AA SED-Term 1 Project 2021-22

FACILITIES: AA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Refurbishing the City : London Building Case Studies Surabhi Agarwal | Shreya Aneja | Marina Lima Vecchio | Raghav Swarup

AA SED MSc + MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2021-22 Architectural Association School of Architecture Term 1 Project | January 2022

A U T H O R S H I P D E C L A R AT I O N F O R M Term 1 Project: London Building Studies FACILITIES: AA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 11,182 words

“I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

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Surabhi Agarwal

Shreya Aneja

Marina Lima Vecchio

Raghav Swarup

12th January 2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The team would like to thank everyone who contributed to the accomplishment of this project.

First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to the facilities manager: Anita Pfauntsch and her team for their invaluable support for collaboration, occupant survey and technical information that they provided us with on the project. The team would also like to express appreciation to the AA Teaching Staff, especially to Simos Yannas and Paula Cadima for the significant tutorials and the guidance on the project all these months. We are also extrmemly grateful to the rest of the faculty and staff members of the Architectural Association School of Architecture’s Sustainable Environmental Design programme; Nick Baker, Byron Mardas, Gustavo Brunelli, Herman Calleja, Joana Gonçalves, Jorge Rodríguez and Mariam Kapsali for their valuable guidance and feedback throughout the project.

ABSTRACT This report is the outcome of Building Studies project of the MSc - MArch Sustainable Environmental Design program, 2021-2022. The spaces studied are located inside the Architectural Association School of Architecture. The buildings of the school consist of Old Georgian and Victorian houses that have been modified over the years according to the space required by the school and its occupants. The specific site for this report was the Basement of 33 Bedford Square - The Facilities Area. This included the Facilities Office, Courtyard and Facilities Workshop.

The study consists of observations, surveys, measurements and analysis based on factors affecting the environmental performance and comfort of the spaces.

Computational simulations were done to explore the correlation between the built urban form and the environmental quality and performance in and around a building.

From the initial stages of the study, some key parameters of the spaces provoked questions regarding fundamental environmental problems. These problems were carefully documented, measured and analyzed - and they became the backbone of our research methodology which concludes with design propositions for the spaces.

TA B L E

OF

CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................11-13 1.1.THE BRIEF ...............................................................................................12 1.2.THE METHODOLOGY .............................................................................13 2.OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................15-21 2.1.LOCATION................................................................................16 2.2.SITE STUDY .............................................................................................17 2.3.MATERIALITY ...........................................................................................19 2.4.HISTORY....................................................................................20 3.CLIMATE ANALYSIS ......................................................................................23-25 3.1.THE CLIMATE CHART .............................................................................24 3.2.WIND | SKY COVER | ILLUMINANCE .....................................................25 4. OUTDOOR AND INDOOR STUDIES ...............................................................27-61 4.1.SHADOW ANALYSIS ..............................................................................28 4.2.CANYON SECTION ...............................................................................29 4.3.BASE CASE ........................................................................................30-39

4.3.1.Sun and Wind Study ................................................................30

4.3.2.Thermal Studies...............................................,......................32

4.3.3.Daylight Studies .....................................................................39 4.4.ANALYSIS PERIODS .......................................................................40-54

4.4.1.Sun and Wind Study ..............................................................40

4.4.2.Thermal Studies ......................................................................42

4.4.3.Daylight Studies ....................................................................50 4.5.INFERENCES...............................................................................55-59

4.5.1.Courtyard.....................................................................55

4.5.2.Office..........................................................................56

4.5.3.Workshop..........................................................................57

4.5.4.Thermal Studies: Summary.......................................................58

4.5.5.Daylight Studies: Summary.......................................................59 5.TECHNICAL STUDIES .....................................................................................61-77 5.1.THE METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................62 5.2.THE ELEMENTS ..................................................................................63-69

5.2.1.Courtyard ..............................................................................66

5.2.2.Windows ...............................................................................67

5.2.3.Thermal Mass ........................................................................68

5.2.4.Thermal Insulation ................................................................69 5.3.ITERATING WITH THE COMBINATIONS..............................................70-77

5.3.1.THE FINAL SET OF CHOSEN COMBINATIONS..........................70

5.3.2.OFFICE | SUMMER ITERATIONS...............................................71

5.3.3.OFFICE | WINTER ITERATIONS.................................................72

5.3.4.OFFICE | HEATING LOADS......................................................73

5.3.5.WORKSHOP | SUMMER ITERATIONS.......................................74

5.3.6.WORKSHOP | WINTER ITERATIONS.........................................75

5.3.7.WORKSHOP | HEATING LOADS..............................................76

5.3.8.COURTYARD | SUMMER AND WINTER ITERATIONS..................77 5.4.DAYLIGHT ITERATIONS............................................................................78 6.CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................81-83 7.REFERENCES .................................................................................................85-87 8.APPENDICES .................................................................................................89-95

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1.1.1: Illustrated Section through a Bedford Square Georgian Home Fig 1.2.1: The Methodology Flowchart Fig 2.1.1: Aerial view of the Site Fig 2.2.1: Occupant, Lighting and Appliances Layout Fig 2.2.2: Occupants Survey Fig 2.2.3: Interior views of the ‘Office’ Fig 2.2.4: The central ‘Courtyard’ Fig 2.2.5: Interior views of the ‘Workshop’ Fig 2.3.1: Section AA’ through the three spaces Fig 2.3.1: Sectional Perspective through the Spaces Fig 2.3.2: Material Composition Fig 2.3.2: Plan Fig 2.3.4: Sectional Elevation Fig 2.4.1: Plans of a Typical Georgian Home at the Bedford Square Fig 2.4.2: Sketch of the Georgian Homes at the Bedford Square Fig 2.4.3: A typical Georgian Facade Fig 2.4.5: Front Elevation with Interior Construction Fig 3.1.1: Location of the Weather Station used for the Project: St. James Park Weather Station Fig 3.1.2: Analysis of the London Climate Chart and establishing the two Analysis Periods Fig 3.2.1: Wind Rose for Analysis Period-I May to Aug (left) and Analysis Period- II Nov-Feb (right) for London Fig 3.2.2: Pie-chart illustrating frequency of sunny, intermediate & cloudy skies annually Fig 3.2.3: Monthly maximum global illuminance & mean global illuminance for sunlight hours for London Fig 4.1.1: Shading Mask Fig 4.1.2: Shadow Analysis of the Site Fig 4.2.1: The Canyon Section of the Courtyard showing the various sun angles Fig 4.2.2: The times of the year when the sun directly reaches the Courtyard Fig 4.3.1.1: Solar Radiation for the Base Case Period Fig 4.3.1.2: Solar Access for the Base Case Period Fig 4.3.1.3: Wind Direction for the Base Case Period Fig 4.3.1.4: Wind Direction for Base Case Period in Plan for the Site Fig 4.3.1.5: Wind Speed through the Site in Section Fig 4.3.2.1: Dry Bulb Temperature Fig 4.3.2.2: Relative Humidity Fig 4.3.2.3: Comparison of Air Temperature & Relative Humidity in Section Fig 4.3.2.4: Surface Temperatures in the Office Fig 4.3.2.5: Surface Temperatures in the Courtyard Fig 4.3.2.6: Surface Temperatures in the Workshop Fig 4.3.2.7: Temperature Graph of the Office compared to the Courtyard and London Wunderground Data Fig 4.3.2.8: Temperature Graph of the Workshop compared to the Courtyard and London Wunderground Data Fig 4.3.2.9: Comparison of Dry Bulb Temperatures for Various Spaces Fig 4.3.2.10: Heat Gain and Heat Losses in the Office (24 hour Mean) Fig 4.3.2.11: Heat Gain and Heat Losses in the Workshop (24 hour Mean) Fig 4.3.2.12: Temperature Graph: Office | Base Case Period | Free Running Fig 4.3.2.13: Comfort Hours: Office | Base Case Period | Free Running Fig 4.3.2.14: Temperature Graph: Office | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions Fig 4.3.2.15: Comfort Hours: Office | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions Fig 4.3.2.16: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Base Case Period | Free Running Fig 4.3.2.17: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Base Case Period | Free Running Fig 4.3.2.18: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions Fig 4.3.2.19: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions Fig 4.3.3.1: Spot Measurements: Passive Zone Fig 4.3.3.2: Spot Measurements: Artificial Lights ON Fig 4.3.3.3: Spot Measurements: Artificial Lights OFF Fig 4.3.3.4: Spot Measurements: Daylight Factor Fig 4.3.3.5: Daylight Simulations: Point in Time Fig 4.4.1.1: Solar Radiation: Analysis Period I (May to August) Fig 4.4.1.2: Solar Access: Analysis Period I (May to August) Fig 4.4.1.3: Solar Radiation: Analysis Period II (November to February) Fig 4.4.1.4: Solar Access: Analysis Period II (November to February) Fig 4.4.1.5: CFD Simulations in Plan: Analysis Period I (May to August) Fig 4.4.1.6: CFD Simulations in Section: Analysis Period I (May to August) Fig 4.4.1.7: CFD Simulations in Plan: Analysis Period II (November to February) Fig 4.4.1.8: CFD Simulations in Section: Analysis Period II (November to February) Fig 4.4.2.1: Heat Gain and Heat Losses in the Office for the Two Periods (24 hour Mean) Fig 4.4.2.2: Heat Gain and Heat Losses in the Workshop for the Two Periods (24 hour Mean) Fig 4.4.2.3: Temperature Graph: Office | Summer Period | Free Running

12 13 16 18 18 18 18 18 17 19 19 17 21 20 20 21 21 24 24 25 25 25 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 43

Fig 4.4.2.4: Comfort Hours: Office | Summer Period | Free Running 43 Fig 4.4.2.5: Temperature Graph: Office | Winter Period | Free Running 44 Fig 4.4.2.6: Comfort Hours: Office | Winter Period | Free Running 44 Fig 4.4.2.7: Temperature Graph: Office | Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions 44 Fig 4.4.2.8: Comfort Hours: Office | Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions 44 Fig 4.4.2.9: Energy Balance: Office | Free Running | Monthly Cumulative 45 Fig 4.4.2.10: Energy Balance: Office | Existing Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative 45 Fig 4.4.2.11: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Summer Period | Free Running 46 Fig 4.4.2.12: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Summer Period | Free Running 46 Fig 4.4.2.13: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Winter Period | Free Running 47 Fig 4.4.2.14: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Winter Period | Free Running 47 Fig 4.4.2.15: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions 47 Fig 4.4.2.16: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions 47 Fig 4.4.2.17: Energy Balance: Workshop| Free Running | Monthly Cumulative 48 Fig 4.4.2.18: Energy Balance: Workshop | Existing Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative 48 Fig 4.4.2.19: Temperature Graph: Courtyard | Summer Period 49 Fig 4.4.2.20: Comfort Hours: Courtyard | Summer Period 49 Fig 4.4.2.21: Temperature Graph: Courtyard | Winter Period 49 Fig 4.4.2.22: Comfort Hours: Courtyard | Winter Period 49 Fig 4.4.3.1: Sun Patch Studies 50 Fig 4.4.3.2: Point in Time Simulations | Summer Solstice & Winter Solstice | Sunny Sky Conditions 51 Fig 4.4.3.3: Point in Time Simulations | Summer Solstice & Winter Solstice | Overcast Sky Conditions 52 Fig 4.4.3.4: Point in Time Simulations | Interior Perspectives | The Two Extreme Sky Conditions 53 Fig 4.4.3.5: Spatial Daylight Analysis 54 Fig 4.4.3.6: Useful Daylight Illuminance 54 Fig 4.4.3.7: Daylight Factor 54 Fig 4.5.1.1: Solar Radiation | Summer 55 Fig 4.5.1.2: Solar Radiation | Winter 55 Fig 4.5.1.3: Sun Patch | Summer Solstice | 12 noon 55 Fig 4.5.1.4: Sun Patch | Winter Solstice | 12 noon 55 Fig 4.5.2.1: Temperature Graph: Office | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions 56 Fig 4.5.2.2: Comfort Hours: Office | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions 56 Fig 4.5.2.3: Energy Balance: Office | Optimized Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative 56 Fig 4.5.3.1: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions 57 Fig 4.5.3.2: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions 57 Fig 4.5.3.3: Energy Balance: Workshop | Optimized Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative 57 Fig 4.5.4.1: Thermal Studies: Summary Table 58 Fig 4.5.5.1: Daylight Studies: Summary Table 59 Fig 5.1.1: Methodology for Technical Studies 62 Fig 5.2.1.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Courtyard 66 Fig 5.2.2.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Office 67 Fig 5.2.2.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Workshop 67 Fig 5.2.3.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Office 68 Fig 5.2.3.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Workshop 68 Fig 5.2.4.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Office 69 Fig 5.2.4.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Workshop 69 Fig 5.3.2.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Summer Period | Office 71 Fig 5.3.2.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Summer | Office 71 Fig 5.3.3.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Office 72 Fig 5.3.3.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Office 72 Fig 5.3.3.3: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Office 72 Fig 5.3.3.4: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Office 72 Fig 5.3.4.1: Graph showing Heating Loads required for various Combinations | Monthly | Office 73 Fig 5.3.5.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Summer Period | Workshop 74 Fig 5.3.5.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Summer | Workshop 74 Fig 5.3.6.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Workshop 75 Fig 5.3.6.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase & Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations|Winter Free Running|Workshop 75 Fig 5.3.6.3: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Workshop 75 Fig 5.3.6.4: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Workshop 75 Fig 5.3.7.1: Graph showing Heating Loads required for various Combinations | Monthly | Workshop 76 Fig 5.3.8.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Summer Period | Courtyard 77 Fig 5.3.8.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Summer Period | Courtyard 77 Fig 5.3.8.3: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Period | Courtyard 77 Fig 5.3.8.4: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Period | Courtyard 77 Fig 5.4.1: Comparison between Existing and Improved Case for Annual Daylight Simulations 78

“The sun never knew how great it was until it hit the side of a building” - Louis I. Kahn

1

Introduction

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

1.1. The Brief The aim for this report was to study the facilities spaces inside the AA and analyze their performance in terms of both thermal and visual comfort, with a further to propose for potential alterations, consequently improving occupant environmental comfort.

This is achieved through the combination of indoor and outdoor studies, along with environmental measurements and computational simulations.

The study undertaken in this case is that of ‘Facilities’ areas, located in the basement of 33 Bedford Square which includes three different spaces: the facilities office, the workshop and a courtyard which is placed between the two other spaces. These are located inside a typical Georgian-terrace house, located in London.

One of the most intriguing parts of this study was that the spaces are located in a basement. Typically, the impression of a basement does not equate/ amount to comfort. However, these spaces include a courtyard – a semi outdoor space; which could potentially influence the indoor spaces. Thus, our research was mainly focused in trying to understand the performance of the indoor spaces with respect to this courtyard.

Multiple visits to these spaces were conducted to carry out the analysis.

Outdoor and indoor spot measurements were taken over several days and in a variety of environmental conditions. Simultaneously, user comfort was also judged based on multiple interactions with the occupants. This led to the creation of a base case scenario that helped in establishing precedents. It included the characteristics of the spaces which served as the starting point for computational simulations that showed an overview of the environmental capabilities of the spaces and their relationship to its geographical surroundings. Finally, simulation tools were used to forecast the building’s performance through the course of two chosen periods of study throughout the year. At the end, these tools were used to develop and test alternative design options that could increase occupant comfort and reduce energy use.

12 |

Fig 1.1.1: Illustrated Section through a Bedford Square Georgian Home

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

1.2. The Methodology This report is divided into mainly five chapters. The first one includes the brief of the project, its aim, expected outcomes and the outline of the way in which the study has been conducted.

1.

2.

After this, an overview of the site including its location and history has been specified. This includes layout of the spaces, user comfort, materiality and construction method.

In order to establish key periods of study, in the next part, the climate of the geographical location of the site was analyzed.

The major analysis part of the report is in the outdoor and indoor studies chapter, which is subdivided into – the base case and the analysis periods.

This includes analysis of the environmental comfort of the spaces through fieldwork and computational simulations.

Finally, in the fifth chapter of the study, different iterations and a technical analysis was carried out to achieve a proposed design that aims at making these spaces more comfortable for the occupants.

3.

4.

5.

Fig 1.2.1: The Methodology Flowchart Introduction | 13

2

Overview

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

Bedford Square

2.1. Location The spaces that are analyzed as part of this report are located inside Architectural Association School of Architecture. The AA consists of a set of Georgian and Victorian houses, located in Central London in front of Bedford square.

The spaces assigned are the facilities areas in the school which are in the Basement of 33 Bedford Square.

Latitude/Longitude : 51.52°N; 0.13°W The three spaces studied are: Facilities Office, Workshop and Courtyard.

Fig 2.1.1: Aerial view of the Site

16 |

Architectural Association

Morwell Street

Tottenham Court Road

Ar V F O

Ar F

Ar V F O

A’

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

Bedford Square

2.2. Site Study: Plan and Section Plan The facilities basement at 33 Bedford Square contains spaces for facility and duty managers that help operate the school. Out of these spaces, the office; workshop and courtyard are part of this study. The layout of the plan consists of three interconnected rectilinear volumes.

The office is towards the North East of the school, with its windows opening into an outdoor space, i.e., the courtyard. By definition, the courtyard is an open to sky space and is located between the office and workshop. This space is the largest of the three and contains a small enclosed storage shed which is not part of the study. This further connects to the workshop - which is located in the South West part of the building. The North East wall of the workshop has two windows which overlook the courtyard. The South West wall faces Morwell Street. On this wall, there are two small openings - one of which is used as a door to transfer materials into the workshop and the other is a small frosted glass window.

Stationery Storage

Kitchenette

IT Server Foundation

Store

Section

Store

Boiler Room

These spaces are partially buried into the ground - about 2.1m below the ground level. The South West wall of the workshop which faces Morwell street is semiburied, being around 1m above and 2.1m below ground level.

Photo Studio

SECTION A-A’

SECTION The courtyard has fairly narrow proportions of width : height A-A’ = 1:1.6 and length : height = 1:1.

SECTION A-A’

Office

AA Archive Photo Library

Photo Studio Office

TF TF lvl + 12.0m TF SED Studio SED Studio SED Studio

Workshop Workshop Workshop

FF FF FF lvl + 4.7m

10m 10m 10m Courtyard Courtyard Courtyard

Office Office Office

Boiler

Facilities Material Storage

Shed Archive Room

Bedford Square Bedford Square Bedford Square

GF GF GF lvl + 1.0m lvl ± 0.0m B1 B1 B1 lvl - 2.1m

Archive Room

Wood & M Worksho

Workshop

Morwell Street Fig 2.3.1: Section AA’ through the three spaces

C

SF SF lvl + 8.7m SF

16m 16m 16m 16m 10m 10m 10m 10m

Morwell Street Morwell Street Morwell Street

Conservatory

Toilet

Archive Courtyard

Passage

Courtyard

Fig 2.3.2: Plan

A Overview | 17

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2.2. Site Study: Layouts, Occupancy and Survey As shown in Fig 2.2.1 the office is used by three occupants who manage the facilities of the school. The workshop is only used by the carpenter. The layout of the two indoor spaces is crowded with storage material. After a detailed occupant survey including interviews and informal interactions - it was concluded that users are mostly comfortable in the space because of the heating and multiple adaptive opportunities that they utilise as showcased in Fig 2.2.2.

Lights

Workshop

Office

Occupancy

Appliances

3 PC monitors Total Watts: 70 24-hr Mean: 61W 1 printer Total Watts: 600 24-hr Mean: 13W

No. of Luminaires: 6 Total no. of lights: 12 Total Watts: 432W Hours / day: 10h

No. occupants: 3 Hours/day: 9-10

No. of Luminaires: 4 Total no. of lights: 8 Total Watts: 288W Hours / day: 7h

No. occupants: 1 Hours/day: 7

Fig 2.2.3: Interior views of the ‘Office’

2 Saw Machines Total Watts: 2275 24-hr Mean: 161W

Fig 2.2.1: Occupant, Lighting and Appliances Layout Occupants

Thermal: Summers Thermal: Winters

Anita Pfauntsch

Overall Satisfaction

Head of Estates Space Used: > 8 years

100%

50%

Daylight

Glare

75%

Ventilation

75%

Air Quality

75%

Noise

75%

50%

Adaptive Opportunity Joel Lewis

Overall Satisfaction

Facilities Project Manager Space Used: > 6 months

Fig 2.2.4: The central ‘Courtyard’ 75%

50%

50%

75%

75%

50%

50%

75%

50%

75%

50%

75%

50%

50%

75%

75%

75%

75%

75%

50%

50%

Adaptive Opportunity Nicholas Day

Overall Satisfaction

Maintenance Supervisor Space Used: > 12 months

Adaptive Opportunity Colin Prendergast

Overall Satisfaction

Maint. Operative (Carpenter) Space Used: > 18 years

Adaptive Opportunity Fig 2.2.2: Occupants Survey 18 |

Fig 2.2.5: Interior views of the ‘Workshop’

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

2.3. Materiality The construction materials used in the spaces are typical to those used for Georgian Terrace houses in London. In order to understand the environmental comfort of the space, a material study was conducted as the initial step.

As shown in Fig 2.3.2, the external walls of the office and workshop are made up of stock brick, gypsum board and plaster while also consisting of an air-gap.

These walls are approximately 700 mm thick in total. The internal walls are thinner (not consisting of an air-gap) and are made of brick and plaster.

The floor in the two rooms is made of concrete, screed and wood. In the office, there is an additional layer of carpet used for insulation.

FLOOR: WORKSHOP

EXTERNAL WALL

SASH WINDOW

CEILING U- value: 1.3 Wooden Planks 20mm Wooden Joists 250mm Ceiling Board 19mm

FLOOR: OFFICE

FLOOR: WORKSHOP U- value: 1.87 Wood 25mm Screed 15mm Concrete 200mm

WORKSHOP

Fig 2.3.1: Sectional Perspective through the Spaces

COURTYARD

EXTERNAL WALL U- value: 0.75 Brick 500mm Air gap 100mm Gypsum board 19mm Plaster 20mm

OFFICE

FLOOR: OFFICE U- value: 1.58 Carpet 5mm Wood 25mm Screed 15mm Concrete 200mm

INTERNAL WALL U- value: 1.46 Brick 250mm Plaster 20mm

SASH WINDOW U- value: 5.6 Single glazing Clear glass 50% Operable

Fig 2.3.2: Material Composition Overview | 19

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2.4. History Georgian Architecture The period between 1714-1830 in England was characterized by Georgian architecture, which was named after the four George monarchs. Throughout this period, buildings were influenced by different architectural styles as the main references changed with the years and dogmas were rethought.

Starting with the Classicism and the Palladian proportion-based, through the combination of Gothic, Greek, Roman, Chinese and Gothic.

Terrace House and Bedford Square Buildings The terrace house is one of the remarkable building typologies of the Georgian era, and Bedford Square houses, built in 1775-83 are one of the most famous examples. They were built as city homes for wealthy clients.

The intention was to optimize the space and these residential developments would be intended to have as many homes as possible into the length of the street, resulting in “one uniform row of houses”.

Fig 2.4.1: Plans of a Typical Georgian Home at the Bedford Square

Planning Georgian terrace houses were typically three stories high with a narrow plan and could have a back garden. They each consisted of two rooms on each floor, one in the front and another in the back, separated by a staircase and a passage.

Fig 2.4.2: Sketch of the Georgian Homes at the Bedford Square 20 |

Facilities : AA School of Architecture Axial Symmetry

2.4. History Elements • Façade: The façade followed the Palladianism proportion and axial symmetry, as it is seen in the distribution of the windows, but had also a great number of details, such as the ornamental work with stones above the door entrance.

• Windows: Sash windows started to be used from the early eighteenth century, with two sliding parts, usually with six glazed panes each and were installed with a set back from the façade.

• Doors: Doors were typically located at the side of the façade and had a ‘fanlight’, a semi-circular window on the upper part to allow light to come in.

Proportions of Palladian Architecture Ornamentation

Single Glazed Sash Windows

Fanlight above Doors

Materiality Brick was the predominant construction material after the great fire of 1666, as it was fire resistant, as well as cheaper and less complicated to fabricate.

Stock bricks were the most resistant ones and were typically used on the exterior structure in Bedford Square buildings. Internally, partitions were made with a less resistant material. Floors structure from early nineteenth century was built with timber joists.

Fig 2.4.3: A typical Georgian Facade

Basement A typical basement of larger London Georgian terrace houses was meant for service activities, so they were separated from the main floors. The kitchen was placed in the back, and servants’ room in the front, along with pantry and room for household works. In addition, there was a storage space, usually for coal, that would extend under the street level.

Dormer Windows Typical Floor Construction

The “area” was a transitional space between the building and the footpath, and stairs led directly to the basement from the street. It not only allowed there to be windows in the lower part, but also represented a physical separation, which contributed to privacy. As opposed to the front of these terrace houses, alterations to the rear wouldn’t harm the coherence in architecture features.

Typical Floor Construction Stock Bricks

Street Level

Basement Level

Fig 2.3.4: Sectional Elevation

Fig 2.4.5: Front Elevation with Interior Construction Introduction | 21

3

Climate Analysis

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22 Architectural Association 51.52°N; 0.13°W

3.1. The Climate Chart The Climate of London was analyzed to understand the climatic context for the site. It was observed that the mean outdoor temperatures are typically below the comfort band for the entirety of the year. The coldest months were observed to be January and February, having temperatures as low as -2°C, while June and July were the warmest months with temperatures as high as 32°C. Further, this led to establishing two different analysis periods based on extremities in temperature and solar radiation throughout the Weekend (NO Occupants) Weekend (NO Occupants) year. In addition to this, a base case period (based on fieldwork from 19th - 23rd November) was established.

25.0 25.0 Weekend (NO Occupants) Weekend (NO Occupants) Base Case: ∆T of 13°C from comfort (9.0°C to 22.0°C) 25.0 25.0 Analysis Period I: Highest Temperatures & Max. Solar Radiation Analysis Period I: ∆T of 7.5°C from comfort (17.0°C to 24.5°C) Analysis Period II: Lowest Temperatures & Min. Solar Radiation 20.0 to 20.0 Analysis Period I: ∆T of 14.5°C from comfort (7.5°C 22.0°C)

Air Temperature (°C)

10.0

10.0

0.0

5 °C

10:30:00 PM

9:00:00 PM

7:30:00 PM

3:00:00 PM

0.0

Radiators -5 °C ON

1600

10.0

1400

600

1200

5.0

17.0 °C

3001000

300

800

0.0

0

600

0

400

Radiators ON

-10 °C Nov 19th, Friday January

Facilities Office

Radiators Radiators ON ON Radiators ON th

Radiators ON th

Nov 19 , Nov Friday 19 , Friday

Radiators Radiators ON ON Radiators ON th

Nov 20 , Nov Saturday 20th, Saturday

Nov 20th, Saturday Nov 20th, Saturday Nov 21st, Sunday Nov 19th, Friday February March April May June Facilities Office Facilities Office Facilities Courtyard Facilities Courtyard

Radiators ON

Radiators Radiators ON ON Radiators ON st

Nov 21 , Nov Sunday 21st, Sunday

Radiators ON

Radiators Radiators ON ON Radiators ON nd

Radiators 200 ON

Nov 22 ,Nov Monday 22nd, Monday

Nov 22nd, Monday Nov 22nd, Monday Nov 23rd, Tuesday Nov0 23rd, Tuesday Nov 21st, Sunday July August September October November December Adaptive Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Occupancy Global Horizontal RadiationRadiation Comfort Band (EN15251) Occupancy Global Horizontal

Radiators ON Band ON Workshop DiffusedDiffused Horizontal Radiation Radiators Facilities Workshop Diffused Horizontal Radiation (Wunderground) London (Wunderground) Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Occupancy Global Horizontal Radiation Outdoor DBT Facilities Min andCourtyard Max Outdoor DBTLondon Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Occupancy FacilitiesMean Office Global Horizontal Radiation Facilities Courtyard Facilities Global Horizontal Radiation Horizontal Radiation Adaptive Comfort (EN 15251)

Radiators ON Facilities Workshop Facilities Workshop Diffused Horizontal Radiation Diffused Horizontal Radiation London (Wunderground) London (Wunderground)

Fig 3.1.2: Analysis of the London Climate Chart and establishing the two Analysis Periods 24 |

600

14.5 °C

7.5 °C

900

1800

7.5 °C

10 °C

0 °C

900

24.5 °C

5.0

15 °C

0.0

2000

15.0

22.0 °C

5.0

1200

Analysis Period II November to February- Winter Months

ΔT ≈ 12.2°C ΔT ≈ 12.2°C

20 °C

6:00:00 PM

5.0

25 °C

4:30:00 PM

10.0

Air Temperature (°C)

Air Temperature (°C)

30 °C

Analysis Period I May to August- Summer Months

(Source: 1200Google Maps)

12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 PM Air Temperature (°C) 7:30:00 AM 10:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 1:30:00 AM Air Temperature (°C) 3:00:00 12:00:00 PM PM 3:00:00 AM 4:30:00 1:30:00 PM PM 4:30:00 AM 6:00:00 3:00:00 PM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 4:30:00 PM PM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 9:00:00 6:00:00 PM PM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 10:30:00 7:30:00 PM PM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 AM PM 12:00:00 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 1:30:00 10:30:00 PM AM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 3:00:00 12:00:00 AM AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 4:30:00 1:30:00 AM AM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 6:00:00 3:00:00 AM AM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 7:30:00 4:30:00 AM AM 7:30:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 9:00:00 6:00:00 AM AM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 10:30:00 7:30:00 AM AM 10:30:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 12:00:00 9:00:00 AM PM 12:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 1:30:00 10:30:00 AM PM 1:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 3:00:00 12:00:00 PM PM 3:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 4:30:00 1:30:00 PM PM 4:30:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 6:00:00 3:00:00 PM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 4:30:00 PM PM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 9:00:00 6:00:00 PM PM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 10:30:00 7:30:00 PM PM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 12:00:00 9:00:00 PM AM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM PM 1:30:00 10:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 3:00:00 12:00:00 AM AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 4:30:00 1:30:00 AM AM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 6:00:00 3:00:00 AM AM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 7:30:00 4:30:00 AM AM 7:30:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 9:00:00 6:00:00 AM AM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 10:30:00 7:30:00 AM AM 10:30:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 12:00:00 9:00:00 AM PM 12:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 1:30:00 10:30:00 AM PM 1:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 3:00:00 12:00:00 PM PM 3:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 4:30:00 1:30:00 PM PM 4:30:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 6:00:00 3:00:00 PM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 4:30:00 PM PM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 9:00:00 6:00:00 PM PM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 10:30:00 7:30:00 PM PM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 12:00:00 9:00:00 PM AM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM PM 1:30:00 10:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 3:00:00 12:00:00 AM AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 4:30:00 1:30:00 AM AM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 6:00:00 3:00:00 AM AM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 7:30:00 4:30:00 AM AM 7:30:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 9:00:00 6:00:00 AM AM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 10:30:00 Base Case Period- 19th to 24th November 7:30:00 AM AM 10:30:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 1:30:00 10:30:00 AM PM 1:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 3:00:00 12:00:00 PM PM 3:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 4:30:00 1:30:00 PM PM 4:30:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 6:00:00 3:00:00 PM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 4:30:00 PM PM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 9:00:00 PM PM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 AM PM 12:00:00 Solar Radiation (Wh/m2) 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM PM 1:30:00 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM Solar Radiation (W/m2) 3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 4:30:00 AM AM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 6:00:00 AM AM 3:00:00 7:30:00 AM AM

15.0

1500

St. James Park Weather Station 51.50°N; 0.11°W

TFacilities Workshop TFacilities Workshop TFacilities Workshop - Workshop TFacilities -TCourtyard TCourtyard TCourtyard TCourtyard ΔT ≈ 12.2°C ΔT ≈ 12.2°C

40 °C 35 °C

1

1500

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

Analysis Period II November to February- Winter Months

15.0

1

1

Fig 3.1.1: Location of the Weather Station used for the Project: St. James Park Weather Station

20.0

15.0

1

1

1

Radiators ON

(Source: Ladybug Tools)

4:30:00 9:00:00 AM AM 6:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM

20.0

1

Radi O

Nov 2

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

3.2. Wind | Sky Cover | Illuminance Wind The St. James’ Station’s weather file was consulted for wind direction which is depicted in the wind rose (fig 3.2.1). The prevailing wind in London is predominantly from South West direction. However, after the study was conducted, it became clear that the facilities spaces experience very low wind speeds and even though the dominant direction differs for summer months - the difference is very little.

Sky Cover Sky conditions are typically clear, partially cloudy and overcast for almost equal periods throughout the year (fig 3.2.2).

Mean wind speed: 1.57m/s

Global Illuminance Analysis Period I: Mean GI 31,000 lux & Max. GI 59,000 lux​ Analysis Period II: Mean GI 11,000 lux & Max. GI 26,000 lux

Mean wind speed: 1.48 m/s

Fig 3.2.1: Wind Rose for Analysis Period-I May to Aug (left) and Analysis Period- II Nov-Feb (right) for London

(Source: Ladybug Tools)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 0 Fig 3.2.2: Pie-chart illustrating frequency of sunny, intermediate & cloudy skies annually (Source: Satel-Light)

10000

20000

30000

40000

Fig 3.2.3: Monthly maximum global illuminance & mean global illuminance for sunlight hours for London

50000

60000 (Source: Satel-Light) Climate Analysis | 25

4

Outdoor and Indoor Studies

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.1. Shadow Analysis By using the Grasshopper (Ladybug) plug-in software in Rhino 3D, a shadow analysis was performed on the spaces of facilities at AA with respect to its surroundings. The shadow patterns in different times during the summer and winter solstice and the equinox are demonstrated. The solar exposure that is depicted in the courtyard shows that for most part of the year, there is almost a complete obstruction of the sun by the surrounding buildings.

During summer, this could be a slight advantage, as it reduces the solar radiation and contributes to the thermal comfort of the indoor spaces, but this is true only for a very short period when outdoor dry-bulb temperature reaches high levels in the months of June and July. However, during the rest of the year, when solar heat-gains are highly required, this is a major disadvantage as the heights of these surrounding buildings act as a deterrent and over-obstruct the space.

It is only during a short period of time during the summer, that the solar rays and the natural light are allowed to penetrate into the spaces. But this as we can observe, is also fairly minimal.

Summer Solstice (12.00): The courtyard and windows of the office receive direct sunlight.​ Summer Solstice (15.00): One of the windows of the office receives minimal direct sunlight.​

Fig 4.1.1: Shading Mask

Shading mask : Another simulation was carried out to check the sky exposure of the courtyard.

Fig 4.1.1 shows how minimal it is which is because of the presence of the relatively tall buildings of the school around the courtyard.

WINTER SOLSTICE

EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

0900 HRS

Fig 4.1.2: Shadow Analysis of the Site 28 |

1200 HRS

1500 HRS

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.2. Canyon Section To further understand the times and areas where there is direct sunlight inside our spaces, the canyon section was studied plotting the various sun angles with respect to the context of the courtyard and its adjacent buildings.

These sun angles were plotted for the winter and summer solstice and equinox for three different points in time through the day.

This confirmed the following, which were also seen through the shadow analysis: Summer Solstice (12.00): Some direct sunlight can be observed in the courtyard and in the office​.

Summer Solstice (15.00): Minimal direct sunlight entering into the office but it might receive glare due to the lower sun angle.

Third Floor Second Floor First Floor

Other than these times, there is no direct sunlight that reaches the facilities spaces, as is shown in Fig. 4.2.2.

Street Level Basement Level Fig 4.2.1: The Canyon Section of the Courtyard showing the various sun angles

Third Floor Second Floor First Floor Street Level Basement Level Fig 4.2.2: The times of the year when the sun directly reaches the Courtyard Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 29

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

kWh/m2 700.00

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.1. Sun and Wind Studies

630.00

Solar Radiation Solar studies through simulations were further carried out for the base case period to determine the solar radiation inside the courtyard.

560.00

The solar radiation during the specified period was minimal​ because exposure of the sun to this space is not significant.

420.00

490.00

350.00

Solar Access

280.00

Solar access simulations reiterated the findings from the shadow analysis and canyon section - due to lack of direct sunlight, there is no solar access in the facilities courtyard during the base case period​. This is due to the low sun angle and the tall surrounding buildings.

210.00 140.00 70.00 00.00 Fig 4.3.1.1: Solar Radiation for the Base Case Period

Hours Hours Hours 255.00 229.50 204.00 178.50 153.00 127.50 102.00 76.50 51.00 25.50 00.00 Fig 4.3.1.2: Solar Access for the Base Case Period 30 |

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.1. Sun and Wind Studies CFD Simulations After establishing wind direction through wind rose, simulations were conducted through Autodesk CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software to observe the wind pattern in the courtyard area and its surroundings. The prevailing wind direction is southeast and the mean velocity from this direction is 1.51m/s.

The plan was taken from a height of 4.5m from the street level.

Although it indicates movement above buildings, the colour blue shows a low wind velocity in street level and, therefore, in the courtyard.

As observed in the plan, tall buildings to the south of the facilities courtyard act as barriers, which prevent high speed wind to reach lower levels, as seen in the section. Closer to street level it is possible to assume that pressure difference can generate air movement. Although this might happen, the courtyard is still not being affected by the wind.

It is possible to assume that geometry and location of courtyard (an enclosed space in the middle of the block and surrounded by tall buildings) prevents it from receiving higher speed winds.

Fig 4.3.1.3: Wind Direction for the Base Case Period (Source: Ladybug Tools)

Fig 4.3.1.4: Wind Direction for Base Case Period in Plan for the Site

(Source: Autodesk CFD)

Velocity (m/s) 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Fig 4.3.1.5: Wind Speed through the Site in Section

(Source: Autodesk CFD) Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 31

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November

Outdoors Date Time Sky Condition Temp (London)

4.3.2. Thermal Studies Spot Measurements: Dry Bulb Temperature & Relative Humidity Spot measurements were carried to measure the temperature and relative humidity of the spaces. It was observed that: 1. Temperature difference between indoor and outdoor spaces were higher than 10°C, reaching 16.1°C (Office x Morwell St).​ 2. There is variance in temperature between both indoor spaces, only by1°C.​ 3. Relative humidity outdoor-indoor variation was maximum 23.2%.​ 4. Temperatures in indoor spaces are fairly stable due to the heating being on and do not have much variation between themselves even though they have completely different usage and number of occupants.

The Office Doors Windows Occupants Appliances Heating

These temperatures were also compared to that at Bedford Square and Morwell street. (Fig 4.3.2.3) It was observed that temperature and relative humidity do not suffer significant change within the spaces because of the presence of radiators which stabilise the indoor spaces.

The Courtyard Doors : All Closed Windows : All Closed Occupants : N/A

: 23rd November 2021 : 1000 hr- 1030 hr : Overcast : 3 °C -8 °C (min.- max.)

The Workshop Doors Windows Occupants Appliances Heating

: Open : 2 Closed, 1 Partially Open : All Present (3) : Computers ON/ Printers OFF : ON

: Closed : All Closed : Absent : OFF : ON

25 23 21

22.7°C

59.6%

58%

61

23.4°C

57%

19 17

55 52

15 13

49 47

11 9

11.3°C

7.8°C

7 5

40.2%

10.2°C

Bedford Square

Morwell Street Workshop

32 |

Fig 4.3.2.2: Relative Humidity

Courtyard

Fig 4.3.2.3: Comparison of Air Temperature & Relative Humidity in Section

Office

45 43 41 39

40.2%

SED Studio

Fig 4.3.2.1: Dry Bulb Temperature

59 57

Relative Humidity[%]

Mean Indoor Temperature [°C]

Note:​The indoor spaces had the heating ON at the time of measurements.

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.2. Thermal Studies

I A

H

Spot Measurements: Surface Temperatures In order to accurately understand the differences in surface temperatures across the spaces - the measurements were taken at three different heights.

Further the two indoor spaces were compared with the outdoor space. The high ∆T between spaces is because of the radiators being on. Less difference Key Plan in temperature with height in the courtyard was observed as compared to the other spaces. Thermal camera was also used to take a closer look.

THE OFFICE

The surface temperature rises from the ground towards the ceiling.​

A

B

G

E

B

C

C

24.2 °C

22.0 °C

24.0 °C

22.9 °C

21.9 °C

23.9 °C

23.1 °C

20.0 °C 22.7 °C

23.7 °C

The surfaces near the window are colder than surfaces further away. This variation in surface temperatures can be seen in the images from the thermal camera.

F

D

21.6 °C 22.0 °C 21.2 °C

22.0 °C

22.3 °C

THE COURTYARD

Fig 4.3.2.4: Surface Temperatures in the Office

∆T between air temperature and surface temperature for the courtyard is significantly larger than ∆T of the indoor spaces.

D

E

F

5.6 °C 5.5 °C

Through the thermal camera, it can be observed that there is significant heat loss through the windows.

6.8 °C

4.2 °C

3.6 °C

6.7 °C

4.4 °C

3.6 °C

4.0 °C

4.3 °C 4.7 °C

3.9 °C 5.1 °C

6.4 °C

4.5 °C

3.6 °C

3.1 °C

4.9 °C

THE WORKSHOP

Fig 4.3.2.5: Surface Temperatures in the Courtyard

The surfaces near the windows facing SW are colder than the surfaces near the windows facing NE.​ The variation of temperature across surfaces observed a similar trend to that in the office.

G

H 20.4 °C 19.5 °C

I 22.5 °C

20.6 °C

20.9 °C

20.3 °C

18.9 °C

20.5 °C

16.4 °C 17.6 °C

15.0 °C 18.0 °C 19.5 °C

22.0 °C 19.6 °C

22.1 °C

Fig 4.3.2.6: Surface Temperatures in the Workshop Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 33

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22 Weekend Weekend(NO (NOOccupants) Occupants)

1

Weekend (NO Occupants)

Weekend (NO Occupants)

1 15.0

3

1

TTFacilities Facilities Office Office TTCourtyard Courtyard ΔT ≈=12.5°C ∆T 12.5°C 1

TFacilities Workshop 1500 TCourtyard TFacilities Workshop 15.0 After the data was gathered and evaluated, graphs were plotted (fig 4.3.2.7 ΔT ≈ 12.2°C TCourtyard & 4.3.2.8) showing the trends established - based on the outdoor weather TFacilities Workshop - ΔTthe≈ trends conditions, whether the space was free running, when radiators 10.0 12.2°C were ON and the fluctuation in temperature when there was variation in the 1200 T Courtyard number of occupants. Each graph compares the respective indoor space with

1

900

1200 600

Radiators ON

Nov 21st, Sunday Radiators Global Horizontal Radiation

ce

Facilities Courtyard NovRadiators 21st, Sunday

Global Horizontal Radiation Nov 22nd, MondayAdaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Nov 23rd, Tuesday Occupancy Global Horizontal Radiation Radiators

kshop

ON London (Wunderground)

ON Diffused Horizontal Diffused HorizontalRadiation Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band Radiators ON 34 |

Location of Datalogger in (EN15251) the Office

Occupancy

Radiators ON Occupancy

4:30:00 PM

1:30:00 PM

PM Solar3:00:00 Radiation (Wh/m2)

9:00:00 AM

10:30:00 AM

7:30:00 AM

6:00:00 AM

4:30:00 AM

3:00:00 AM

1:30:00 AM

12:00:00 AM

9:00:00 PM

10:30:00 PM

7:30:00 PM

6:00:00 PM

Radiators ON

Nov 19th, Friday

Radiators ON

Nov 20th, Saturday

Radiators ON

Nov 21st, Sunday

600

Facilities Office

Facilities Courtyard

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Facilities Workshop

London (Wunderground)

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

Radiators ON

4:30:00 PM

3:00:00 PM

10:30:00 AM

9:00:00 AM

7:30:00 AM

6:00:00 AM

Radiators ON

Nov 22nd, Monday

Fig 4.3.2.8: Temperature Graph of the Workshop compared to the Courtyard and London Wunderground Data

4:30:00 AM

3:00:00 AM

1:30:00 AM

12:00:00 AM

10:30:00 PM

9:00:00 PM

7:30:00 PM

6:00:00 PM

4:30:00 PM

3:00:00 PM

1:30:00 PM

Radiators ON

Nov 23rd, Tuesday

Occupancy

4:30:00 PM

3:00:00 PM

1:30:00 PM

12:00:00 PM

9:00:00 AM

4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM

4:30:00 AM

1:30:0012:00:00 PM AM 3:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM

10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM

9:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM

rd, Tuesday Nov 23 Occupancy

300

12:00:00 PM

9:00:00 AM

10:30:00 AM

7:30:00 AM

6:00:00 AM

4:30:00 AM

3:00:00 AM

1:30:00 AM

12:00:00 AM

9:00:00 PM

10:30:00 PM

9:00:00 AM

7:30:00 AM

6:00:00 AM

4:30:00 AM

3:00:00 AM

1:30:00 AM

12:00:00 AM

9:00:00 PM

10:30:00 PM

7:30:00 PM

6:00:00 PM

4:30:00 PM

3:00:00 PM

1:30:00 PM

12:00:00 PM

9:00:00 AM

10:30:00 AM

7:30:00 AM

6:00:00 AM

4:30:00 AM

3:00:00 AM

Occupancy

10:30:00 AM

4:30:00 PM

3:00:00 PM

4:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM

12:00:00 10:30:00 PM PM

Nov 23rd, Tuesday

0 1:30:00 AM

9:00:00 PM

7:30:00 PM

6:00:00 PM

12:00:00 AM

Radiators ON

4:30:00 PM

Adaptive Comfort BandBand (EN 15251) Adaptive Comfort (EN15251) Nov 23rd, Tuesday

Radiators ON 10:30:00 PM

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

0.0

3:00:00 PM

Global Horizontal

Location of Datalogger in nd, Monday Radiation the22 Courtyard Nov

900

ON Radiators ON

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

1200

0

Radiators ON

Occupancy Nov 23rd, Tuesday

7:30:00 PM

ON

0

Radiators ON

Monday

ON

nd, Monday Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Nov 22Radiators

5.0

Nov

22nd,

1500

Radiators ON

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

Facilities Courtyard 21st, Sunday FacilitiesNov Courtyard Radiators Global Horizontal Radiation

Radiators ON

NovAdaptive 22nd, Monday RadiatorsBand (EN15251) Comfort

ON

ON

0 Facilities Workshop Facilities Workshop London (Wunderground)

London (Wunderground) London (Wunderground)

0

6:00:00 PM

th, Saturday 10.0 Nov 20 Radiators Facilities Office Facilities Office Facilities Courtyard

∆T 12.2°C ΔT ≈=12.2°C

4:30:00 PM

Saturday

Radiators ON

st

3:00:00 PM

Nov

ON

20th,

1:30:00 PM

ON Facilities Workshop

15.0

19thRadiators , Friday

0

12:00:00 PM

Office NovFacilities 20th, Saturday Radiators

ay

Radiators

TFacilities Workshop ON TFacilities Workshop TTCourtyard Courtyard Nov 21 , Sunday

3:00:00 AM 1:30:00 PM

Radiators ON 300

10:30:00 AM

ON

Datalogger in the Workshop

300

20.0

300 1

1:30:00 12:00:00 AM PM

600

300

Nov 23rd, Tuesday

1

300

600

0

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

Occupancy

Monday

7:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM

600

nd,

London (Wunderground)

Radiators ON

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

600Nov 22

Radiators ON

6:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM

Facilities Courtyard

600

Radiators ON

7:30:00 AM

Nov 21st, Sunday

900 Fig 4.3.2.7: Temperature Graph of theGlobal Office compared to the CourtyardAdaptive and London Data Comfort Wunderground Band (EN15251) Facilities Office Horizontal Radiation

ON

Nov 19th, Location Fridayof Radiators

12:00:00 PM

9:00:00 AM

Nov 20th, Saturday

25.0

Nov

PM2) Solar Radiation 1:30:00 (Wh/m

Nov 19th, Friday

Weekend Weekend(NO (NOOccupants) Occupants)

Radiators ON

10:30:00 AM

900

12:00:00 PM

9:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 10:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM Air Temperature (°C) 12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 12:00:00 AM Air Temperature (°C) 1:30:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 7:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 10:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 10:30:00 PM 7:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 12:00:00 10:30:00 PM 1:30:00 AM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 1:30:0012:00:00 PM 3:00:00 AM AM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 1:30:00 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM PM 7:30:00 Air Temperature (°C) PM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM Solar Radiation (Wh/m2) 7:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 7:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 10:30:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 12:00:00 10:30:00 PM 1:30:00 AM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 1:30:0012:00:00 PM AM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 6:00:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 7:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 7:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 1:30:00 PM 12:00:00 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 PM AM 6:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 1:30:00 12:00:00 AM PM 7:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 4:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 2 6:00:00 PM Solar Radiation (Wh/m ) 7:30:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 10:30:00 PM 1:30:00 PM PM 6:00:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 1:30:0012:00:00 PM AM 7:30:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 1:30:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 4:30:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 10:30:00 AM 9:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 10:30:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 7:30:00 PM 6:00:00 AM 1:30:00 AM 1:30:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 3:00:00 AM 7:30:00 AM 3:00:00 PM 4:30:00 AM 10:30:00 PM 9:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 4:30:00 PM 12:00:00 10:30:00 AM 7:30:00 AM AM 1200

900

∆T between facilities office and courtyard is 12.5°C. Radiators is 12.2°C. ∆T between facilities workshop and courtyard

900

300

900

Free-Running Period (Radiators OFF)

0.0

120

1200

- 10.0 ΔT ≈as 12.2°C the courtyard well as the temperature from the weather station.

The temperatures in the office are slightly higher and vary more as compared to the workshop because of its varying number of occupants.

150

1200

1500

0.0

0.0

1500

1500

1500

10.0

5.0office was free running - the temperature For the first three days when the inside the space has a similar trend to the outdoor temperature. During this time 5.0 the outdoor temperature also dropped drastically, hence the changes observed in the free running period vs the rest of the time were minimal.

3

1

5.0

hop

7

6:00:00 AM

Air Temperature (°C)

1

1:30:00 PM

Data Loggers: 19th November-Weekend 23rd November 2021 (NO Occupants) 20.0 Dataloggers were placed on three different locations, two of them in the indoor spaces, one in the office and the other one in the workshop. The ekend (NO20.0 Occupants) one was placed outside in the courtyard. These were placed remaining 1 from 19th to 23rd November. From 19th till 21st the office was in a free running condition and hence a comparison was made between the two different 15.0 1 1 periods.

1

1

20.0

Thermal Studies

3

12:00:00 PM

25.0 4.3.2.

7

1

25.0

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November

3

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

1

3

25.0

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.2. Thermal Studies Data Loggers: Comparative Analysis The next step in the study of the spaces using data loggers was comparing the facilities spaces with other surrounding areas including Bedford Square, the SED studio and the new yard.

SED studio: This was done to understand how the facilities office behaves in comparison to a space which is similarly shaped, has the same orientation and same construction. This was thought to be appropriate since the SED studio is located exactly three floors above the facilities office. ∆T of 1°C was observed between the two spaces. It can be concluded that this variation is due to the placement of office - which is sunken into the earth.

Bedford Square: This was done to understand the way our semi-outdoor space, the courtyard, behaves as compared to a completely outdoor space. Also, it was done to check if the surrounding bounding box has any influence on the micro climate of the courtyard. ∆T of 1°C was observed.

New Yard: This is a courtyard space located in the Basement of 38 Bedford Square (near the facilities courtyard). Even though, it varies in size - it is at the same height and has a similar bouding box. The trend observed was very similar.

25.0

1500

25.0

1500

20.0

1200

TFacilities Office - TSED Studio T ΔTFacilities ≈ 1.0°COffice - TSED

Studio

15.0

900

ΔT ≈ 1.0°C

15.0

900

10.0

600

10.0

600

TFacilities Courtyard - TLondon/ Bedford Sq T ΔTFacilities ≈ 1.0°CCourtyard - TLondon/

5.0

300

Bedford Sq

5.0

300

ΔT ≈ 1.0°C

Nov 19th, Friday

Nov 20th, Saturday

Nov 19th, Friday Facilities Office

Nov 20th, Saturday Facilities Courtyard

Facilities Workshop Facilities Office

SED Big Studio Facilities Courtyard

Fig 4.3.2.9: Comparison of Dry Bulb Temperatures for Various Facilities Workshop SEDSpaces Big Studio

New Yard

4:30:004:30:00 PM PM

3:00:003:00:00 PM PM

1:30:001:30:00 PM PM

12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM

10:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM

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6:00:006:00:00 AM AM

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3:00:003:00:00 AM AM

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10:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM

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6:00:006:00:00 PM PM

4:30:004:30:00 PM PM

3:00:003:00:00 PM PM

1:30:001:30:00 PM PM

12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM

9:00:009:00:00 AM AM

10:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM

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6:00:006:00:00 AM AM

4:30:004:30:00 AM AM

3:00:003:00:00 AM AM

1:30:001:30:00 AM AM

10:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM

12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM

9:00:009:00:00 PM PM

7:30:007:30:00 PM PM

6:00:006:00:00 PM PM

4:30:004:30:00 PM PM

3:00:003:00:00 PM PM

1:30:001:30:00 PM PM

12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM

9:00:009:00:00 AM AM

10:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM

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4:30:004:30:00 AM AM

3:00:003:00:00 AM AM

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3:00:003:00:00 PM PM

1:30:001:30:00 PM PM

12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM

10:30:00 AM 10:30:00 AM

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7:30:007:30:00 AM AM

6:00:006:00:00 AM AM

4:30:004:30:00 AM AM

3:00:003:00:00 AM AM

1:30:001:30:00 AM AM

12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM

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10:30:00 PM 10:30:00 PM

7:30:007:30:00 PM PM

6:00:006:00:00 PM PM

0.0

0 4:30:004:30:00 PM PM

0.0 3:00:003:00:00 PM PM

Air Temperature Air Temperature (°C) (°C)

1200

2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m2(Wh/m Solar Radiation )

20.0

Nov 21st, Sunday

Nov 22nd, Monday

Nov 23rd, Tuesday

Nov 21st, Sunday London (Wunderground)

Nov 22nd, Monday Global Horizontal Radiation

Nov 23rd, Tuesday

Bedford Square New Yard

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) London (Wunderground)

Diffused Horizontal Radiation Global Horizontal Radiation

Bedford Square

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Diffused Horizontal Radiation

0

Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 35

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.2. Thermal Studies Soft Computations: MInT As input data for this analysis, the mean outdoor temperature and was taken from St. James’ weather station, and direct solar radiation from Grasshopper simulations, while data for the internal loads was gathered through fieldwork.

The results show a rise of 4.5K in the office and 3.8K in the workshop mean indoor temperature.

In the office, lighting and occupancy are the main contributing factor to heat gains, whereas infiltration and glazing conduction contribute to heat losses.

In the workshop, the heat gains come mostly from heavy appliances, and the major cause of heat loss is infiltration. Significantly, solar gains are low in both cases which reflects the low radiation seen in the solar studies earlier conducted.

Window glazing is more significant in office’s heat loss since this space has more glazed area.

OFFICE

WORKSHOP

400.0 400.0

400.0 400.0 300.0 300.0

Mean Indoor Temperature Rise: 4.5 K Predicted MinT: 13.4°C

8.9°C Mean Indoor Temperature Rise:

100.0 100.0 0.0

3.8 K Predicted MinT:

0.0

12.7°C

-100.0-100.0

Schedules

Natural Ventilation Internal Loads 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) -300.0-300.0

Number of Occupants

3

Occupancy Schedule

Lighting Load

5.78 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

Equipment Load

2.64 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

Infiltration

1 Ach

Heating Schedule SOLAR GAIN SOLAR GAIN

Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

LIGHTSLIGHTS

0900 – 1900 hrs

WINTER WINTER BASE CASE BASE CASE

N/A

0.0

0.0

Mechanical Ventilation

162.0 162.0

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) INFILTRATION INFILTRATION

W/m2

Lighting Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs

W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Heating Schedule

N/A

Heating Set Temperature

Min. Indoor Temperature for Number 24°C-134.1 of Occupants -134.1 Number of Occupants 1 Natural Ventilation

Schedules 1

BASEMENT BASEMENT FLOORFLOOR

-46.6 -46.6 Lighting Load

2.46 W/m2

EXTERNAL EXTERNAL WALLSWALLS

-59.8 -59.8 Equipment Load

4.13 W/m2

Load Glazing AreaLighting Operable

50%

2.46 W/m2

Equipment Load 4.13 W/m2 WINDOWS/GLAZING WINDOWS/GLAZING -117.4 -117.4 Infiltration Mechanical Ventilation CONDUCTION CONDUCTION Infiltration

Fig 4.3.2.10: Heat 36 |

Glazing Area Operable

-400.0-400.0 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Occupancy Schedule

/h

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

APPLIANCES APPLIANCES 73.8 73.8 Natural Ventilation Internal 123 Loads OCCUPANTS OCCUPANTS Internal Loads123

Schedules

100.0 100.0 0.0

0.0

-100.0-100.0 -200.0-200.0

-200.0-200.0 Internal Loads

200.0 200.0 LOADS (24 hour mean Watts)

8.9°C

Mean Outdoor Temperature:

200.0 200.0 LOADS (24 hour mean Watts)

LOADS (24 hour mean Watts)

Mean Outdoor Temperature:

300.0 300.0

BASE CASE PERIOD LOADS (24 hour mean Watts)

BASE CASE PERIOD

1 Ach

1 Ach

Heating Set Temperature N/A Ventilation per Person 30 m3/h 3/h Person 30 m Gain and HeatVentilation Losses inperthe Office (24 hour Mean)

Schedules

Natural Ventilation

-300.0-300.0

24°C of Occupants Number

1

Occupancy Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Lighting Load 50%

2.46 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Equipment Load

4.13 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

Infiltration

1 Ach

Heating Schedule GAIN SOLARSOLAR GAIN

N/A Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

LIGHTSLIGHTS

Glazing Area Operable

0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage)

-89 -89 BASE CASE BASE CASE

N/A

0

0

96

96

Occupancy Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs Occupancy Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs 0600 – 1300 hrs Lighting Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs

Heating Set Temperature

161 161 Natural Ventilation OCCUPANTS 85 OCCUPANTS 85 Natural Ventilation Min. Indoor Temperature for -157.6 INFILTRATION INFILTRATION Min. Indoor Temperature for 24°C -157.6 24°C Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation BASEMENT FLOOR BASEMENT FLOOR

-54.8 -54.8

Glazing Area Operable EXTERNAL WALLSArea Operable EXTERNAL WALLSGlazing 50% -53.8 Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) WINDOWS/GLAZING Heating Schedule Heating Schedule N/A

Mechanical Ventilation

APPLIANCES APPLIANCES

Schedules

Lighting Schedule

-400.0-400.0

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

N/A

50%

-53.8

WINDOWS/GLAZING -76.2 -76.2 Mechanical Ventilation CONDUCTION CONDUCTION Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature

N/A

Heating Set Gain Temperature N/A in the Workshop (24 hour Mean) Fig 4.3.2.11: Heat and Heat Losses

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.2. Thermal Studies

23.0°C (Mean CB)

13.9°C (Mean OT) 8.9°C (Mean DBT) Temp. (◦C)

Simulations: Office In order to analyse the thermal behaviour of the all the facilities’ spaces, thermal simulations using Energyplus and Open Studio were done for the base case period. These simulations were undertaken as a mehtod to calibrate the model to the existing conditions and therefore prepare it for the subsequent steps.

35

1600

30

1400

25

1200

20

1000

15

800

10

600

5

400

0

200

-5

19th November

20th November Indoor OT

21st November

Outdoor DBT

22nd November

Global Horizontal Radiation

23rd November

0

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 4.3.2.12: Temperature Graph: Office | Base Case Period | Free Running

In the office, if the space is in free running mode, i.e., no radiators are turned on - the users are uncomfortable 100% of the time. This is because the mean operative temperature is around 9˚C lower than the mean comfort band temperature.

However, when the heating schedule is adjusted to the way the space operates currently - the operative temperature reaches the comfort band and the occupants are comfortable 100% of the time since the radiators are turned on for majority of the day.

23.0°C (Mean CB) 20.5°C (Mean OT) 23.0°C (Mean CB)

8.9°C (Mean DBT)

Internal Internal Loads Loads Internal Loads

d usage) usage)

d usage) usage)

200 hrs 00 hrs

Schedules SchedulesSchedules

Temp. (◦C) Temp. (◦C)

20.5°C (Mean OT) 8.9°C (Mean DBT)

35

1600

30 35 25 30 20 25 15 20 10 15 5 10 0 5 -5 0

1400 1600 1200 1400 1000 1200 800 1000 600 800 400 600 200 400 0 200

19th November

20th November

19th November Indoor OT

20th November Outdoor DBT

Natural Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation -5 Ventilation

Number Number of Occupants of Occupants 3 Number 3of Occupants

3

Occupancy Occupancy Schedule Schedule 09000900 – 1900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed hrs (dispersed usage) usage) Occupancy Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Lighting Lighting LoadLoad

2 2 W/mW/m Lighting 5.78 Load5.78

5.78 W/m2

Lighting Schedule 0900 – 1900 Lighting Schedule – 1900 hrs hrs Lighting0900 Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs

2 2 Equipment Equipment LoadLoadEquipment 2.64 2.64 W/mW/m Load

2.64 W/m2

Equipment Schedule 0900Schedule – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration Infiltration

1 Ach

Heating Schedule Free Running: Heating Schedule Running: N/AN/A HeatingFree Schedule Free Running: N/A Mechanical Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Existing Heating: 0600 – 2200 hrs hrs Existing Heating: 0600 –Heating: 2200 Existing 0600 – 2200 hrs Heating Heating Set Temperature Set Temperature Free Free Running: Running: N/AN/A Heating Set Temperature Free Running: N/A Existing Existing Heating: Heating: 24°C 24°C Heating: 24°C Existing

1 Ach 1 Ach Infiltration

3/h Ventilation Ventilation per Person per Person 30per m30 m3/h Ventilation Person

30 m3/h

NaturalVentilation Ventilation Natural

Indoor OTFig 4.3.2.14: Temperature Outdoor DBT 1900hrs Free Running: Running: 50%50% Free Running: 50% Glazing Glazing AreaArea Operable Operable 1800hrs Glazing AreaFree Operable 1900hrs 1800hrs

21st November Global Horizontal Radiation

22nd November

23rd November

22nd Adaptive NovemberComfort Band (EN15251) 23rd November

0

Global Horizontal Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Graph: Office | Base Case Radiation Period | Existing Heating Conditions

Existing Existing Heating: Heating: N/A N/A Heating: N/A Existing

1200hrs

Min. Indoor Temperature for Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Free Running: 24°C Free Running: 24°C Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable

Free Running: 50% Free Running: 50% Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

MechanicalVentilation Ventilation Mechanical Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature

Min.Min. Indoor Indoor Temperature Temperature for forTemperature Free Free Running: Running: 24°C24°C Min. Indoor for Free Running: 24°C Natural Natural Ventilation Ventilation Existing Existing Heating: Heating: N/A N/A Heating: N/A Natural Ventilation Existing

21st November

Solar Radiation Solar Radiation (Wh/m2) (Wh/m2)

Fig 4.3.2.13: Comfort Hours: Office | Base Case Period | Free Running

Free Running: N/A Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C

1200hrs 0900hrs 0900hrs

19th November 19th November

20th November

21st November

HOURLY 20th(OCCUPIED) November COMFORT |

st November 100%, 21Comfortable:

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 100%,

22nd November

23rd November

Hot: 0%, Cold: 0% 22nd November

23rd November

Hot: 0%,

Cold: 0%

Fig 4.3.2.15: Comfort Hours: Office | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 37

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November

23.0°C (Mean CB) 14.4°C (Mean OT)

Simulations: Workshop A similar simulation was done to understand the operative temperature and thermal comfort of the user in the workshop.

8.9°C (Mean DBT) Temp. (◦C)

4.3.2. Thermal Studies

35

1600

30

1400

25

1200

20

1000

15

800

10

600

5

400

0

200

-5

19th November

20th November Indoor OT

Had the space been in free running mode, the user would be comfortable 37.5% of the time. This comfort percentage is much more in the workshop as compared to the office because the PMV/PPD comfort model has been used here with a met value of 1.5. This is because it wouldn’t be accurate to ignore the heat dissipation emitted by the user considering his activity as well as his metabolic rate, that interferes with his comfort sensation. The user operates heavy machinery and overall, his work requires him to be physically active during most hours when he occupies the space. In this case, the mean operative temperature is almost 8°C away from the comfort band mean.

Outdoor DBT

21st November

22nd November

Global Horizontal Radiation

23rd November

0

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 4.3.2.16: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Base Case Period | Free Running 1200hrs

0600hrs 19th November

20th November

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

21st November

Comfortable: 37.5%,

22nd November

Uncomfortable: 62.5%

23rd November

Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD

Comfort Model: PMV/PPD Clo Value: 1.0 | Met Value: 1.5

However, when the heating schedule is adjusted to the way the space operates currently - the occupant is comfortable 100% of the time since the radiators are turned on for majority of the day. The operative temperature in this case reaches the comfort band and has a mean of 20.8°C.

23.0°C (Mean CB) 20.8°C (Mean OT) 23.0°C (Mean CB)

8.9°C (Mean DBT)

nternal Loads Internal Loads Internal Loads

Schedules SchedulesSchedules

Number of Occupants Number of 1 Occupants Number of Occupants 3 Lighting LoadLoad Lighting

2 2 Lighting Load 2.465.78 W/m W/m

Occupancy Schedule Occupancy 06000900 Schedule – 1300 hrs hrs 0600 – 1300usage) hrs Occupancy Schedule – 1900 (dispersed

2.46 W/m2

– 1300 hrs hrs Lighting Schedule Lighting0600 Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs 0900 – 1900 Lighting Schedule

Equipment Load 4.13 W/m2

4.13

Infiltration1 Ach 1 Ach

1 Ach

Equipment LoadLoad Equipment Infiltration Infiltration

1

2.64

W/m2

3/h Ventilation Person Ventilation per Person 30per m Ventilation per Person 30 m3/h

W/m2

30 m3/h

NaturalVentilation Ventilation Natural Min. Indoor Temperature for Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Free Running: 24°C Free Running: 24°C Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable

Free Running: 50% Free Running: 50% Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

38 |

1400 1600 1200 1400 1000 1200 800 1000 600 800 400 600 200 400 0 200

19th November

20th November

Global Horizontal Radiation 21st November

Min. Min. Indoor Temperature Min. Indoor for forTemperature Free Free Running: for24°C24°C Free Running: 24°C Indoor Temperature Running: Indoor OTHeating: Outdoor Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Existing N/A DBT Natural Ventilation Existing N/A Heating:

Global Horizontal Radiation

22nd November

23rd November

22nd Adaptive NovemberComfort Band (EN15251) 23rd November

0

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 4.3.2.18: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions

Running: 50% 50% Free Running: 50% Free Running: 1200hrsGlazing AreaArea Operable Glazing AreaFree Operable Glazing Operable

Existing Heating: N/A Existing Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A

1200hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C

0600hrs 19th November 0600hrs

20th November

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT | th 20 November

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT | Free Running: N/A Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C

21st November

Outdoor DBT 20th November

19th November

MechanicalVentilation Ventilation Mechanical Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature

1600

30 35 25 30 20 25 15 20 10 15 5 10 0 5 -5 0

-5 Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation 19th November Indoor OT

0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Running: N/AN/A Heating Schedule HeatingFree Schedule Free Running: N/A Heating Schedule Free Running: Existing Heating: 0600 – 2200 hrs hrs Existing 0600 – 2200 hrs Existing Heating: 0600 –Heating: 2200

Temp. (◦C) Temp. (◦C)

20.8°C (Mean OT) 8.9°C (Mean DBT)

35

21st November

22nd November

23rd November

Comfortable: 100%,

Uncomfortable: 0% nd

Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD rd

Comfortable: 100%,

Uncomfortable: 0%

Comfort Model: PMV/PPD Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD

21st November

22

November

Fig 4.3.2.19: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Base Case Period | Existing Heating Conditions

23 November

Clo Value: 1.0 | Met Value: 1.5

Solar Radiation Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)(Wh/m2)

Fig 4.3.2.17: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Base Case Period | Free Running

Facilities : AA School of Architecture Global Illuminance 8473

A

4.3. Base Case: 19th to 23rd November 4.3.3. Daylight Studies

Fig 4.3.3.2: Spot Measurements: Artificial Lights ON

Fig 4.3.3.3: Spot Measurements: Artificial Lights OFF

870 770

WORKSHOP 3m 8

COURTYARD

18

9

5m

3m OFFICE 200 12

7

6

5.7m

A’

Spot Measurements | Point in Time 1030hrs | 23rd Novemeber | Overcast Daylight spot measurements were taken to understand the illuminance inside the spaces. Most areas in the spaces were below the minimal standard illuminance for a workplace (300-500lux for office and 300-750 for the workshop according to CIBSE). This happens mostly because of lack of direct sunlight in the spaces. When the same measurements were taken with artificial lights turned ON- the illuminance levels reached the standard requirement.

Daylight factor was manually calculated to be able to fully understand the deficit of light in these spaces. It indicates a reduction in percentage as we go deeper into these spaces, away from the windows. To calculate DF the office, workshop and the courtyard were compared to the illuminance at that point in time at Bedford Square.

To represent an accurate picture, even though the courtyard is an outdoor space, its DF was also calculated with respect to to Bedford square’s. As shown in Fig 4.3.3.1 - these measurements were also compared to the Global Illuminance to be able to establish a passive zone for the indoor spaces. The rule of thumb for passive zone : Passive Depth = 6m OR X2 room height. In this case, the spaces do not meet this rule of thumb.

Fig 4.3.3.1: Spot Measurements: Passive Zone

Fig 4.3.3.4: Spot Measurements: Daylight Factor

Fig 4.3.3.5: Daylight Simulations: Point in Time Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 39

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22 Hours

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.1. Sun and Wind Studies Solar Radiation Using Ladybug simulation tools, further studies for solar radiation were conducted to understand the solar radiation during the two established analysis periods in the year. As expected, minimal changes in radiation were seen in a year, specifically the winter months showed almost no radiation.

It may be noted that one of the reasons for this is the height of the bounding box. It can be seen that the facade containing the facilities office receives solar radition on its upper floors, however because of obstructions by other buildings and the low sun angle, the facilities office receives minimal radiation.

In conclusion, it can be clearly stated that these spaces do no get adequate radiation that could have potentially helped in heat gain and raising the temperature inside the indoor spaces.

Fig 4.4.1.1: Solar Radiation: Analysis Period I (May to August)

Fig 4.4.1.2: Solar Access: Analysis Period I (May to August)

Analysis Period I : Summer Months (May to August) • In Fig 4.4.1.1 , we can see that the space receives about 150 kWh/m2 radiation received on a average in the space • As observed from Fig 4.4.1.2 - we can see that only a small part receives about 125-160 hours of direct sunlight in this period. Solar access is minimal

Solar Access Solar access in the courtyard was also simulated for the analysis periods and a similar result was observed. The only time the courtyard had some sun exposure was during the summer months for a brief amount of time.

Hours

Hours

In conclusion, it can be clearly stated that these spaces do no have adequate sunlight to ensure sufficient daylight inside the space.

Fig 4.4.1.3: Solar Radiation: Analysis Period II (November to February) Analysis Period II : Winter Months (November to February) • There is almost no radiation received during this time of the year.

• No direct sunlight in the courtyard during this period.

40 |

Fig 4.4.1.4: Solar Access: Analysis Period II (November to February)

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.1. Sun and Wind Studies CFD Simulations Simulations were performed for both analysis periods and considered as inputs. The prevailing wind direction and mean velocity was taken from the St. James weather file. In summer, the wind comes mostly from southwest at a mean velocity of 1.57m/s, and in winter the wind comes at a mean velocity of 1.48m/s from the northeast.

A different pattern can be observed when comparing the wind performance in the surrounding environment of AA buildings. In conclusion, the courtyard is not affected in a significant way by the prevailing winds. Near our site, a local phenomena takes place between buildings wherein due to surface temperature and pressure difference - there is a possibility of more of an air movement closer to the street level, but still this wind does not reach the courtyard.

Velocity (m/s)

Analysis Period I : Summer Months (May to August)

3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4

• Prevailing direction : South West

2.2

• Mean velocity : 1.57m/s

2.0

• In summer, the barrier effect of constructions to the left of the school contributes to the overall decrease in the wind speed, specifically at the lower height at which the courtyard is there.

1.6

1.8

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Fig 4.4.1.5: CFD Simulations in Plan: Analysis Period I (May to August)

Fig 4.4.1.6: CFD Simulations in Section: Analysis Period I (May to August)

Velocity (m/s)

Analysis Period II : Winter Months (November to February)

3.0 2.8

• Prevailing direction : North East

2.6

• Mean velocity : 1.48m/s

2.2

2.4

2.0

• In winter, winds coming from Northeast travel across the neighbouring buildings to AA and bedford square before reaching the courtyard - which reduces the barrier effect. However, the air movement in the courtyard still remains insignificant.

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Fig 4.4.1.7: CFD Simulations in Plan: Analysis Period II (November to February)

Fig 4.4.1.8: CFD Simulations in Section: Analysis Period II (November to February) Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 41

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.2. Thermal Studies MInT From the analysis conducted for the two periods, it is observed that the trend is similar to base case with regards to the main items that influence heat gain and loss. The Mean Indoor Temperature (MinT) rise differs from office to workshop in both periods. The augmented temperature during summer is influenced by solar gains.

Due to the orientation of the office windows facing the courtyard (southwest), it receives direct radiation. In the workshop, southwest windows are smaller in area and positioned in the street level of Morwell Street, which makes it more difficult to receive radiation. Hence, the temperature inside the workshop is not influenced by direct solar radiation.

As for heat losses, infiltration is significant to both spaces. In summer it plays a larger role than in winter, as the windows are opened for longer periods when the space is occupied.

Internal Loads Number of Occupants

2

200

200

0

-200

WINTER PERIOD Mean Outdoor Temperature: 7.3°C Mean Indoor Temperature Rise: 3.8 K Predicted MinT: 11.1°C

0

-200

3

Natural Ventilation

Occupancy Schedule

-400

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

5.78 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

Equipment Load

2.64 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration

1 Ach

-600 Heating Schedule

-600 N/A

Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

SOLAR GAINSOLAR GAIN LIGHTS

LIGHTS

APPLIANCES APPLIANCES

Occupancy Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Lighting Schedule

0900 – 1900 INFILTRATION hrs INFILTRATION

Equipment Schedule

BASEMENT FLOOR 0900 – 1900 BASEMENT hrs (dispersedFLOOR usage)

Heating Schedule

N/A

OCCUPANTSOCCUPANTS

EXTERNAL WALLS EXTERNAL WALLS

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

-400

Lighting Load

0900 – 1900 hrs

Glazing Area Operable

SUMMER

SUMMER

117

117

Mechanical Ventilation WINTER WINTER Heating0.0 Set Temperature

0.0

162 162 Natural Ventilation Internal Loads 74 Loads 74 Internal

Min. Indoor Temperature for 24°C Number of Occupants 123 123 Number of Occupants 1 Natural Ventilation

162.0

162.0

73.8

73.8 Schedules

1

123

123

2 2.46 W/m -304 -304Lighting Load -134.1 -134.1 Lighting Load 2.46 W/m2 Glazing Area Operable 50%

-36

-36Equipment Load

Equipment Load

4.13 W/m2

-45 -45 Infiltration Mechanical Ventilation Infiltration 1 Ach WINDOWS/GLAZING WINDOWS/GLAZING CONDUCTION CONDUCTION -89 -89

Heating Set Temperature N/A Ventilation per Person Ventilation per Person 30 m3/h

-46.64.13 W/m-46.6 2 -59.8

-59.8

-117.4

-117.4

1 Ach 30 m3/h

Fig 4.4.2.1: Heat Gain and Heat Losses in the Office for the Two Periods (24 hour Mean) 42 |

Internal Loads Number 24°C of Occupants

600.0 600

600

400.0 400

400

200.0 200

200

0.00

-200.0 -200

LOADS (kWh/m2)

400

LOADS (kWh/m2)

400

SUMMER PERIOD Mean Outdoor Temperature: 17.1°C Mean Indoor Temperature Rise: 2.0 K Predicted MinT: 19.1°C

Schedules

Schedules

2

600

LOADS (24 hour mean Watts)

WINTER PERIOD Mean Outdoor Temperature: 7.3°C Mean Indoor Temperature Rise: 4.5 K Predicted MinT: 11.8°C

600

LOADS (kWh/m2)

LOADS (24 hour mean Watts) LOADS (kWh/m2)

SUMMER PERIOD Mean Outdoor Temperature: 17.1°C Mean Indoor Temperature Rise: 3.4 K Predicted MinT: 20.5°C

WORKSHOP

LOADS (kWh/m2)

OFFICE

0

-200

Schedules 1

Natural Ventilation

Occupancy Schedule

-400.0 -400

0600 – 1300 hrs

-400

Lighting Load 50%

2.46 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Equipment Load

4.13 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration

1 Ach

-600.0 Heating Schedule -600

N/A -600

N/A Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

50%

Mechanical Ventilation -89 WINTER WINTER

13 117

117

0 0.0

162

96 162.0

162.0

74

161 73.8

73.8

123

85 123

123

-304

-157.6 -134.1

-134.1

-36

-54.8 -46.6

-46.6

-28.2 -45 -45 Mechanical Ventilation WINDOWS/GLAZING CONDUCTION WINDOWS/GLAZING CONDUCTION -40.0 WINDOWS/GLAZING CONDUCTION -89 -89 Mechanical Ventilation

-53.8 -59.8

-59.8

-76.2 -117.4

-117.4

SOLAR GAIN SOLAR GAIN SOLAR GAIN LIGHTS

96 162 Natural Ventilation APPLIANCES APPLIANCES APPLIANCES 161 74 Natural Ventilation

N/A

Glazing Area Operable

SUMMER

Occupancy Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs Min. Indoor Temperature for OCCUPANTS OCCUPANTS Min. Indoor Temperature OCCUPANTS 75 123 Occupancy Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs 24°C Naturalfor Ventilation Natural Ventilation 0600 – 1300 hrs Lighting Schedule INFILTRATION INFILTRATION INFILTRATION -248.1 -304 Lighting Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable 50% BASEMENT FLOOR BASEMENT FLOOR BASEMENT FLOOR -28.9 -36 Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Heating Schedule Heating Schedule N/A

24°

SUMMER SUMMER

LIGHTS LIGHTS

Schedules

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

24°C

50%

EXTERNAL EXTERNAL EXTERNALWALLS WALLS WALLS

Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature N/A

Heating Set Temperature

0.0

N/A

Fig 4.4.2.2: Heat Gain and Heat Losses in the Workshop for the Two Periods (24 hour Mean)

N/

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.2. Thermal Studies Simulations: Office | Summer Period Simulations were carried out for summer considering the building in a free running mode. It was observed that the office occupants are comfortable for 26% of occupied hours during this period, which is primarily post 1200hrs.

The month of maximum comfort is July, which can be observed is due to the increase in outdoor dry bulb temperature and consequently in the operative temperature.

1600

30

1400

24.4°C (Mean CB)

25 35

1200 1600

19.6°C (Mean OT)

20 30

1000 1400

17.1°C (Mean DBT) 24.4°C (Mean CB)

15 25

800 1200

19.6°C (Mean OT)

10 35 20

600 1600 1000

17.1°C (Mean DBT)

400 1400 800

0 25 10

200 1200 600

19.6°C (Mean OT)

-5 20 5

17.1°C (Mean DBT)

15 0

Temp. (◦C)

Temp. (◦C)

5 30 15

24.4°C (Mean CB)

10 -5

Temp. (◦C)

1900hrs5 1800hrs

Schedules Schedules

NumberNumber of Occupants of Occupants3

hedules

3

LightingLighting Load Load

2 W/m2 5.78 W/m 5.78

Equipment Load Load Equipment

2 W/m2 2.64 W/m 2.64

Occupancy Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Infiltration 1 Ach 1 Ach Infiltration

Lighting Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs Ventilation per Person Ventilation per Person30 m3/h30 m3/h

Equipment Schedule Heating Schedule

d usage)

Min. Indoor Temperature for 24°C Heating Schedule N/A N/A Heating Schedule Natural Ventilation 50%

0900hrs 1200hrs

JUNE Indoor OT

Outdoor DBT

MAY

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

24°C

Glazing Area Operable

50%

Heating Set Temperature

0900hrs N/A

JUNE

Outdoor DBT

AUGUST

JULY

24°C

GlazingGlazing Area Operable Area Operable 50%

50%

MAY

JUNE

Mechanical Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT | MAY HeatingHeating Set Temperature Set Temperature N/A

N/A

JUNE

JUNE

Hot: 0%,

200

AUGUST

0

Cold: 74%

Hot: 0%,

AUGUST

Cold: 74%

JULY

Comfortable: 26%,

400

AUGUST

JULY

Comfortable: 26%,

600 0

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

JULY

Comfortable: 26%,

01000 400 800 200

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

d usage)

JULY

Fig 4.4.2.3: Temperature Graph: Office | Summer Period | Free Running

Min. Indoor Min. Temperature Indoor Temperature for 24°C for NaturalNatural Ventilation Ventilation

MAY

AUGUST Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Mechanical Ventilation

N/A Natural Ventilation

JULY Global Horizontal Radiation

MAY

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Hot: 0%,

AUGUST

Cold: 74%

Fig 4.4.2.4: Comfort Hours: Office | Summer Period | Free Running Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 43

Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature

Outdoor DBT

Indoor OT Natural Natural Ventilation Ventilation

1200hrs Occupancy Occupancy Schedule Schedule 0900 – 0900 1900 –hrs 1900 (dispersed hrs (dispersed usage) usage) 1900hrs 1800hrs Schedule 0900 – 0900 1900 –hrs 1900 hrs LightingLighting Schedule 1200hrs Natural Ventilation 0900hrs Equipment Schedule0900 – 0900 1900 –hrs 1900 (dispersed hrs (dispersed usage) usage) Equipment Schedule

Glazing Area Operable

JUNE Indoor OT

0

-5 1900hrs 1800hrs

Internal Internal Loads Loads

MAY

Solar Radiation (Wh/m 2) 2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m Solar Radiation (Wh/m

35

2)

As shown from the simulation (fig 4.4.2.4), for 74% of the occupied hours, the occupants are relatively cold. However, this was found to not be an entirely accurate representation since the operative temperature in the office was fairly close to the comfort band, as is seen in Figure 4.4.2.3.

N/A

1600

35 25

1600 1200

19.6°C (Mean OT) 35

30 20 35

35

1600

1400 1000 1600

17.1°C (Mean DBT) 30 21.8°C (Mean CB)

25 15 30

30

1400

1200 800 1400

21.8°C (Mean CB)

25 21.8°C (Mean CB)

20 10 25

25

1200

1000 600 1200

20.2°C (Mean OT)

20 12.6°C (Mean OT) OT) 20.2°C (Mean

15 5 20

20

1000

800 400 1000

15

10 0 15

15

800

600 200 800

From this it was possible to understand the deficit that is being compensated using existing the heating system, since users would be cold 100% of the occupied hours without having the heating on.

7.3°C (Mean DBT) 10

5 -5 10

7.3°C (Mean DBT) 5

0 5

0

20.2°C (Mean OT)

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

-5 0

NOVEMBER NOVEMBER Indoor OT

1900hrs 1800hrs 1900hrs 1800hrs

1900hrs 1800hrs

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

5

Outdoor DBT

0

-5

Indoor OT

600 400

Indoor OT

1900hrs-5 1800hrs NOVEMBER

-5

10

MAY

Temp. (◦C)

Temp. (◦C)

Simulations: Office | Winter Period For winter periods, simulations were conducted for both scenarios: free 7.3°C (Mean DBT) running and existing heating. In the former, it is clear how operative temperature fluctuates with the outdoor dry bulb temperature, whereas in the latter it follows a pattern, only varying for when it’s on or off.

21.8°C (Mean CB)

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

DECEMBER

JANAURY

FEBRUARY

NOVEMBERDECEMBER DECEMBER Outdoor DBT

DECEMBERJANAURY JANAURY Global Horizontal Radiation

FEBRUARYJANAURYFEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Indoor OT Outdoor DBT

Indoor Outdoor Global Horizontal Radiation GlobalOT Horizontal Radiation GlobalOffice Horizontal Radiation Adaptive Band Adaptive (EN15251) Comfort Band (EN15251) Fig Outdoor 4.4.2.5:DBT Temperature Graph: | DBT Winter Period Comfort | Free Running

200 0

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

1400

Temp. Temp. (◦C) (◦C) Temp. (◦C)

30 24.4°C (Mean CB)

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.2. Thermal Studies

35

0400 600 200 400 0 200 0

2) 2) Solar(Wh/m Radiation (Wh/m2) Solar Radiation Solar Radiation (Wh/m

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

FEBRUARY

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

1900hrs 1800hrs

1200hrs

1200hrs 0900hrs 1200hrs

1200hrs

MAY 1200hrs

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

0900hrs 0900hrs

0900hrs

JUNE

NOVEMBER

NOVEMBER 0900hrs NOVEMBER

JULY

Comfortable: 26%,

DECEMBER NOVEMBERDECEMBER DECEMBER HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Hot: 0%,

AUGUST

Cold: 74%

JANAURY

FEBRUARY

DECEMBER JANAURY JANAURY Comfortable: 0%, Hot: 0%,

FEBRUARYJANAURYFEBRUARY Cold: 100%

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORTCold: | Comfortable: HOURLY (OCCUPIED) HOURLY COMFORT (OCCUPIED) | COMFORT Comfortable: | 100%, Comfortable: Hot:100%, 0%, Hot: 0% 0%, Cold: 100%, 0%

Hot: 0%,

FEBRUARY

Cold: 0%

30 35

1400 1600

25 35 30

1200 1600 1400

19.6°C (Mean OT) 21.8°C (Mean CB) 17.1°C (Mean DBT) 20.2°C 21.8°C (Mean OT) CB)

20 30 25

1000 1400 1200

15 25 20

800 1200 1000

10 20 15

600 1000 800

5 15 10

400 800 600

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

05 10

200 600 400

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

-50 5

Temp.Temp. (◦C) Temp. (◦C) (◦C)

Schedules SchedulesSchedules

1600

24.4°C (Mean CB)

20.2°C (Mean OT)

ternal Internal Loads Loads Internal Loads

35

MAY

0 -5

NOVEMBERIndoor OT Natural Natural Ventilation Ventilation Natural Ventilation -5

JUNE DECEMBER Outdoor DBT

DECEMBER Min.Min. Indoor Indoor Temperature Temperature forNOVEMBER forTemperature Free Free Running: Running: 24°C Min. Indoor for Free Running: 24°C Indoor OT24°C Outdoor DBT 1900hrs Natural Natural Ventilation Ventilation Existing Existing Heating: Heating: N/A N/A Heating: N/A Natural Ventilation Existing 1800hrs Indoor OT Fig 4.4.2.7: Outdoor DBT Temperature Graph: 1900hrs Free Running: Running: 50%50% Free Running: 50% Glazing Glazing AreaArea Operable Operable Glazing AreaFree Operable 1800hrs Existing Existing Heating: Heating: N/A N/A Heating: N/A Existing 1900hrs 1800hrs

Number Number of Occupants of Occupants 3 Number 3of Occupants

3

Occupancy Occupancy Schedule Schedule 09000900 – 1900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed hrs (dispersed usage) usage) Occupancy Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Lighting Lighting LoadLoad

2 2 W/mW/m Lighting 5.78 Load5.78

5.78 W/m2

Lighting Schedule 0900 – 1900 Lighting Schedule – 1900 hrs hrs Lighting0900 Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs

2 2 Equipment Equipment LoadLoadEquipment 2.64 2.64 W/mW/m Load

2.64 W/m2

Equipment Schedule 0900Schedule – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration Infiltration

1 Ach

Heating Schedule Free Running: Heating Schedule Running: N/AN/A HeatingFree Schedule Free Running: N/A Mechanical Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Existing Heating: 0600 – 2200 hrs hrs Existing Heating: 0600 –Heating: 2200 Existing 0600 – 2200 hrs Heating Heating Set Temperature Set Temperature Free Free Running: Running: N/AN/A Heating Set Temperature Free Running: N/A 1200hrs Existing Existing Heating: Heating: 24°C 24°C Heating: 24°C Existing

1 Ach 1 Ach Infiltration

3/h Ventilation Ventilation per Person per Person 30per m30 m3/h Ventilation Person

30 m3/h

Natural Ventilation Ventilation Natural

Free Running: 24°C Free Running: 24°C Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

1200hrs 0900hrs

Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable

Free Running: 50% Free Running: 50% Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

0900hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation Mechanical

44 |

AUGUST

Global Horizontal Radiation JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation

Global Radiation Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Office | Horizontal Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions

1200hrs

Min. Indoor Temperature for Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature

JULY

Free Running: N/A Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C

0900hrs

MAY NOVEMBER NOVEMBER

JUNE

HOURLY (OCCUPIED)DECEMBER COMFORT |

JULY

Comfortable: 26%,

JANAURY Hot: 0%,

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 100%,

JANAURY

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 100%,

DECEMBER

AUGUST

Cold: 74%

FEBRUARY

Hot: 0%,

Cold: 0%

FEBRUARY

Hot: 0%,

Cold: 0%

Fig 4.4.2.8: Comfort Hours: Office | Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions

0400 200 200 0 0

2) 2) 2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m Solar Solar Radiation Radiation (Wh/m (Wh/m

Fig 4.4.2.6: Comfort Hours: Office | Winter Period | Free Running

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

4.4. Analysis Periods

Storage 28.0

Simulations: Office | Energy Balance

Cooling

21.0

Glazing Conduction Opaque Conduction

14.0

Loads (kWh/m2)

In a free-running scenario (fig 4.4.2.9), it was noticed that opaque conduction contributes as a heat gain during winter and facilitates heat dissipation in summer. This could be explained by the fact that the basement floor is exposed to the soil. Since ground temperature is usually more stable than air, it can be cooler in summers and warmer winters than outdoor temperature. In a free running situation, this is positive as the heat exchange with the ground can

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

35.0

4.4.2. Thermal Studies

From the energy balance study there were several relevant observations.

Comparing the two scenarios – without and with heating – allowed the team to understand how some elements were thermally affecting the space.

Analysis Period I: May to August (Summer)

Natural Ventilation

7.0

Mechanical Ventilation 0.0

Infiltration

-7.0

Occupants Lighting

-14.0 Fan Electric -21.0

Equipment Solar

-28.0

prevent the indoor temperature to achieve more extreme values, which could happen if it was only under the influence of outdoor air.

Figure 4.4.2.10 shows, however, that the previous behaviour is reversed, as it now adds to heat losses in the winter. Since the space is heated here, the indoor temperature is higher than soil and thus loses heat to it.

Heating

-35.0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Fig 4.4.2.9: Energy Balance: Office | Free Running | Monthly Cumulative

Regarding glazing conduction, it is clear how the single glazed and lack of solar radiation act facilitating heat losses in winter and meagre heat gains in summer.

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

Infiltration, as stated in the MinT analysis, is also a way through which the office loses heat to the outdoor environment in both periods, due to the outdoor air being cooler than the indoor. In winter, this phenomenon is further pronounced.

Analysis Period I: May to August (Summer)

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

35.0 Storage 28.0

Cooling

21.0

Glazing Conduction Opaque Conduction

Solar gains are directly related to direct radiation, which only reaches the office windows during a few months in summer, therefore solar gains only primarily appear during the summer.

In a free-running scenario, the existing loads that contribute to heat gains – solar, equipments and occupants – are not sufficient to achieve comfort, especially in the winter months. Therefore, there is a large dependance on mechanical heating systems resulting in a cumulative heating load of 5,209 kWh annually.

Loads (kWh/m2)

14.0

Natural Ventilation

7.0

Mechanical Ventilation 0.0

Infiltration

-7.0

Occupants Lighting

-14.0 Fan Electric -21.0

Equipment Solar

-28.0

Heating

-35.0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total Annual Heating Load: 5,209 kWh Fig 4.4.2.10: Energy Balance: Office | Existing Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 45

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.2. Thermal Studies Simulations: Workshop | Summer Period The mean operative temperature was found to be 18.2°C for the workshop in the summer period, which is lower to that of the office (19.6°C). This may be attributed to less solar exposure and consequently, smaller swing in the operative temperature. Since the wall facing Morwell Street is partially buried, the thermal mass effect may also be causing slightly lower temperatures.

1600

30

1400

24.4°C (Mean CB)

25

1200

18.2°C (Mean OT)

35 20

1600 1000

17.1°C (Mean DBT)

30 15

1400 800

24.4°C (Mean CB)

25 10

1200 600

18.2°C (Mean OT)

20 5

1000 400

17.1°C (Mean DBT)

15 0

800 200

Temp. (◦C)

35

10 -5

Temp. (◦C)

5

Internal Loads Internal Loads NumberNumber of Occupants of Occupants1 LightingLighting Load Load

es

Equipment Load Load Equipment

2 2 W/m2 2.46 W/m 2.46 2 2 W/m2 4.13 W/m 4.13

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage) Infiltration 1 Ach 1 Ach Infiltration

ng Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs Ventilation per Person Ventilation per Person30 m33/h30 m3/h

ng Schedule

-5

Occupancy Schedule 0600 – 0600 1300 –hrs Occupancy Schedule 1300 hrs

1

pancy Schedule

ment Schedule

0

1200hrs

Schedules Schedules

LightingLighting Schedule 1300 –hrs Schedule 0600 – 0600 1300 hrs

1200hrs

Natural Ventilation Equipment Schedule

Glazing Area Operable

24°C N/A 50%

Glazing Area Operable

50%

46 |

Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature

N/A

MAY

Outdoor DBT

Global Horizontal Radiation

AUGUST Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

JUNE JULY | Free Running Fig 4.4.2.11: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Summer Period

Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Indoor OT

Outdoor DBT

Min. Indoor for 24°C Min. Temperature Indoor Temperature for NaturalNatural Ventilation Ventilation

24°C

GlazingGlazing Area Operable Area Operable 50%

50%

Global Horizontal Radiation

0600hrs

Heating Set Temperature

HeatingHeating Set Temperature Set Temperature N/A MAY

AUGUST

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

N/A

JUNE

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Mechanical Ventilation 24°C

Indoor OT

JULY

Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

JUNE

1300 –hrs (dispersed usage) usage) Equipment Schedule Equipment Schedule0600 – 0600 1300 hrs (dispersed

Min. Indoor Temperature for Heating Schedule Heating Schedule N/A Natural Ventilation

N/A Natural Ventilation

MAY

N/A

JULY

Comfortable: 69%,

Uncomfortable: 31%

AUGUST

Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD

0600hrs MAY

JUNE

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

JULY

Comfortable: 69%,

Uncomfortable: 31%

Fig 4.4.2.12: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Summer Period | Free Running

AUGUST

Comfort Model: Comfort Model:PMV/PPD PMV/ PPD Clo Value: 0.7 | Met Value: 1.5

600 0 400 200 0

2) Solar Radiation Solar (Wh/m Radiation (Wh/m2)

Although the operative temperature does not frequently reach the comfort band, it is seen in the hourly occupied comfort graph (Figure 4.4.2.12) that the user in this space feels comfortable in 69% of hours. As the PMV/PDD comfort model has been used for the workshop, which considers the users metabolic rate and clo value, the user’s perception of comfort can vary as a result of these two factors.

4.4. Analysis Periods

35

1600

35 30

1600 1400

30 25

1400 1200

25 20

1200 1000

13.4°C (Mean OT)

20 15

1000 800

13.4°C (Mean OT)

15 10

800 600

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

10 5

600 400

5 0

400 200

21.8°C (Mean CB)

4.4.2. Thermal Studies Simulations: Workshop | Winter Period Following the trend for summer period, a smaller fluctuation in workshop operative temperature in also observed during the winter period.

Temp.Temp. (◦C) (◦C)

21.8°C (Mean CB)

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

In a free-running scenario, the user is seen to be comfortable for only 18% of the occupied hours. This is also partially due to the fact that the occupied hours for the occupant in the workshop are from 0600-1300hrs. The early morning hours have lower outdoor dry bulb temperature which consequently lead to lower indoor operative temperature. Therefore, there is a dependance on a mechnical heating system, which allows for comfort during this period.

0 -5 -5

NOVEMBER NOVEMBER

DECEMBER DECEMBER Outdoor DBT

Indoor OT Indoor OT

Global Horizontal Radiation

JANAURY

FEBRUARY

JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

2) 2) Radiation (Wh/m Solar Solar Radiation (Wh/m

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

200 0 0

Outdoor DBT Global Horizontal Radiation Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Fig 4.4.2.13: Temperature Graph: Workshop | Winter Period | Free Running

1200hrs 1200hrs

0600hrs 0600hrs

NOVEMBER NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

JANAURY

FEBRUARY

DECEMBER HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 18%, JANAURY Uncomfortable: 82%

FEBRUARY Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 18%,

Comfort Model: Model: PMV/PPD Comfort PMV/ PPD

Uncomfortable: 82%

Clo Value: 1.0 | Met Value: 1.5

Number of Occupants Number of 1 Occupants Number of Occupants 3

30 35

1400 1600

25 35 30

1200 1600 1400

19.6°C (Mean OT) 21.8°C (Mean CB) 17.1°C (Mean DBT) 20.6°C 21.8°C (Mean (Mean OT) CB)

20 30 25

1000 1400 1200

15 25 20

800 1200 1000

10 20 15

600 1000 800

5 15 10

400 800 600

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

05 10

200 600 400

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

-50 5

2 2 Lighting Load 2.465.78 W/m W/m

2.46 W/m2

– 1300 hrs hrs Lighting Schedule Lighting0600 Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs 0900 – 1900 Lighting Schedule

2 2 Load Equipment LoadLoadEquipment 4.13 W/m Equipment 2.64 W/m

4.13 W/m2

0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

1 Ach

Running: N/AN/A Heating Schedule HeatingFree Schedule Free Running: N/A Free Running: Heating Schedule Existing Heating: 0600 – 2200 hrs hrs Existing 0600 – 2200 hrs Existing Heating: 0600 –Heating: 2200

Infiltration1 Ach 1 Ach

3/h Ventilation Person Ventilation per Person 30per m Ventilation per Person 30 m3/h

30 m3/h

Natural Ventilation Ventilation Natural

usage) usage)

00 hrs 00 hrs

Min. Indoor Temperature for Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Free Running: 24°C Free Running: 24°C Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable

Free Running: 50% Free Running: 50% Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A

Free Running: N/A Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C

JUNE

0 -5

JULY

DECEMBER Outdoor DBT

-5

DECEMBER Min. Min. Indoor Temperature Min. Indoor for NOVEMBER Free Free Running: for24°C Free Running: 24°C Indoor Temperature forTemperature Running: Indoor OT24°C Outdoor DBT 1900hrs Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Existing Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A 1800hrs Indoor OT Outdoor DBT Graph: Fig 4.4.2.15: Temperature Running: 50% 50% Free Running: 50% Free Running: Glazing AreaArea Operable Glazing AreaFree Operable Glazing Operable Existing Heating: N/A Existing Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A 1200hrs

AUGUST

Global Horizontal Radiation JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation

0400 200 200 0 0

Global Horizontal AdaptiveConditions Comfort Band (EN15251) Workshop | WinterRadiation Period | Existing Heating

1200hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Free Running: N/A 1200hrs Existing Heating: 24°C

0900hrs

MAY

0600hrs 0600hrs

NOVEMBER NOVEMBER

Mechanical Ventilation Ventilation Mechanical Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature

MAY

NOVEMBERIndoor OT Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Occupancy Schedule Occupancy 06000900 Schedule – 1300 hrs hrs 0600 – 1300usage) hrs Occupancy Schedule – 1900 (dispersed

Infiltration Infiltration

usage) usage)

Temp.Temp. (◦C) Temp. (◦C) (◦C)

Schedules SchedulesSchedules 1

Lighting LoadLoad Lighting

1600

24.4°C (Mean CB)

20.6°C (Mean OT)

Internal Loads Internal Loads Internal Loads

35

2)2) 2) SolarSolar Radiation (Wh/m Solar Radiation (Wh/m Radiation (Wh/m

Fig 4.4.2.14: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Winter Period | Free Running

JUNE

HOURLY (OCCUPIED)DECEMBER COMFORT |

JULY

Comfortable: 26%,

JANAURY Hot: 0%,

AUGUST

Cold: 74%

FEBRUARY

DECEMBER HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 97%, JANAURY Uncomfortable: 3%

FEBRUARY Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 97%,

Comfort Model: Comfort Model:PMV/PPD PMV/ PPD

Uncomfortable: 3%

Clo Value: 1.0 | Met Value: 1.5

Fig 4.4.2.16: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Winter Period | Existing Heating Conditions Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 47

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

4.4. Analysis Periods

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

35.0

4.4.2. Thermal Studies

Storage 28.0

Simulations: Workshop | Energy Balance

Cooling

21.0

Glazing Conduction Opaque Conduction

14.0

Loads (kWh/m2)

In the workshop, opaque conduction represents the main heat gain factor during winter months, and a heat loss in the summer period. Similar to as observed for the office, this is due to the construction mass exposed to the soil. In this case though, in addition to the floor of the workshop, the semiburied wall facing Morwell Street is also exposed to the soil, causing an even more pronounced effect than in the office.

Analysis Period I: May to August (Summer)

Natural Ventilation

7.0

Mechanical Ventilation 0.0

Infiltration

-7.0

Occupants Lighting

-14.0

Glazing conduction also appears as heat losses, mostly during winter.

Fan Electric -21.0

The same trend is seen as in the office, with infiltration being a relevant

Equipment Solar

-28.0

aspect of total heat losses.

Heating

-35.0

Jan

Solar gains in the workshop are negligible since the southwest windows are at the street level of Morwell Street, with one of them being blocked with opaque material and the other with frosted glass.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Fig 4.4.2.17: Energy Balance: Workshop| Free Running | Monthly Cumulative

As analyzed for the office space, the existing heating conditions energy balance show opaque conduction performance reversing and infiltration still being a cooling factor. Due to a larger volume and lower operative temperature in the workshop as compared to the office, the cumulative annual heating load is also higher at 7,220 kWh.

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

Analysis Period I: May to August (Summer)

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

35.0 Storage 28.0

Cooling

21.0

Glazing Conduction Opaque Conduction

Loads (kWh/m2)

14.0

Natural Ventilation

7.0

Mechanical Ventilation 0.0

Infiltration

-7.0

Occupants Lighting

-14.0 Fan Electric -21.0

Equipment Solar

-28.0

Heating

-35.0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total Annual Heating Load: 7,220 kWh Fig 4.4.2.18: Energy Balance: Workshop | Existing Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative 48 |

The occupied hours considered for the courtyard consolidated the occupancy hours of both indoor spaces, from 6am to 7pm. However, had it been considered from 9am onwards, when probably people would use more the space (since the carpenter is the only person using any of the facilities’ spaces early morning), then a higher percentage of comfortable hours may have been observed. Therefore, it may be concluded that the courtyard could be a pleasant space for people to experience during this period.

For the winter period, the temperature graph plotter in figure 4.4.2.21 shows that operative temperature follows the dry bulb one, but it doesn’t go as low, showing the courtyard as a more stable environment.

25 30

1200 1400

20 25

1000 1200

17.1°C (Mean (Mean OT) DBT) 19.9°C

15 20

800 1000

17.1°C (Mean DBT)

10 15

600 800

5 10

400 600

0 5

200 400

24.4°C (Mean CB) 19.9°C (Mean OT) 24.4°C (Mean CB)

-5 0 -5

MAY MAY

1900hrs 1800hrs

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

JULY

AUGUST Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Indoor OT

Outdoor DBT JUNE

Indoor OT

Fig 4.4.2.19: TemperatureGlobal Graph: Courtyard | Summer Period Outdoor DBT Horizontal Radiation Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation

0 200 0

1900hrs 1800hrs 1200hrs 1200hrs

0600hrs 0600hrs

MAY

JUNE

MAY

JULY

AUGUST

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT | JUNE

Comfortable: 43%,

Hot: JULY 1%,

Cold: 56%

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 43%,

Hot: 1%,

Cold: 56%

AUGUST

Fig 4.4.2.20: Comfort Hours: Courtyard | Summer Period 35

1600

30 35

1400 1600

24.4°C (Mean CB)

25 30 35

1200 1400 1600

19.6°C (Mean OT) 21.8°C (Mean CB) 17.1°C (Mean DBT)

20 25 30

1000 1200 1400

15 20 25

800 1000 1200

10 15 20

600 800 1000

21.8°C (Mean CB) 10.3°C (Mean OT)

5 10 15

400 600 800

10.3°C (Mean OT) 7.3°C (Mean DBT)

05 10

200 400 600

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

-50 5 -5 0 -5

1900hrs 1800hrs 1900hrs 1800hrs 1900hrs 1800hrs

MAY

JUNE

JULY

NOVEMBER Indoor OT

DECEMBER Outdoor DBT

NOVEMBER Indoor OT

DECEMBER Outdoor DBT

Indoor OT

Outdoor DBT Fig 4.4.2.21:

AUGUST

JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation JANAURY

FEBRUARY Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Global Horizontal Radiation

0 200 400

2) 2) 2) Solar Radiation Radiation (Wh/m Solar Radiation (Wh/m Solar (Wh/m

Simulations: Courtyard In the summer period in the courtyard, the comfort graphic (Figure 4.4.2.20) shows that most of the day the space is comfortable. The mornings are the coldest since it’s the period when it doesn’t receive solar radiation.

1400 1600

Temp. (◦C) Temp. (◦C)

4.4.2. Thermal Studies

1600

30 35

Temp. (◦C) Temp. Temp. (◦C) (◦C)

4.4. Analysis Periods

35

Solar Radiation Solar Radiation (Wh/m2) (Wh/m2)

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

0 200 0

Global Horizontal Radiation Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251) Temperature Graph: Courtyard | Winter Period

1200hrs 1200hrs 1200hrs

0900hrs 0600hrs 0600hrs

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

NOVEMBER

HOURLY (OCCUPIED)DECEMBER COMFORT |

Comfortable: 26%,

JANAURY Hot: 0%,

Cold: 74%

FEBRUARY

NOVEMBER

HOURLY (OCCUPIED)DECEMBER COMFORT |

Comfortable: 0%,

JANAURY Hot: 0%,

Cold: 100%

FEBRUARY

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 0%,

Hot: 0%,

Cold: 100%

Fig 4.4.2.22: Comfort Hours: Courtyard | Winter Period Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 49

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.3. Daylight Studies Sun Patch Sun Patch diagrams for the analysis periods show the difference between seasons and times of the day. In winter, the sun is expected to produce deep or no sun patches as the sun angle is very low . As we can observe, there is no sun patch for the winter period or even during mid season, i.e., the equinox.

Summer Solstice (12.00): There’s only a small patch of sunlight entering the office​. Summer Solstice (15.00): There’s no sun entering directly but might receive glare.​All other times of the year, none of the spaces receive any direct sunlight.​Variation in overall global illumination can be observed between the three periods 1200 HRS

WINTER SOLSTICE

EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

0900 HRS

Fig 4.4.3.1: Sun Patch Studies 50 |

1500 HRS

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.3. Daylight Studies Simulations: Point in Time for Sunny Sky Conditions Next step was to conduct simulations for three different points in time on 21st June and 21st December with sky condition- sunny. It was observed that the average illuminance in December, because of the low sun angle and no direct sunlight in the courtyard, does not reach the minimum standard value (300 lux).

The space does not have adequate daylight even during the summer when the sun angle is higher. It is only at 12.00 and 15.00 that the average value reaches the standard. For the rest of the year, artificial lighting is essential.

(Source of Results: Ladybug Tools via Honeybee)

21ST JUNE

21ST DECEMBER

Fig 4.4.3.2: Point in Time Simulations | Summer Solstice & Winter Solstice | Sunny Sky Conditions Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 51

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.3. Daylight Studies Simulations: Point in Time for Overcast Sky Conditions The same simulations were considered for overcast sky conditions for three different points in time on 21st June and 21st December. It can clearly be seen that there is no significant daylight inside the spaces at any point during the day when the sky is overcast. Illuminance levels have to be increased by altering colour of the surroundings to increase reflectance and/or by using artificial lighting.

(Source of Results: Ladybug Tools via Honeybee)

21ST JUNE

21ST DECEMBER

Fig 4.4.3.3: Point in Time Simulations | Summer Solstice & Winter Solstice | Overcast Sky Conditions 52 |

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.3. Daylight Studies Interior Daylight Visualizations Fig 4.4.3.4 demonstrates the Image-based Illuminance study for the workhsop and office space. The study was conducted under sunny and overcast sky conditions for two indicative days (Summer Solstice, Winter Solstice) at 9.00, 12.00 and 15.00. They clearly demonstrate the difference in sunny sky and overcast sky - while the area around the window seems to have some adequate daylight, the further away from the window we go, the darker it gets - with little to no daylight at the end of the rooms.

(Source of Results: Ladybug Tools via Honeybee)

OFFICE

21st June | Sunny Sky

WORKSHOP

21st December | Overcast Sky Lux

21st June | Sunny Sky Lux

21st December | Overcast Sky Lux

Lux

300

300

300

300

270

270

270

270

240

240

240

240

210

210

210

210

180

180

180

150

150

120

120

120

120

90

90

90

90

60

60

60

60

30

30

30

30

0

0

0

0

Lux

Lux

Lux

Lux

150

09 00

09 00

180 150

300

300

300

300

270

270

270

270

240

240

240

240

210

210

210

210

180

180

180

150

150

120

120

120

120

90

90

90

90

60

60

60

60

30

30

30

30

0

0

0

0

Lux

Lux

Lux

Lux

150

12 00

12 00

180 150

300

300

300

300

270

270

270

270

240

240

240

240

210

210

210

210

180

180

180

150

150

120

120

120

120

90

90

90

90

60

60

60

60

30

30

30

30

0

0

0

0

150

15 00

15 00

180 150

Fig 4.4.3.4: Point in Time Simulations | Interior Perspectives | The Two Extreme Sky Conditions Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 53

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.4. Analysis Periods 4.4.3. Daylight Studies Spatial Daylight Autonomy | Useful Daylight Illuminance | Daylight Factor The dynamic climate-based calculations Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) help anticipate daylight performance throughout the year. They help evaluate over and under-illumination. When the minimum value of 300 lux is met, DA denotes the percentage of occupied hours per year. The DA study in figure 4.4.3.5 shows that the facilties’ spaces rarely reaches more than 300 lux.

The UDI reflects the percentage of occupied hours per year when illuminance is within the useful lux range of 100-300 lux. As a result, UDI can offer daylight levels that are linked to glare, occupant discomfort, and undesired solar gains.

The percentage of time that each point of the floor area matches the UDI requirements is represented graphically by the percent values (100-300 lux). From the UDI, we see levels reaching between 100 and 300lux, but as is comfirmed by the sDA, these values are on the lower end of that spectrum. Since the standard illuminance required in an office is 300-500 lux and 300-750 in a workshop, the daylight in insufficient.

Finally, by considering the global illuminance the DF was calculated, which shows that these spaces receive very less daylight. Only the spaces near the windows reach 2% DF and most spaces - have 0% DF.

sDA [%]sDA [%] (>300 lux) (>300 lux)

Fig 4.4.3.5: Spatial Daylight Analysis 54 |

UDI [%] UDI [%] (100>300lux) (100>300lux)

Fig 4.4.3.6: Useful Daylight Illuminance

DF [%] DF [%]

Fig 4.4.3.7: Daylight Factor

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.5. Inferences 4.5.1. Courtyard The courtyard is located between the office and the workshop, and hence directly influences the operative temperature in the indoor spaces. However, due to its narrow proportions and its relatively tall surrounding buildings, the courtyard is isolated from environmental impacts to a great extent. Although this may potentially be looked at as a positive in the sense of having a more stable or controlled environment, as is the case with its protection from high wind speeds, however owing to the climate, it leaves the courtyard wanting in terms of both solar radiation and solar access.

Due to the lack of solar radiation, solar gains in the summer period are extremely modest, and are almost negligible in the winter period. Despite this, as shown by the thermal simulations, the courtyard is a fairly comfortable space in the summer period, especially post the early morning hours. In the winters, however, the courtyard remains below the comfort threshold for the entire period. Further, due to its role as a transitional space and thermal regulator for the adjacent office and workshop, the lack of heat gains in the courtyard directly translate to poor heat gains in the indoor space, and the indoor spaces are consequently heavily dependent on mechanical heating.

Fig 4.5.1.1: Solar Radiation | Summer

Fig 4.5.1.2: Solar Radiation | Winter

Fig 4.5.1.3: Sun Patch | Summer Solstice | 12 noon

Fig 4.5.1.4: Sun Patch | Winter Solstice | 12 noon

The lack of solar access is compounded by the use of mostly non-reflective finishes in the courtyard. The poor daylight results due to this were verified through simulations and further through spot measurements, where it has found that the average illuminance in the courtyard was approximately 820 lux when the outdoors illuminance was close to 8,500 lux. This translates to a daylight factor of 10.3, which seeing as it acts as the “outdoors” for the adjacent spaces, is very low and hence leads to the indoor spaces of having daylight factors of around 0.2 with respect to the outdoors, and therefore a large dependence on artificial lighting.

Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 55

1200 1600 1000

30 15

1400 800

21.8°C (Mean CB)

25 10

1200 600

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

20 5

1000 400

15 0

800 200

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

Analysis Analysis Period II:Period II: November to February November to February (Winter) (Winter)

5

18.1°C (Mean OT)

10 -5

Temp. (◦C)

Analysis Period I: Period I: May to August August mer)(Summer)

1400

25

18.1°C (Mean OT)

From the analysis it was concluded that in summer, the operative temperature for the office is fairly close to the comfort band. Occupants may use adaptive opportunities such as increasing clo value, to further increase their comfort.

30

35 20

21.8°C (Mean CB)

4.5.2. Office

1600

Temp. (◦C)

4.5. Inferences

35

In contrast, the winter period was found to be the most critical one, with occupants being 100% of the time cold in the free runningStorage mode.Storage Therefore, Cooling CoolingAs this would the primary goal was to increase hours in comfort for winter.

Glazing be improbable to achieve only by adopting passive strategies, theConduction team Glazing Conduction decided to first optimize the current use of the heating system.

Opaque Conduction Opaque Conduction

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER Indoor OT

0

-5 1900hrs 1800hrs

NOVEMBER

JANAURY

Outdoor DBT

Global Horizontal Radiation

Outdoor DBT

400

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

DECEMBER JANAURY Heating Conditions Fig 4.5.2.1: Temperature Graph: Office | Winter Period | Optimized Indoor OT

600 0

FEBRUARY

Global Horizontal Radiation

2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

200 0

FEBRUARY

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

1900hrs 1800hrs 1200hrs

Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

In order to reduce the annual heating load of 5,209kWh, someVentilation measures Ventilation MechanicalMechanical currently adopted by the users were altered. The heating schedule was Infiltration Infiltration changed from 0600 to 2000h (eliminating the period between 20.00 to OccupantsOccupants 22.00) and the temperature set point was reduced from 24°C toLighting 21.8°C. Lighting As for the percentage of comfort hours, the threshold now considered was Fan ElectricFan Electric 85% (not 100% as before), using the reference of an acceptable PPD threshold Equipment Equipment of 15% for existing buildings.

Solar

un Jul

0900hrs 1200hrs

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

JANAURY

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT | 0900hrs

NOVEMBER

Comfortable: 85%,

DECEMBER

Hot: 0%,

FEBRUARY

Cold: 15%

JANAURY

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 85%,

Hot: 0%,

FEBRUARY

Cold: 15%

Fig 4.5.2.2: Comfort Hours: Office | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions

Solar

Heating After applying these three strategies, a 32% decrease Heating from the original Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec annual heating loads was observed.

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

Total Annual Heating Load: 3,565 Total Annual Heating Load: 3,565 kWh kWh

Analysis Period I: May to August (Summer)

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

35.0 Storage

32% 32%

reduction inreduction annual in annual heating loads heating loads

28.0

Cooling

21.0

Number of of Occupants Number of 1 3Occupants Number ofOccupants Occupants 3 Number Lighting Load Lighting Load Lighting Load

Lighting

2 2 2 Load 2.46 W/m 5.78 W/m 5.78 W/m

Schedules SchedulesSchedules Schedules 1

Occupancy Schedule Occupancy 06000900 Schedule 1300 hrs(dispersed 0600 – usage) 1300usage) hrs Occupancy Schedule – 1900 hrs (dispersed Occupancy Schedule 0900 –– 1900 hrs

2.46

W/m2

0600 1300 hrs hrs Lighting Schedule Lighting0900 Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs 0900 – 1900 Lighting Schedule Lighting Schedule –– 1900 hrs

Opaque Conduction

14.0

Loads (kWh/m2)

nternal Loads Internal Loads Internal Loads Internal Loads

Glazing Conduction

Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation 7.0 0.0

Natural Ventilation

Min. Indoor Temperature Min. for Free Free Running: for24°C24°C Free Running: 24°C Min. Indoor Temperature forTemperature Free Running: Min. Indoor Temperature forIndoor Running: 24°C Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Existing Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A Natural Ventilation Heating: N/A

4.13 W/m2

0600 1300 hrs(dispersed (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule Equipment Schedule 0600 – usage) 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0900 –– 1900 hrs Equipment Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration Infiltration Infiltration

1 Ach

Heating Schedule Running: N/A Free Running: N/AN/A Heating Schedule HeatingFree Schedule Free Running: N/A Free Running: Heating Schedule Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Existing Heating: 0600 ––2200 hrs Existing Heating: 0600 2200 hrs hrs Existing 0600 – 2200 hrs -14.0 Existing Heating: 0600 –Heating: 2200 Optimized Heating: 0600-2000 hrs Heating SetSet Temperature Free Running: N/A Heating Temperature Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Free Running: N/A Existing Existing Heating:Heating: 24°C 24°C Optimized Heating: 21.8 °C -21.0

3/h 3/h Ventilation m Ventilation per Person Ventilation perper Person 3030 m Ventilation perPerson Person 30 m3/h

30 m3/h

Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Min. Indoor Temperature Free Running: 24°C Min. Indoor Temperature forfor Free Running: 24°C

-28.0

Free Running: 50% Free Running: 50% Free Running:50% 50% Free Running: Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A ExistingN/A Heating: N/A Heating:

-35.0

MechanicalVentilation Ventilation Mechanical Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation Heating SetSet Temperature Heating Temperature Heating Set Temperature

Heating Set Temperature

56 |

Free Running: N/A Free Running: N/A Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Optimized Heating: 21.8 °C

Existing Heating: 24°C Optimized Heating: 21.8 °C

Occupants

-7.0

Indoor Temperature for Free Free Running:24°C 24°C Min.Min. Indoor Temperature Running: Natural Ventilation for Existing Heating: N/A Natural Ventilation Heating: Natural Ventilation ExistingN/A Heating: N/A Heating: N/A Natural Ventilation Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Glazing Operable Glazing AreaArea Operable

Infiltration

Running: Free Running: 50% Free Running: FreeFree Running: 50%50% 50% Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Existing Heating: N/A Existing Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A Heating: N/A

2 2 2 Load Equipment Load 4.13 W/m Equipment Load 2.64 W/m Equipment LoadEquipment 2.64 W/m

Ach Infiltration1 1Ach 1 Ach

Mechanical Ventilation

Lighting Fan Electric Equipment Solar Heating

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total Annual Heating Load: 3,565 kWh Fig 4.5.2.3: Energy Balance: Office | Optimized Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative

32%

reduction in annual heating loads

21.8°C (Mean CB)

4.5.3. Workshop

to August May toMay August (Summer) (Summer)

1400

25

1200

35 20

1600 1000

17.4°C (Mean OT)

30 15

1400 800

21.8°C (Mean CB)

25 10

1200 600

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

20 5

1000 400

17.4°C (Mean OT)

15 0

800 200

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

5

Temp. (◦C)

Similarly for the workshop, in summer months the space performed better than in winter. Owing to a higher met value, the occupant is already comfortable for 69% of occupied hours in this period and may further increase comfort Analysis I: Analysis II: Analysis Period Period I: through Analysis Period Period II: adaptive opportunities.

30

Temp. (◦C)

4.5. Inferences

1600

November to February November to February (Winter) (Winter)

Therefore, once again, the strategy adopted by the team was to focus Storage Storage primarily on the winter period and reduce the heating loads (7,220kWh Cooling Cooling annually).

10 -5

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER Indoor OT

0 -5

Outdoor DBT

Global Horizontal Radiation

Indoor OT

Outdoor DBT

600 0

FEBRUARY

400

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

JANAURY Fig 4.5.3.1: TemperatureDECEMBER Graph: Workshop | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions

NOVEMBER

1200hrs

Conduction Glazing Glazing Conduction

JANAURY

Global Horizontal Radiation

2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m2) Solar Radiation (Wh/m

Facilities : AA School of Architecture 35

200 0

FEBRUARY

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

1200hrs

Conduction Opaque Opaque Conduction

The same approach to optimize heating loads in the office was followed for Natural Ventilation Ventilation the workshop: heating schedule was altered and 85% forNatural occupied hours Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation in comfort was set as an acceptable limit. The heating set point considered Infiltration Infiltration (20°C) was lower in the workshop than in the office due to the metabolic rate Occupants Occupants of the occupant.

0600hrs NOVEMBER

JANAURY

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 85%,

FEBRUARY

Comfort Model: PMV/ PPD

Uncomfortable: 15%

0600hrs

Lighting Lighting

NOVEMBER

These alterations allowed an optimization by almost half (49%) of initial Fan the Electric Fan Electric calculated annual heating loads.

Equipment Equipment Solar

DECEMBER

DECEMBER

JANAURY

HOURLY (OCCUPIED) COMFORT |

Comfortable: 85%,

FEBRUARY

Comfort Model: Comfort Model:PMV/PPD PMV/ PPD

Uncomfortable: 15%

Clo Value: 1.0 | Met Value: 1.5

Fig 4.5.3.2: Comfort Hours: Workshop | Winter Period | Optimized Heating Conditions

Solar

Heating Heating

Jun

Jun

Jul

Jul

Aug

Aug

Sep

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

Annual Heating Total Total Annual Heating Load:Load: 3,6763,676 kWh kWh

Analysis Period I: May to August (Summer)

Analysis Period II: November to February (Winter)

35.0 Storage

49% 49%

reductionreduction in annualin annual heating loads heating loads

28.0

Cooling

21.0

Number of Occupants Number of 1 Occupants Number of Number of Occupants Occupants 13 Lighting LoadLoad Lighting Lighting

22 Lighting Load 2.46 5.78W/m W/m 2.46

W/m2

Schedules SchedulesSchedules Schedules 1 2.46

00 hrs hrs 00 hrshrs 00 hrs 0 hrs

–– 1300 Lighting Schedule Lighting0600 Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs 0900 – 1900 Lighting Schedule Lighting Schedule 0600 hrs hrs

Natural Ventilation

7.0Min. Min. Indoor Temperature Min. for Free Free Running: for24°C24°C Free Running: 24°C Indoor Temperature forTemperature Free Running: Running: 24°C Min. Indoor Temperature for Indoor Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Existing Natural Ventilation Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A Heating: N/A Natural Ventilation

0600 –– 1300 (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule Equipment Schedule 0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0600 hrs (dispersed usage) Equipment Schedule 0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration Infiltration Infiltration

1 Ach

Heating Schedule Free Running: N/A Running: N/AN/A Heating Schedule HeatingFree Schedule Free Running: N/A Free Running: Heating Schedule Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Existing 0600 –– 2200 hrs Existing Heating: 0600 2200 hrs hrs Existing 0600 – 2200 hrs Existing Heating: 0600 –Heating: 2200 -14.0 Optimized Heating: 0600-2000 hrs Free Running: N/A Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Heating Set Temperature Free Running: N/A Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C Optimized Heating: 20.0 °C -21.0

11Ach Infiltration1 Ach Ach

30 m3/h

Min. Min.Indoor IndoorTemperature Temperaturefor for Min.Indoor IndoorTemperature Temperature for for Min. Natural NaturalVentilation Ventilation NaturalVentilation Ventilation Natural Glazing GlazingArea AreaOperable Operable GlazingArea AreaOperable Operable Glazing

Free 24°C Free Running: Running: 24°C Free Running: Free 24°C Heating: N/A24°C Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: Heating: N/A N/A Free Running: 50% Free Running: 50% Free Running: Free 50% Heating: N/A50% Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: Heating: N/A N/A

MechanicalVentilation Ventilation Mechanical Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Heating SetTemperature Temperature Heating HeatingSet SetTemperature Temperature Heating Set

Free Running: Running: N/A Free N/A Free Running: Running: N/A Free N/A Existing Heating: Heating: 24°C Existing 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C Existing Heating: 24°C Optimized Heating: 20.0 °C Optimized Heating: 20.0 °C

Mechanical Ventilation

0.0 Running: Free Running: 50% Free Running: FreeFree Running: 50%50% 50% Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Glazing Area Operable Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A Existing Heating: N/A Heating: N/A

4.13 W/m2

Natural NaturalVentilation Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

age) usage) usage) sage)

W/m2

Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation

2 22 Load Equipment LoadLoadEquipment 4.13 W/m Equipment 4.13 W/m Equipment 2.64 W/m

3/h 3/h Ventilation per Person 30 mm3/h Ventilation Person Ventilation per Person 30per m Ventilation per Person 30

usage) usage)

Occupancy Schedule Occupancy 0600 Schedule –– 1300 hrs hrs 0600 – 1300usage) hrs Occupancy Schedule 0900 – 1900 (dispersed Occupancy Schedule 0600 1300 hrs

Opaque Conduction

14.0

Loads (kWh/m2)

Internal Loads Internal Loads Internal Loads Internal Loads

Glazing Conduction

Infiltration Occupants

-7.0

Lighting Fan Electric Equipment Solar

-28.0

Heating

-35.0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total Annual Heating Load: 3,676 kWh Fig 4.5.3.3: Energy Balance: Workshop | Optimized Heating Conditions | Monthly Cumulative

49%

reduction in annual heating loads

Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 57

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

4.5. Inferences 4.5.4. Thermal Studies: Summary After inferring from the simulations for both periods, the values were listed and then compared with standard values to understand the deficit which would need to be achieved in each of the spaces.

In terms of thermal performance, the temperatures were compared to the values from that of the EN15251 comfort band, which established the threshold that the Operative Temperatures would need to achieve.

Similarly, the percentage of occupied comfortable hours became a reference for the results of further changes in the spaces.

THERMAL Simulation Categories

Summer Period (May to Aug)

Winter Period (Nov to Feb)

Office

Outdoor Temperature Indoor Operative Temperature Comfort Band Temperatures Occupied Hours Comfortable (%) Temperature Increase Required to Achieve Comfort

17.1°C 19.6°C 21.5 to 27.4°C 26.0% 1.9 to 7.8°C

7.3°C 12.6°C 18.9 to 24.7°C 0.0% 6.3 to 12.1°C

Workshop

Outdoor Temperature Indoor Operative Temperature Comfort Band (Mean) Temperature Occupied Hours Comfortable (%) Temperature Increase Required to Achieve Comfort

17.1°C 18.2°C 21.5 to 27.4°C 69% 3.3 to 9.2°C

7.3°C 13.4°C 18.9 to 24.7°C 18.0% 5.5 to 11.3°C

Courtyard

Outdoor Temperature Operative Temperature Comfort Band (Mean) Temperature Occupied Hours Comfortable (%) Temperature Increase Required to Achieve Comfort

17.1°C 19.9°C 21.5 to 27.4°C 43% 1.6 to 7.5°C

7.3°C 10.3°C 18.9 to 24.7°C 0% 8.6 to 14.4°C

Comfort Parameters

Fig 4.5.4.1: Thermal Studies: Summary Table 58 |

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

4.5. Inferences 4.5.5. Daylight Studies: Summary Although the primary focus for the team was on thermal performance, daylight also represents an important feature of the spaces, specifically because the activities inside the space require a relatively high level of illuminance as compared to that which is currently achieved.

As understood from daylight analysis, there is a lux deficit in both indoor spaces. Comparing the obtained values and standard ones for office and workshop activities, the required increase in the lux value was established.

VISUAL Comfort Parameters

Office

Workshop

Courtyard

Simulation Categories Global Illuminance (From St. James Weather Station) Indoor Illuminance (Mean) Indoor Daylight Factor (Based On GI) Desired Illuminance Illuminance Increase Required to Achieve Comfort Global Illuminance (From St. James Weather Station) Indoor Illuminance (Mean) Indoor Daylight Factor (Based On GI) Desired Illuminance Illuminance Increase Required to Achieve Comfort

Global Illuminance (From St. James Weather Station) Indoor Illuminance (Mean) Indoor Daylight Factor (Based On GI)

Summer Period (May to Aug)

Winter Period (Nov to Feb)

31,265 lux 63 lux

5,199 lux 10 lux 0.2 300 to 500 lux 290 to 490 lux

300 to 500 lux 237 to 437 lux 31,265 lux 32 lux 300 to 750 lux 268 to 718 lux

31,265 lux 3,220 lux

5,199 lux 5 lux 0.1 300 to 750 lux 295 to 745 lux

5,199 lux 535 lux 10.3

Fig 4.5.5.1: Daylight Studies: Summary Table Outdoor and Indoor Studies | 59

5

Technical Studies

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.1. The Methodology The technical studies from a thermal performance point of view, were broken down into three steps. First, each member of the team individually selected a building element which was critical to the thermal performance of both the outdoor (courtyard) and indoor (office & workshop) spaces, and iterated various parameters pertaining to it. In Step 2, combinations of parameters for each element were chosen and iterated for by each team member. Finally, selected combinations from each element were brought together and iterated to give the best overall solution and the best realistic solution.

STEP 1: Selecting Elements

STEP 2: Forming Combinations

STEP 3: Iterating with the

& Iterating each Parameter

for Each Element & Iterating

Combinations consisting all Elements

(i) (ii) (iii)

ELEMENT

A|

Case 01

The Courtyard ELEMENT A

Case 02 Case 03

(i) (ii) (iii)

ELEMENT

B B ELEMENT | Windows

Case 01 Case 02 Case 03

(i) (ii) (iii) Case 01

ELEMENT

C

ELEMENT C | Thermal Mass

Case 02 Case 03

(i) (ii) (iii)

ELEMENT

D

Case 01

ELEMENT D | Thermal Insulation

Case 02 Case 03

A 01(i), 02(iii), 03 (i)

Combination 1

01(ii), 02(ii), 03 (i)

Combination 2

01(iii), 02(i), 03 (i)

Combination 3

01(i), 02(i), 03 (iii)

Combination 4

01(i), 02(iii), 03 (i)

Combination 1

01(iii), 02(i), 03 (i)

Combination 2

01(ii), 02(ii), 03 (i)

Combination 3

01(ii), 02(ii), 03 (i)

Combination 4

01(i), 02(iii), 03 (i)

Combination 1

01(ii), 02(ii), 03 (i)

Combination 2

01(iii), 02(i), 03 (i)

Combination 3

01(iii), 02(i), 03 (i)

Combination 4

01(i), 02(iii), 03 (i)

Combination 1

01(ii), 02(ii), 03 (i)

Combination 2

01(iii), 02(i), 03 (i)

Combination 3

01(iii), 02(i), 03 (i)

Combination 4

C

D

Combination 1 Combination 2

Combination 3 Combination 4

Fig 5.1.1: Methodology for Technical Studies 62 |

B

THE FINAL RESULT Based on a comparison drawn from iterating between the combinations of each element

Best Cost-Effective Solution

Best Overall Solution

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

5.2. The Elements Selecting Elements To be able to select a building element each for the technical studies, the team made observations based on the thermal simulations, which showed that the major need was to increase the indoor temperature in the winter periods. In the existing scenario in the winter, there are minimal solar gains and the major heat gain can be attributed to opaque conduction (in free-running; otherwise, this would be heat loss). In terms of heat losses, the major aspects were infiltration and glazing conduction. Therefore, the team chose elements based on these factors to achieve the required increase in temperature and comfort to move forward.

A | COURTYARD

B | WINDOWS

- Raghav Swarup The courtyard was chosen as one of the elements to iterate with as part of the technical studies since it is located at a crucial position between the facilities office and the workshop, and therefore acts as their immediate outdoor space and direct source to all environmental determinants - be it solar radiation, daylight, wind or noise.

In view of this, it was quickly realized that altering the parameters of the courtyard may potentially both maximize the comfort of the adjacent indoor spaces as well as maximize the potential of the courtyard itself as a usable outdoor space.

- Surabhi Agarwal As observed in the energy balances of the two spaces, office and workshop, the glazing conduction almost always contributed to a loss of heat. However, in the summer months it showed negligible to positive contribution in heat gains.

Therefore it made sense to explore the glazing properties of the two spaces like, Window to Wall Ratios and the Glass Type and understand the variation each of the properties brought to the space.

Apart from these, the option of night shutters was worth exploring as they have proved to be extremely affective in a climate like London, preventing the unnecessary loss of heat in the night through the glazing.

C | THERMAL MASS

D | THERMAL INSULATION

- Shreya Aneja The thermal mass or the exposed mass is an important element as it comprises of the majority of the envelope directly exposed to exterior environment.

The aim while carrying out the iterations was to optimize thermal performance of the space by decreasing heat loss through the thermal mass.

So, to achieve this it was decided that - varying the thickness of the material; varying the thermal capacity of the wall by changing the properties of materials and overall composition; and increasing opaque conduction would be the ideal strategy forward.

- Marina Lima Vecchio Opaque conduction had a significant role in the energy balance of both spaces. In a free running mode, the opaque conduction contributed to heat gains in winter and heat losses in summer. Another considerable item influencing thermal performance of spaces was infiltration, which presented a high influence in heat losses in the two periods for both spaces.

Since the goal was to achieve higher temperatures in winter, it was decided that adding thermal insulation materials to opaque elements as well as increasing air tightness of the rooms were relevant strategies to be explored, especially for winter, when there is no solar gains.

Technical Studies | 63

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.2. The Elements STEP 1: Iterating for each Parameter

CourtyardWalls

Windows

EXISTING

The Existing window courtyard properties currently lead to creates heat loss through a microclimate glazing conduction

The courtyard currently creates a microclimate for the indoors

for the indoors

Windows Thermal Insulation Existing There window is no thermal propertiesinsulation lead to in the walls which heat lossexisting through leads to heat loss glazing conduction

Existing window properties lead to heat loss through glazing conduction

noitalusnI lamrehT

Walls Existing window properties lead to heat loss through glazing conduction

Courtyard sllaW Courtyard Courtyard

EXISTING EXISTING EXISTING

EXISTING

Courtyard

There insula existin leads

Windows swodniW Windows Windows

W W

lamrehtThe on si ecourtyard rehT wodniw gnitsixEExisting window wodniw gnitsixEExisting window The courtyard Existing window Existing w eht nicurrently noitaluscreates ni ot dael seitreporpproperties lead to ot dael seitreporpproperties lead to currently creates properties lead to properties le The courtyard Existing window Existing window Thermal Adding thermalhguorht ssol Adding To reduce the heat Varying Adding a glazed (& varying glass properties) hcihthe w sallwall aw microclimate gnitsixe Varying Wall taehheat loss through hguorht ssol taehheat loss through Varying a microclimate heat loss through heat loss th currently creates properties lead to properties lead to Insulation Thickness insulation with an loss through glazing WWR roof may allow for Adding a Glazed Roof thickness ssto ol talter for aehthe ot sindoors dael (Thermal Mass) noitcudnoc gn(&izvarying algglazing conduction noitcudnoc gnizalgglazing conduction efficient U-Value for the indoors glazing conduction glazing condu conduction, WWR a microclimate heatu-values loss through heat loss through the courtyard Varying Wall Add (& varying glass properties) To reduce the heat Walls Varying thermal mass and thickness) Adding a glazed Courtyard Windows Thermal Insulation Varying the wall may allow higher may be reduced itself to become a for the indoors glazing conduction glazing conduction Thickness insu loss through thermal glazinginertia WWR roof may allow for Thicker the better Summer: directly thickness to alter A | COURTYARD B | WINDOWS more usable space (Thermal Mass) effi Winter: Inside conduction, WWR Winter: inversely the courtyard Low u-value & high thermal mass and thicker may may be reduced shgc is better The courtyard Existing window Existing window There is no thermal itself to become a the better currently creates properties lead to properties lead to insulation in the ther Thicker the better Summer: directly more usable space Summer: a microclimate heat loss throughThe various Adding heatRoof loss through existing walls whichrespect to thermal Varying Thebuildings acting Wint a Glazed Owing to its buried form and to the surrounding as obstructions from solar impact, iterations carried out for windows showed inverse relations with Winter: inversely Low u-value Adding aiyglazing Glazed Roof and for the indoors glazing conduction conduction loss Operability lamrehT& ghigh niddA llaW gnproperties) raVoutside lamcomposition reAdding ht gnidd (& varying glass To reduceleads thegto heat taeh eht ecuder Varying oT and nthe iheat yraV Varying Wall Allowing for aA glazed Glazing type mayis bebetter the There wall (& varyingRoof glassthicker properties) thethellaw eht gniyraV To reduce heat shgc The courtyard Existing window Existing window Varying Adding a Glazed Finding Adding a glazed the courtyard receives minimal solar radiation throughout the year, especially in the winters. comfort in summersVarying andloss winters. the noitaVarying l u s nI s s e n k c i h T a htiroof w nmay omay italusallow ni (core nmaterial) Position operability may through glazing g n i z a l g h g u o r h t s s ol Varying Varying Wall varied to alter glass the b R W W WWR for better r e t l a o t s s e n k c i h t thickness to alter (& varying glass properties) optimum position lossthe through ToInsulation reduce heat glazing currently properties lead to Varying WWR insula roof for properties glazed seulavcreates -u gniyGlass rav &Type ( )ssaM lamrehT(lead to be varied of the allow for comfort thickness to Composition Varying the wall properties (U-Value/ euAdding latoVallow -the U tnfor eaiReducing cifcourtyard fmay e allow conduction, WWR R W W , n o i t c u d n o c Therefore, it remains a cold and unused space for most times of the year.

Window to Wall Ratios helped the winters, but negatively affected the summers.

This outside) to Insulation Sum Courtyard W alls Thermal ssam lam rehthrough t conduction, thermal mass existin WWR loss glazing )ssenkciht dna heat The through aWindows microclimate through heat loss through WWR for different Varying courtyard heat loss (inside/ SHGC/ VT) may mass to alter rgain ehroof gihitself w olthe latoallow ybecome am for may be reduced decuder ethickness b yam thermal maximize thermal a outs opaque conduction periods of the year may be reduced conduction, WWR Due to this, the adjacent office and workshop also remain below theLow comfort threshold for a large similar affect was whileaffect. varying the U values of the glassWall material.

This could be explained thermal mass leads for the indoors glazing conduction glazing conduction Operability become a observed courtyard athe itrmore eni laitself m rehttospace u-value high Roof Allowing for retteb eht rekciSummer: hT the better directly composition yltcerid :remmThicker uS Glazing typemass may be usable Adding a&Glazed More closed the thick Minimizing Thicker the bet Summer: directly may be reduced Find denser the worse usable space itself to shgc is(&better ed isnheat I :more rbecome edue tniW Thermal Varyingnegligible WallWinter: to Adding thermal varying glass properties) may part of the year, are forced to be highly dependent on amechanical heating to& athe fact that glazing conduction was Varying almost positive in themay energy balance (core material) To reduce the Varying warmer inversely yAdding lesrevVarying ni :retniWall W Adding glazed varied to There alter glass Low u-value high Varying the wall The and courtyard Existing operability window systems.

Existing window is no thermal infiltration is bett (both core & finish) Winter: inversely Thicker the better Summer: directly opti Lowdspace & high Insulation Thickness an for more Varying loss through glazing relead kshgc ciusable httois nu-value a WWR may allow properties for be insulation varied towith allow comfort thickness to currently creates lead tofor which properties insulation in better in the properties (U-Value/ better Glass Type (& varyingComposition u-values (Thermal Mass) Therefore, the strategy employed to improve the thermalroof conditions had toallow be one would graphs foralter the other months, glazing contributed efficient U-Value to heat losses.

Winter: always inversely (insi conduction, WWR betterin summers whereas Low u-value the courtyard rettshgc eb e& hist high thermal mass a microclimate Atrium Height heat loss for through different heat loss through existing walls which winter & and thickness) heat through SHGC/ VT) Varying Ground may gain allow higher may be reduced itself to become a max shgc is:rbetter for the of indoors conduction glazing conduction leads to heatshutters loss in allow to make the most the minimal solar radiation and allow for glazing heat to be trapped from this the option ofworse night showed a similar pattern andconduction prevented heat losses at opaque emApart muSExposure periods of thewithin year the thermal inertia Ground exposure Thickersummer the better Summer: directly Varying The more usable space The height of the Shutters may be mas Minimizing Low u-value & highThe Varying Winter: Inside Adding Shutters nvaried a ednight istuo in winters. However, may bedinversely to Winter: a Glazed Roof More at closed the Adding Lowthe u-value & high Minimizingpatterns the solar gain that could take courtyard. To achieve roof was proposed over courtyard – essentially enclosing it ininfiltration summers due to the occupancy atriumthis, roofa glazed may Operability Min introduced (used to (& varying their denser the worse and thicker n o i t i s o p m o c l l a W Wall composition for shgc is better Operability Glazing type may be eb yam epyt gnizalG Wall increaseeht Allowing opaque The Add shgc is betternight) to allow (& varying glass properties) Infiltration rneikdcniihInsulation ToVarying reduce the heatheat compo warmer Varying composition) forWorkshop Adding a glazed for heat reduce Courtyard allow to capture Windows Wnalls Glazing type may bewall eht Thermal gAllowing Ft The courtyard Existing conduction window Existing window There is no thermal Varying Wall Varying the infil theare better (both core & finish) into an atrium. place in the mornings and afternoons through the windows getting blocked. through y a m ) l a i r e t a m e r o c ( (core material) ma o i t i s o P g n i y r a V operability may WOperability gnthrough iyraV losses varied to alter glass ssalg reThickness tla ot deirav insu further solar gains Varying lead to be trappedroof indoors gniyto rglass ainsulation Valter Varying reitttpeob for glazing lead to (core material WWR Glazing composition mayllaloss may allow for varied tobe alter oitAllowing isto op muoperability m type may currently creates properties properties in Varying the (Thermal Wall Summer: thickness bet the n ground Varying The r o f w o l l a o t d e i r a v e b be varied to allow fo n o i t a l u s n I e h t f o allow for comfort Mass) noconduction, itisduring opmoCsummers properties /euType lahave V-U( seitr(core eporp material) Atrium Height Higher the warmer epycomfort Tmass ssaand lexisting G band,walls Glass Further, different parameters forAdding theaaatrium such as atrium height,And glazed roof Due to the fact that are sitting extremely close to(U-Value/ the winters Glazed Roof be variedmay toeffi all opening inOperability the properties outside comfort may the courtyard and properties (U-Value/ ot exposure )eoperability distuo the /allow ed isni(for varied to alter glass microclimate heat lossMore through heatWWR loss we through which thermal win Glass Type Varying h g u o r h t n i a g t a e h heat gain through Wall composition Allowing for for different Adding Thermal Varying Wall Adding thermal (& varying glass properties) Glazing the type may be SHGC/ VT) thethe Varying )TVGround /CGHS be variedheat To reduce the heat Varying may day thicker be reduced Varying wall gainfor th to allow e courtyard Existing window Existing window There iseh notrunning) thermal Finding different better for itself toas become a the glazing conduction SHGC/ VT) toGlass lam(free rallow eglass zifor mbeen icomfort xam given (U-Value/ for the indoors glazing conduction leads heat loss wor operability were Adding iterateda toglazed understand their impact both, in the winter months, well as moremay importance.

Therefore the to pick combinations were aimed (core material) mayan n Type Varying Position opaque conduction operability maythrough Thickness insulation with Wall varied to alter loss glazing oitcessential udnoVarying c Insulation eproperties uqstrategy apo WWR periods of the year Varying better roof may allow properties for Exposure thickness to alter the rently creates lead to properties lead to insulation in the optimum position Ground exposure Thicker the better Summer: directly opaque conduc heat gain through periods of the year for different (& varying u-values more usable space (Thermal Mass) be varied to allow for . t c e f f a s s a m of the Insulation SHGC/ VT) allow for comfort efficient U-Value Composition sum properties (U-Value/ Low u-value & high h g i h & e u l a v u w o L The height of the conduction, WWR Shutters maximum may betemperatures Min Glass the courtyard thermal mass microclimate heat loss through heat loss through existing walls (inside/ outside) Win More the Type Adding Shutters summer period. for towards increasing in winters minimal Low u-value &varied high toontosummers. may beimpacts gnwhich iVT) ziof mithe nclosed iMyear Winter:heat inversely gainallow through different may higher esrow eht rand Low u-value high esthickness) neshgc d with the worse periods SHGC/ may beconduction reduced itself to become a is better retteb sopaque i cghdenser s conduction atrium roof &may introduced (used at infil the indoors glazing conduction glazing leads to heat lossMore closed the maximize thermal (& varying their denser the wo and warmer shgcincrease better opaque opaque conduction u-value &is high periods of the year thermal inertia )hsinif & eroc hLow Thicker theMore better si noitclosed awarmer rtlifni the Summer: directly shgc isto better more usable space (both core & finish) mass affect. composition) tob( allow capture Low u-value & high night) to allow for heat red Workshop Varying Winter: Inside (both core & f denser the worse More closed the the Winter: inversely shgc is betterconduction Low u-value & high Minimizing through ni retteb Varying denser the worse warmer shgc is better further solar gains and thicker to beHeight trapped indoors loss warmer Atrium (both core & finish) shgc is better infiltration is core & finish) Sum the ground retniw Atrium (both Height Varying Varying Varying The & dnthe uoin rbetter Gthe gniyraV better in Higher Adding a Glazed RoofAtrium And opening outs Height the warmer n i e s r o w Atrium Height Summer: More exposure the Operability winter composition & Adding Varying The erusmay opxEbe Addingexposure Therma thermal (& varying glass properties) Allowing for erusoGround pxe dnVarying uorG WallWall Ground To reduce the heat The reheight Glazing type Varying Varying day Adding a glazed Adding a Glazed Roof thic outside and V m m u s of the Varying the wall Ground exp Shutters may be e b y a m s r e t t u h S worse in better (free running) Find g n i z i m i n i M Operability s(core rettuhmay Smaterial) gniddA Shutters Wall glazing composition Allowing The height of Adding the varied ThermalGround be Varying Adding thermal may Adding Glazing type may be insulation with an Shutters ot dExposure eVarying irav eb Thickness yam Shutters may Insulation be variedbett to Tofor reduceroof the heat exposure Varying Wall loss through to alter glass thicker the ng a glazed (& varying glass properties) WWR gnizmay im iniM Wall may allow forVaryingThe height Varying Adding the operability wall Finding the summer of the Shutters may be atrium roof may thickness to alter Minimizing may be vari introduced (used at t a d e s u ( d e c u d o r t n i Ground exposure opt o t n o i t a r t l i f n i rieht (used gnito yraallow v &at ( for (& varying their (core insulation material) mayatrium Varying Position Adding Shutters operability maythrough glazing Insulation Varying Wall Thickness with an of the varied to alter glass (& varying u-values (Thermal Mass) loss may(U-Value/ be variedposition to euqapo roof may The(used height Varying WWR atrium roofthickness better introduced be varied Shutters may be may allow for efficient U-Value Minimizing e s a e r c n i increase opaque Composition (& varying their conduction, WWR properties to allow alter for comfort optimum may introduced at n o i t a r t l i f n I the courtyard infiltration to Adding Shutters Glass Type (& varying (& (Thermal Mass) oitisopmoc composition) thermal mass be varied totallow of thenight) Insulation allow for comfort increase to allow for)nheat tacomposition) eh rof wolla omay t )thgibe n and varied Composition efficient (inso aallow eU-Value h for eallow cutodercapture thickness)to properties (U-Value/ ptheir ovarying hskrou-values W conduction, WWR increase opaque Glass Type courtyard to composition) capture atrium roof may thermal massfor (inside/ outside) to to reduce allow for heat heat gain through allow to capture at may(&allow different night) to allow for heat and thickness) hguorht noitcintroduced udWorkshop noc night)(used conduction through heat may be reduced SHGC/ VT) varyinghigher theirInfiltration heat gain through itself to become a for different may allow higher SHGC/ VT) further solar gains may be reduced conduction through conduction th to be trapped indoors s r o o d n i d e p p a r t e b o t increase opaque max s e s s o l to become a maximize thermal further solar gains to be trapped indoors solar gains composition) allow tofurther capture be opaque trapped indoors allow forlosses heatconduction thermal inertia periods of the year dnuonight) rg ehto t to the ground conduction periods of the year Thicker the better Summer:opaque directly thermal inertia the ground Thicker the better Summer: more directlyusable space usable space the ground conduction through mass affect. mas Low u-value & high Low u-value & high Higher thegains warmer Higher the warmer Winter: Inside And opening in the Winter: Inside eht ni gninepo dnA further solar More closed Winter: the inversely And opening in the trapped More closed the Winter: inversely u-value & high MoreMinimizing exposure the eht erusopxetoebe Higher the warmer roM More exposureMin th Low u-value & high denser the worse Andindoors opening the shgc is better denser theinworse the ground and thicker More exposu shgc is better warmer day and thicker day yad infiltration is is better better (free running) (both core & finish)the warmer warmer ) g n i n n u r e e r f ( r e t t e b better (free running shgc is better Higher infi day And opening(both in the Varying the better core & finish) better (free More exposure the ru better in the better Varying Atrium Height bet Summer: day winter & Varying The better (free running) Varying Ground Summer: Varying Glass Property Varying Operability Atrium HeightAtrium Height outside Varying WWR Varying Glass Type Adding Shutters and win Varying The worse in Operability Wall composition Exposure wing for Varying Glazing type may be Ground exposure thicker thethe outside andGround summer The height of theThe adaptive opportunity of opening Finding Shutters may be Minimizing wor Operability Taking U-Values of glass ranging from A height of 7-15m was iterated to allow After iterating with various WWR Varying the properties of Glass, mainly Using nights shutters made from a Adding Shutters (core material) may Varying Position Wall ability may Varying Wall varied toAllowing alter glass composition may better be varied to for Varying Exposure Glazing type may be position Minimizing Ground exposure atrium roof may optimum thicker the introduced (usedforat infiltration to (& varying their Finding the be varied to allow of the Insulation for comfort sum The height of the Composition properties (U-Value/ Shutters may be opaque Min 2 Glass Type rangingnight) tofor Infiltration (corereduce material) may from may Adding allow to capturethe operability (inside/ outside)from to 35% Wall varied toincrease alter glass glazed roof was iterated max. surface areacomposition) to be exposed ranging to 15% Workshop it was found theheat U-Values 5.6Shutters to Varying 1.7 it was material with conductivity like Varying Position allow for heat may be varied to a low Varying better heat gain through different1.7 to 5.6 W/m K and SHGC ranging SHGC/ VT) conduction through optimum position atrium roof may introduced (used at infi (& varying their Composition further solar gains maximize thermal to be trapped indoors be varied to allow for of the Insulation losses allow for comfort properties (U-Value/ ds of the year from 0.25 to 0.65, it was found that: increase opaque Glass 25% to 75% open which showed:opaque conduction the solar This showed that: the ground that:Type night) to allow for heat observed that: woodoutside) showed to that: (inside/ composition) allow radiation. to capture mass affect.

Low from u-value red Workshop Higher the warmer heat gain through for& high different And opening in the e closed the SHGC/ VT) conduction through MoreMinimizing exposure the denser the worse maximize thermal shgc is better further solar gains to be trapped indoors loss day mer opaque conduction periods of the year infiltration is better (free running) (both core & finish) the ground mass affect.

Varying Low u-value & high better in Higher the warmer More closed the AndWinter opening theworse Summer Atrium Height the denserinthe Summer Winter Opening Summer Opening Winter Atrium Summer Atrium Summer Winter More exposure Night Minimizing Summer Night Winter shgcWinter is better winterWWR & ON ON SHGC U-Value WWR U-Value U-Value Varying Ground warmer day Comfort Comfort % Comfort % Comfort Height Comfort Height Comfort Comfort Comfort Comfort Comfortbetter (free Shuttersrunning) Comfort is Shutters Comfort infiltration (both core & finish) worse in Exposure VaryingGround exposure summer height of the better in Shutters may be Minimizing Adding Shutters Atrium Heightmay be varied to Minimizing m roof may introduced (used at infiltration to (& varying their winter & increase opaque Infiltration Varying Ground composition) to capture night) to allow for heat reduce heat Workshop worse in conduction through 64 | er solar gains to be trapped indoors Exposure losses Ground exposure the ground summer The height of the Shutters may be Minimizing Adding Shutters er the warmer And opening in the may be varied to More exposure the Minimizing atrium roof may introduced (used at infiltration to (& varying their day better (free running) increase opaque Adding a Glazed Roof

Windows

Walls

+

Courtyard +

+

+

PROPOSED ITERATIONS PROPOSED ITERATIONS PROPOSED ITERATIONS

ITERATIONS PROPOSED ITERATIONSPROPOSED EXISTING

EXISTING PROPOSED ITERATIONS

EXISTING

+

+

Courtyard

+ +

+

Windows

Walls

+

+

+

+

PROPOSED ITERATIONS

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PROPOSED ITERATIONS

EXISTING PROPOSED ITERATIONS

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Thermal Insulation

+ ++

+

5.2. The Elements STEP 1: Iterating for each Parameter

CourtyardWalls

Windows

EXISTING

d

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

The courtyard currently creates a microclimate for the indoors

Existing window properties lead to heat loss through glazing conduction

Windows Thermal Insulation Existing window There is no thermal properties leadinsulation to in the heat loss through existing walls which glazing conduction leads to heat loss

Existing window properties lead to heat loss through glazing conduction

Windows

Existing window properties lead to Adding a Glazed Roof heat loss through To reduce the heat Adding a Varying properties) Varying the wall glazed (& varying glass glazing conduction

Walls

Thermal Insulation

Existing window properties lead to heat loss through glazing conduction

Walls

Thermal Insulation

There is no thermal insulation in the existing walls which Adding Thermal leads to heat loss Varying Insulation the wall

Existing window properties lead to heat loss through VaryingTo Wall reduce the heatAdding thermal Varying glazing conduction Thickness insulation with an

+

There is no thermal insulation in the existing walls which leads to heat loss

+

Adding Thermal Adding thermal loss through glazing roof may allow WWRfor Insulation insulation with an loss through glazing WWR thickness to alter to alter (&thickness varying u-values (Thermal Mass) efficient U-Value (& varying u-values (Thermal Mass) conduction, WWR efficient U-Value conduction, WWR thermal mass the courtyard and thickness) thermal mass and thickness) may allow higher may be reduced may allow higher may be reduced itself to become a thermal inertia Thicker the better Summer: directly thermal inertia Thicker the better Summer: directly Winter: Inside more usable space Winter: inversely Winter: Inside Winter: inversely and Low u-value & high thicker and thicker shgc is better betterkey aspects explored.

Changing wall thickness & wall composition - two the main As observed infiltration, contributed to heat losses in both the periods, therefore, the adopted strategy the better Adding Thermal Varying Wall Adding thermal To reduce the heat Varying Varying the bywallheat Summer: Summer: TheVarying courtyard window it.

Existing no thermal Aim glazing is to achieve higher indoor temperature transferThickness & Existing then trapping was to reduce the air changes per hourThere to a isminimum necessary.

The Insulation window insulation with an outside and loss through WWR outside and thickness to alter Wall composition currently creates properties lead to properties lead to insulation in the Glazing type may be Allowing Operability (& varying u-values Mass) thicker thethe U-Value Wall efficient composition for Finding (Thermal conduction, WWR Increasing(corewall thickness helps overall decreasing daily swing As forand the envelope thicker composition, thermal conductivity of insulation materials can help achieve lower Glazing typeinmay be thethe material) may Walls Varying& Position thermal mass Thermal Insulation Varying Wall Finding varied to alter glass Windows a microclimate heat loss through heat thickness) loss through existing walls which Varying better (core material) may Varying Position operability may optimum position may allow higher Varying Wall varied to alter glass may be reduced Varying better to allow for of the Insulation Composition properties (U-Value/ optimum positionthermal inertia increasing thermal inertia (a advantage in winter).However, simulations proved thermal transmittance and higher of both external Glass Type for be thevaried indoors glazing conduction glazing conduction leads to heatwalls loss and exposed floor (which be varied to allow for of the Insulation (inside/ outside) to allow for comfort Composition properties thermal inertia Glass Type Thicker the better (U-Value/ heat gain through SHGC/ VT) Summer: directly (inside/ outside) to maximize thermal heat gain through for different SHGC/ VT) Winter: Inside that after a threshold of thickness is reached, rate of transfer of heat slows down. assures maximize continuitythermal of insulation), as well as augmenting insulation thickness. opaque conduction Winter: inversely Existing Existing window There is no thermal mass affect. opaque conduction periods of the year Low u-value & highwindow and thicker mass affect.

Minimizing properties lead to properties lead to insulation in the u-value & high denser the Theory suggests thatworse lightweight structuresLow & lighter finishes are ideal when there is little/ In addition, the position of the layers was also explored. According to literature, to delay heat shgc is better More closed the Minimizing the the better denser worse heat loss through through walls which infiltration is shgc is better existing (bothheat coreloss & finish) warmer infiltration is winter period – insulation placed on the outermost layer is a better no solar gain. The results of conduction the simulations confirmed this, as less dense materials performed better transfer – which is the goal for glazing conduction glazing leads to heat loss (both core & finish) better in Summer: Varying better in winter & outside and Adding a Glazed Roof with finishes. These materials get heated up Atrium Height Similar results than heavier materials. were obtained option,& since it contributes to the thermal mass effect.

Varying Ground winter worse in To reduce the heat Wall composition Glazing type may be Adding Adding Thermal Varying Wall Adding thermal Varying Ground (& varying glass properties) thicker the Exposure Varying a glazed Ground exposure Finding the W alls Thermal Insulation he courtyard Existing window Existing hours. window There isof nowalls thermal Varying the wallworse inwere seen when a thicker material was positioned towards the outer summer faster &Shutters reach higher peak in temperature.

Ideal for workshop which is occupied in morning Better performances Shutters may be varied Minimizing (core material) may Varying Position Exposure Varying Wall to alter glass roof Adding Insulation Thickness insulation with an Ground exposure loss through glazing Varying better may allow be varied WWR may for to properties lead Minimizing optimum position of the urrently creates properties lead to in the (Thermal Mass) thickness toinsulation altersummer Shutters may be Minimizing introduced (used at The height infiltration toComposition (& varying their Adding Shutters be varied totoallow forin workshop. ofofthe Insulation (& varying u-values properties (U-Value/ may be varied to efficient U-Value increase opaque Opaque conduction is major reason for heat gain Increasing % of ground part the massing and had a lower thermal conductivity.

Floor insulation was a negative strategy conduction, WWR Glass Type Minimizing Infiltration the courtyard may composition) introduced (used atreduce heat(& varying theirheat loss (inside/ outside) to to night) to allow for heat atrium roof microclimate heat loss through through walls which thermal massexistinginfiltration Workshop and thickness) heat gain through increase opaque conduction through SHGC/ VT) Adding Thermal Varying Wall Adding thermal may allow higher Infiltration To reduce the heat may be reduced Varying composition) glazing capture confirmed night)gain to allow for heat itself tothis. become a running Existing windowallow to There thermal tothe be trapped indoors reduce heat in winter for the two spaces, mostly the workshop, considering a Varying the wall glazing Workshop leads losses maximize thermal exposure Inis no free mode, heat increased drastically (by 36%). as it worsened the to performance or indoors conduction conduction heat loss conduction through Insulation theinsulation ground Thickness insulation with an in winter opaque conduction loss through WWR thermal inertia properties lead glazing tofurther solar gains the Thicker the better Summer: directly thickness toin alter to be trapped indoors losses more usable space mass affect. (& varying u-values (Thermal Mass) And opening in theWWR Low u-value & Affect high of presence/absence efficient U-Valuewas explored. When the ground More exposure the of air gaps in the envelope composition Winter: Inside free running situation. heatconduction, loss through existing walls which thermal mass and thickness) Winter: inversely Minimizing Low u-value & high warmer denser the may allow higher dayglazing Andworse opening in the mayconduction be reducedHigher shgc isthe better better running) More exposure the leads(free to heat loss and thicker infiltration is thermal inertia shgcisis off, better Thicker the better heating absence of air gap(both results in higher Summer: directly core finish)rise in temperature in winter. day& better (free running)

C | THERMAL MASS

Courtyard

Walls

Thermal Insulation

+

Windows

+

Walls

Thermal Insulation

+

+

+

+

Minimizing Minimizing Infiltration Infiltration

Varying Position Varying Position of the Insulation of the Insulation

and thickness)

(& varying u-values Insulation and thickness) (& varying u-values

Workshop

Mass)

Wall Wall ss Mass) ss

+

ing Wall ing Wall position position

Adding thermal Adding thermal insulation with an insulationU-Value with an efficient efficient may allowU-Value higher may allow higher thermal inertia Winter: thermalInside inertia Winter:thicker Inside and and better thicker the the better Summer: Summer: outside and outside and thicker thethe Finding thicker thethe better Finding position optimum better optimumoutside) position (inside/ to (inside/ outside) to maximize thermal maximize mass affect.thermal Minimizing mass affect.

Minimizing is infiltration infiltration in is better better in winter & winter & worse in worse summer Minimizing in summer Minimizing to infiltration infiltration to reduce heat reduce heat losses losses

+

There is no thermal There is no thermal insulation in the insulation the existing wallsinwhich existing walls loss which leads to heat leads to heat loss

+

+

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Thermal Insulation Thermal Insulation

+

+

+Adding Thermal +Insulation Adding Thermal

Winter: Inside the better better in and thicker Summer: winter & Varying The the better Varying Ground Adding a Glazed Roof outside and worse in Operability Summer: Exposure Glazing type may be composition Allowing for Adding Thermal Varying WallWall Adding thermal varying glass properties) Ground To reduce the heatexposure Varying ding a glazed (&Shutters thicker thethe summer outside and Varying the wall may be Finding Minimizing Adding Shutters material)insulation may Varying Position Wall composition Adding Thermal to Varying Wall operability Addingmay thermalloss through Thickness (core with an may glazing be varied Varying Wall Insulation better Glazing may be to alter glass Air gap/no air WWR thethevariedthickness Minimizing thicker Varying f may allow fortype Varying the wall Finding to alter introduced (used at (varying Thermal optimum position infiltration to (& varying their (core material) Varying Insulation gap in the Position Thickness insulation with may anconduction, (& varying u-values (Thermal Mass) be varied to allow Varying Wall varied toalter alter glass for of the Insulation allow for comfort efficient U-Value Varying increase opaque better Composition properties (U-Value/ WWR thickness to Infiltration optimum position Glass Type courtyard Conductivity wall/floor (& varying u-values (Thermal Mass) thermal mass night) to allow for (inside/ outside) to becomposition) varied toU-Value allow for of the Insulation reduce heat efficient and thickness)and Workshop Composition properties Glassheat Typefor heat gain through thermal mass (U-Value/ different may allow higher conduction through (inside/ outside) to and thickness) SHGC/ VT) may be reduced Thickness) elf to become aSHGC/ heat may gain allow through higher to VT) be trapped indoors maximize thermal losses maximize thermal opaque conduction periods of the year thermal inertia ground Thicker the better directly opaque conduction thermal inertia Summer:the Thickerspace the better re usable mass affect. mass affect.

Low u-value & high Low u-value & high Winter: Inside Winter: Inside And opening in the More closed the Winter: inversely More exposure the w u-valueshgc & ishigh Minimizing Minimizing denser the worse denser the worse better and thicker shgc is better and thicker day warmer (both infiltration is core & finish) better (free running) gc is better infiltration is (both core & finish) the better the better better in Varying better in Summer: winter & Atrium Height Varying Thickness Varying Wall Composition Adding Air Gap Minimizing Infiltration Varying Thermal Conductivity Position of Insulation Summer: Varying Ground outside and winter & Varying The worse in Wall composition Varying Ground Exposure Ground exposure thicker the outside Finding the summer Shutters Core material was iterated -be varied Varying core material Position (brick, aerated Air gap in Wall the wall composition slightly reduced By minimizing the infiltration to the and Thermal Conductivity of theworse insulation in By varying the position of the Insulation Operability Minimizing material) may be Adding Shutters Varying Wall from 300 owing(core for may may toGlazing typeVarying Exposure better may be Minimizing Ground exposure optimum position thicker the introduced (used infiltration to (& varying their Finding the summer be varied to allow for at of the Insulation The height of the Shutters mayadding be air may Composition increase opaque (core material) Position Shutters erability may Infiltration 700mm very minor affect. and tovaried lightwt.to alter concrete) and finish comfort.

Whereas cavity Adding in required bare minimum it was observed materials were Varying varied and itMinimizing was seen layer in the envelope composition, the (inside/ outside) Varying Wall glass composition) night) to allow for heat and showed may be varied to reduce heat Varying Workshop better heat gain through Minimizing optimum position atrium roof maythrough conduction introduced (used at infiltration to (& varying their maximize thermal be varied to allow for of the Insulation ow for comfort to be trapped indoors lossesType Composition properties (U-Value/ opaque conductionHowever, a general trend showed: increase opaque Glass Infiltration the to floor, it was heat found that : that : that: results showed that: ground (inside/ outside) to allow tothe capture night) allow mass affect. according to density it was found that : reduce heat Workshop heat for gain through composition) different SHGC/ VT) And conduction through Minimizing More exposure the denser theopening worse in the maximize thermal further solar gains to be trapped indoors losses day opaque conduction riods (both of the year infiltration is better (free running) core & finish) the ground mass affect.

Higher thebetter warmer in Low u-value & high ore closed the Thicker Insulation on And opening the Minimizing More exposure the Winter For Winter Summer Winter Air Summer Air worse Winter Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Mass Thermal denserinthe shgc is better winter &Density ON ON upto Density Infiltration REQUIRED the Outermost <= Varying Ground rmer day MINIMUM (free running) Comfort 700mm Comfort Comfort Comfort Gap Comfort Gap Comfort Comfort Conductivity Comfort Effect Comfort infiltration is better (both core & finish) worse in 500mm Layers Exposure Varying Ground exposure summer better in Minimizing may be variedAtrium to Height Minimizing infiltration to winter & increase opaque Infiltration Varying Ground reduce heat Workshop worse in Technical Studies | 65 conduction through Exposure losses Ground exposure the ground summer e height of the Shutters may be Minimizing Adding Shutters may be varied to Minimizing um More roof exposure may the introduced (used at infiltration to (& varying their better (free running) increase opaque Winter: inversely

Workshop

Courtyard

PROPOSED ITERATIONS

D | THERMAL INSULATION

Windows

EXISTING

PROPOSED ITERATIONS

+

Varying Wall Thickness

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.2. The Elements 5.2.1. Courtyard STEP 2: Forming Combinations for Each Element & Iterating

Combination- II

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 W/m2K SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

75%

75%

100%

75%

75%

Opening %: 100% Summers | 0% Winters

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 W/m2K SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

Opening %: 75% Summers | 0% Winters 7m

7m

15m

15m

100%

Height of Glazing: 07m

7m

100%

Opening %: 100% Summers | 0% Winters 7m

15m

15m

15m

15m

15m

100%

Opening %: 25% Summers | 0% Winters

Height of Glazing: 07m

100%

7m

Height 100% 25% of Glazing: 15m

7m

100%

25%

Combination- IV Realistic

7m

100%

15m

Height 25% of Glazing: 15m

25%

Combination- III

7m

Combination- I

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 W/m2K SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 W/m2K SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

Summer

Winter 150%

COURTYARD 125% 100%

75%

50%

Comfort Band 19%

25%

0%

0%

Summer

Winter 150%

75%

50%

Comfort Band 19%

25%

0%

0%

Existing

Combination-I

0%

Combination-II

Combination-III

1%

100%

75%

50%

25%

50%

25%

11%

11%

13%

Combination-I

Combination-II

56%

56% 50%

56%

43%

43%

51% 47%

43%

25%

10%

13%

13%

13%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

75%

50%

25%

10%

1% Combination-III

11%

0%

Combination-IV

75%

0%

Existing

11%

1%

1%

2% 0%

Combination-IV

100%

100%

56%

56% 43%

43%

25%

10%

56% 43%

51% 47%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

75%

Inferences:

125%

80%

75%

80%

50%

Comfort Band

100%

Combination-IV

Combination-III

Comfort Band

100%

125%

0%

100%

Combination-II

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

100%

Combination-I

100%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

125%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

150%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Existing

1%

0%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

150%

100%

100%

100%

100%

75%

Fig 5.2.1.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Courtyard 50%

25%

10%

From the1% thermal simulations 1% for the existing case 2% for the summer period, 0% it was the 0% operative temperature 1% 0% observed 0% 0%that 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%in the

value and high SHGC was effective, however, this combined with other effective parameters for heat gain caused the atrium to

courtyard was fairly close to the comfort band (∆T 1.6°C). However, in the winter period, it was found that the difference between

overheat in the summer period. A combination of an atrium with a greater height (combination 1 & 2), and operability of the

the comfort threshold and the courtyard operative temperature was ∆T 8.6°C. Therefore, the primary aim for the combinations

roof in summer proved to maximize summer comfort, however, an atrium with a lower height (combination 3 & 4) showed better

of various parameters of the courtyard was to maximize heat gain in the winter period. It was found that a glazed roof with low-

results for the winter period.

0%

66 |

0%

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

5.2. The Elements 5.2.2. Windows STEP 2: Forming Combinations for Each Element & Iterating

Combination- I

Combination- II

Combination-1 Combination-1 Combination-1 Combination-1 WWR:

WWR:

35%

Glass WWR: Type: WWR: 35% WWR: 35% WWR: 35%Double 35% Glazed Low E 4mm+12mm+4mm Double Glazed Double Double Glazed Glazed Double Glazed U- Value: 1.7 Winter Night Winter Winter Night Night0.65 Winter Night SHGC: VT: 0.75 Shutters ShuttersShutters Shutters Shutters:

WWR: WWR: 35% WWR: WWR: 35%

Combination- III

Combination-2 Combination-2 Combination-2 Combination-2

Shutters:

WWR: WWR: 25% WWR: WWR: 25%

35% 35%

Glass Type: Glass Type: GlassGlass Type: Double Glazed DoubleType: Low-E Glazed Double Low-E Double Glazed Glazed Low-E Low-E 4mm +12mm 4mm+4mm +12mm 4mm +4mm +12mm 4mm +12mm +4mm+4mm U-Value: U-Value: 1.7 1.7 U-Value: U-Value: 1.7 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 SHGC: 0.65 SHGC:SHGC: 0.65 0.65 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 Summer

Shutters:

WWR: WWR: 15% WWR: WWR: 15%

Glass Type: Glass Type: GlassGlass Type: Double Glazed DoubleType: Low-E Glazed Double Low-E Double Glazed Glazed Low-E Low-E 4mm +12mm 4mm+4mm +12mm 4mm +4mm +12mm 4mm +12mm +4mm+4mm U-Value: U-Value: 1.7 1.7 U-Value: U-Value: 1.7 1.7 OFFICE SHGC: 0.65 SHGC: 0.65 SHGC:SHGC: 0.65 0.65 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74

WWR:

15%

WWR: 15% WWR: 15% WWR:WWR: 15% 15% Glass Type: Double Glazed Low E 4mm+12mm+4mm Double Glazed Double Glazed Double Glazed Double Glazed U- Value: 1.7 Winter Night Winter Night Winter Winter NightNight SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.75 ShuttersShutters Shutters Shutters

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

25% 25%

Combination-4 Combination-4 Combination-4 Combination-4

WWR:

25%

Glass25% Type: Double Glazed Low E WWR: 25% WWR: 25% WWR:WWR: 25% 4mm+12mm+4mm Double Glazed Double Double Glazed Glazed Double Glazed U- Value: 1.7 Winter Night Winter Winter NightNight SHGC: 0.65 Winter Night VT: 0.75 ShuttersShutters Shutters Shutters

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

Combination- IV Realistic

Combination-3 Combination-3 Combination-3 Combination-3

Glass Type: Glass Type: GlassGlass Type: Double Glazed DoubleType: Low-E Glazed Double Low-E Double Glazed Glazed Low-E Low-E 4mm +12mm 4mm+4mm +12mm 4mm +4mm +12mm 4mm +12mm +4mm+4mm U-Value: U-Value: 1.7 1.7 U-Value: U-Value: 1.7 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 SHGC: 0.65 SHGC:SHGC: 0.65 0.65 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74 VT: 0.74

Winter

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low E 5mm U- Value: 3.7 SHGC: 0.61 VT: 0.68

WWR: 35% WWR: 35% WWR:WWR: 35% 35% Single Glazed Single Glazed SingleSingle Glazed Glazed Winter Night Winter Night Winter NightNight Winter ShuttersShutters Shutters Shutters

Shutters:

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

WWR: WWR: 35% WWR: WWR: 35%

15% 15%

35%

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

35% 35%

Glass Type: Glass Type: Glass Glass Type: Single Glazed, SingleType: High Glazed, Single Solar High Single Glazed, Gain Solar Glazed, Low High Gain E Solar High Low EGain Solar Low GainE Low E 5mm 5mm 5mm 5mm U-Value: U-Value: 3.7 3.7 U-Value: U-Value: 3.7 3.7 WORKSHOP SHGC: 0.61 SHGC: 0.61 SHGC:SHGC: 0.61 0.61 VT: 0.68 VT: 0.68 VT: 0.68 VT: 0.68 Summer

55%

Comfort Band

15%

0%

0%

-5%

-1% Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

-2% Combination-III

100%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

-1%

26%

0%

22%

0%

0%

0%

4%

5%

6%

3%

20%

95% 75% 55%

Comfort Band

35% 15%

0%

0%

-5%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

-1% Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

-2% Combination-III

100%

100%

100%

Winter Comfort Band

135% 115% 95% 75% 55% 35% 15%

6%

5%

4%

0%

3%

-5%

-1% Combination-IV

Existing

100%

100%

80%

14% 0%

15%

100%

50%

25%

35%

Combination-IV

78%

74%

75%

55%

-5%

90%

86%

75%

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

100%

100%

75%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

35%

95%

115%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

75%

115%

135%

50%

25%

71%

69%

75%

70%

70%

70%

50%

30%

30%

29%

28%

29%

25%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

95%

135%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

115%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

135%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

ShuttersShutters Shutters Shutters ShuttersShuttersSummer: Shutters Shutters ShuttersShuttersSummer: Shutters Shutters ShuttersShuttersSummer: Shutters Shutters Summer: Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: OFF, OFF, Summer: Summer: OFF, OFF, 155% 155% 155% 155% Winter: ON Winter: | 1400-0600 ON Winter: | 1400-0600 Winter: hours ON | ON 1400-0600 hours | 1400-0600 hours hours Winter: ON Winter: | 1400-0600 ON Winter: | 1400-0600 Winter: hours ON | ON 1400-0600 hours | 1400-0600 hours hours ON Winter: | 1400-0600 ON Winter: | 1400-0600 Winter: hours ON | ON 1400-0600 hours | 1400-0600 hours hours Winter: ON Winter: | 1400-0600 ON Winter: | 1400-0600 Winter: hours ON | ON 1400-0600 hours | 1400-0600 hours hours ComfortWinter: Band

75%

82%

77%

75%

77%

76%

50%

25%

25%

23%

18%

24%

23%

10% 0%

0%

0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

Fig 5.2.2.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Office

1% 0%

1%

1%

0%

1% 0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Fig 5.2.2.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Workshop

Inferences: As observed initially, it was found that a decreased U-Value showed the best results in winters. So keeping the glass type constant

For Combination 4, which was the realistic case considering minimal changes, an attempt was to just replace the glass with a

and the night shutters on for winters and off for summers the WWRs were iterated for the first three combinations.

lower U-Value than the existing case but keeping the thickness same thereby preventing the frame from being changed.

And as expected, Combinations 1, 2 and 3 showed that a decreasing WWR to 15% proved to be more and more beneficial for

Also night shutters as an adaptive opportunity was added which were considered shut during the non-occupied hours causing an

winters but negative for summers.

increase of about 5% comfort in the summers Technical Studies | 67

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.2. The Elements 5.2.3. Thermal Mass STEP 2: Forming Combinations for Each Element & Iterating

Combination- II Brick | 0.3 m | External Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.6 W/m-K Density: 1845 kg/m3 Brick 300mm Heat: 900 Brick 300mm Specific J/kg-K Air gap

Brick 300mm Brick 300mm Air Airgap gap Airgap gap Air Air gap below below below Chipboard Chipboard Air Gap: Chipboard Air gap wood wood 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster 100mm +wood plaster finish in finish in finish in Finish: Chipboard floor floor floor

Floor:

Air gap Chipboard 100mm + plaster

Lightweight Lightweight Lightweight concrete 300mm concrete 300mmconcrete 300mm Chipboard Chipboard Chipboard Air Gap: 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster

Core Material:

Lightwt. Concrete| 0.3m|Ext. Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.08 W/m-K Density: 200 kg/m3 Lightweight Specific Heat: 840 J/kg-K Lightweight

Lightweight Lightweight concrete 500mm concrete 500mmconcrete 500mm Chipboard Chipboard Chipboard 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster

concrete 300mm Chipboard No 100mm air gap + plaster

Lightwt. Concrete| 0.5m|Ext. Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.08 W/m-K Density:Brick 200500mm kg/m3Brick 500mm Brick 500mm Lightweight Specific Heat: 840 J/kg-K Chipboard Chipboard Chipboard

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Finish:

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Air gap below wooden finish | 0.2m

Floor:

No air gap

Floor:

No air gap

Floor:

No air gap

WORKSHOP Winter

Comfort Band

35%

2% -1% Combination-II

-1% Combination-III

-1%

60% 35%

74%

75%

74%

74%

66%

50%

33%

26%

26%

25%

0%

0%

0%

26%

25%

0%

0%

75%

50%

25%

0%

2%

1%

100%

75%

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

85% 85% 60% 60%

Comfort Band

35% 35%

0%

0%

0% -1%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

-1%

100%

100% 90%

100%

100%

18%

0% 0% 0%

0% 1% 0%

9%

0% 1% 0%

77%

74%

25%

0% 1% 0%

110% 110% 85% 85% 60% 60% 35% 35% 10% 10%

3%

0%

Existing

Combination-I

100% 100%

23%

0% 0% 0%

Fig 5.2.3.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Office

69% 69%

75% 75% 75%

70% 69%

69%

69%

69%

50% 50% 50%

30% 30%

30% 29%

30% 29%

30%

30%

25% 25% 25%

0% 0% 0%

1% 1%

1% 1%

1%

1%

1%

75% 75%

2%

2%

-5%

-15% -15%

100%

82% 73%

Comfort Band

135% 135%

Combination-IV

100% 100% 100%

26%

0%

110% 110%

Combination-IV

50%

25%

135% 135%

10% 10%

Winter

160% 160%

-15% -15%

-8% Existing

100%

75%

3%

0%

10%

Combination-IV

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

85%

-15%

100%

0%

110%

Temp.

Temp. Increase Increase from from Existing Existing (Free-Running) (Free-Running)

60%

Comfort Band

Hourly Hourly (Occupied) (Occupied) Comfort Comfort % %

85%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

110%

Summer

160% 160%

135%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

135%

Combination-I

Air gap

Finish:

160%

Existing

Air Gap:

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Summer

-15%

Brick | 0.5 m | External Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.6 W/m-K Density: 1845 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 900 J/kg-K

Finish:

160%

0%

Core Material:

| 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

OFFICE

10%

Brick 500mm Chipboard 100mm + plaster

concrete 500mm 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster 100mm + plaster Chipboard Air Gap: No air gap 100mm + plaster

Temp.

Temp. Increase Increase from from Existing Existing (Free-Running) (Free-Running)

Air gap below wood finish in floor

Core Material:

Combination- IV Realistic

Hourly Comfort % % Hourly (Occupied) (Occupied) Comfort

Core Material:

Combination- III

82%

82%

90%

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

78%

77% 73%

74%

77%

76%

50% 50%

25% 25%

0%

26% 22%

18% 0%

1%

25% 21%

24% 23%

1%

1%

0% 0%

Fig 5.2.3.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Workshop

Multiple different compositions for the walls were tried before settling on combinations that established trends and showed

As expected, Combination 2 & 3 show the best results – since they consist of a lighter core material and a lighter finish. The

improvement.

operative temperature in winter is higher. In the workshop for combination 2, there is an increase in winter months and even

Combination 1 is the exceptional case taken into consideration to understand how air gap in the floor behaves. This combination

though it is null in summer – the comfort percentage is slightly more.

shows the highest increase in the variation of operaitve temperature in summer, however in winter it shows a negative result.

Combination 4 is the realistic one with just a slight alteration in the finish which shows better results than the existing case.

6

75%

50%

25%

9%

Inferences:

68 |

100%

90% Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Combination- I

1% 0%

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

5.2. The Elements 5.2.4. Thermal Insulation STEP 2: Forming Combinations for Each Element & Iterating

Combination- I Combination- II Combination- III Combination- IV Realistic Combination-1 Combination-2 Combination-3 Combination-4 Combination-1Combination-1 Combination-2Combination-2 Combination-3Combination-3 Combination-4Combination-4 Combination-1 Combination-2 Combination-3 Combination-4 Wall:

0.1m

0.1m

Wall:

Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Conductivity:0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K 0.1m

0.1m

0.1m

0.1m

0.1m

EPS | 0.1m | outer layer Thermal Conductivity: 0.032 W/m.K Density: 15 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1300 J/kg.K 0.1m 0.1m

0.1m

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h0.2m

Floor:

Floor:

Wall:

0.1m

0.1m

0.1m

0.2m

Wall:

Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Conductivity:0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K 0.1m

0.1m

0.1m

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h

0.2m

Polyurethane | 0.1m | inner layer Conductivity:0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h

0.2m

Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Floor: Uninsulated Conductivity:0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Wall: Polyurethane | 0.1m | inner layer Wall: Wall: EPS | 0.1m | outer layer Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Wall: Wall: Polyurethane | 0.1m Polyurethane |Wall: inner layer | 0.1m | inner layer Wall: Wall: Wall: Wall: Wall: Polyurethane | 0.1m | inner layer EPSWall: | 0.1m | outer layer EPS | 0.1m | outerEPS layer Polyurethane | 0.1m Polyurethane |Wall: outer layer | 0.1m | outerThermal layer Polyurethane | 0.1m Polyurethane |Wall: outer layer | 0.1m | outer layer Wall: Specific Heat: 1470W/m.K J/kg.K | 0.1m | outer layer Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Polyurethane | 0.1m | outer layer Conductivity: 0.028 Thermal Conductivity: 0.032 W/m.K Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K

Wall:

Uninsulated

Floor:

Uninsulated

0.028 W/m.K Conductivity: 0.028Conductivity: W/m.K Thermal 0.028 W/m.K Thermal Conductivity:Thermal 0.032 W/m.K Conductivity: 0.032Conductivity: W/m.K 0.028 W/m.K Conductivity: 0.028Conductivity: W/m.K 30 kg/m³ Thermal Conductivity:Thermal 0.028 W/m.K Conductivity: 0.028Conductivity: W/m.K Thermal 0.032 Thermal W/m.K Conductivity:Thermal Thermal 0.028 Thermal W/m.K Conductivity:Thermal Thermal Density: Density: 15 0.028 kg/m³ W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 15 kg/m³ Density: 15 kg/m³ Density: 15 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1300 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470Specific J/kg.K Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1300Specific J/kg.K Heat: 1300 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470Specific J/kg.K Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470Specific J/kg.K Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1300 J/kg.K

50%

Comfort Band

25%

0%

0%

0%

5%

0%

4%

-25%

75% 50% 25%

0%

0%

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

-20%

Combination-IV

Existing

100%

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

72% 52% 48%

49%50%

50%

27%

26%

27%

25%

0%

0%

0%

1%

100%

100%

100%

25% 0%

1%

0%

4%

1%

1%

25%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

Fig 5.2.4.1: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Office

Comfort Band

75% 50% 25% 0%

8%

0%

9%

8%

-25%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

-24% Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

100%

76%

69%

75%

76%

30%

24%

25%

1%

1%

24%

24%

1%

4%

24%

99%

82%

76%

72%

50%

0%

Winter

100%

100%

50%

0%

Comfort Band

100%

75%

1%

50%

-25%

-17%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

72%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

74%

75%

75%

Combination-IV

100%

100% Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

3%

-25%

Existing

0%

3%

100%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

75%

100%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

100%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Floor:

Ideal Ideal Ideal Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Infiltration: Workshop: 0.27 m/s Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Infiltration: Ideal Ideal Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Workshop: 0.27 m/s Workshop: 0.27 m/s Workshop: 0.27 ac/hWorkshop: 0.27 ac/h Workshop: 0.27 0.7 ac/h Workshop: 0.27 m/s0.27 m/s Workshop:Office: 0.27 ac/h OFFICE WORKSHOP Workshop: 0.7 ac/h Office: ac/h m/s Office: 0.7 ac/h Workshop: 0.27 m/s Workshop: 0.27 m/s Workshop: 0.27 m/s Office: 0.7 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h m/s Office: 0.7 ac/h m/s Office: 0.7 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h 0.7 m/sac/h m/s Office: Uninsulated Floor: Office: 0.7 ac/h m/s Office: 0.7 ac/h m/s Office: 0.7 ac/h m/s Floor: Floor: Uninsulated Uninsulated Uninsulated Polyurethane | 0.2m Floor: Floor: Floor: Uninsulated Floor: Floor: Floor: Floor: Floor: Floor: Floor: Floor: Floor: Summer Winter Polyurethane | 0.2m Polyurethane | 0.2m Uninsulated Uninsulated Polyurethane | Summer 0.2m Uninsulated Uninsulated Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K 150% 150% 150% 150% Uninsulated Uninsulated Thermal Conductivity:Thermal 0.028 W/m.K Conductivity: 0.028Conductivity: W/m.K Thermal 0.028 Uninsulated W/m.K Density: 30Comfort kg/m³ Band Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K 125% 125% 125% 125% Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Specific Heat: 1470Specific J/kg.K Heat: 1470 J/kg.K Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Infiltration:

75%

57% 50%

43%

25%

1% 0%

58%

58% 43%

43%

18% 0%

0%

0%

0% 1%

0%

Fig 5.2.4.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for Summer and Winter for the Workshop

Inferences: Combinations 1 and 2 performed as expected for the considered parameters. Despite the null values in summer temperature

However, these simulations were conducted in a free running mode, where opaque conduction contributes positively to heat gains

increase and winter comfort hours, the other graphs showed a slight improvement from existing case.

in winter and losses in summer. If insulating a floor in direct contact with the soil, which is a more stable material than air, worsens

Although, Combinations 3 and 4 showed the highest increase in the variation of OT in summer, in winter it showed a negative

this scenario, it can indicate that it prevented the floor to help regulate the internal temperature. Therefore, it would be relevant to

result. The worse scenario being Combination 3, i.e. with the floor insulation.

simulate this option in a heated scenario, where the insulated floor could in fact prevent the rooms to lose heat.

Technical Studies | 69

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations 5.3.1. The Final Set of Chosen Combinations Based on the inferences from Step-1 & Step-2 of the technical studies, the team selected four combinations bringing together all elements to arrive that the best combined solution. The key considerations for selecting these combinations were to increase the temperature in the winter period to achieve comfort, while not overheating the spaces, especially the courtyard, in the summer period.

70 |

Opening %:

100% Summers 0% Winters

Opening %:

100% Summers 0% Winters

Opening %:

100% Summers 0% Winters

Opening %:

75% Summers 0% Winters

Glass Type:

Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

Glass Type:

Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

Glass Type:

Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

Glass Type:

Double Glazed Low-E 4mm +12mm +4mm U-Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.74

WWR:

15%

WWR:

15%

WWR:

35%

WWR:

35%

Air Gap:

No air gap

Finish:

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Floor:

No air gap

Wall:

Polyurethane | 0.1m | Outer layer Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K

Floor:

Uninsulated

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

Brick | 0.3 m | External Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.6 W/m-K Density: 1845 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 900 J/kg-K

Core Material:

Air Gap:

Air gap

Finish:

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Floor:

Air gap below wooden finish | 0.2m

Wall:

Polyurethane | 0.1m | Outer layer Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Floor:

Polyurethane | 0.2m Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K

Combination I

Core Material:

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h

Shutters:

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low E 5mm U- Value: 3.7 SHGC: 0.61 VT: 0.68 Shutters:

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

Brick | 0.5 m | External Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.6 W/m-K Density: 1845 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 900 J/kg-K

Core Material:

Brick | 0.5 m | External Wall Thermal Conductivity: 0.6 W/m-K Density: 1845 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 900 J/kg-K

Air Gap:

Air gap

Air Gap:

Air gap

Finish:

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Finish:

Chipboard | 0.1m Thermal Conductivity: 0.05 W/m-K Density: 600 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 1000 J/kg-K

Floor:

No air gap

Floor:

No air gap

Wall:

Polyurethane | 0.1m | Inner layer Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K

Wall:

Polyurethane | 0.1m | Inner layer Thermal Conductivity: 0.028 W/m.K Density: 30 kg/m³ Specific Heat: 1470 J/kg.K

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Floor:

Uninsulated

Combination IV

Lightweight Concrete | 0.5 m Thermal Conductivity: 0.08 W/m-K Density: 200 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 840 J/kg-K

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low E 4mm+12mm+4mm U- Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.75

Combination IV

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

Combination III

Shutters:

Combination I

Core Material:

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low E 4mm+12mm+4mm U- Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.75

Combination III

Summer: OFF Winter Office:1400-0600 hrs Winter Workshop: 1700-0900 hrs

Combination III

Shutters:

Combination III

Glass Type: Double Glazed Low E 4mm+12mm+4mm U- Value: 1.7 SHGC: 0.65 VT: 0.75

Infiltration: Ideal Workshop: 0.27 ac/h Office: 0.7 ac/h Floor:

Uninsulated

Combination IV

Height of Glazing: 07m

Combination II

Height of Glazing: 15m

Combination III

Height of Glazing: 07m

Combination III

Height of Glazing: 07m

Combination IV

Combination 4 Realistic

Combination IV

Combination 3

Combination IV

Combination 2

Combination I

THERMAL INSULATION

THERMAL MASS

WINDOWS

COURTYARD

Combination 1

Limitations: Below are the limitations in terms of elements which were unable to be incorporated in the final combinations (Step-3): Night Shutters Although not incorporated in the final simulations, from Step-1 & Step-2, it may be assumed that night shutters will further increase in the operative temperature by approximately 1.5C in the winter period, which may further reduce heating loads.

Infiltration Although infiltration was unable to be optimized in the final simulations, from Step-1 & Step-2, it may be assumed that this can further reduce heat losses and consequently increase operative temperature.

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations 5.3.2. Office | Summer Iterations As can be observed from the temperature and comfort graphs (fig 5.3.2.2), Combination-2 has the maximum rise in temperature and comfort from the base case. This can be attributed to the fact that this combination has highly insulated walls and floors which therefore reduce heat losses in the office. In the other combinations, fairly similar results to the existing scenario can be observed. This is fairly satisfactory since the mean operative temperature of the office can be observed to be quite close to the comfort threshold.

35.00

1750.00

30.00

19.6°C (Mean OT) 17.1°C (Mean DBT)

3

Occupancy Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Lighting Load

5.78 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs

Equipment Load

2.64 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration

0.7 Ach

Heating Schedule

Summers: N/A

Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

Natural Ventilation Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation Glazing Area Operable Night Shutters

Summers: 24°C Winters: N/A 50% Summers: Open Winters: Closed from 1700-0900 hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature (to maintain a 85% comfort level)

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

0.00

JUNE

MAY

Outdoor DBT

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JULY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.2.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Summer Period | Office

Winters (Free-Running): N/A

Summer 100%

150%

Winters (Heated): 0600-2000 hrs

125% 100% 75% 50%

Comfort Band

25%

3%

0%

0%

-1% Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

73%

74%

73%

68%

50%

32%

27%

26%

27%

26%

25%

0%

Existing

74%

75%

-1%

-25%

Summers: N/A

0.00

AUGUST

Comb. 4

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Number of Occupants

25.00

Temp. (◦C)

Schedules

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Internal Loads

1500.00

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

24.4°C (Mean CB)

0%

0% Existing

Combination-I

0%

0%

Combination-II

0%

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Winters (Free-Running): N/A Winters (Heated) Combination I, II, IV: 20°C Winters (Heated) Combination III: 20.2°C

Fig 5.3.2.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Summer | Office Technical Studies | 71

35.00

1750.00

30.00

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations

1500.00

25.00

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

21.8°C (Mean CB)

12.6°C (Mean OT)

Temp. (◦C)

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

0.00

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

Outdoor DBT

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JANUARY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

Comb. 4

0.00

FEBRUARY Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.3.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Office Winter 150%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

In the winter in a free-running scenario, it was found that Combination-2 conversely drops in temperature as compared to the base case (refer fig 5.3.3.2). This is due to the fact that its insulated walls and floors significantly reduce the heat gains within the space. In the other combinations, especially Combination-1, it was observed that the temperature increase from the base case was quite significant (upto 19%). This may be attributed majorly to the low U-Value and high SHGC glass used for both the glazed atrium roof and for the windows as well as to the low conductivity & density core material.

100%

Comfort Band

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

125%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

5.3.3. Office | Winter Iterations

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

100% 75% 50%

19%

25%

16%

16%

75%

50%

25%

0%

-6%

-25%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

0%

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.3.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Office 35.00

1750.00

30.00 25.00

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

21.8°C (Mean CB)

12.6°C (Mean OT)

3

Occupancy Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Lighting Load

5.78 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs

Equipment Load

2.64 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0900 – 1900 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration

0.7 Ach

Heating Schedule

Summers: N/A

Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

Min. Indoor Temperature for Natural Ventilation

Summers: 24°C

Glazing Area Operable

50%

Night Shutters

Summers: Open

Winters: N/A

Winters: Closed from 1700-0900 hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature (to maintain a 85% comfort level)

Temp. (◦C)

Number of Occupants

Natural Ventilation

0.00

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

Outdoor DBT

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JANUARY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

Summers: N/A Winters (Free-Running): N/A

Comb. 4

0.00

FEBRUARY Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.3.3: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Office

Winters (Free-Running): N/A

Winter

Winters (Heated): 0600-2000 hrs

150%

100%

Comfort Band

100%

85%

125% 100% 75%

45%

50%

45%

45%

44%

25%

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

85%

85%

50%

25%

0% 0% Existing

0% Combination-I

15%

15%

15% 0%

Existing

85%

75%

0% -25%

Winters (Heated) Combination I, II, IV: 20°C Winters (Heated) Combination III: 20.2°C

72 |

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Schedules

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Internal Loads

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

1500.00

0% Combination-II

0%

15% 0%

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.3.4: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Office

ber Facilities : AA School of Architecture

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations

December

5.3.4. Office | Heating Loads In the existing scenario since the office does not achieve comfortable temperatures, there is a high dependence on mechanical heating in the space. It is heated to a set-point temperature of 24°C from 0600-2200 hrs for eight months of the year from September to April. This leads to significant heating loads of around 5,209 kWh annually. It was found that with the proposed combinations, heating loads could be reduced by approximately 71% to around 1,500 kWh. Combination-2 has the lowest heating loads which can be attributed to its insulated walls & floors, which reduce heat loss from the heated space.

Existing Case:

5,209 kWh

Optimized Existing Case:

3,565 kWh

Combination-1:

1,558 kWh

Combination-2:

1,501 kWh

Combination-3:

1,647 kWh

Combination-4:

1,601 kWh

71%

reduction in annual heating loads

900 800

Cumulative Heating Load (kWh)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 January

Febraury

March

April Existing

May Optimized

Combination-1

June Combination-2

July Combination-3

August

September

October

November

December

Combination-4

Fig 5.3.4.1: Graph showing Heating Loads required for various Combinations | Monthly | Office Technical Studies | 73

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations 5.3.5. Workshop | Summer Iterations For the workshop in the summers, it was found that none of the combinations have a significant increase in temperature or comfort as compared to the base case. Similar as to in the office, Combination-2, due to its insulation is marginally warmer that the other combinations. However, since this is a wood workshop space, the occupant has a high met value, which allows him to be comfortable for a large part of the summer period without any major increase in the indoor operative temperature.

35.00

1750.00

30.00

18.2°C (Mean OT) 17.1°C (Mean DBT)

Lighting Load

1 2.46

W/m2

Occupancy Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Lighting Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Equipment Load

4.13 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration

0.27 Ach

Heating Schedule

Summers: N/A

Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

0.00

Outdoor DBT

Min. Indoor Temperature for Summers: 24°C Natural Ventilation Winters: N/A Glazing Area Operable Night Shutters

50% Summers: Open Winters: Closed from 1700-0900 hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature (to maintain a 85% comfort level)

Summers: N/A Winters (Free-Running): N/A Winters (Heated) Combination I: 17.5°C Winters (Heated) Combination II: 18.5°C Winters (Heated) Combination III: 18°C Winters (Heated) Combination IV: 18°C

74 |

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JULY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

0.00

AUGUST

Comb. 4

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.5.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Summer Period | Workshop

Winters (Free-Running): N/A

Summer

Winters (Heated): 0600-2000 hrs

100%

150%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Natural Ventilation

JUNE

MAY

125% 100% 75% 50%

Comfort Band

25%

0%

0%

1%

1%

1%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Number of Occupants

Schedules

25.00

Temp. (◦C)

Internal Loads

1500.00

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

24.4°C (Mean CB)

30%

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

73%

28%

27%

26%

26%

25%

1% Existing

73%

69%

50%

1%

0%

-25%

72%

69%

75%

Existing

Combination-I

3%

1%

Combination-II

1%

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.5.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Summer | Workshop

Facilities : AA School of Architecture 35.00

1750.00

30.00 25.00

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

21.8°C (Mean CB)

13.4°C (Mean OT)

Temp. (◦C)

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

0.00

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

Outdoor DBT

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JANUARY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

0.00

FEBRUARY

Comb. 4

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.6.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Workshop Winter 150%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

In the free-running scenario, similar to as in the office, an increase in operative temperature and comfort can be observed in Combination-1 in the workshop due to the low U-Value and high SHGC glass used for both the glazed atrium roof and for the windows as well as to the low conductivity & density core material. Combination-2 has a significant reduction of 23% in operative temperature and in comfort since its insulated walls and floors reduce heat gains. This reduction is more pronounced in the workshop than in the office due to the larger amount of exposed surface area of the workshop to the soil.

100%

Comfort Band

100% 82%

125%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

5.3.6. Workshop | Winter Iterations

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations

1500.00

100% 75% 50% 25%

7%

4%

4%

72%

72%

75%

62% 50%

38% 28%

28% 25%

18%

0% -25%

0%

-23% Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

0%

Combination-IV

0% Existing

0% 0%

Combination-I

0%

Combination-II

0%

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.6.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Free Running | Workshop 35.00

1750.00

30.00 25.00

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

21.8°C (Mean CB)

Schedules 1

Occupancy Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Lighting Load

2.46 W/m2

Lighting Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs

Equipment Load

4.13 W/m2

Equipment Schedule

0600 – 1300 hrs (dispersed usage)

Infiltration

0.27 Ach

Heating Schedule

Summers: N/A

Ventilation per Person

30 m3/h

Temp. (◦C)

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

Number of Occupants

0.00

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

Outdoor DBT

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

Comb. 2

Winters (Heated): 0600-2000 hrs

Glazing Area Operable Night Shutters

50% Summers: Open Winters: Closed from 1700-0900 hrs

Mechanical Ventilation Heating Set Temperature (to maintain a 85% comfort level)

Summers: N/A Winters (Free-Running): N/A Winters (Heated) Combination I: 17.5°C Winters (Heated) Combination II: 18.5°C Winters (Heated) Combination III: 18°C Winters (Heated) Combination IV: 18°C

Comb. 4

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Winter Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Min. Indoor Temperature for Summers: 24°C Natural Ventilation Winters: N/A

Comb. 3

0.00

FEBRUARY

Fig 5.3.6.3: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Workshop

Winters (Free-Running): N/A 150%

Natural Ventilation

JANUARY

100%

Comfort Band

85%

82%

125% 100% 75% 50%

23%

25%

24%

24%

24%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

Internal Loads

13.4°C (Mean OT)

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

1500.00

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

85%

50%

25%

0%

Existing

85%

75%

18%

15%

0% -25%

85%

0%

0% Existing

Combination-I

15%

15% 0% Combination-II

0%

15% 0%

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.6.4: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Heated | Workshop Technical Studies | 75

ber

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations

December

5.3.7. Workshop | Heating Loads In the existing scenario since the workshop does not achieve a comfortable operative temperature in the winter, there is a high dependence on mechanical heating in the space. It is heated to a set-point temperature of 24°C from 0600-2200 hrs for eight months of the year from September to April, which results in to significant heating loads of around 7,220 kWh annually. It was found that with the proposed combinations, heating loads could be reduced by approximately 78% to around 1,554 kWh. Combination-1 has the lowest heating loads.

Existing Case:

7,220 kWh

Optimized Existing Case:

3,676 kWh

Combination-1:

1,554 kWh

Combination-2:

2,434 kWh

Combination-3:

1,872 kWh

Combination-4:

1,895 kWh

78%

reduction in annual heating loads

1200

Cumulative Heating Load (kWh)

1000

800

600

400

200

0 January

Febraury

March

April Existing

May Optimized

Combination-1

June Combination-2

July Combination-3

August

September

Combination-4

Fig 5.3.7.1: Graph showing Heating Loads required for various Combinations | Monthly | Workshop 76 |

October

November

December

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

35.00

1750.00

30.00

15.00

750.00

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

0.00

JUNE

MAY Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JULY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

0.00

AUGUST

Comb. 4

Global Horizontal Radiation

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.8.1: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Summer Period | Courtyard Summer 100%

150%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

125% 100% 75% 50%

Comfort Band

25%

3%

5%

10%

5%

75%

56% 50%

54%

53%

52%

43%

42%

51%

40%

37%

32% 25%

0%

6%

1%

7%

14%

12%

0%

-25%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.8.2: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Summer Period | Courtyard 35.00

1750.00

30.00 25.00

1250.00

20.00

1000.00

10.3°C (Mean OT)

15.00

750.00

7.3°C (Mean DBT)

10.00

500.00

5.00

250.00

0.00

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

Outdoor DBT

Base Case OT

Comb. 1

JANUARY

Comb. 2

Comb. 3

Comb. 4

0.00

FEBRUARY Global Horizontal Radiation

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

1500.00

21.8°C (Mean CB)

Temp. (◦C)

from the existing scenario due to the low U-Value and high SHGC glass used for both the glazed atrium roof and for the windows as well as to the low conductivity & density core material. It was observed (refer fig 5.3.8.4) that Combination-1 has the highest increase in temperature for the outdoor space as well. This reiterates the important relationship between the indoor and outdoor spaces, and the role of the courtyard as a thermal regular.

1000.00

Outdoor DBT

Adaptive Comfort Band (EN15251)

Fig 5.3.8.3: Graph showing mean OT achieved by the various Combinations | Winter Period | Courtyard Winter 150%

Temp. Increase from Existing (Free-Running)

Winters In the winters, however, a significant impact of the enclosed atrium can be observed. As was seen in the free-running winter scenario for the indoor spaces, Combination-1 had the maximum increase in operative temperature

20.00

Temp. (◦C)

Summers In the summers, the existing courtyard space (without a glazed roof) is fairly comfortable, especially after the early morning hours, and can be proposed to be used as pleasant outdoor space for the facilities team. Therefore, each of the combinations have been done considering either 75% or 100% of the atrium roof opened, so as to not overheat this space and hence they achieve similar comfort to the existing scenario.

1250.00

Solar Radiation (Wh/m2)

17.1°C (Mean DBT)

25.00

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

5.3.8. Courtyard | Summer and Winter Iterations

19.9°C (Mean OT)

1500.00

100%

Comfort Band

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

125% 100% 75% 50%

32%

25%

26%

22%

27%

Hourly (Occupied) Comfort %

5.3. Iterating with the Combinations

24.4°C (Mean CB)

75%

50%

25%

0% 0%

-25%

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Existing

Combination-I

Combination-II

Combination-III

Combination-IV

Fig 5.3.8.4: Graphs showing Net Temperature Increase and Comfort Percentages for the various Combinations | Winter Period | Courtyard Technical Studies | 77

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

5.4. Daylight Iterations Some strategies were considered to improve the extremely poor daylighting conditions in the two spaces. First and foremost the option of changing the reflectivity of the materials was considered. This did show significant improvements in the existing conditions for daylight as seen in Fig: 5.4.1. The Spatial Daylight Autonomy showed an increase of about 30% in the two spaces. However it remained closer to the windows most of the times. More so over, the addition of furniture and materials could reduce the improved conditions.

Apart from this, the lighting loads could be reduced by using more efficient lighting fixtures. Sensors have also proved to be extremely beneficial which can moderate the lux values of the fixtures by sensing the overall lux value in a space.

EXISTING

sDA [%] (>300 lux)

UDI [%] (100>300lux)

IMPROVED

DF [%]

Material Reflectivity

Efficient Lighting Fixtures efficient Lighting Fixtures could

UDI [%] (100>300lux)

sDA

sDA [%] (>300 lux)

sDA [%] Using (>300 lux)

sDA [%] sDA [%] (>300 lux) (>300 lux)

Changing Material Reflectivity could show significant changes in the overall daylight in a space

DF [%]

greatly reduce the lighting loads for a space

UDI

78 |

DF [%] DF [%]

Task Lighting Task Lighting can also contribute to reducing lighting demands by catering to localized needs rather than lighting the entire room.

DF [%]

UDI [%] UDI [%] UDI [%] (100>300lux) (100>300lux) (100>300lux)

Light Sensors Light sensors can ensure the reduction in lighting loads by moderating lux levels for UDI [%] light(100>300lux) fixtures based on daylight received

DF

Fig 5.4.1: Comparison between Existing and Improved Case for Annual Daylight Simulations

6

Conclusions

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

6.1. General Conclusions In this study the team set out to investigate the performance of a basement from an environmental perspective and how the indoor (workshop and office) and outdoor (courtyard) spaces can bring comfort to the users.

Data loggers and spot measurement results on air temperature, illuminance and wind were later confirmed by base case simulations. It was concluded that the courtyard is slightly milder than Bedford Square in terms of temperature (by ~1°C), but follows a similar trend to the outdoor space. Both indoor rooms perform poorly in winter due to the lack of solar radiation, however during the summer, temperatures are fairly close to the comfort band.

From simulations, some key findings can be highlighted.

Solar radiation is minimal almost throughout the entire year, making passive solar heating unfeasible for both office and workshop. Ventilation rate is low in the courtyard environment.

As for daylight, standard UDI and DA values for office and workshop activities are not satisfied due to the basement’s H/W ratio and low reflectance finishing materials of the courtyard walls.

courtyard already offers pleasant conditions from 09.00 onwards. In the workshop, the considered met and clo values of the carpenter allows him to be comfortable comparatively easily. Based on occupant surveys, adaptive opportunities alone for office users (open windows, use of blinds and adjusting layers in clothing) helps make them comfortable during the summer months.

However, for winter the spaces are largely dependent on mechanical heating to achieve comfort. From this, the next strategy was to prioritise heating conditions. Another step was to compare free running performance of indoor spaces with the current heated scenario to investigate how to bring down heating loads. At first; heating schedules were adjusted, temperature set point was changed and comfortable hours threshold was altered. This helped bring down heating loads in the office and workshop by 32% and 49%, respectively.

As a step forward, making changes in the courtyard, windows, thermal mass, and thermal insulation allowed the group to identify what factors could help bring down the heating load even further. Some major takeaways from iterating with these elements were as follows:

Thermal performance studies concluded that infiltration and glazing conduction are the main causes of heat loss during winter in both indoor spaces. Opaque conduction is a theoretical heat gain in a free-running scenario, however in reality since the space is heated during this period, the performance of opaque conduction reverses, which indicates an interesting influence of soil temperature to surfaces exposed to it.

Maximum swing can be seen when atrium height is altered. When increased, comfort hours in summer also rise and in winter they go down. This could be attributed to augmented solar exposure of the glazing structure in summer, therefore the atrium heats up and contributes to trapping the heat. Yet, as solar exposure is minimal in winter, the higher the glazing is positioned, the bigger the courtyard’s air volume, thus, more cool air is trapped in the space.

It was understood that thermal comfort of the three spaces can be reached with minor changes during summer: The

Glazing conduction contributed to significant heat loss, hence iterating the properties and U-value of the glass

82 |

displayed changes in the final result. Increasing the U-value means more comfortable hours in summer and the opposite in winter.

Adding insulation and an air gap to floor layers leads to a significant decrease in temperature with heating turned off. In this scenario, the percentage of comfort hours in summer rises and greatly reduces in winter. However, simulating these parameters combined with heating resulted in the best option for reducing heating loads.

Finally, increasing the percentage of workshop wall area in direct contact with the soil drastically increases comfort in winter and slightly reduces it in summer for free running mode. This helps prove the reason opaque conduction was a source of heat gain in the energy balance in tehe free-running scenario.

These analysis led to the following combinations for final conclusions: Office : A combination with insulation and air cavity added to the floor is the best solution to reduce heating loads by 71%.

Workshop : A combination with minimum atrium height, low density materials and insulated walls is the best solution to cut down heating loads by 78%.

Lastly, options for improving daylight were explored.

All office, workshop and courtyard’s surfaces finishing materials were turned white in the simulation - to maximise reflectance. This showed an increase of Spatial Daylight autonomy by 30%. However, the improvement was mainly concentrated near the windows. It can be concluded that alternative light bulbs (fluorescent to LED) need to be added as another solution because changing reflectance alone cannot help save much energy.

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

6.2. Personal Outcomes The first four months of this course have been both exhilarating and exciting. With various theoretical subjects combined with practical and computer based tools, this Building Studies project provided us with the ideal platform to explore both, hand in hand.

Starting from analyzing the space, to interviews and surveys, to carrying out spot measurements, and finally to iterating using computer based tools, the project kept us engaged with new learnings and challenges at every step.

Our space being in the basement gave us the opportunity to understand the thermal impact of a semi buried space and at the same time understand the effect of a courtyard which acted like any other overground space. The major drawback however was the ratios of the canyon section of the courtyard causing minimal heat and light to reach our spaces and thereby worsening the situation. On one hand even though the space felt unappealing and disadvantageous but on the other hand it gave us the perfect starting point to dig even deeper.

Upon carrying out on-site analyses and then using it as a method of calibration made us realize the importance of the ‘base case’ and how it acts as an instrumental step for all the subsequent processes to be near accurate.

Results and findings for factors like opaque conduction, ground exposure, infiltrations, glazing conduction, affect of the micro-climate of the courtyard were fascinating to learn and even more satisfying to be able to analyze it quantitatively.

Carrying out the technical studies post the analyses helped us apply our theoretical understandings to a great extent. Observing trends and patterns and actually being able to predict results after the numerous studies and simulation exercises felt extremely elating and fulfilling.

Finally, I would just like to add that apart from learning about environmental design, this project helped me develop my soft skills extensively with a lovely group of cohorts who have been nothing but enthusiastic all this while!

-SURABHI AGARWAL

Term 1 was an exponential learning curve for me when it came to exploring different aspects of environmental design. Not only did this semester and particularly the team project, enhance my learning about optimizing thermal and visual comfort, but I also gained a whole new perspective on design. While I had always paid close attention to bio climatic design and vernacular techniques that can help enhance the user experience; working on an existing project – allowed me to explore the technical parameters and analyze them in minute detail.

The spaces assigned to us – at first seemed to be unconventional, spaces that are rather left untouched in a building. However, the more we investigated- the more questions opened up. A cold basement – with little to no direct sunlight had first looked like a bleak space, it was now an opportunity to explore widely. It was interesting to strategize and aim the analysis in a way that it concentrates on the deficits. Unique features of our spaces that made the study compelling were: the courtyard’s microclimate, opaque conduction through the ground which regulated indoor temperatures, understanding sensitivity of the user and adjusting solutions accordingly etc.

We found that while large scale interventions like converting the courtyard into a conservatory can make a big impact, even something as small as changing the thickness/ color of the finish and/or its density can make a difference.

Finally, I think that the analysis of the facilities helped us understand that user comfort and reduction in energy usage can be possible even in such basements and subtle changes made to the existing space can also create change. Overall, after understanding all parameters, their inter relationship and successfully arriving at a design proposal that can majorly change the user comfort- I feel confident and excited to apply my learnings from this project to my future designs.

-SHREYA ANEJA

To study a building during months to which we have access, that we are able to explore, to presence its performance and how it can respond to climate has definitely made the investigation more intriguing.

Limitations of thermal comfort models as EN was an interesting learning. As it does not consider the metabolic rate of the users in the space, the comfort results can show a non-realistic situation. This was noticed when comparing thermal simulations to what was reported by the carpenter in interviews. Realising from experience that parameters can generate inaccurate information added to my critical thinking.

As someone with a keen interest in both architectural sustainability and historical architectural precedents, the process of studying spaces within the Architectural Association as part of our Term-1 project provided an intriguing opportunity. However, this study came with its set of challenges - with our allocated space of the facilities office, workshop and courtyard being located in the basement and hence being largely unexposed to the outdoor environment and further with the school’s building being a more than 200-year-old Georgian construction, which was originally built as a home.

I was pleased with the way the study progressed from

Although users adopt adaptive opportunities to feel more comfortable, they can also make the mistake of overusing some systems, as happened with the heating in both spaces. Through calculations, we noticed that the schedule of the heating system could be optimized to reduce the amount of energy spent with heating. I realized from this the importance of post occupancy evaluation and how consultants can help improve performance of an existing building. In addition to this, communication with the users is essential, so they can know how to maintain the indicated conditions.

The technical studies part was particularly satisfying as I could further investigate thermal performance of building envelope. Through theory readings, I could understand the role of envelope’s exposed area, thermal insulations of elements and ventilation in buildings’ heat loss and simulations allowed me to have a more quantitative perspective.

Being from a tropical climate country, it was interesting to see how exposed mass to the soil can also contribute to increase indoor temperature in winter because of the stability of ground temperature. This was used by vernacular Brazilian architecture as a strategy to cool houses, and seeing it perform in a cold climate was definitely enriching.

our initial visits to the space, to taking spot measurements and interacting with the occupants, to further using data loggers to get more precise temperature readings; all while simultaneously using the different simulation tools of Ladybug, Honeybee, Open Studio, Energy Plus, Autodesk CFD and soft computations to question and verify our fieldwork results.

These studies allowed us to observe, analyse and eventually understand the space’s performance- related variables. Although this was a complex space, I feel we were successfully able to narrow down certain key elements as part of our technical studies which helped us understand the role of the courtyard as a thermal regular, the impact of the space being in a basement and being exposed to the soil, the role of the building envelope and various construction & finish materials in the heat loss/ gain relationship and the consequent energy demands to achieve comfort within the indoor spaces.

The understanding of these elements, their relationships with one another and their impact on the overall comfort of the space allowed us to propose new strategies which could potentially reduce the annual heating loads by almost 75%.

-MARINA LIMA VECCHIO

-RAGHAV SWARUP Conclusions | 83

7

References

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

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Facilities : AA School of Architecture

7.1. References Computational Tools Excel MInT Spreadsheet Autodesk CFD Ladybug / Honeybee Open Studio & Energy Plus Tools Spot Measurement Tools : Dry Bulb Temperature | Relative Humidity | Illuminance Data Loggers: Dry Bulb Temperature | Relative Humidity Thermal Camera Online Resources Satel Lite: http://www.satel-light.com/ Meteonorm: https://meteonorm.com/en/ EPW Maps: https://www.ladybug.tools/epwmap/ https://www.bdp.com/en/projects/a-e/bedford-square-london/ https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/archive/wright-wrights-aa-revamp-revealed https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/conserving-georgian-victorian-terraced-housing/ https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691213781-toc/html http://www.jamesstevenscurl.com/georgian-architecture-4 http://www.uwe.ac.uk http://www.18thc-cities.paris-sorbonne.fr/Bedford-estates-in-London.html?lang=en#2 https://passivehouseplus.co.uk/magazine/upgrade/historic-london-house-gets-near-passive-transformation https://www.wunderground.com/ Published Material Givoni, B. (1998) Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold, the USA Yannas,S. (1993) Solar Energy and Housing Design. Architectural Association, UK (2019) Environmental Design, CIBSE Guide A. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, UK

References | 87

8

Appendices

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

Comparison between weather stations Analysis was carried out to understand the slight differences generated by various weather stations for the same city of London.

25

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)

20

15

10

5

0

90 |

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

Bedford Sq

5.1

5.3

7.6

9.5

13.1

16.1

18.5

18.3

15.4

11.5

8.1

6.2

11.2

Holborn

5.8

5.8

7.9

9.5

12.9

16.1

18.5

18.7

15.8

11.8

8.6

6.8

11.5

St.James

6.8

6

8

11

14.1

17

18.9

18.2

16.4

12.6

9.1

7

12.1

Gatwick

5.7

4.5

6.7

9.1

12.7

17

17.1

16.7

15.3

11.9

7.7

5.6

10.8

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

Climate Change To understand the temperature differences that have taken place over the years and the projected temperatures

25

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)

20

15

10

5

0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

2000 - 2010

6.8

6.9

8.3

11.2

14.4

17.6

19.1

19.7

14.7

11.7

8.9

6.8

12.2

2020

5.7

5.4

7.9

9.7

13.1

17.2

18.8

18.5

14.4

10.5

7.9

7.3

11.4

2100

7.7

7.8

9.8

11.5

15.1

18.8

21.7

22.6

16.7

12.6

10.5

8.6

13.6

Appendices | 91

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

MInt Spreadsheets For Summer Period | Office

92 |

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

MInt Spreadsheets For Winter Period | Office

Appendices | 93

SED | MSc + MArch | 2021-22

MInt Spreadsheets For Summer Period | Workshop

94 |

Facilities : AA School of Architecture

MInt Spreadsheets For Winter Period | Workshop

Appendices | 95