capturing major rainfall runoff in upstream detention areas and reservoirs,

The blue rectangles indicate areas of potential flooding within the District of Columbia. The checkerboard pattern shows the random distribution of urban flooding in that metropolitan area.

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Engineering, and Medicine is concurrently analyzing the qualitative impacts of urban flooding on affected parties. The committee expects to present its results to FEMA in 2018. Brody is serving on that committee and is integrating the quantitative work of the Hagler-sponsored research with the qualitative work of the National Academiesâ€™ committee.

Urban flood loss outside the 100-year floodplain near Houston

and adequately maintaining existing systems (keeping drainage ditches free from garbage and ensuring that sewer inlets remain unclogged). Dealing with urban flooding will be complex and expensive. By congressional request, a committee of the National Academies of Science,

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The extensive work by the CTBSâ€“CDR team positioned it to address the tragic consequences of Hurricane Harvey in Texas. The analytic techniques employed in the initial urban flooding research, when combined with other research of the CTBS, produced immediate results crucial to understanding what actions need to be taken during disaster recovery. Chancellor John Sharp of The Texas A&M University System selected Brody to lead a group of flood risk management experts. That group is tasked with determining what parameters should be applied to redevelopment and what projects would offer the greatest value in reducing the short- and long-term

threats to not only the communities damaged during Harvey but also to Texas communities that will face similar problems. Clearly, the challenge of urban flooding can no longer be overlooked. Urban flooding has significant impacts, but its consequences are also focused on elements of the population with the least ability to rebound from those frequent flood events. The CTBSâ€“CDR team is continuing its research in coordination with the flood and storm water committees of professional associations and leaders of federal and state organizations to determine what actions and government entities are needed to address that critical flood challenge.

I n c o l l a b o r ati o n wi t h W E S L E Y E . H I G H F I E L D , A S S O C I AT E P R O F E S S O R A N D A S S O C I AT E D I R E C T O R , C E N T E R FO R T E X A S B E AC H ES A N D S H O R ES , D E P A R T M E N T O F M A RI N E S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y AT G A LV E S T O N S A M U E L D A V I D B R O D Y, P R O F E S S O R A N D D I R E C T O R , C E N T E R F O R T E X A S B E A C H E S A N D S H O R E S , D E P A R T M E N T O F M A R I N E S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y AT G A LV E S T O N J O S H G U N N , F O R M E R R E S E A R C H A S S O C I AT E , D E P A R T M E N T O F M A R I N E S C I E N C E S , TA M U G A N D E X T E N S I O N S P E C I A L I S T A N D A S S O C I AT E D I R E C T O R , G R E E N I N G M I C H I G A N I N S T I T U T E , M I C H I G A N S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y EX TEN SI O N J AY T O N R A I N E Y, G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , D E P A R T M E N T O F M A R I N E S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y AT G A LV E S T O N , A N D H E E P F E L L O W , H AG L E R I N S T I T U T E F O R A D V A N C E D S T U D Y, T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y R U S S E L L B . B L E S S I N G , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , D E P A R T M E N T O F L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E A N D U R B A N P L A N N I N G , C O L L EG E O F A R C H I T E C T U R E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y

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201 5 -1 6 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W

MI CH AEL D.

KI N G

Michael King’s leadership on NASA’s Terra and Aqua Earth Science satellite projects played an important role in developing the unprecedented capabilities of the US space program to monitor Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land. He guided the development of five science algorithms to process data, including a breakthrough for determining cloud optical thickness. He received the American Meteorological Society’s Verner E. Suomi Award in 2000 for fundamental contributions to remote sensing and radiative transfer. King earned his bachelor’s degree in physics in 1971 from Colorado College and received his master’s and doctoral degrees in atmospheric sciences from the University of Arizona in 1973 and 1977, respectively.

senior project scientist of NASA’s Earth Observing System from 1992 to 2008. After retiring, he joined the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder as a senior research scientist.

He joined NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 1978 as a physical scientist, where he served as project scientist of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment from 1983 to 1992 and as

King’s current research includes the remote sensing of cloud optical and microphysical properties from reflected solar radiation measurements, the bidirectional reflectance of natural ecosystems, the inversion of aerosol optical and microphysical properties from ground-based sun/sky radiometers, and satellite remote sensing instrumentation and analysis.

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F ENGI N EERI NG , M EM B ER AM ERI C AN G EO PH YSI C AL U NI O N , FELLOW I N S TI T U T E O F E L EC TRI C A L A N D ELECTR O NI C S E NGI N EER S , FELLO W AM ERI C AN M E TEO R O LOGI C AL S O C I E T Y, F E L L O W

As a Faculty Fellow, King collaborated with faculty–researchers and graduate students in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences in the College of Geosciences.

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CLOU DS AN D T H E R A D I ATI O N BAL ANCE OF THE PL ANE T Clouds occur in Earth’s atmosphere and are composed of both liquid water droplets and ice particles. Clouds are vital in moderating our climate by reflecting solar radiation back to space (shortwave or visible wavelength region) or trapping and emitting radiation back to space (longwave or thermal infrared region). They have a major impact on regulating Earth’s climate and making life habitable, not to mention their vital role in providing water in the way of rain and snow. John Aitken, a Scottish physicist who did research on atmospheric dust and the formation of dew, cyclones, and evaporation, first reported in 1880, “when water vapour condenses in the atmosphere, it always does so on some solid nucleus; that the dust particles in the air form the nuclei on which it condenses; and if there was no dust in the air there would be no fogs, no clouds, no mists, and probably no rain.” Atmospheric dust is today referred to as cloud condensation nuclei, and those

particles are ever present in the atmosphere as a result of breaking waves, dust storms, atmospheric chemical transformation in urban and industrial areas, and smoke from natural and manmade fires. But what kind of clouds does Earth have today? What is their composition, and how do they modulate the climate? Nearly thirty years ago, while working with Teruyuki Nakajima, a senior research associate from Japan, we developed a method to infer the effective size of liquid water drops inside clouds from the spectral signature of the solar radiation those clouds reflected. Not only did we develop the theoretical basis of that technique, but we obtained

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ER-2 aircraft

N AS A announced a n e w E arth S y s t e m S ci e n c e p r o g r a m fo r o b s e r vi n g th e global e n vi r o n m e n t

from s pace

observations of real clouds from a radiometer flown on a high-altitude ER-2 aircraft—a modified U2 spy plane. At the same time, we measured the size distribution of cloud drops within a cloud made by observations from another aircraft that was flying through clouds beneath the ER-2. Doing so enabled us to show that the method was feasible and that our analysis led to valid estimates of the properties within clouds solely on the basis of their spectral reflectance of solar radiation. That method, widely known as the Nakajima–King method (Nakajima and King 1990), was first applied to airborne measurements of liquid water clouds. Around the same time that the cloud remote-sensing method was being developed, NASA announced a new Earth System Science program for observing the global environment from space. The Earth Observing System would consist of multiple spacecraft along with the opportunity to propose algorithms for a “facility”

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NASA-specified and -developed satellite instrument, as well as for a principal investigator–developed instrument. In response, I submitted a successful proposal to develop an algorithm to determine those cloud optical properties from a facility instrument known as MODIS. Though many changes occurred over the ensuing ten years, that instrument eventually flew on two satellites— Terra, launched in 1999, and Aqua, launched in 2002—and the Nakajima– King algorithm was developed to determine cloud optical properties globally. The timing was fortuitous because the Nakajima–King algorithm was not yet published and was unknown to the broadscale scientific community. The proposal stood out as most unusual. The algorithm has since been adopted in the spacecraft of the Japanese and European space agencies, but it was indeed new at the time. Developing an algorithm to process satellite observations of solar spectral reflectance of clouds globally was most challenging and ultimately involved many colleagues over the years. The algorithm was first demonstrated from aircraft over nearly flat and uniform marine stratocumulus clouds, composed of spherical liquid water drops and over a dark ocean where the bright clouds stood out from the dark background. However, that description oversimplifies observations of clouds the world over. Global clouds occur over dark oceans and over land—in areas as varied as bright deserts and dark forests, and over snow and sea ice surfaces. Those background conditions had to be characterized to separate the reflectance properties of clouds from those of the underlying,

sometimes bright, surfaces. Another complication is that not all clouds are flat, known as “plane-parallel.” They may also have edges or be rounded. Also, clouds are often composed of nonspherical ice crystals that scatter and absorb solar radiation differently from the way that a liquid water cloud would. That effect is partly due to the distinct refractive index of liquid water in comparison with that of frozen ice particles. As a result, the absorption and scattering would be expected to differ, but the shape of ice crystals is also far from spherical, often consisting of bullet rosettes, columns, plates, aggregates of columns, and other ice crystal shapes.

scattering characteristics of ice clouds, along with previous calculations for liquid water clouds. About twenty-five other changes have also been made in the data processing algorithm, and those new results are referred to as Collection 6 (indicating the existence of several versions and reprocessings as new information and validation has helped improve the product). Figure 1 shows the effective radius (characteristic size) of particles within liquid water clouds and ice clouds worldwide averaged over ten years (2002–2012) during boreal summer (June–August). Those data were obtained from the Aqua spacecraft.

Figure 1. Seasonal mean cloud effective radius from the MODIS sensor on Aqua (2002–2012) for (a) liquid water and (b) ice clouds in micrometers (µm).

Professor Ping Yang of Texas A&M University’s Department of Atmospheric Sciences is a worldclass expert on the light scattering of nonspherical particles at various wavelengths and illumination directions. For more than fifteen years, he has played a large role in filling in that aspect of the global processing algorithms. Through a combination of theoretical calculations and in comparison with newer spacecraft that have unique qualities that enable assessments of the performance of various shape and light-scattering properties, he has enabled the improvement of the satellite retrievals globally by determining that global ice clouds can best be characterized as consisting of aggregates composed of eight columns of roughened (and not smooth) ice crystals. The MODIS satellite data (seventeen years from Terra and fifteen years from Aqua) have been reprocessed with updated algorithms using, among other things, those new light-

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m o r e p a r ti c l e s a r e a v ai l a b l e to s e r v e as clou d c o n d e n s ati o n n u c l ei o v e r l an d as a r e s u lt o f

dust and p o l lu ti o n

Figure 2. Probability distribution of cloud effective radius in micrometers (µm) for (a) liquid water and (b) ice clouds over both land and ocean from Terra and Aqua during July 2006.

Liquid water clouds have drops typically between 8 and 15 µm, with typically 10–11 µm for clouds over land and somewhat larger (12–14 µm) for clouds over the ocean. That is thought to occur because more particles are available to serve as cloud condensation nuclei over land as a result of dust and pollution, so water vapor condenses on more particles, and thus are smaller, than over oceans. In contrast, ice clouds typically have larger particles (ice crystals) that are between 30 and 35 µm over both land and ocean (Figure 2). These analyses and data products are publicly and freely available. Former Texas A&M postdoctoral researcher Bingqi Yi, now a faculty member at China’s Sun Yat-sen University, worked with Professor Yang and Assistant Professor Anita Rapp at Texas A&M to analyze and compare those results with those of Collection 5 and to assess the climate impact of those changes to the energy balance of Earth’s atmosphere. That effort has led to two peer-reviewed publications in high-quality journals (Yi et al. 2017a, b). Further collaborations with graduate students at Texas A&M have

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proven of most value. Clouds and their properties are so important to the past and current climate that widespread interest exists in our ability to determine and characterize clouds from space and to test concepts from validation experiments with aircraft on selected occasions. Many people in the Texas A&M community have been involved in this journey during my Faculty Fellowship at the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, and I have mentored students in Texas A&M’s Department of Atmospheric Sciences. For example, I have worked with Professor Yang and George Kattawar, a retired professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, to supervise the research of graduate student Jiachen Ding, who conducted a study of fundamental similarity relations in the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere. That effort has led to publication in a high-quality peerreviewed journal (Ding et al. 2017).

REFEREN CES Ding, J., P. Yang, G. W. Kattawar, M. D. King, S. Platnick, and K. G. Meyer, 2017: Validation of quasi-invariant radiative quantities with satellite-based cloud property retrievals. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 194, 47–57. Nakajima, T., and M. D. King, 1990: Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1878–1893. Yi, B., A. D. Rapp, P. Yang, B. A. Baum, and M. D. King, 2017: A comparison of Aqua MODIS ice and liquid water cloud physical and optical properties between collection 6 and collection 5.1: Pixel-to-pixel comparison. J. Geophys. Res., 122, 4528–4549. Yi, B., A. D. Rapp, P. Yang, B. A. Baum, and M. D. King, 2017: A comparison of Aqua MODIS ice and liquid water cloud physical and optical properties between collection 6 and collection 5.1: Cloud radiative effects. J. Geophys. Res. 122, 4550–4564.

I n c o l l a b o r ati o n wi t h J I A C H E N D I N G , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , D E P A R T M E N T O F AT M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S , C O L L EG E O F G E O S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y S T E V E N P L AT N I C K , D E P U T Y D I R E C T O R F O R AT M O S P H E R E S , E A R T H S C I E N C E S D I V I S I O N , N A S A G O D D A R D S P AC E F LI G H T C E N T E R A N I TA R A P P , A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R , D E P A R T M E N T O F AT M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S , C O L L EG E O F G E O S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y P I N G YA N G , P R O F E S S O R , D E P A R T M E N T H E A D , A N D H O L D E R O F T H E D AVI D B U L LO C K H A R RI S C H AI R I N G E O S C I E N C E S , D E P A R T M E N T O F AT M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S , C O L L EG E O F G E O S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U NI VERSI T Y B I N G Q I Y I , A S S O C I AT E P R O F E S S O R , S C H O O L O F AT M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S , S U N YAT - S E N U N I V E R S I T Y

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201 6 -1 7 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W 2016–17 Faculty Fellow

WI L LI A M M .

S AG E

William M. Sage is a leading authority and lecturer on the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid expansion, and other critical issues at the center of today’s health care debate. Sage holds the James R. Dougherty Chair for Faculty Excellence in the School of Law and is Professor of Surgery and Perioperative Care in the Dell Medical School, both at The University of Texas at Austin. Sage received a bachelor’s degree in biochemical sciences from Harvard University and earned two doctorates from Stanford University—a medical degree, garnering research honors in anesthesia and critical care medicine, and a law degree, serving as the note editor for the Stanford Law Review. Sage served in the Clinton White House as a cluster leader of the Health Care Working Group for the President’s Task Force on Health Care Reform, and before moving

to The University of Texas at Austin he was a member of the law school faculty at Columbia University. As a Faculty Fellow, Sage collaborated with faculty– researchers in the School of Public Health, the College of Medicine, the Bush School of Government and Public Service, and the School of Law.

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F M E D I C I N E , M E M B E R N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F S C I E N C E S , M E M B E R AC A D EM Y O F M E DI CI N E , E N GI N E ERI N G , A N D S CI E N C E O F TE X AS , M EM B ER H AS TI N G S C E N T ER , F E LLO W N E W YO R K AC A D EM Y O F M E DI CI N E , FELLO W A M E R I C A N C O L L EG E O F L EG A L M E D I C I N E , H O N O R A R Y F E L L O W

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

F R A C KI N G H E A LT H C A R E : L E A R N I N G T O S A F E LY D E - M E D I C A LI Z E A M E R I C A A N D R EC O VER TR AP P E D V A LU E FO R I T S C I TI Z E N S The annual cost of health care in the United States is approaching $4 trillion. The number 4,000,000,000,000—a four with twelve zeros after it—is a truly staggering sum. Even more astonishing is that the US health care system wastes more than $1 trillion each year on care that is overpriced, unnecessary, inefficiently delivered, useless, and often harmful. Economist Peter Orszag, a relative newcomer to health policy when he began his appointment as director of the Office of Management and Budget in the first Obama administration, was amazed to discover something already well known among established experts: that making health care more efficient could save entire percentage points of gross domestic product.

Health care is the only sector of the American economy in which that is even remotely possible. Nearly a decade later, even with supposedly comprehensive health reform legislation in place, that potential for savings remains almost entirely unrealized. In an ironic twist, moreover, a largely free-market Democrat has been followed into the White House by a surprisingly protectionist Republican. However unexpected, that presidential transition reveals something important to the continuing project

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Th e structur al l a n d s c a p e t h at, ye ar af ter ye ar,

tr aps a t r i l li o n doll ars

o r s o i n v a lu e wi t h i n t h e U S h e a lt h care system m ay h a v e a perverse s o ci a l p u r p o s e .

of health care reform. The structural landscape that, year after year, traps a trillion dollars or so in value within the US health care system may have a perverse social purpose. If one compares the health care industry with the rest of the US economy over the last quarter century, one can see amid (and arguably because of) the waste several attributes that the archetypal Trump voter most prizes: jobs, small businesses, regional fairness, nativism, high wages, good benefits, relationships, and trust.

R EC O VER AND REPURPOSE A new way to approach that problem is by imagining engineers as “fracking” the health care system. Devised nearly fifty years ago but implemented much more recently, horizontal hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” has released trillions of cubic feet of trapped shale gas throughout North America. Fracking has huge economic and strategic benefits: cheaper fuel, energy independence, booming transitional work. Fracking also has costs and risks. Its environmental and seismic impact is uncertain, as is its ultimate effect on employment and social stability in communities that

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have pursued it. In addition, fracking may reduce incentives to develop low-carbon, renewable energy sources that are in society’s long-term interest. Lessons from fracking can and should be applied to US health care. Techniques exist to release trapped value in health care without rationing life-saving treatment, and perhaps the will can be mustered to adopt them if health insurance becomes unaffordable. Trillions of dollars can be freed—money that can be used to boost family incomes, reduce corporate expenses, and fund public investment. But one must be alert to the risks and the potential harms. In particular, given the populist sympathies that support the Trump administration, one must be aware of the painful dislocations that could be created during and after the transition to cheaper health care. Put differently: the value trapped in the health care system is both a tragedy and a miracle. It is a tragedy because money used for health care clearly could be better spent. It is a miracle because the money is still there and has not yet gone offshore or into the pockets of CEOs

and financiers—following the path of other globalized, competitive industries in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The mantra for fracking the health care system is assuredly not “repeal and replace,” as the Republicans have long threatened to do to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. Marrying entrepreneurial instincts to communitarian ones, a better theme is “recover and repurpose.” Recapture trapped resources and then determine, as a country, how best to spend them. Recovery requires opening markets, boosting innovation, and empowering consumers with the goal of returning economic surplus to patients and taxpayers from whom governmentally sanctioned private actors have appropriated it. Repurposing requires redirecting resources to education, social services, and the relief of poverty, to rebuild a healthy, productive population that will not so often fall prey to medical monopolists. For people anxious to “frack” the US health care system, the most frustrating aspect of the partisan bickering that followed national health reform has been its continued fixation on health insurance. By its own terms, the ACA displayed both ambition and vision in undertaking simultaneous improvements in health insurance, health care delivery, and health—only a small part of the last being determined by medical treatment. Insurance reform was conceptually the easiest part, consisting of new rules to admit previously uninsurable individuals to coverage on reasonable terms while strongly encouraging participation by younger and healthier people. Those rules were coupled with new

federal money—funded largely by tax increases on high earners—to subsidize insurance purchases by working-class families and to expand Medicaid as a uniform entitlement for the poor. The long-term financial sustainability of those measures depends on tackling the tougher challenges of containing health care costs and improving population health. But extreme partisanship during and after the ACA debate rendered it impossible to put health insurance in the rearview mirror and begin those conversations. Instead, the political combatants have embroiled in perpetual discord what should have been the least contentious aspects of the law. Most Republican proposals, for example, are pale shadows of the law they purport to supersede, paring back health coverage to deliver tax cuts to the wealthy, eroding protections for higher-risk enrollees, abdicating responsibility to the states, and almost wholly ignoring anything in health reform other than insurance.

t h e p o li ti c a l c o m b ata n t s h ave em br oi led i n perpe tual di s c o r d

w h at should h ave b een

th e le ast c o n t e n ti o u s a s p ec t s o f th e l aw

FROM "IRON TRI A N G L E " TO " T R I P L E AI M " Improving the efficiency of health care delivery and improving the underlying health of people in the US must be the principal goals for any recovery and repurposing

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endeavor. Solving those problems requires understanding two things about US health policy that are seldom articulated and therefore underappreciated.

the t r i p l e ai m was as cen dan t: i m p r o vi n g t h e p ati e n t experi en ce o f c a r e , i m p r o vi n g p o p u l ati o n h e a lt h , a n d r e d u ci n g p e r c a pi ta c o s t s .

The first key insight is that a major reconceptualization of health policy has taken place over the past quarter century. At the outset of that period, health policy was described as a three-legged stool comprising access to care, quality of care, and cost of care. By the end, a new formulation called the triple aim was ascendant: improving the patient experience of care, improving population health, and reducing per capita costs. Lost in the shift from one “rule of three” to another, buried perhaps under the carcass of managed care, was that the triple aim not only introduced new objectives but also substantially altered the reform process and dramatically increased its likelihood of success. The cost–access–quality frame for health policy matured in the 1970s and 1980s and was conveyed to a broader audience by authorities such as Professor William Kissick of the

The "triple aim" of healthcare

Population Health

Experience of Care

Per Capita Costs

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University of Pennsylvania. In Kissick’s view, “No society in the world has ever been—or will ever be—able to afford providing all the health services its population is capable of utilizing” (Medicine’s Dilemmas: Infinite Needs Versus Finite Resources, 1994). As that quote indicates, policy experts of that time saw access, quality, and cost as the sides of what political scientists term an iron triangle. If society wants lower cost, it must sacrifice access or quality. If it wants better access, it must incur higher costs or reduce quality. If it wants better quality, typically represented by dramatic progress in biomedical technology, it must pay more or limit access. According to Kissick and others, resolving the tragic choices inherent in those trade-offs demands political consensus with collective consent to ration. Even before Washington, DC, and perhaps the country descended into tribal chaos, reaching that consensus was impossible. Fortunately, we do not face that situation today. The triple aim is different. The brainchild of President Emeritus Donald Berwick and his colleagues at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement in Massachusetts, the triple aim posits three goals that are not constrained by one another but are simultaneously achievable. In the institute’s reframing of health policy, focusing on delivering care people really want and need, while also addressing the social determinants of health, can reduce overall expense. That can be true only if the existing health care system is massively wasteful and misdirected. Kissick had placed US health care on what economists call the Pareto frontier, where it is impossible to improve welfare in one way without reducing it in another. Berwick asserts, with solid empirical support, that it is far off that frontier.

The "iron triangle" of healthcare

Society can have more of everything that matters in health care, at least for several years, if it pays serious and sustained attention to paring back waste and documenting value for both individuals and populations. To Berwick, moreover, no top-down national consensus is required—just incremental improvements from the bottom up that sum to a revolution. Yet virtually nobody debating the future of the ACA has taken note of that very dramatic change in expert understanding of the policy questions and likely solutions. When health care delivery or underlying health is mentioned, opponents immediately return to the iron triangle and accuse reformers of wanting government to ration care—Sarah Palin’s apocryphal “death panels”—and compel health by constraining personal freedom: the so-called broccoli wars. The transition from iron triangle to triple aim was obscured by the nation’s brief surrender of policymaking authority to private managed care organizations in the early 1990s. The health maintenance organizations of the 1960s and 1970s had often managed actual care, delivering it with greater efficiency than occurred in fee-for-service medical practice. But the principal

charge to the managed care industry—which soon became the principal accusation against it— was to monitor not care but cost. In other words, the task became to find private, contractual ways to say “no” to physicians and patients who were legally or politically outside the government’s direct control. As the backlash against that approach gained momentum, the policy community lost track of management without rationing as a meaningful path to health system improvement. That brings us to the second key insight that motivates the fracking project. What traps value in the health care system and renders it so shockingly inefficient is its deep legal architecture. More than anything else, that legal architecture explains the health care system’s current condition and largely predetermines the path that health care providers and health insurers follow even as they seek new destinations. Disrupting the architecture—fracking health law, so to speak—is absolutely necessary for change to occur, even if it is not always sufficient. Few health care innovators recognize how markedly the health care system’s entanglement with state and federal regulation, professional self-regulation, and selective subsidy impedes efficiency. Health care regulation is long-standing and pervasive, rather than the product of only one level of government, a single political party, or any specific law. Put simply: health law takes an idealized version of a therapeutic encounter between one patient and one physician and attempts to isolate

the p r i n ci p a l ch arge to t h e m a n ag e d care i n du stry -- w h i c h s o o n b ec a m e t h e p r i n ci p a l a c c u s ati o n ag ai n s t i t --

w a s to m o n i to r n ot care b u t c o s t.

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it from outside influence or constraint. Health system governance, insofar as it exists, is the legal extrapolation of that dyadic approach to the population level.

u s u a l ly i f i t d o es n ’ t work as intended they h ave s o m e r ec o u r s e , s o m e b asi c w a r r a n t y t h at ge ts th em w h at t h e y n e e d at n o a d d i ti o n a l ch arge.

T h at ’ s n ot h e a lt h care. "

The deference of health law to physicians’ professional standards and ethics conceals its retrogressive impact. As a result, today’s reformers find progress maddeningly slow but seldom understand why. Clinical consensus on where the system needs to improve has existed for two decades. In the Institute of Medicine’s 2000 formulation (known as “crossing the quality chasm”), health care must become safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. Managerial consensus also has emerged on the steps to take. Professor Michael Porter of Harvard Business School, for example, emphasizes integrated practice units, advanced information systems, payment for results, and geographic economies of scale. Normally, if one has known for years where one wants to be and how to get there, one will be there already. That health care isn’t there yet, or even close, demands explanation beyond handwaving about information failures and perverse incentives.

ASSEM BLED PRODUCTS A N D I N FO R M E D S ELF- H ELP The starting point for fracking health care is to map the ways in which health care regulation remains too narrowly focused on the interests of the medical profession and to preserve only those restrictions that demonstrably serve the broader public interest. As fracking proceeds and regulatory barriers fall,

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new competitors, ways of doing things, and indicators of success should emerge. Consider two concrete examples. One is the nature of health care products, not just prescription drugs and medical devices but all kinds of medical services. Our health care system does not buy and sell things that would be found in any reasonable market for complex consumer goods. Consumer goods markets transact in assembled products. A purchase arrives assembled, it does what consumers think it should do, they pay a fair price for the whole thing, and usually if it doesn’t work as intended they have some recourse, some basic warranty that gets them what they need at no additional charge. That is emphatically not health care. Health law partitions physicians from hospitals and enables each to bill independently for services. Health care therefore transacts in professional process steps to which billing codes can be attached, and in isolated inputs to those professional process steps. It is very rare to find assembled services, and finding assembled services with warranties is virtually unheard of. Even when experimenting with new “bundled payment” models, which Medicare recently adopted for total joint replacements, what does the government do? It consults its clinical experts and compiles a list of all the billable processes and supplies they say should be part of a joint replacement, paying hospitals an estimated composite price. What does Medicare not do? Go out and buy a joint replacement. An analogy would be to figure out everything

that should go into a television set, and buy those things from someone who can put them together, but not simply purchase a television set. Another example of regulation-driven inefficiency is how virtually all existing health care technology is intermediated by fully qualified, expensive physicians. The legal architecture of the health care system creates a strict professional hierarchy with physicians at the pinnacle, prevents corporate entities from designing workflow without constant physician involvement, and does almost everything possible to discourage ordinary people from caring for their own health. Facilitating informed self-help and emphasizing the strategic and managerial competencies of physicians over their minute-tominute intervention—with its many inconveniences and inflationary tendencies—is a promising valuerecovery strategy for the US health care system. A similar change already happened with this country’s legal profession, which for all its licensed protectionism is far more exposed to market forces than medicine because of fewer public and insurance subsidies, more corporate clients, and less control over clients’ money beyond the lawyer’s own fee. Part of the fallout from the financial crash of the late 2000s was to reveal within still sizeable demand for “legal services” a much more limited

demand for high-priced lawyers. Similarly, the health care system of the future will have continuing demand for technicians; for trained observers who can help people translate health information into treatment with loose physician oversight; and for individuals who provide compassion, caring, love, and support. What we will need less is a costly cadre of individual experts (physicians) to recognize patterns, draw on accumulated knowledge, and recommend a course of action from an established set of options. That can be automated.

C O N C LU SI O N Successfully fracking American health care means recharacterizing, reinventing, and reengineering both health and social policy to be less “medicalized” and more effective. A much leaner health care system would still do what we need it to do. But it also would leave ample resources in consumers’ pockets to use as they see fit and in public coffers for taxpayers to support other critical collective needs such as education and infrastructure. As with hydraulic fracturing of shale rock, both short- and long-term risks exist, along with many uncertainties. But the destination is very likely to be worth the effort.

e xi s ti n g h e a lt h c a r e t ec h n o l o g y i s i n t e r m e d i at e d b y f u l ly q u a li fi e d , expen si ve p h y s i ci a n s .

I n c o l l a b o r ati o n wi t h Y U X I A N D U , D O C T O R A L S T U D E N T , H E A LT H S E R V I C E S R E S E A R C H , S C H O O L O F P U B L I C H E A LT H , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y B E N J A M I N P R I D AY, G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , D E P A R T M E N T O F E C O N O M I C S , C O L L EG E O F L I B E R A L A R T S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y

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201 5 -1 6 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W

M ANFRED

SCH ARTL Manfred Schartl is best known for explaining the molecular–genetic basis of cancer formation— especially malignant melanoma—by using fish and other nonmammalian models and for translating basic evolutionary research into discoveries with clear and direct impacts on human health. His work has aided the understanding of sex determination as well as the functional and evolutionary consequences of gene duplication. He is at the forefront of all fish-based models of human disease, with implications for developmental disorders, aging, and cancers. Schartl studied biology and chemistry from 1973 to 1978 at the University of Giessen in Germany, resulting in a doctoral degree in genetics. He became a lecturer at Giessen in 1983 and team leader of a research group at the Gene Center of the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany, in 1985. In 1991, he became a professor at the Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, where he now serves as head of the Department of Physiological Chemistry. He is a founder of the biomedicine program at Würzburg.

Schartl is vice chairman of the Rudolf Virchow Center, the university’s research center for experimental medicine. He is an adjunct professor for experimental cancer research in the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Bergen in Norway. As a Faculty Fellow, Schartl collaborated with faculty–researchers from the Department of Biology in the College of Science as well as faculty–researchers from the Health Science Center and the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences.

L E O P O L D I N A , N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F S C I E N C E S O F G E R M A N Y, M E M B E R

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

H O W S M A L L FI S H C A N H E L P S O LV E B I G P R O B L E M S I N BI O M E DI CI N E The author Siddhartha Mukherjee once called cancer â€œthe emperor of all maladies.â€? But cancer is no longer always a death sentence. Diagnostics have improved so that tumors can be surgically removed before they spread to other parts of the body. For many cancers, even when the disease has already progressed, effective therapies are now available that have dramatically increased the so-called disease-free survival period for many patients. However, cancer is not just one disease. A plethora of types and subtypes exist that are unified by just a few characteristics, including uncontrolled growth. Such tumors can arise from almost any cell type or organ. They can present a spectrum of aggressiveness. In fact, cancer is a thousand diseases. For many of the more aggressive forms, however, the available therapies can slow the disease for only a short time. With many treatments, early success is followed by disappointment; the cancer reappears because the cells targeted by a drug become resistant or cannot be eliminated. Thus, an ongoing need exists to find new anticancer drugs.

Further, even for the same type of cancer, treatment works only in some patients but not in others. Part of the reason clearly lies in the genome. Today we can inexpensively sequence a patientâ€™s whole genome. The problem is that we know very little of how differences in the genome determine the success or failure of a cancer therapy. To provide truly personalized medicine, understanding how cancers and cancer treatments interact with individual genetic differences is one of the main goals of cancer research. We continue to learn a lot by studying human cancer tissue and experimenting with cell lines derived from human tumors. But cancer is a systemic disease, and the physiology of the whole body has a crucial impact. Cancer cells interact with healthy cells in the body, most importantly the immune system, so we need whole organisms to study

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to what is going on in a patient. But fish have the same common body plan of all vertebrates, and they have most of the cell types, tissues, and organs that mammals have. At the molecular level, fish are surprisingly similar to humans. For instance the RAS protein, which is altered in many human tumors, is almost 100 percent identical to its mammalian counterpart. Introducing a mutant tumor-initiation gene into a fish leads to the same type of cancer in the transgenic fish as in human patients.

and test. That is the point where small aquarium fish come into play. They serve as very suitable model systems for understanding the function of genes and can be used as a first-line screening tool for new drugs.

Fi s h a r e tr an sparen t

i n t h ei r e a r ly li f e s tag e s ,

so we can observe h ow t u m o r s s ta r t, progr es s , an d r es p o n d to t r e at m e n t.

Why fish? After all, mammalian laboratory models, especially mice and rats, are well established in cancer research and have shown their usefulness impressively in the past. However, small aquarium fish offer several advantages that make them also well suited for biomedical research. They can be bred in large numbers at low cost, making them costeffective for high-throughput testing of new drugs. That approach allows for the screening of tens of thousands of compounds to isolate potential new drugs. Fish are transparent in their early life stages, so we can observe how tumors start, progress, and respond to treatment in their natural environment down to the level of single cells and molecules. Furthermore, fish can be easily genetically modified, either by bringing in new genes or eliminating certain pieces of their genome to learn about the function of those genes. At first blush, a fish seems so different from a human that it is hard to imagine that cancer in a fish can be compared

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

Our research focuses on melanoma, a skin cancer that originates from the black pigment cells—the melanocytes—that give human skin its light, brown, or black color. Melanoma is the most malignant of all skin cancers, is the fifth most common in the United States, and is still growing in incidence. Our research focuses on identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for melanoma in fish and then asking whether our results can be reproduced in human melanoma cells. That work has contributed to a better understanding of the molecular changes that underlie a normal skin pigment cell’s transforming to a malignant melanoma cell. We have explained a mechanism whereby melanoma cells become resistant to interferon treatment, and we have described the biochemical pathways that allow tumor cells to keep growing and escape from normal physiological control processes. One of those pathways detected in our fish models turns out to be important in most human melanoma cases and is now a main target for treating the disease. We have found from another pathway a molecule that turns normal pigment cells into aggressive melanoma cells, enabling them to leave their normal location in the upper skin and invade the deeper layers: the first step toward malignancy.

The benefit of using laboratory approaches for disease research in fish—namely, to produce transgenic animals or to modify their genome in a way that resembles the human condition—has been enormous. However, those “domesticated” models fall short of one important biological aspect. Disease genes are generally derived from genes that have a physiological function and often the changes are only subtle. Those genes and their interactions with other genetic components have evolved in concert with the rest of the genome over a long time. An engineered disease model does not mirror that aspect. Thus, determining how a cancer gene interacts with the so-called genetic background—the network of other genes that can affect how the cancer spreads and responds to treatment—is often hard. Here, so-called evolutionary disease models have another advantage. Those models are animals in which a gene has acquired a function related to a human disease over the course of evolution. Xiphophorus fish, which are the platyfish and swordtails that live in the streams and ponds of Mexico, provide such a model. Some species exhibit benign spotting patterns

composed of cells that are the fish counterparts of human “beauty spots.” However, when those fish are crossed in the laboratory to other fish lacking those spots, the spots transform into malignant melanoma. That occurs because the offspring of those crosses have a functional spotting gene but lack a suppressor gene that controls the spotting gene in the purebred healthy fish. The spotting gene is the fish homolog of a common human cancer gene. Gil Rosenthal, a biology professor at Texas A&M University, studies natural hybrid zones between those fishes from the CICHAZ field station in Mexico’s Sierra Madre Oriental. Some of those natural hybrids show a spectrum of melanotic lesions ranging in severity from spots to malignant cancer. That variation reflects the action of tumor modifier genes that is disrupted in the natural hybrids. From the first weeks of my time as a Hagler Faculty Fellow, we have teamed up to use that natural experiment to isolate those tumor modifier genes and to characterize their action. We hope to find new disease markers and target molecules to develop treatments for melanoma in personalized medicine.

W e h o p e to fi n d n e w di s e as e m arkers a n d ta r g e t m o l ec u l e s to d e v e l o p t r e at m e n t s fo r mel anoma in p e r s o n a li z e d m e d i ci n e .

I n c o l l a b o r ati o n wi t h G I L R O S E N T H A L , P R O F E S S O R O F B I O L O G Y, C O L L EG E O F S C I E N C E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y M AT E O G A R C I A O L A Z A B A L , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , C O L L EG E O F S C I E N C E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y, F U L B R I G H T F E L L O W D A N I E L P O W E L L , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , C O L L EG E O F S C I E N C E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y, N AT I O N A L S C I E N C E F O U N D AT I O N ( N S F ) F E L L O W R I C H A R D S . B O V I O , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , C O L L EG E O F S C I E N C E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y, N S F F E L L O W J . C H R I S B L A Z I E R , P O S T D O C T O R A L R E S E A R C H A S S O C I AT E , C O L L EG E O F V E T E R I N A R Y M E D I C I N E A N D B I O M E D I C A L S C I E N C E S , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y R O N W A LT E R , D E P A R T M E N T O F B I O C H E M I S T R Y, T E X A S S T AT E U N I V E R S I T Y

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201 5 -1 6 FA C U LT Y F E L L O W 2016–17 Faculty Fellow

KU M AR ES

SI N H A

For almost five decades, Kumares Sinha has contributed to transportation engineering over a spectrum of areas as diverse as highway engineering, traffic operations, safety analysis, land use–transportation system modeling, transportation financing, and civil infrastructure management. Sinha received a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Jadavpur University in 1961, as well as a master’s degree in municipal engineering in 1966 and a doctoral degree in civil engineering in 1968, both from the University of Connecticut. After six years at Marquette University, he joined Purdue University in 1974 and is the Edgar B. and Hedwig M. Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering there. As a Faculty Fellow, Sinha collaborated with faculty–researchers and students from the Zachry Department of Civil Engineering in the College of Engineering and with researchers from the Texas A&M Transportation Institute.

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G , M E M B E R A M ERI C A N S O CI E T Y O F CI VI L E N GI N E ER S , H O N O R ARY M E M B ER N AT I O N A L A C A D E M I E S , N AT I O N A L A S S O C I AT E

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

I M PAC TS O F C O N N EC TE D V E H I C L E S O N T R A F FI C O P E R ATI O N A N D F U E L C O N S U M P TI O N Advanced communication and information technologies are rapidly being deployed to make transportation systems connected and automated. While automotive manufacturers and computer companies are racing to place autonomous vehicles on the road, vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity is already a reality and vehicle-to-infrastructure connectivity is soon to follow. The main motivation behind those technologies is to reduce and eventually eliminate crashes and to mitigate congestion and air pollution. However, those technologies are poised to radically transform not only our transportation systems but also our urban environment, including the urban form and land use. With support from the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, a multidisciplinary research team consisting of faculty and students from the colleges of engineering and architecture, in cooperation with the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, has been working to assess some of the impacts that can be expected from those technologies, particularly in small- and medium-sized metropolitan areas. In one project, we investigated the role of connected vehicles in enhancing the quality of traffic flow and in reducing fuel consumption and air pollution emissions. A parallel project is under way to understand expected

consumer preferences in terms of travel behavior and housing choices in response to connected and autonomous transportation. Here we summarize our research to quantify the networkwide operational and fuel consumption impacts of connected vehicles. Vehicular emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide has shown an increased trend in recent years. In 2015, the amount of carbon dioxide emission due to fossil fuel usage in passenger cars was 42.3Â percent of the total produced by the highway sector (EPA 2017). Vehicular travel and fuel consumption will continue to play a pivotal role in urban emissions management as long as fossil fuels remain the primary source of energy use in highway transportation. We developed a model to assess how vehicle connectivity used as a congestion warning mechanism may affect travel and fuel consumption. Network-level traffic flow relationships expressed as a network fundamental diagram (Saberi et al. 2014) and the extent of fuel consumption for different market penetration rates of connectivity were considered as performance measures.

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ANALYTIC METHOD

Vehi cul ar emi s si o n o f greenhouse gas es su ch as c a r b o n d i o xi d e h as sh own an i n cre as ed tren d

In r ec e n t ye ars.

To capture the behavior of connected vehicles, a deterministic car-following model called Intelligent Driver Model was incorporated in the simulation model (Treiber et al. 2000). In comparison with regular vehicles, connected vehicles can be expected to demonstrate more deterministic behavior as a result of the availability of real-time information. The equations of the model are as follows: va δ s*(va, Δva ) v̇a = a α 1 – (—) – v0a sa s*(v, Δva ) = s 0(a) + Tav +

vΔva 2√a α b α

Where v̇a is the follower’s acceleration, a α is the ollowing vehicle’s maximum acceleration, δ is an acceleration exponent, va is the follower’s speed, v0a is the follower’s desired speed, Δva is the difference between the speed of the following and leading vehicles, sa is the current distance between the vehicles, s* is the desired distance between the vehicles, s 0(a) is the jam distance, Ta is the safe time headway, and b a is the follower's deceleration. Connected vehicles are equipped to get real-time information from their surroundings. A probability-based algorithm was developed to inform connected vehicles of congestion on the links ahead of them. Those vehicles can then make en route decisions regarding rerouting and then update their paths to the current shortest path. Based on the developed algorithm, the network was evaluated every 300 seconds to determine the congested links. The criteria for congestion were based on comparing the current speed and the speed limit of the links on the network. Four congestion-level scenarios were examined. If the average speed

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dropped below a specified percentage (a = 10, 20, 30, and 40 percent) of the speed limit, the link would be considered congested. Each scenario also considered the inherently random behavior of drivers in choosing whether to reroute on the basis of the congestion level, potential travel-time savings, and ease of maneuvering through the traffic to reroute. A network fundamental diagram was developed based on threedimensional trajectories of all vehicles in the network representing their lateral and longitudinal movements as well as the time spent (Saberi et al. 2014). Vehicle movements included various operational phases: acceleration, deceleration, uniform speed, and the stopped position. Traffic-flow variables were estimated using the following equations: Q(ω) =

d(ω) Lxyx ∆ t

K(ω) =

t(ω) Lxyx ∆ t

V(ω) =

d(ω) t(ω)

where Q(ω) is the networkwide average flow, K(ω) is the networkwide average density, V(ω) is the networkwide average speed, d(ω) is the total distance traveled by all vehicles, t(ω) is the total time spent by all vehicles, Lxy is the total length of the network in shape ω, ω is a threedimensional time–space diagram (simulated vehicle trajectories), and ∆t is the duration of time for estimating traffic flow variables. Estimating fuel consumption and air pollution emissions requires vehicle trajectories, including speed and acceleration. Vehicle trajectories were obtained from the output of the microsimulation model. Fuel

consumption was estimated using the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power– based Fuel Consumption Model (Rakha et al. 2011). A 2012 Toyota Camry was used as the typical vehicle for the model calibration representing a popular sedan in the vehicle fleet.

CASE STUDY AREA The eastern part of El Paso, Texas, was selected as the case study area for several reasons. First, it is congested. The average travel time during the morning peak hours can be as much as 23 percent higher than that under the free-flow (uncongested) condition (El Paso Congestion Statistics 2016). Second, the area encompasses different types of roads, including freeway, arterial, and local roads. Finally, El Paso is a nonattainment area, in which air quality is worse than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards forparticulate matters, and our work can potentially be useful in developing appropriate strategies to manage emissions. The network alignment is shown in Figure 1. The network traffic flow was modeled using an open-source software, Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) (Behrisch et al. 2011; Krajzewicz et al. 2012, 2006, 2002). SUMO is a microsimulation model that provides detailed operational characteristics of vehicles. An application programming interface, TraCI, was used to extend the basic functionality of the roads and to allow new strategies in the simulation model, such as the introduction of connected vehicles.

Transportation Institute and was calibrated using the time-dependent traffic count data provided by the Texas Department of Transportation on some links of the network. The network was simulated for six market penetration rates of connected vehicles (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 percent).

Figure 1. Network alignment on x-y plane

N U M E R I C A L R E S U LT S Figure 2 presents the network fundamental diagram with flow– density relationships at various market penetration rates of connectivity derived from the microsimulation model. The diagram shows that,

Figure 2. Network fundamental diagram for different penetration rates for a = 0.4. MPR = market penetration rate.

The traffic flow was simulated for 2 hours in the morning peak period (6–8 a.m.). The normal demand was obtained from an origin–destination matrix provided by the Texas A&M

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of market penetration rate and four congestion levels (a) are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that introducing connected vehicles will significantly affect the reduction of fuel consumption and thus the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases since those emissions are correlated to fuel consumption.

C O N C LU SI O N A N D C O N TI N UI N G WO R K Figure 3. (right) Fuel consumption versus flow for different penetration rates for a = 0.4. MPR = market penetration rate.

as the market penetration rate of connected vehicles increases, the network experiences higher flows for the same density. In other words, the network’s throughput increases. However, the rate of increase in the throughput decreases and the relationship becomes asymptotic at higher rates of market penetration. Figure 3 shows the impact of connectivity on fuel consumption. Higher market penetration rates of connected vehicles improve the mobility of the network and increasing numbers of vehicles travel at uniform speed, resulting in less fuel consumption. Total fuel consumption over the network for different values

Table 1. Total fuel consumption (liters) for different MPRs for two hours of simulation

To brainstorm how connected and autonomous transportation could affect the urban form, particularly in small- and medium-sized metropolitan areas, a charette was organized in May 2017 at the College Station

MPR (% connectivity)

Average speed < 0.1 × Posted Speed limit

Average speed < 0.2 × Posted Speed limit

Average speed < 0.3 × Posted Speed limit

Average speed < 0.4 × Posted Speed limit

12,089

11,263

11,138

11,114

11,197

10,116

10,112

10,045

9,963

9,559

9,422

9,512

9,421

9,255

90,276

9,042

9,080

100

8,786

8,502

8,668

8,661

MPR = market penetration rate.

Our work has so far demonstrated potential positive impacts of connected vehicles from the mobility and environmental perspectives. The continuing work involves enhancing the rerouting algorithm to allow increased flexibility in driver decisions. In addition, the model will be extended to incorporate vehicleto-infrastructure with vehicle-tovehicle technologies and to consider both recurring and nonrecurring congestion. Work also will be done to assess other impacts, including air quality.

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campus. The charette participants included multidisciplinary experts from Texas A&M University, the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, and the Texas Department of Transportation, as well as local stakeholders from the Bryan–College Station area. A nationwide survey has recently been completed to collect relevant data from small- and mediumsized metropolitan areas and to develop appropriate quantitative models to assess the urban-form

impact of connected and autonomous transportation.

ACKN OWLEDG EM EN TS We thank Jorge Vanegas, dean of the College of Architecture, and Joe Zietsman and Katie Turnbull of the Texas A&M Transportation Institute for their support. We also appreciate the assistance provided by the Texas Department of Transportation during data collection.

REFEREN CES Behrisch, M., Bieker, L., Erdmann, J., 2011. SUMO–simulation of urban mobility: an overview. Proc. SIMUL. El Paso traffic congestion statistics | TomTom Traffic Index [WWW Document], 2016. URL https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/city/el-paso (accessed 8.30.17). EPA, U., 2017. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. doi:10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2017 Experian Automotive: Midrange Cars are Top-Selling Segment; Toyota Camry Top Vehicle - Experian Global News Blog [WWW Document], 2012. URL http://www.experian.com/blogs/news/2012/09/11/top-selling-cars/ (accessed 8.30.17). Krajzewicz, D., Bonert, M., Wagner, P., 2006. The open source traffic simulation package SUMO. Rob. 2006. Krajzewicz, D., Erdmann, J., Behrisch, M., Bieker, L., 2012. Recent development and applications of SUMO - simulation of urban mobility. Int. J. Adv. Syst. Meas. 5. Krajzewicz, D., Hertkorn, G., Rössel, C., 2002. SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility)-an open-source traffic simulation. Proc. 4th. Rakha, H., Ahn, K., Moran, K., Saerens, B., 2011. Virginia tech comprehensive power-based fuel consumption model: model development and testing. Res. Part D …. Saberi, M., Mahmassani, H., Hou, T., Zockaie, A., 2014. Estimating Network Fundamental Diagram Using Three-Dimensional Vehicle Trajectories. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board 2422, 12–20. doi:10.3141/2422-02 Treiber, M., Hennecke, A., Helbing, D., 2000. Congested traffic states in empirical observations and microscopic simulations. Phys. Rev. E.

I n c o l l a b o r ati o n wi t h M AR K BU RRI S , H ER B ERT D . KELLEH ER PR O FES S O R , Z ACH RY D EPARTM EN T O F C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G , C O L L EG E O F E N G I N E E R I N G , T E X A S A& M U NI VERSI T Y W E I L I , A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R , D E P A R T M E N T O F L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E A N D U R B A N P L A N N I N G , C O L L EG E O F A R C H I T E C T U R E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y A R E Z O O S A M I M I , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , Z A C H R Y D E P A R T M E N T O F C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G , C O L L EG E O F E N G I N E E R I N G , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y A L I R E Z A TA L E B P O U R , A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R , Z A C H R Y D E P A R T M E N T O F C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G , C O L L EG E O F E N G I N E E R I N G , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y H A O T I A N Z H O N G , G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T , D E P A R T M E N T O F L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E A N D U R B A N P L A N N I N G , C O L L EG E O F A R C H I T E C T U R E , T E X A S A& M U N I V E R S I T Y

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

MAKE NO LI T T L E P L A N S ; T H E Y H A V E N O M AG I C T O S TI R M E N ' S B LO O D A N D P R O B A B LY T H E M S E LV E S W I L L N O T B E R E A LI Z E D . M A K E B I G P L A N S ; AI M H I G H I N H O P E AN D WO R K , R EM EM B ERI NG T H AT A N O B L E , L O G I C A L D I AG R A M O N C E R E C O R D E D WI L L N E V ER DI E , B U T LO N G AF TER WE ARE GON E BE A LI V I N G T H I N G , A S S E R T I N G I TS E L F WI T H E V E R - G R O WI N G I N S I S T E N C Y. DANI EL BURNH AM AM ERI C A N AR CHI TECT 1 8 4 6 -19 1 2

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2017 -1 8 FA C U LT Y FELLOWS 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

V I J AY K . D H I R RI CH AR D A . DIXO N RI C H AR D A . E P S T EI N J AM ES E. H U BB AR D J R . TO M GI N S B U RG T H O M AS J . S TI PA N O WI C H J ERRY TES S EN D ORF

2017 -1 8 D I S TI N G U I S H E D L EC TU R ER S 57 57

STEVEN CHU K AT E P A L LI S R E E N I V A S A N

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

VI J AY K .

DHIR

Distinguished Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science University of California, Los Angeles

As leader of the Boiling Heat Transfer Lab at the University of California, Los Angeles, Vijay K. Dhir conducts pioneering work in fundamental and applied sciences involving boiling, an efficient process of heat removal. Dhir is known for his work in microgravity heat transfer, twophase heat transfer, thermal– hydraulics of nuclear reactors, and soil remediation. He managed experiments that flew aboard the International Space Station to assess how microgravity affects boiling. Born in India, Dhir earned his doctorate from the University of Kentucky in 1972 and then joined the faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he served as vice chair and chair of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. He was appointed associate dean for academic and faculty issues for the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science and served as the school’s interim dean until he

was appointed dean in 2003 and held that position until 2016. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow and honorary member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and a fellow of the American Nuclear Society. The University of Kentucky inducted Dhir into its Engineering Hall of Distinction and presented him with an honorary doctorate in engineering. Honors include ASME’s Heat Transfer Memorial Award in the science category, the Donald Q. Kern award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Max Jakob Memorial Award from ASME and American Institute

of Chemical Engineers, the Technical Achievement Award of the Thermal Hydraulics Division of American Nuclear Society, a Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Conference on Computational and Experimental Engineering and Sciences, and the 75th Anniversary Medal from the Heat Transfer Division of ASME. Dhir was a member of the National Research Council’s Steering Committee on the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space, as well as the National Academy of Science’s committee Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of US Nuclear Plants. Dhir will collaborate with faculty and students in the College of Engineering and the College of Science.

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G , M E M E R A M E R I C A N N U C L E A R S O C I E T Y, F E L L O W AM ERI C A N S O CI E T Y O F M EC H A NI C AL E N GI N E ER S , FELLO W

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Ri ch ar d A .

DIXO N Distinguished Research Professor Director, BioDiscovery Institute Department of Biological Sciences College of Science University of North Texas

Richard A. Dixon is a world-renowned specialist in the metabolic engineering of plants. As the director of the BioDiscovery Institute, Dixon is leading an interdisciplinary research group working to develop basic understanding of molecular processes that provide bio-based solutions for a sustainable future. Dixon is best known for his research into the biochemistry, molecular biology, and metabolic engineering of natural product pathways in plants and their implications for agriculture and human health. In the United Kingdom, Dixon received a doctorate in botany from the University of Oxford and received postdoctoral training in plant biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. In 2004, the University of Oxford awarded him the Doctor of Science degree for his research achievements. Before joining the University of North Texas, Dixon was a Distinguished Professor and holder of the Samuel

Roberts Noble Research Chair, as well as senior vice president and founding director of the Plant Biology Division, at the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation in Ardmore, Okla. He holds an adjunct professorship at Oklahoma State University and was recently appointed Chief Scientist in the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China. Dixon is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of The Academy of Medicine, Engineering, and Science

of Texas. He received the GP Scientific Prize from Groupe Polyphenols and received the Phytochemical Pioneer Award from the Phytochemical Society of North America. He holds twenty-eight patents, and was named by the Institute for Scientific Information as one of the ten most cited authors in the plant and animal sciences from 1991 to 2001. Over his career, Dixon’s work has been cited more than 61,000 times. Dixon will collaborate with faculty and students in the College of Science. He is the first Hagler Faculty Fellow to receive support from the college’s Timothy C. Hall–Heep Foundation Distinguished Faculty Chair in Biology.

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F S C I E N C E S , M E M B E R N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F I N V E N T O R S , F E L L O W A M E R I C A N A S S O C I AT I O N F O R T H E A D V A N C E M E N T O F S C I E N C E , F E L L O W TH E AC A D EM Y O F M E DI CI N E , E N GI N E ERI N G A N D S CI E N C E O F TE X AS , M EM B ER

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RI CH AR D A .

E P S T EI N Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law New York University School of Law

A wide-ranging legal scholar with interdisciplinary interests, Richard A. Epstein has made significant contributions in many areas of law, including legal theory property, torts, and employment. His landmark book Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain revitalized academic interest in property law. His other books include Simple Rules for a Complex World and The Classical Liberal Constitution. His book Cases and Materials on Torts (with Catherine Sharkey) is now in its 11th edition. He received his law degree from Yale Law School in 1968. Epstein joined the faculty of the University of Southern California Gould School of Law. He moved to the University of Chicago Law School as a professor and was named the James Parker Hall Professor of Law. He also directed the John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics at the University of Chicago. He became the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law at New York

University School of Law and has served as the Peter and Kirstin Bedford Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 2000 and as the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law Emeritus and a senior lecturer at the University of Chicago since 2010.

Epstein has written twenty books and more than 350 articles in both law reviews and peerreviewed publications. Epstein was editor of the Journal of Legal Studies from 1981 to 1991 and of the Journal of Law and Economics from 1991 to 2001.

He is a member the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been a senior fellow of the Center for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicagoâ€™s Division of Biological Sciences since 1983. He received an honorary law degree from the University of Ghent and the Bradley Prize from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation.

Epstein ranks among the worldâ€™s most highly citied scholars. HeinOnline, a database of legal scholarship, ranks Epstein sixth all-time among legal scholars on the basis of 10,490 citations. Courts have cited his work nearly 200 times. Epstein will collaborate with faculty and students at the School of Law.

AM ERI C A N AC A D EM Y O F AR TS A N D S CI E N C ES , M EM B ER C E N T E R FO R C LI N I C A L M E DI C A L E T H I C S AT T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F C H I C AG O , S E N I O R F E L L O W B R A D L E Y P R I Z E , LY N D E A N D H A R R Y B R A D L E Y F O U N D AT I O N

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To m

GI N S BU RG Leo Spitz Professor of International Law Ludwig and Hilde Wolf Research Scholar University of Chicago Law School Professor of Political Science University of Chicago

Legal scholar Tom Ginsburg has revolutionized the way we understand the function and content of constitutions in law and society. He is a pioneer in applying multidisciplinary social scientific analysis to comparative law, particularly to comparative constitutional law. His groundbreaking work in that area has been widely recognized as transforming the field.

policy, both from the University of California, Berkeley. He served as a legal adviser at the Iran–US Claims Tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands; joined the faculty of the University of Illinois College of Law; and later joined the University of Chicago Law School.

He co-directs the Comparative Constitutions Project, an effort funded by the National Science Foundation to gather and analyze the constitutions of all independent nation–states Ginsburg is a member of the since 1789. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Honors include the Ginsburg is one of the most successful University of Illinois Sheth Award for law academics to translate scholarship International Faculty Achievement; into policy. His findings and expertise Best Dataset Award, American have influenced judicial and Political Science Association Section constitutional reform around on Comparative Democratization the world. for the Comparative Constitutions Project; a Fulbright Award to study at Ginsburg received a law degree and a Italy’s University of Trento; and the doctorate in jurisprudence and social Tribeca Disruptive Innovation Award.

His books include Judicial Review in New Democracies, which won the C. Herman Pritchett Award from the American Political Science Association, as did The Endurance of National Constitutions. He has published 133 articles in peerreviewed journals. Brian Leiter’s Law School Reports ranks Ginsburg fifth among the 15 Most-Cited Law and Social Science Faculty from 2010 to 2014. He is the second-youngest scholar to appear on the list and the only scholar younger than age fifty to appear in the top five. Ginsburg will collaborate with faculty and students at the School of Law as well as the Bush School of Government and Public Service.

AM ERI C A N AC A D EM Y O F AR TS A N D S CI E N C ES , M EM B ER T R I B E C A D I S R U P T I V E I N N O V AT I O N A W A R D

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

J am es E.

H U BBARD J R. Glenn L. Martin Institute Professor A. James Clark School of Engineering University of Maryland Director Center for Adaptive Aerospace Vehicle Technology and the Morpheus Laboratory National Institute of Aerospace

Unmanned vehicles that can perform tasks autonomously could be used as robotic platforms in the air and on the ground to conduct the dull, dirty, and often-dangerous tasks that put humans at risk of injury. Such tasks include crop surveys, atmospheric data collection, search-andrescue missions, wildfire fighting, and border patrol operations. To that end, James E. Hubbard Jr. and his team are working to design, develop, and define the state of the art in that field. Hubbard received his doctorate in mechanical engineering in 1982 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hubbardâ€™s previous appointments include the Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty, the Charles Stark Draper, Optron Systems Inc., and the Photonics Center at Boston University. Hubbard co-founded PhotoSense Inc. and iProvica Inc. He is known internationally for his work in aeroacoustics for noise

control, adaptive structures, spatially distributed transducers, and the extension of modem time domain control methodologies into the spatial domain for the real-time control of distributed systems. Hubbard is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and a senior member of the International Society for Optical Engineering. Honors include the Smart Structures Product Innovation Award from the International Society for Optical Engineering (1999); Black Engineer

N AT I O N A L A C A D E M Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G , M E M B E R LI F E TI M E AC H I E V E M E N T AWA R D , S O CI E T Y O F P H O T O N I C S A N D I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N E N G I N E E R S

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of the Year (2002) from the Career Communications Group; Best Paper in Structures Award from the Adaptive Structures and Material Systems branch, Aerospace Division, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2015); and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society of Photonics and Instrumentation Engineers (2016). He has published three books and ninety-six articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has been awarded twenty-four patents. Hubbard will collaborate with faculty and students in the College of Engineering and the Texas A&M Transportation Institute.

Th o m as J .

S TI P A N O WI C H Professor Holder, William H. Webster Chair in Dispute Resolution Associate Dean of the Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution School of Law Pepperdine University

A leading scholar in commercial arbitration and dispute resolution, Thomas J. Stipanowich is among the most highly cited authors in his discipline. He co-wrote the groundbreaking fivevolume treatise Federal Arbitration Law: Agreements, Awards, and Remedies Under the Federal Arbitration Act, cited by the US Supreme Court and other federal and state courts and named Best New Legal Book of 1994 by the Association of American Publishers. He also co-wrote Resolving Disputes: Theory, Practice, and Law, a course book for law schools that is now in its third edition. According to the legal database HeinOnline, his fifty-eight academic articles have been citied 787 times by other scholars and twenty-two times by courts. Stipanowich received his law degree from the University of Illinois College

of Law. He has held positions with Smith, Currie & Hancock in Atlanta; the University of Kentucky School of Law; Stites & Harbison; and the International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution. He is a fellow of the American Bar Foundation; a fellow of the American College of Construction Lawyers; a founding fellow of the American College of Commercial Arbitrators; and an honorary member of the International Academy of Mediators, the American College of Civil Trial Mediators, and the Garibaldi ADR Inn of Court. He received Companionship from the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators,

becoming the fourth person to receive the institute’s highest honor and the first outside the United Kingdom. Honors include the D’AlemberteRaven Award and the Lawyer as Problem Solver Award, both from the American Bar Association’s Section on Dispute Resolution; the Practical Achievement Award and the James F. Henry Award, both from the International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution; and the honorific title of Distinguished Law Professor from National Law University, Delhi. Stipanowich will collaborate with faculty and students at the School of Law and the College of Architecture.

A M E R I C A N C O L L EG E O F C O M M E R C I A L A R B I T R AT O R S , F O U N D I N G F E L L O W D ’ALEM B ERTE- R AVEN AWAR D AN D L AW YER AS PR O B LEM S O LV E R A W A R D , A M E R I C A N B A R A S S O C I AT I O N

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

J erry

TES S EN D O RF Professor Department of Visual Computing School of Computing Clemson University

Recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2008 for technical achievement, Jerry Tessendorf is known for advancing the use of fluid simulations in computer graphics for motion pictures. His algorithms and digital tools allow filmmakers to simulate water, fire, and other highly complex systems and to predictably render the results. Tessendorf has thirty-nine feature film credits, including Waterworld in 1995, Titanic in 1997, Superman Returns in 2006, and The Golden Compass in 2007. His software was used for the 2012 film Life of Pi, which won the 2013 Academy Ward for Best Visual Effects. Tessendorf received his doctorate in physics from Brown University. He has held positions with Areté Associates, Texas A&M University, Areté Image Software, Cinesite Digital Studios, Finelight Visual Technologies Inc., and Rhythm and Hues Studios.

He shared a Technical Achievement Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the custom fluid dynamics tools developed and used within the studios. In addition to general threedimensional fluid dynamics, he developed algorithms and software for water surface dynamics, volume manipulation and enhancement techniques, volume rendering, geometry tracking and texturing, and the coupling of dynamical systems. Tessendorf directed Clemson’s Digital Production Arts program and now

conducts research on new highquality methods of fluid simulation, for both volumetric and freesurface dynamics, and supervises doctoral students on research into radiative transfer solution methods. Tessendorf has written fortythree articles for peer-reviewed publications. Tessendorf will collaborate with faculty and students in the College of Architecture, the College of Engineering, and the College of Geosciences.

AC A D E M Y AWA R D FO R T EC H N I C A L AC H I E V E M E N T, AC A D E M Y O F M O TI O N PI C T U R E AR TS A N D S CI E N C ES T H I R T Y - N I N E F E AT U R E F I L M C R E D I T S

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2017 -1 8 D I S TI N G U I S H E D L E C T U R E R S Steven

CHU

William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Humanities and Sciences Professor of Physics and Molecular and Cellular Physiology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford University

Co-recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics and the first scientist to serve as a US Cabinet secretary, Steven Chu has advanced atomic physics by co-developing laser cooling techniques and the magneto-optical trapping of atoms. That approach allows scientists to study individual atoms with greater accuracy. Chu is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American

Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Academia Sinica, and is a foreign member of the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology. Chu will participate as a keynote speaker in a symposium with other notable scholars.

K at e p a l li

S R E E NI VAS A N Dean and Eugene Kleiner Professor for Innovation in Mechanical Engineering NYU Tandon School of Engineering Professor of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Professor of Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Highly regarded for his expertise in turbulence, nonlinear phenomena, statistical physics, and astrophysical and cryogenic fluid mechanics, Katepalli R. Sreenivasan conducts research that crosses the boundaries of physics, engineering, and mathematics. His pioneering work in turbulent convection provides the foundation for many current investigations around the world.

and the US National Academy of Engineering. He is an honorary fellow in the Indian Academy of Sciences, a foreign fellow in the Indian National Academy of Sciences, a member of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, a foreign fellow in the African Academy of Sciences, and an honorary member of the Accademia Torre e Tasso, DuinoAurisina in Italy.

Sreenivasan is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the US National Academy of Sciences

A truly outstanding scholar, Sreenivasan participate as a keynote speaker in a symposium with other notable scholars. He is a member of the inaugural Class of 2013â€“14 Faculty Fellows.

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

2017 -1 2 FA C U LT Y FELLOWS

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201 6 -17 Christopher C. Cummins

Charles E. Kolb

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Aerodyne Research Inc.

Research

Ingrid Daubechies

V. Kumar

Duke University

Georgia State University

Ludwig Mond Award, Royal Society of Chemistry American Academy of Arts and Sciences Synthetic chemistry, inorganic synthesis methodology

National Academy of Engineering National Academy of Sciences

Research

Wavelets, mathematical methods

Gerald Galloway University of Maryland

National Academy of Public Administration National Academy of Engineering

Research

Civil engineering, flood plain management

Huajian Gao Brown University

National Academy of Engineering William Prager Medal, Society of Engineering Science

Research

Mechanical and biological engineering

Maryellen Giger The University of Chicago

National Academy of Engineering Academic Career Achievement Award, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

Research

National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and climate

Don Lehmann Awards (4), American Marketing Association Paul H. Root Awards (3), Marketing Science Institute

Research

Marketing research methods, customer relationship management

William M. Sage The University of Texas at Austin

National Academy of Medicine The Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas

Research

Law, national health care reform

Thomas S. Ulen University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign

Honorary Doctorate, Katholieke Universeit Leuven, Belgium Board of Directors (Founding Member), American Law and Economics Association

Research

Law, economics, legal, scholarship, and legal education

Computer-aided diagnosis, digital signal and image processing

Robert Kennicutt Jr. University of Cambridge

National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Research

Astronomy, star formation and galaxies

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

201 5 -1 6

2014 -1 5

W. David Arnett

Michael King

Harold Adams

University of Arizona

University of Colorado

RTKL Associates Inc.

National Academy of Sciences Henry Norris Russell Lectureship, American Astronomical Society

Research

National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Meteorological Society Fellow, American Geophysical Union

Research

Architecture and building construction

Theoretical astrophysics, supernovae, and stellar astronomy

Research

Atmospheric and space physics

Rakesh Agrawal

John T. Brosnan

Steve Polasky

Purdue University

Memorial University of Newfoundland

University of Minnesota

Canadian Academy of Health Sciences Royal Society of Canada

National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences

National Academy of Engineering National Medal of Technology and Innovation

Research

Chemical engineering, invention

Research

Ecological/environmental economics

Jack Dongarra

Robert A. Calderbank

John A. Rogers

Duke University

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Amino acid biochemistry

National Academy of Engineering American Mathematical Society

Research

National Academy of Engineering National Academy of Sciences

Computer science, electrical engineering, and mathematics

Research

Richard Delgado

Manfred Schartl

The University of Alabama School of Law Six Gustavus Myers Awards for Outstanding Book on Human Rights in North America American Library Association, Choice Outstanding Academic Book

Research

Critical race theory, law

Richard Gibbs Baylor College of Medicine

National Academy of Medicine Texas Academy of Medicine, Engineering, and Science

Research

Genome science, human molecular evolution

J. Karl Hedrick University of California, Berkeley National Academy of Engineering

Research

Nonlinear control theory, automotive control systems

Richard Holm Harvard University

Materials science and engineering

University of Würzburg, Germany Leopoldina, National Academy of Sciences of Germany Prince Hitachi Prize, Comparative Oncology, Japan

Research

Biology, genetics

Kumares Sinha Purdue University

National Academy of Engineering Honorary Member, American Society of Civil Engineers

National Academy of Engineering American Association for the Advancement of Science

Research

Computational mathematics

William Marras The Ohio State University

National Academy of Engineering American Association for the Advancement of Science International Ergonomics Association

Research

Ergonomics and occupational health

Ed Moses Giant Magellan Telescope Organization National Academy of Engineering

Research

Fusion energy, high-power laser physics

Research

Yuri Oganessian

Susan Suleiman

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

Civil engineering

Harvard University

Russian Academy of Sciences State Prize from the President of Russia (1975 and 2010)

Invited Shapiro Senior Scholar-in-Residence, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, Holocaust Memorial Museum

Research

Robert Skelton

Officer of the Order of Academic Palms (Palmes Académiques), France Twentieth-century French literature

National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Research

Bioinorganic chemistry

American Institute of Architects (AIA) Kemper Award, AIA

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Nuclear physics

University of California, San Diego

National Academy of Engineering Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Research

Systems and aerospace engineering

201 3 -14 Leif Andersson

Christodoulos Floudas

Robert Levine

Uppsala University, Sweden

Princeton University

University of Maryland

Wolf Prize in Agriculture Foreign Associate Member, National Academy of Sciences (US)

Research

National Academy of Engineering

Research

Chemical and biological engineering

Animal genetics

Roy Glauber

Satya Atluri

Harvard University

University of California, Irvine

Jay B. Hubbell Medal for Lifetime Achievement in American Literary Scholarship Outstanding Book Award, Choice Magazine

Research

Literary and comparative studies

Nobel Prize in Physics National Academy of Sciences

Wolfgang Schleich

Research

Ulm University, Germany

Mechanical and aerospace engineering

Roger Howe

Research

Claude Bouchard

Yale University

National Academy of Engineering European Academy of Sciences

Research

Louisiana State University

Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science Member, Order of Canada

Academia Europaea Austrian Academy of Sciences

Quantum physics

Theoretical and quantum physics

National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Research

Peter Stang University of Utah

National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences National Medal of Science

Mathematics

Research

Genetics and nutrition

Organic chemistry

201 2 -1 3 Jay Dunlap

Alan Needleman

Vernon Smith

Dartmouth College

University of North Texas

Chapman University

Research

Aleda Roth

Katepalli Sreenivasan

Clemson University

New York University

National Academy of Sciences Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Research

Genetics, biochemistry

Peter Liss University of East Anglia, UK

Fellow, Royal Society Academia Europaea Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Research

Environmental sciences

National Academy of Engineering American Academy of Arts and Sciences Timoshenko Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Materials science and engineering

Distinguished Fellow, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society Fellow, Decision Sciences Institute Fellow, Production and Operations Management Society

Research

Nobel Prize in Economics National Academy of Sciences Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Experimental economics

National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Research

Mechanical engineering

Global supply chain management

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

2017 E VEN TS S PRI N G S Y M P O SI U M ( FEB

Session I: Genomics and Medicine Manfred Schartl Richard Gibbs James Womack Arthur Beaudet

Session II: Literary Democracy William Bedford Clark Robert Levine Ed Folsom Wai Chee Dimock Jerome Loving

Session III: The Nobel Foundation Celebrates Quantum Mechanics Girish Agarwal Wolfgang Schleich Marlan Scully

2 2 -24)

H AG L E R GAL A ( F E B 24)

Physics Colloquium Robert Albritton David Lee Roy Glauber

Session IV: Information and Computation: Tools for Better Living Robert Calderbank Ingrid Daubechies Maryellen Giger Alan Needleman

Session V: Writing in Dark Times Susan Suleiman Maurice Samuels Lynn Higgins Henry Rousso

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

Induction of Fifth Class of Hagler Faculty Fellows

EMI N EN T SCH OL AR L E C T U R E ( M AR C H 21 )

Current Trends in High-Performance Computing and Future Challenges Jack Dongarra

FA L L S Y M P O S I U M

(SEPT 12)

Adventures in the Interface of Physics, Engineering, and Mathematics

R EC E P TI O N

(SEPT 28)

Announcing the Sixth Class of Faculty Fellows

Marlan Scully Alan Needleman John Junkins Wolgang Schleich Hansjorg Dittus Ernst Rasel

E X T ER N A L A D VI S O RY B O AR D M E E TI N G (OCT

3 -4)

Co -spon sored E ven ts CY B ER S EC U RI T Y O F C RI TI C A L I N FR ASTRU CTURE SU M MI T ( J A N 11 -1 3 ) College of Engineering Texas A&M Cybersecurity Center The Bush School of Government & Public Service

E N VI SI O NI N G T H E F U T U R E U R B A N FO R M W I T H AU TO N O M O U S T EC H N O LOGI ES ( M AY 2 ) College of Engineering Texas A&M Cybersecurity Center The Bush School of Government & Public Service

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

FI N A N C I A L O V E R VI E W In fiscal year 2017 (September 1 to August 31), the Hagler Institute completed its sixth year of operation. A major milestone was reached during the year—Jon Hagler ’58 committed $20 million to endow the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, making it a permanent fixture at Texas A&M University. R E VEN U ES AN D EXPEN DI TU R ES scholars annually whom the Institute brings to Texas A&M. An additional source of funds is an annual distribution of $400,000 from earnings on the Heep Foundation endowment. Other than adjustment for inflation, those figures should remain constant in the coming years.

The Institute will now serve through perpetuity Texas A&M’s 16 colleges and schools as well as the branch campus in Galveston. Last year’s Cornerstone reported the sources and uses of funds over the first six years of the Institute, including start-up funding of $5.2 million provided by Chancellor John Sharp. From now on, the major source of funds is $1.8 million per year committed by President Michael K. Young from the Academic Master Plan of Texas A&M. Those funds provide 70 percent of the salaries of approximately ten outstanding

Cumulative gifts, endowment earnings, and grants total $342,389 for FY2017. Growth in total revenue will increase as endowment commitments become fully funded. Endowments of $17.8 million in FY2017 have been partially funded. That figure includes $10 million from Jon Hagler, as part of his endowment to name the Institute. Moreover, an additional $3 million endowment was obtained early in FY2018. The Hagler Institute provided matching funds to establish two $3 million Hagler Institute Chairs designated for the College of Science by Eric Xu (in honor of Professor Tim Hall) and Thomas W. Powell. An endowment for a Hagler Institute College Chair generates earnings that are used for the Institute’s salary

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

R E VEN U ES AN D EXPEN DI TU R ES obligations for a Faculty Fellow in the college where the chair resides and to pay that college’s portion of the salary and also expense obligations for the Faculty Fellow. Since colleges receive a portion of the earnings, endowment earnings reported for FY2017 overstate the funds provided directly to the Hagler Institute. With the help of matching funds from the Institute, the Jerry (’72) and Kay (’02) Cox Foundation has donated

( C O N TI N U E D)

$1 million in support for Faculty Fellows, and Bradley L. Worsham ’88 endowed an $800,000 Hagler Institute graduate student fellowship. At the beginning of FY2018 Trisha and “Chaz” Neely ’62 endowed a $3 million Hagler Institute Chair for Mays Business School with the assistance of matching money from the Hagler Institute. The Hagler Institute, along with designated colleges, will eventually benefit from $20.8 million in endowment earnings.

P L A N N E D E S TAT E G I F T S In the future, additional funds will become available to support the Institute through its planned estate gifts. Jon L. Hagler ’58 has provided not only a signature endowment of $10 million but also an additional $10 million planned estate gift. The support of former students has been an important part of Texas A&M’s history, and Jon Hagler has been one of the most generous supporters in furthering the development of Texas A&M. Some Texas A&M faculty members, none of whom graduated from Texas A&M, have paid enormous tribute to the Institute by making some of

the earliest planned estate gifts. Those individuals acknowledged the importance of others’ generosity to their careers, and they wanted to be a part of the transformative nature of the Hagler Institute in advancing Texas A&M’s excellence. The planned growth of the Hagler Institute to accommodate twenty Hagler Faculty Fellows each year depends on realizing the plan endorsed by President Michael K. Young: to secure at least one endowed Hagler Institute Chair for each college. With three endowed chairs established to date, we are well on our way.

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

C H A R TI N G T H E W AY FO R W A R D The Hagler Institute is a means to help achieve the overall goal of Vision 2020: to continue the academic evolution of Texas A&M so that it will be generally considered among the ten best public universities in the United States by 2020, while retaining, or even enhancing, many of the unique features that have set the University apart. The Institute’s long-term goal is to recruit twenty world-class scholars each year to be in residence for up to twelve months at Texas A&M. Achieving that goal will accelerate the University toward world-class academic stature. We chart the way forward with two main development thrusts: (1) additions to the Institute’s portfolio of planned estate gifts and (2) additions to endowments to fund chairs for Faculty Fellows and fellowships for students. The Institute’s ability to attract twenty Fellows annually and to substantially increase its impact depends on those endowments. Each year Cornerstone will recognize planned estate gifts and other gifts. The Institute’s planned estate gifts are established through the Texas A&M Foundation for the sole benefit of the Hagler Institute. Those gifts can take many forms and may have unusually beneficial tax advantages for the donor. A Texas A&M Foundation development officer will focus on increasing the endowments for the Hagler Institute, its endowed college chairs, and its endowed graduate fellowships. Special emphasis is placed on endowments for Hagler Institute chairs established for a specific college as designated by the donor. Such chairs, as with any Hagler Institute chair, are devoted exclusively

to Faculty Fellows while they are in residence as part of the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study. The college-designated chairs can be filled only by a Faculty Fellow for that college. Such chairs are important because nominations drive recruitment of Faculty Fellows. All colleges receive the same number of nomination opportunities. Because they have aggressively submitted nominations, the colleges of Science and Engineering have thus far had the most Faculty Fellows. A Hagler Institute Endowed College Chair ensures that college’s participation in the Hagler Institute’s mission. For the donor who wants to increase a college’s participation, a Hagler Institute Endowed College Chair is an excellent option. In addition, those endowments usually provide enough funds to cover both the college’s funding of Fellows and the Institute’s obligations. The designated colleges now also receive two $30,000

H AG L E R I N S TI T U T E FO R A D VA N C E D S T U DY

graduate student fellowships for each Faculty Fellow appointment; the Institute supplies those fellowships from other funding sources. Because they are linked with a sequence of world-class scholars, Hagler Institute endowed chairs and fellowships are among the most prestigious positions in the University. They also are among the largest endowed positions, at $3 million per chair and $800,000 per fellowship. Those chairs and fellowships will be permanently named for the donors. Abraham Lincoln once said, “The best way to predict your future is to create it.” Please join our colleagues in the Legacy Society and help create the future by giving back to Texas A&M through the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study. We welcome your involvement to help the University achieve the goals of Vision 2020.

L EG A C Y S O CI E T Y The Legacy Society consists of former students, faculty, staff, and friends of the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study who have made gifts or made provisions for planned estate gifts to the Institute.

EN D OWM EN T AN D CAS H GI F TS

Signature Donors ($10,000,000 or more) Jon L. Hagler

L EG A C Y P L A N N E D E S T AT E G I F T S

Janet Bluemel Judy and Clifford Fry

$1,000,000–$9,999,999

John Gladysz

Trisha and L.C. “Chaz” Neely

Jon L. Hagler Foundation

Thomas W. Powell

Elouise and John Junkins

Eric Yong Xu

Ozden Ochoa

$100,000–$999,999 Jerry and Kay Cox Foundation

GR AN TS

Bradley L. Worsham

$100,000

$99,999 or less

Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation

Norm Abramson Janet and Jean-Louis Briaud Alan Needleman

$50,000 Ed Rachal Foundation

Katepalli R. Sreenivasan

2017 C O R N E R S TO N E A N N U A L R E P O R T

HAGLER INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

a t Te x a s A & M Un i v e r s i t y

Jack K. Williams Administration Building Suite 305 College Station, Texas 77843-3572 hias.tamu.edu For inquiries, contact Clifford L. Fry, Ph.D. Associate Director 979-458-5723 cfry@tamu.edu

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