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CI TY ELECTRI C MOBI LI TY STRATEGY ( CEMS) ASUPPLEMENTTO CMPTOOLKI T NOVEMBER2022

I MPRI NT Publ i shedbyt he Deut scheGesel l schaf tf ür I nt er nat i onal eZusammenar bei t( GI Z)GmbH Regi st er edof f i ces BonnandEschbor n,Ger many ‘ Nameofpr oj ect /pr ogr amme‘ B5/ 2,Saf dar j ungEncl ave NewDel hi–1 10029 I ndi a T01 149495353 F01 149495391 Egi zi ndi en@gi z. de Iwww. gi z. de/ i ndi a Asat Oct ober2023,NewDel hi Pr epar edUnder Sust ai nabl eUr banMobi l i t y-Ai rQual i t y ,Cl i mat e Act i on,Accessi bi l t y( SUMACA) Pr oj ectTeam GI Z:LaghuPar ashar ,Andr eaBl uemel ,Kr i shna Desai ,Amr ut haKul kar ni ,Shi r i shMahendr u, SudhanshuMi shr a,AmeghGopi nat h CoEUT,CEPTResear chandDevel opment Foundat i on( CRDF) :Pr of .H. M.Shi vanandSwamy , Shal i niSi nha,Khel anModi ,Rami tRaunak,Denni s Jose,Sangeet haAnn,NausheenChi ppa,Sur ya Sugat han,AkankshaBal pandandJaydeepKal ar i a Acknowl edgement Thepr oj ectt eam woul dl i ket ot hankDr .Pr em Pangot r a,Pr of essor ,I I MA( r et i r ed) ,f orpr ovi di ng val uabl egui dancedur i ngt hepr epar at or ycour seof t hi sr epor t . Thet eam ext endst hei rspeci alt hankst oSant hosh ( Sunny)Kodukul a,Seni orResear cher , Wupper t al I nst i t ut eandShwet aKal i a,Techni calExper t ,GI Z I ndi a,f ort hei rsuppor tandknowl edgecont r i but i on. Phot oCr edi t s Respect i vesour ces GI Zi sr esponsi bl ef ort hecont entoft hi spul i cat i on. Onbehal foft he Ger manFeder alMi ni st r yf orEconomi cCooper at i on andDevel opment( BMZ)

Phot ocr edi t s:CoEUT,2021

AboutGUMP I ndi aandGer manyhavebeenwor ki ngf ormor e t han60year st oget heronenvi r onment f r i endl y ur bandevel opmentpr oj ect s.Tof ur t herdeepent hi s cooper at i on,i nNovember2019,t heMi ni st r yof Housi ng&Ur banAf f ai r s( MoHUA) ,t heGover nment ofI ndi aandt heGer manFeder alMi ni st r yf or Economi cCooper at i onandDevel opment( BMZ) si gnedaJoi ntDecl ar at i onofI nt entonGr eenUr ban Mobi l i t yPar t ner shi p( GUMP) .Bot hcount r i esagr eed t ocol l abor at emor ecl osel yt ot r ansf or m ur ban t r anspor tsyst emst hr oughmor eef f i ci ent , peopl ecent r i candl owcar bonmobi l i t ysol ut i ons. BMZi sf undi ngawi der angeofsust ai nabl eur ban mobi l i t yi nf r ast r uct ur ei mpr ovementmeasur essuch asci t y bust r anspor tsyst ems,t r ams,wat er t r anspor t ,cabl ecar s,nonmot or i sedt r anspor t ,and mul t i modali nt egr at i on.I naddi t i on,Deut sche Gesel l schaf tf ürI nt er nat i onal eZusammenar bei t GmbH( GI Z)i spr ovi di ngt echni calcooper at i ont o enhancet hecapaci t i esofnat i onal ,st at eandl ocal i nst i t ut i onsanddeci si onmaker sf ordesi gni ng sust ai nabl e,i ncl usi veandsmar tsol ut i onsf oreasy andaf f or dabl emobi l i t y . Thei mpl ement at i onoft hi sagr eementi s accompani edbyapol i cydi al oguebet weent he I ndi anandGer mansi dest oachi eveef f ect i ve i nt er nat i onalcont r i but i onst of i ght i ngcl i mat e changej oi nt l y . AboutSUMACA Sust ai nabl eUr banMobi l i t y-Ai rqual i t y ,Cl i mat e act i on,Accessi bi l i t y( SUMACA)i si mpl ement edby Deut scheGesel l schaf tf ürI nt er nat i onal e Zusammenar bei t( GI Z)GmbHandt heMi ni st r yof Housi ngandUr banAf f ai r s( MoHUA) ,commi ssi oned byt heGer manFeder alMi ni st r yf orEconomi c Cooper at i onandDevel opment( BMZ) .Thepr oj ect obj ect i vei st oenabl enat i onal ,st at eandmuni ci pal i nst i t ut i onst opr omot ecl i mat eandenvi r onment al l y f r i endl y ,l owemi ssi onandsoci al l ybal ancedur ban mobi l i t ysyst ems.Thepr oj ecti spar toft heGr een Ur banMobi l i t yPar t ner shi pbet weenGer manyand I ndi a. Responsi bl e Dani elMoser ,I ndi aDi r ect orTr anspor t ,GI Z

Cont act Manj unat hSekhar manj unat h. sekhar @gi z. de Suggest edCi t at i on Sust ai nabl eUr banMobi l i t y-Ai rqual i t y ,Cl i mat e act i on,Accessi bi l i t y .( Year ) .( Repor tname,pageno. f ordi r ectquot es)Deut scheGesel l schaf tf ür I nt er nat i onal eZusammenar bei t( GI Z)GmbH. Di scl ai mer Thecont entpr esent edi nt hi sdocumenthasbeen compi l edwi t ht heut mostcar e.Fi ndi ngs, i nt er pr et at i onsandconcl usi onsexpr essedi nt hi s documentar ebasedoni nf or mat i ongat her edby GI Zandi t sconsul t ant s,par t ner sandcont r i but or s. GI Zdoesnot ,however ,guar ant eet heaccur acyor compl et enessofi nf or mat i oni nt hi sdocument ,and cannotbehel dr esponsi bl ef oranyer r or s,omi ssi ons orl ossesar i si ngdi r ect l yori ndi r ect l yf r om t heuseof t hi sdocument . Anymapsusedi nt hedocumentar ef or i nf or mat i onalpur posesonl yanddonotconst i t ut e r ecogni t i onofi nt er nat i onalboundar i esorr egi ons; GI Zmakesnocl ai msconcer ni ngt heval i di t y , accur acyorcompl et enessoft hemapsnorassumes anyl i abi l i t yr esul t i ngf r om t heuseoft hei nf or mat i on t her ei n.

ABOUTTHI S REPORT Phot ocr edi t s:GI Z

The Mi ni st r y ofHousi ng and Ur ban Af f ai r s( MoHUA)has mandat ed t he pr epar at i onofaCompr ehensi veMobi l i t yPl an( CMP)f orci t i esasagui di ng documentf ori mpr ovi ngt heur bant r anspor toft heci t i es. Ast hedevel opmentof aCMPi sacompl ext ask,MoHUAi ssuedat ool ki twi t hanexpl anat i onoft he pr ocessi n2008.Thi st ool ki twasr evi sedi n2014t oaddr essconcer nsabout cl i mat echangeandsust ai nabl edevel opment .Si ncet hen,t heGover nmentof I ndi ahasi nt r oducedsever alnew pol i ci esandpr ogr amsf ort hebet t er mentof ur bant r anspor t .Ani mpor t anti ni t i at i veper t ai nst ot hepr omot i onofel ect r i c mobi l i t yt hr ought hewi deri nt r oduct i onofel ect r i cvehi cl esi nci t i es. Gl obal l y ,t heuseofEl ect r i cVehi cl es( EVs)hasi ncr easedi nr ecentdecades duet osuppor t i ngpol i ci esandt echnol ogi caladvancement s.Accor di ngt ot he Nat i onalEl ect r i c Mobi l i t y Mi ssi on Pl an ( NEMMP)2020,sal es ofel ect r i c vehi cl esi nI ndi aar eexpect edt oi ncr easeupt o16mi l l i onduet ogover nment suppor tandt heFAME pol i cy ,whi chwasi nt r oducedt oencour ageaf ast er adopt i onandmanuf act ur i ngofel ect r i cvehi cl es.However ,t het ot alEV sal es 1) haver eachedonl y1. 21mi l l i on,i . e.7. 6% oft het ar get( .Thegover nment ' s oel ect r i f yt het r anspor tsyst em havesof arf ocusedpr i mar i l yon i ni t i at i vest publ i ct r anspor tandcommer ci alvehi cl es,butevenher e,pr ogr esst odat ehas notbeensi gni f i cant .Si ncet hecount r yi satt henascentst ageofel ect r i f i cat i on andf ort her api dgr owt hofvehi cl esacr ossvar i ousci t i esi nt hecount r y ,i ti s i mpor t antt of ost er t he el ect r i f i cat i on ofur ban t r anspor tt or educe t he cont r i but i on t owar ds GHG emi ssi on and t r ansf or m t r anspor t at i on i nt o an ef f i ci entandsust ai nabl esyst em. I nt hi scont ext ,t hedocumentCi t yEl ect r i cMobi l i t ySt r at egy( CEMS)pr ovi desa f r amewor kf orconsi der at i onofel ect r i cmobi l i t y( andot heral t er nat eener gy opt i ons)asani nt egr al par toft heCMPst r at egybyaddr essi ngdi f f er entaspect s ofCMPpr epar at i on.TheCEMSsuppl ementpr ovi dest hef ol l owi ng: 1. Pr ocessofvi si oni ng,f or mul at i ngobj ect i ves,i dent i f yi ngr el evanti ndi cat or s, andset t i ngt ar get sf orsust ai nabl emobi l i t y , 2. Scenar i odevel opment( t ask3and4ofCMP)wi t haf r amewor kt oassesst he i mpactofst r at egi esandopt i onsi ncor por at i ngel ect r i cmobi l i t y , 3. Met hodol ogi esf orf or ecast i ngel ect r i cvehi cl eadopt i onscenar i os,and 4. Af r amewor kf ori dent i f yi ngact i onsf orf ast eradopt i onofel ect r i cmobi l i t y . 1ht t ps : / / c ef . c eew. i n/ s ol ut i ons f ac t or y / t ool / el ect r i c mobi l i t y

CONTENTS LI STOFFI GURES LI STOFTABLES ABBREVI ATI ONS

Sec t i on1 I NTRODUCTI ON

Sec t i on2 VI SI ON,OBJECTI VES,I NDI CATORSANDTARGETS

Sec t i on3 BUI LDI NG SCENARI OS-FORMULATI NG MI X OFSTRATEGI ES

Sec t i on4 FORECASTI NGADOPTI ONLEVELSOFELECTRI C VEHI CLES

3 4 5

Sec t i on5 I MPLEMENTATI ONPROGRAM

ANNEXUREA:CI TY GHG EMI SSI ONS ESTI MATI ON TOOL

ANNEXUREB:PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK

Phot ocr edi t s:GI Z

LI STOF FI GURES Fi gur e1

Exi st i ngCMP pr epar at i onf r amewor k2014( Sour ce:MoHUA)

Fi gur e2

St r at egymi xf or medbyt hecombi nat i onofLanduse Tr anspor tandMobi l i t yScenar i os

Fi gur e3

Combi nat i onofst r at egymi x

Fi gur e4

Met hodol ogyf orf or ecast i ngl evelofel ect r i f i cat i on

Fi gur e5

EV Adopt i onPr epar ednessAssessment–Act i onar eas

Fi gur e6

I l l ust r at i veout put sf r om t hePoweBit ool

Fi gur e7

I l l ust r at i onofCi t yEl ect r i cMobi l i t yAdopt i onPr epar edness Scor eacr oss10FAs

LI STOFTABLES Tabl e1

Obj ect i vesandI ndi cat or s

Tabl e2

LanduseSt r at egi es-par amet er s

Tabl e3

Tr anspor tI nf r ast r uct ur eSt r at egi es-Par amet er s

Tabl e4

Par amet er wi sedescr i pt i onofMobi l i t ySt r at egi es

Tabl e5

Fuel mi xscenar i o

Tabl e6

St akehol der sandt hei rr ol ei nEV Ecosyst em

Tabl e7

EV costcompar i sonacr ossdi f f er entmodes

Tabl e8

El ect r i cmobi l i t yscenar i os

Tabl e9

Focusar eas

ndi a has pl edged t or educe i t s emi ssi on i nt ensi t y( GHG A. I

GHG Tor educei t s emi ssi oni nt ensi t y.

emi ssi ons per uni tGDP) by 33%35% bel ow t he 2005 l evel s by t he year 2030 as par t of i t s “ Nat i onal l y Det er mi ned Cont r i but i ons”( NDC)i n accor dance wi t ht he Par i sAgr eement( PA) .I ndi a’ st r anspor tsect orbei ng t he 4t hl ar gestcont r i but orofGHG emi ssi ons( account i ng f or ( 3) ,hasbeeni dent i f i edas 265mi l l i ont onsofCO2i n2019) ani nt er vent i onar eat owar dst hi sambi t i ousgoal .

nmentofI ndi aest abl i shedaNat i onalMi ssi onon B. Thegover

Adopt i onofel ect r i c mobi l i t y

El ect r i cMobi l i t yi n2013;i t st wophasesofFast erAdopt i on andManuf act ur i ngof( Hybr i d&)El ect r i cVehi cl es( FAME) schemei n2015and2019ai medatt headopt i onofel ect r i c mobi l i t y f or r educi ng car bon emi ssi ons and at t ai ni ng ener gysecur i t y.

t h concer t ed ef f or t s by bot ht he Cent r aland St at e C. Wi

gover nment s, t he push f or el ect r i c mobi l i t y and t o encour aget headopt i onofel ect r i cvehi cl es( EV)acr ossal l modesar et hr ough a combi nat i on off i scaland nonf i scal i ncent i ves,andr egul at or yact i ons.

Adopt i onofel ect r i c vehi cl esacr ossal lmodes

I nt hi scont ext ,i mpl ement at i on st r at egi esaspar toft he ci t ymobi l i t ypl anni ng pr ocesscome i nt o shar pf ocus and hence t hi s document- Ci t y El ect r i c Mobi l i t y St r at egy ( CEMS) - on f or mul at i nggui del i nesf ordevel opi ngel ect r i f i cat i onst r at egi esf ort r anspor ti nI ndi anci t i eswi l l ser veasasuppl ementt ot heCMP t ool ki t( 2014) . 2Mi ni st r yofEnvi r onment ,For estandCl i mat eChange 3CAI T-Cl i mat eDat aExpl or er

Def i ni ng t heScopeof t heCMP

Pl anni ngar ea;Pl anni ngHor i zon;Wor kPl an; Vi si on;andconsul t at i onf orval i dat i onofCMP

Dat acol l ect i on and anal ysi soft heexi st i ng Ur ban Tr anspor t Envi r onment

Ci t y pr of i l e; del i neat i on ofTr af f i c Anal ysi s Zone; l and use pat t er n and popul at i on densi t y;t r anspor tsyst ems; t r avelbehavi or ; ener gy and envi r onment ; Ser vi ce Level Benchmar k; anal ysi s and i ndi cat or s ( compar i sonwi t hbenchmar k) .

Devel opmentof Busi nessasUsual ( BAU)Scenar i o

Scenar i os f r amewor k; soci oeconomi c pr oj ect i ons; l anduse t r ansi t i ons; t r anspor t demandanal ysi s;t echnol ogyt r ansi t i ons;Co2 emi ssi ons and ai rqual i t y;and anal ysi s and i ndi cat or s( compar i sonwi t hbenchmar k) .

Devel opmentof Sust ai nabl eUr ban t r anspor tScenar i o

Scenar i o f r amewor k; st r at egi es f or sust ai nabl e ur ban t r anspor t scenar i os; t r anspor t demand anal ysi s of al t er nat i ve st r at egi es;t echnol ogy t r ansi t i ons underl ow car bon scenar i os; Co2 emi ssi ons and ai r qual i t y; and anal ysi s and i ndi cat or s ( compar i sonwi t hbenchmar k) .

Devel opmentofUr ban Mobi l i t yPl an

Pr epar at i on of I mpl ement at i on pr ogr am

I nt egr at ed l and use and ur ban mobi l i t ypl an; f or mul at i on of t he publ i c t r anspor t i mpr ovement pl an; pr epar at i on of r oad net wor k devel opment pl an; NMT f aci l i t y i mpr ovement pl an; f r ei ght movement pl an; mobi l i t y management measur es; devel opmentoff i scalmeasur esand mobi l i t y i mpr ovementmeasur esandNUTP obj ect i ves. I mpl ement at i on pr ogr ams;i dent i f i cat i on and pr i or i t i sat i on ofpr oj ect s;f undi ng ofpr oj ect s; andmoni t or i ngofCMP i mpl ement at i ons.

Fi gur e1:Exi st i ngCMP pr epar at i onf r amewor k2014( Sour ce:MoHUA)

The f ocusoft he CEMS suppl ementi st oi nt r oduce a f r amewor kf orconsi der at i on of el ect r i c mobi l i t y( and ot heral t er nat ef uelopt i on)as an i nt egr alpar toft he CMP pr ocess.Speci f i cal l y,t hi ssuppl ementaddr essest hef ol l owi ngaspect sofCMP:

a. Pr ocess ofvi si oni ng,f or mul at i ng t he obj ect i ves,i dent i f i cat i on ofr el evant i ndi cat or sandset t i ngoft ar get st owar dssust ai nabl emobi l i t y. b. Scenar i odevel opment( Tasks3and4ofCMP)wi t haf r amewor kt oassess t he i mpactofst r at egi es and opt i ons i ncor por at i ng el ect r i c mobi l i t y.The concept ual i sat i onofscenar i osbasedonl anduseandt r anspor ti nt egr at i on mobi l i t yi mpr ovement s,andel ect r i f i cat i onl evel si spr oposed.Aneval uat i on syst em t oassessper f or manceagai nstdef i nedobj ect i vesi ssuggest ed. i efonmet hodol ogi esf orf or ecast i ngel ect r i cvehi cl eadopt i onscenar i os c. Abr ar epr esent ed. r amewor kf ori dent i f yi ng speci f i cact i onsr equi r ed f orf ast eradopt i on of d. A f el ect r i cmobi l i t yi spr esent ed.

Sour ce:ht t ps: / / www. bl oomber gqui nt . com/ busi ness/ gover nment mul l si nst al l i ngel ect r i cvehi cl echar gi ngki osksat 69000pet r ol pumps

Phot ocr edi t s:GI Z

2VISION,OBJECTIVES,

I NDI CATORS AND TARGETS Envi si oni ngt hef ut ur eoft heci t y’ sl anduset r anspor t at i onsyst em ent ai l st hef or mul at i onofa l ongt er m vi si on,set t i ng ofobj ect i ves and i dent i f i cat i on ofoper at i onali ndi cat or s.Thi si s i mpor t antasi tai dsi nst r eaml i ni ngf ut ur epl anni ngst r at egi esal i gni ngwi t ht hepl anvi si onand obj ect i ves.

Wher ear ewenow i nt er msofci t ymobi l i t ydevel opment ,i . e.whatki ndofci t yi sour s t oday,andwhatki ndofmobi l i t ydoweadopt ? Wher edowewantt ogo,i . e. ,whatki ndofaci t ywewantour st obeandwhatki ndof mobi l i t ywewantt oadopt ? How dowegett her e,i . e. ,how maywepr epar et ochanget heci t yaswevi si oni tt obe, andbywhen?

GHG

MI NS

4Bel l ,M. ,Bonsal l ,P. ,Leake,G. ,May,A. ,Nash,C. ,& O' Fl aher t y,C.( 2006) .Tr anspor tPl anni ngandTr af f i cEngi neer i ng. Ner t her l ands:El sevi erLt d.

Tabl e1:Obj ect i vesandI ndi cat or s SR NO. A

OBJECTI VES

I NDI CATORS Domai n:Economi c

ACCESSI BI LI TY : Thi si nvol vespr ovi si oni ng peopl e’ saccesst owal kabl e st r eet s,bi cycl ei nf r ast r uct ur e andpubl i ct r anspor tser vi ces.

EFFI CI ENCY : Thi si nvol vesmaxi mi si ngt he user / soci et ybenef i t sf r om t he t r anspor tsyst em Mi ni mi si ngt heuser / soci et y di sbenef i t sf r om t he t r anspor tsyst em

ECONOMI CI MPACTS : Tr anspor ti nvest ment sl eadt o i mpr ovement si naccessand t her ebypr oduct i vi t y. Ef f i ci encyi nr educt i onof cost sofl ogi st i csandl abor andi mpr oveaccessor enhanci ngt heenvi r onment canl eadt oi ncr eased economi cact i vi t yand possi bl yt osust ai ned economi cgr owt h.

• % oft hest r eetnet wor khaswal kabl e f oot pat hsonbot hsi des • % oft hemaj orst r eetnet wor khavi ngbot h si desgr eenshade • % hi gheror derst r eetnet wor khavi ngbi cycl e pr i or i t y at i onwi t hi n500m f r om PTSt at i onor • % popul st op • BRTorMRTdensi t ypersq.km.ofdevel oped ar ea • % NMTTr i ps • % popul at i onhavi ngwor kpl aceswi t hi n30 mi nut esoft r avelbysust ai nabl emodes

• %t r i psonsust ai nabl emodes( Wal k,Bi cycl e, & Publ i cTr anspor t ) • Aver aget r avelt i me( 30mi nut esci t y) • Passengerkm pervehi cl ekm ( PKT/ VKT) • Tonnekm pervehi cl ekm ( TKT/ VKT) • Passengercomf or ti npubl i ct r anspor t( Load f act or )

• Aver ageDai l yVKTofpassengervehi cl esper popul at i on • Aver ageDai l yVKTofFr ei ght perpopul at i on • % Congest ednet wor k • Aver agenet wor kspeedsdur i ngpeakper i od • Aver agej obsal ongt heRapi dTr ansi tNet wor k ( 500or750m di st anceonbot hsi des)

SR NO. B

OBJECTI VES

I NDI CATORS Domai n:Soci al

AFFORDABI LI TY : Set t i ngaf f or dabl ePTf ar ei s ani mpor t antsoci alobj ect i ve becauset heshar eoft he t r anspor tcost si nt he househol dbudgethasa si gni f i canti mpactont he wel f ar eoft heur banpoor .

EQUI TY AND SOCI AL I NCLUSI ON I N SERVI CE PROVI SI ON : Thi si ncl udespr ovi di ngequal oppor t uni t i esf ort r aveland gai nf ulempl oymenti nt he sect or . Thet ar getpopul at i on i ncl udesur banpoor , di f f er ent l yabl ed,women andt het hi r dgender

ENSURI NG SAFETY : Thi si nvol vesr educi ngt he numberoff at al i t i es

ENSURI NG SECURI TY : Thi si nvol vesr educi ngt he secur i t yi ssues

C 8

• Mont hl yt r avelcost sf orwor kf oraver aget r i p l engt h( Af f or dabl el i mi tf orbot t om 20% popul at i ont obe<15%) • Concessi onar yf ar est oseni orci t i zens, di f f er ent l yabl ed,st udent sandwomen

• Far econcessi onsf ordi f f er ent l yabl ed • % hi gher or dernet wor kwi t huni ver sal accessi bi l i t y • % PTsuppl ywi t huni ver salaccessi bi l i t y • % ofwomenort hi r dgenderr i der shi pi nPT syst em • % womenort hi r dgenderi nt hePTwor kf or ce

• % ofpeopl ef i ndi ngpubl i cst r eet ssecur e ( Userper cept i on) • %t ot alsecur i t yr el at edcompl ai nt sonpubl i c st r eet s • Fat al i t i esperl akhpopul at i on

• % ofpeopl ef i ndi ngPTsyst em secur e( User per cept i on) • %t ot alsecur i t yr el at edcompl ai nt sonPT syst em perl akhPTr i der shi p • % ofsexualhar assmentcasesonPTsyst em perl akhPTr i der shi p

Domai n:Envi r onment PROTECTI NG ENVI RONMENTAND HEALTH : Thi si nvol vesmi ni mi si ngt he pr opor t i onoft hepopul at i on exposedt ohar mf ulemi ssi ons andt hei ri mpactonheal t h; bui l tenvi r onment ,l evelof act i vemobi l i t yandi mpacton heal t h Thi sal soi nvol vesassessi ng mi ni mi si ngt het r anspor t sect or ' scont r i but i ont o cl i mat echange.

• Annualmeanl evel soff i nepar t i cul at emat t er ( PM10)i nt heai r( popul at i onwei ght ed) compar edt ot heheal t ht hr eshol d • Pr opor t i onofadul tpopul at i onwi t han i nci denceofnoncommuni cabl edi seases • TonofCO2 equi val entemi t t edpercapi t ai na year • Noi sel evel sonmaj orst r eet si nr esi dent i al andcommer ci alar eas( dB l evel s) .(5) • Bat t er yr ecycl epol i ci esi npl ace.(6)

5Pr escr i bedaccept abl enoi sel evel sasperofWor l dHeal t hOr gani sat i on( WHO)i s:f ort hedayt i menoi se( 75dB ( A)f orI ndust r i al ar ea,65dB ( A)f orCommer ci alar ea,55dB ( A)f orResi dent i alar eaand50dB ( A)f orSi l encezones) 6Ref erEWast e( Management )Rul es,2016;Vehi cl eScr appagePol i cyl aunchedbyPM encour agesscr appi ngofol dandpol l ut i ng vehi cl es,encour ager ecycl i ngofmat er i al sandboostt heI ndi anaut omobi l ei ndust r y

NEW YORK CI TY' S MOBI LI TY OBJECTI VE,I NDI CATORS AND TARGETS Toi l l ust r at e,t hemobi l i t yobj ect i vesofNew Yor kCi t yar e: • Moder ni seNew Yor kCi t y’ smasst r ansi tnet wor ks • Ensur eNew Yor kCi t y’ sst r eet sar esaf eandaccessi bl e • Reducecongest i onandemi ssi ons I nl i newi t ht hese,t hei ndi cat or sandt ar get sar esetas: eofNew Yor kCi t yt r i psbysust ai nabl emodest or each80% i n2050f r om 68% • Shar i n2017. • Aver ageci t ywi debusspeedt or each10kmphby2020f r om 8kmphi n2018. • Tr af f i cf at al i t i est or educet ozer of r om 208i n2018. • New Yor ker st hatl i vewi t hi n1/ 4mi l eoft hebi kenet wor kshoul dr each90% by2022

APPROACH

AsI ndi adoesnothaveal ongt er m GHG emi ssi onr educt i ont ar getspeci f i cal l yf or t he t r anspor tsect or ,t he f i r stappr oach pr oposes set t i ng an emi ssi on r educt i on goalbased on t he ‘ Sust ai nabl e Mobi l i t yf orAl l ’i ni t i at i ve t hatsuggest st hatt he gl obalt r anspor temi ssi onsshoul dbebel ow 0. 3t onnesCO2percapi t ai n2050t o obalRoadmap ofAct i on be l i ne wi t ht he Par i s Agr eementcl i mat e change goal s (Gl Towar dSust ai nabl eMobi l i t y,2019) . Thesecondappr oachpr oposest r ansl at i ngI ndi a’ sNDC ofr educi ng3335% GHG emi ssi oni nt ensi t yby2030f r om 2005l evel sacr osst heeconomyt ot het r anspor t sect oratt heci t yl evel .Thi swi l lr equi r eset t i ngoutapr opor t i onat eenvi r onment al t ar getf ort heci t y’ st r anspor tsect ordependi ngont hehor i zonyearoft hepl an.

The t hi r d appr oach f ocuses on t he r evi ew ofi nt er nat i onaland nat i onalcase st udi esf orsi mi l arenvi r onment algoal sand t hen devel opi ng a t ar getf easi bl ef or t hecaseci t y.

The f our t h appr oach i s based on t r ansl at i ng t he st at el evelt ar getand ot her ci t yl evelt ar get st ot r anspor tspeci f i ct ar get si favai l abl e.Fur t her ,i tmay al so i ncl udet heci t y’ sambi t i onandpol i t i calwi l li nset t i ngupenvi r onment alt ar get sf or t r anspor t .

7 To est i mat e GHG emi ssi ons f r om t he t r anspor tsect oratt he ci t yl evel ,a excelbased t oolhas been devel oped. Fur t herdet ai l sont het oolar epr esent edi nAnnexur eA :Ci t yGHG Emi ssi onsEst i mat i onTool

Phot ocr edi t s:GI Z

3BUILDING SCENARIOS -

FORMULATI NG MI X OF STRATEGI ES

SPRAWL Thespr awlscenar i ocanbedef i nedast heci t y' sgr owt hext endi ngbeyondi t s admi ni st r at i ve boundar i es.The ci t y gr ows hor i zont al l y,r esul t i ng i nl ar ge ar eas ar ound t he ci t y get t i ng ur bani sed wi t h l owdensi t y, scat t er ed, per sonal i sedvehi cl edependentdevel opment . MONOCENTRI C( COMPACT DEVELOPMENT) Thekeychar act er i st i coft hi sscenar i oi smonocent r i ccompactdevel opment wi t h dense and pr oxi mat e devel opmentpat t er ns.I thas dense devel opment cent r es/ nodesal ongt hecor r i dor s. POLYCENTRI C( DECENTRALI SED CONCENTRATED DEVELOPMENT) I nt hi sscenar i o,t heci t yhasconcent r at edgr owt hataf ew cent r es/ nodesand l owdensi t ydevel opmenti nt her estoft heci t y.

Thet abl ebel ow gui desi ndef i ni ngl anduset r anspor tgr owt hscenar i os.Thedi f f er enceamong t hegr owt hscenar i osi sr el at i veandi scompar edt ot hebaseyear .Thesear epr esent edi nt wo par t s;l andusest r at egi esandt r anspor ti nf r ast r uct ur est r at egi es.Thel andusest r at egi esdeal wi t ht hest r uct ur i ngofur banspat i algr owt hwhi l et r anspor tst r at egi esdef i net hei nf r ast r uct ur e st at e. Tabl e2:LanduseSt r at egi es-par amet er s PARAMETERS

1.Popul at i on Densi t y

2. Act i vi t y Nodes/ Noof CBDs

SPRAWL

POLYCENTRI C ( DECENTRALI SED CONCENTRATED DEVELOPMENT)

MONOCENTRI C ( COMPACT DEVELOPMENT)

Dependi ng on t he base year devel oped ar ea gr oss densi t y,change i n densi t ydur i ngt hepl anper i od( i nper cent age)maybeadopt edf oranal ysi s. I ti si mpor t antt o not et hatci t i es ar e bui l tas l ayer s yearaf t eryearand mai nt ai ni ng cur r entl evel sofgr ossdensi t ywoul d be a desi r abl e obj ect i ve. Anyf ur t heri nf i l l i ng l eadi ng t o a 5% t o 10% i ncr ease i n densi t ywoul d be a gr eatachi evementovert he pl an per i od.The mostl i kel y scenar i oi st hat ci t i es woul d exper i ence an i ncr ease i n densi t i es up t o about5% f r om t he cur r entl evelwhi chmayal sobeconsi der edasagoodef f or t .Anydecr ease i n densi t yoverand above 5% f r om t he cur r entl evelwoul d be obser ved i n ci t i eswi t hat endencyt ospr awl . Decr easei ngr oss densi t y*bet ween5% t o20%

Mai nt ai nsgr oss densi t y( changesar e wi t hi n+/ 5%)

I ncr easei ngr oss densi t yby5% t o15%

Manycent r es ( di st r i but ed nonr esi dent i all and use)ar enotdesi r abl e ast hesegener at e di st r i but edt r avel pat t er nswhi chi snot conduci vef orpubl i c t r anspor tpat r onage.

Asci t i esgr ow,bot hi n A compact , popul at i onandar ea monocent r i c,and t er ms,t heci t i est endt o r el at i vel yhi ghdensi t y t r ansf or mt hemsel ves ci t yi sl i kel yt oat t r act i nt opol ycent r i cci t i es. mor et r i pson Pl annedt r ansf or mat i ons nonmot or i sedand ar el i kel yt of unct i on publ i ct r anspor tast he mor eef f i ci ent l y.The maj or i t yoft r i psar e act i vi t i esconcent r at ed l i kel yt obeshor tt o i nmul t i pl ecent r esar e medi um di st ancei n expect edt odi st r i but e l engt h. t r i psandt her ebyr educe t hespat i al concent r at i onoft r af f i c andr educet r i pl engt hs.

Not es: 1. The val ues i nt he t abl e ar ei ndi cat i ve and based on sever alst udi es conduct ed by Cent erofExcel l ence i n Ur ban Tr anspor t ,CEPTUni ver si t yondi f f er entci t i es. 2. * Gr ossdensi t y:numberofpeopl eperuni tofhect ar e

Tabl e3:Tr anspor tI nf r ast r uct ur eSt r at egi es-Par amet er s PARAMETERS

I NADEQUATE STATE <

>DESI RABLE STATE

1.St r eetnet wor k <10km/ sq. km or densi t y >16km/ sq. km

1012. 5km/ sq. km

12. 516km/ sq. km

2.Hi er ar chyand Hi er ar chi calnet wor k pat t er noft he andpat t er n–uncl ear net wor k t endi ngt or adi al

Somewhathi er ar chi cal Compl et eSt r eet– net wor kwi t hNMT& Compl et eSt r eet s Fr ei ghtI nf r ast r uct ur e wi t hNMT& Fr ei ght I nf r ast r uct ur e

3.Pedest r i an access

Few maj orst r eet s– wi l lhave>=1. 8m wi de f oot pat h

Maj or i t ymaj orst r eet s –wi l lhave>=1. 8m wi def oot pat h

Al lst r eet s–18m & abovet ohave >=1. 8m wi de f oot pat h

4.Pr i or i t yof NMT

Few/ nost r eet s–wi l l have>=2m wi de bi cycl epr i or i t yl ane

Maj orst r eet s–wi l l have>=2m wi de bi cycl epr i or i t yl ane

Al lst r eet s–30m & abovet ohave>=2m wi debi cycl epr i or i t y l ane

5.Fr ei ght(3)

Absenceofur ban f r ei ghti nf r ast r uct ur e

Moder at eavai l abi l i t yof Wel l devel oped ur banf r ei ght ur banf r ei ght i nf r ast r uct ur e i nf r ast r uct ur e

Not es: 1:Theval uesi ndi cat edi nt het abl ear ei ndi cat i veandci t i esneedt oadoptcont ext speci f i cval ues. 2:Ur ban f r ei ghti nf r ast r uct ur ei ncl udes mul t i modall ogi st i ct er mi nal s,consol i dat i on cent r es,l oadi ng bays i n act i vi t yar eas,l or r y/ f r ei ghtvehi cl epar ks,et c.

3CAI T-Cl i mat eDat aExpl or er

CMPs of t en f ocus on passenger t r anspor tand gi ve l i mi t ed at t ent i on t o managi ng f r ei ght t r anspor ti nci t i es.Thesepl ansshoul dal sof ocusont hemovementofLCVsandMCVswi t hi n t heci t yal ongwi t hpl anni ngf oract i vi t yl ocat i onbasedont hesuppl ychai n.Theexi st i ngsuppl y chai n ofi ndust r i es shoul d be eval uat ed and st r at egi zed f or an ef f i ci entand sust ai nabl e al t er nat i vesuchasper i pher almul t i modall ogi st i ct er mi nal s.

Phot ocr edi t s:CoEUT,2021

Thet abl ebel ow pr ovi dest hegui dance/di r ect i ont odef i nemobi l i t yst r at egyscenar i os. Tabl e4:Par amet er wi sedescr i pt i onofMobi l i t ySt r at egi es PARAMETERS

CI TY POPULATI ON ( I N LAKHS)

LOW FOCUS

MODERATE FOCUS

EXTENSI VE FOCUS

1.Busesperl akh popul at i on

>40 1040 510 <5

40 25 15 10

50 40 25 15

75 50 40 25

2 1 0 0

4 3 2 0. 5

2.Tr ansi tpr i or i t y net wor k( BRT/ Met r oNeo/Li ght Met r o/MRT)per l akhpopul at i on ( Uni t :km per l akhpopul at i on)

>40 1040 510 <5

Not r ansi t cor r i dor

3.Tr ansi tOr i ent ed Devel opment

NoTOD

TOD onf ew cor r i dor s

Ext ensi veTOD appl i cat i on

4.Mul t i modal /Publ i c Tr anspor ti nt egr at i on

I ndependent Syst ems

Li mi t edi nt egr at i on

Hi ghLevelof i nt egr at i on ( Physi cal ,Far eand I nst i t ut i onal i nt egr at i on)

5.Tr aveldemand management

I ncent i vi si ng Par ki ngpol i cy par ki ngsuppl y somewhatef f ect i vel y i mpl ement edas demandmanagement pol i cy

Par ki ngpol i cy ef f ect i vel y i mpl ement edas demand managementpol i cy. MayaddCongest i on pr i ci ngi n megaci t i es.

6.I ncl usi vet r anspor t ( ur banpoor ,gender , speci al l yabl ed)(8)

Li mi t edact i on Moder at el evel : t oi mpr ove Far eaf f or dabi l i t y i ncl usi veness achi eved,gender concer nsi nt r anspor t addr essedand pr ovi dedf or , uni ver salaccess pr ovi ded

Subst ant i vel evel : Far eaf f or dabi l i t y achi eved,gender concer nsi n t r anspor taddr essed andpr ovi dedf or , uni ver salaccess pr ovi ded

Not es:The def i ni t i on/val ues i nt he t abl e ar ei ndi cat i ve and ci t i es need t o adoptcont ext speci f i cval ues. Thest r at egymi xofl anduse& t r anspor tst r at egi esandsust ai nabl emobi l i t yst r at egi esbased ont hepar amet er sdef i nedi nt abl eabovewi l lhel pi nmovi ngt owar dst hedef i nedmobi l i t ygoal s andt ar get s.

8Li stofI ndi cat or sf ocusedonGenderTr anspor t :Femal emodeshar ei npubl i ct r anspor t ;Accesst omar ket s,andi ncomeand empl oymentoppor t uni t i esf orwomen;Accesst oheal t handeducat i onf aci l i t i esbywomen;Af f or dabi l i t yf ocusedonwomenPTuser s; Ext entofsaf et yandsecur i t yf orwomenpassenger swhi l et r avel i ng;Joboppor t uni t i esf orwomeni nt het r anspor tsect or .

Tabl e5:Fuel mi xener gyscenar i o MODES

PASSI VE

ACTI VE

PROACTI VE

Publ i cTr anspor t

<30% ofal lnew acqui si t i onofbus f l eet

3060% ofal lnew acqui si t i onofbus f l eet

>60% ofal lnew acqui si t i onofbus f l eet

Gover nmentFl eet

<30% ofal lnew acqui si t i onofbus f l eet

3060% ofal lnew acqui si t i onofbus f l eet

>60% ofal lnew acqui si t i onofbus f l eet

I PT

<30% ofEV sal e

3060% ofEV sal e

>60% ofEV sal e

Ur banFr ei ght ( LCVs,3WhGoods)

<30% ofEV sal e

3060% ofEV sal e

>60% ofEV sal e

Per sonal i sedModes

<10% ofEVssal ei n over al lvehi cl es

10%40% ofEVs sal ei nover al l vehi cl es

>40% ofEVssal ei n over al lvehi cl es

Not e:Theval uesi nt het abl ear ei ndi cat i veandt heci t i esneedt oadoptcont ext speci f i cval ues.

The above t abl e pr ovi desgui dance/ di r ect i on t o def i ne f uelmi xst r at egyscenar i os,however , each ci t yshoul d seti t st ar get st aki ng i nt o consi der at i on i t sown needsand capaci t i es.Whi l e def i ni ng scenar i os,i ti s al so i mpor t antt o consi dert he sour ce ofel ect r i ci t y pr oduct i on ( or al t er nat ef uel ) .Shar eoft hesour ceofel ect r i ci t ypr oduct i oncanvar yf r om ci t yt oci t yandst at e t o st at e based on t he st at e’ sorci t y’ scur r entand expect ed capaci t yt o gener at e powerf r om r enewabl esour ces. ,t he shar e ofsour ce f orel ect r i ci t ypr oduct i on i st aken att he nat i onalorst at el evel , However and cannotvar yf r om ci t yt o ci t y.Cur r ent l y,I ndi a' st ar geti st o achi eve 40% ofi t s ener gy r equi r ementt hr ough r enewabl e sour ces f or2031. ( Mi ni st r y ofNew and Renewabl e Ener gy ( MNRE) . The ‘ Ci t yGHG Emi ssi onsEst i mat i onTool ’hasbeen devel oped f orest i mat i ng ci t ygr eehouse gassemi ssi onsf r om ur ban t r anspor tvehi cl esf ort he past ,base,and f ut ur e year s( al t er nat e scenar i osf ori nt er medi ar yand t ar getyear s) .The t oolal so consi der st he shar e ofr enewabl e sour cesf orest i mat i ngGHG emi ssi ons. 9Toachi evet heNDC obj ect i veofcut t i ng3335% ofGHG emi ssi oni nt ensi t yby2030,I ndi ahasbeent ar get i ngami ni mum of30% sal eofEVsby2030. 10Thechar gi ngi nf r ast r uct ur ei sexpect edt obepr ovi dedasperr equi r ementi nt heci t y.

St r at egyMi x

Landuse Tr anspor t St r at egy

Sust ai nabl e Mobi l i t y St r at egy

Spr awl

Low

Moder at e

Hybr i d

Ext ensi ve

Low

Moder at e

Compact

Ext ensi ve

Low

Moder at e

Ext ensi ve

LessEf f ect i veSt r at egyMi x Ef f ect i veSt r at egyMi x MostEf f ect i veSt r at egyMi x

Fi gur e2:St r at egymi xf or medbyt hecombi nat i onofLanduse-Tr anspor t andMobi l i t yScenar i os Landuseandmobi l i t yst r at egi esi mpactmobi l i t ypat t er nsandbehavi oratvar i ousl evel s.Thi s setofst r at egymi xcanbeeval uat edt hr oughvar i oust r anspor tmodelout put ssuchasPTshar e, NMTshar e,t r i pl engt h,aver aget r avelt i me,et c.f oreachoft hest r at egymi xscenar i os.Fur t her , t hescenar i oscanal sobeassessedbasedont heper f or mancei ndi cat or spr esent edi nTabl e2 -Obj ect i vesand I ndi cat or s.Based on t he eval uat i on f r amewor kand per f or mance i ndi cat or s, t he desi r ed st r at egy mi x scenar i os whi ch hel p t he ci t y i n achi evi ng t he desi r ed t ar get s/ obj ect i vescanbei dent i f i ed.

St age2:CMP eval uat i on wi t h el ect r i cmobi l i t y/al t er nat ef uelst r at egi es Thi s st age i l l ust r at es t he ef f ectoff uelmi x( shar e ofel ect r i c mobi l i t y) on envi r onment al obj ect i ves.The shor t l i st ed st r at egymi x wi l lbe ext ended wi t ht hr ee f uelmi x scenar i os i . e. passi ve,act i ve and pr oact i ve as pr esent ed i nt he f i gur e bel ow,and wi l lbe eval uat ed f or envi r onment alobj ect i vesasdi scussedi nSect i on2. 6. Theout putoft hi st askpr ovi dest hemostdesi r abl emi xofst r at egi est hatwi l lhel pt heci t ymove t owar dsi t ssoci al ,economi c,andenvi r onment alobj ect i ves.

Monocent r i c Compact Devel opment

St r at egyMi x CMP Tool ki t 2014

Spr awl

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Passi ve

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Passi ve

EV Suppl ement t ot het ool ki t

Moder at e Ext ensi ve

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Passi ve

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Passi ve

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Passi ve

Pr oact i v

Passi ve

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Low

Passi ve

Moder at e Ext ensi ve

Pr oact i v

Low

Act i ve

Pr oact i v

Act i ve

Moder at e Ext ensi ve

Act i ve

Low

Passi ve

Fuel mi x St r at egy

Pol ycent r i c Decent r al i zed Concent r at ed Devel opment

Passi ve

Sust ai nabl e Mobi l i t y St r at egy

Landuse Tr anspor t St r at egy

St r at egyMi x

Low cont r i but i ont odesi r edgoal s Moder at econt r i but i ont odesi r edgoal s Hi ghcont r i but i ont odesi r edgoal s

Fi gur e3:Combi nat i onofst r at egymi x

Phot ocr edi t s:CoEUT,2021

4FORECASTING ADOPTION

LEVELS OF ELECTRI C VEHI CLES The pr evi ous sect i on i s pr ovi di ng gui dance on devel opi ng st r at egi es, gr oupi ng t hem as scenar i os,and assessi ng t hei r out comes based on def i ned obj ect i ves and cor r espondi ng i ndi cat or s.Thef r amewor kadopt edaf our st ageassessmentofl anduse–t r anspor tst r at egi es andt heexpect edout put sar epr esent edbel ow. LAND USE –TRANSPORT STRATEGY FRAMEWORK ( STRATEGY & OUTCOMES) STAGE1 Land use–Tr anspor tSt r at egi esdef i net hef ut ur eur ban st r uct ur ei nt er msof : •Ext entoft heur banar ea •I nt ensi t yofdevel opment •Landusedi st r i but i on,especi al l yt heconcent r at i onoft r af f i cgener at i ngact i vi t i es •St r eetnet wor ki ncl udi ngi nf r ast r uct ur ef orpedest r i anandnonmot or i sedvehi cl es STAGE2 Mobi l i t ySt r at egi esdef i net hef ut ur emobi l i t ypat t er nsi nt er msof : •Spat i alpat t er nsofmobi l i t y •Mot or i sedandnonmot or i sedt r i ps •Modespl i t •Vehi cl eut i l i sat i on-Vehi cul arkm t r avel ed STAGE3 El ect r i f i cat i on St r at egi es: •Vehi cul arst ockandut i l i sat i on •Scenar i osf ort headopt i onofel ect r i cvehi cl es( FuelMi x) STAGE4 I mpactAssessment •Congest i onl evel s aget r i pl engt h •Aver •Tr avelt i mes •Ener gyconsumpt i on •Ai rqual i t y •Noi sel evel s •GHG emi ssi ons •Roadsaf et y An i nt egr at ed l and use – t r anspor tpl anni ng model i ng i s used t o devel op st age 1 and 2 scenar i os.These model s assume convent i onalener gy ( pet r ol ,di eseland CNG)opt i ons i n assessi ng t he i mpact s( St age4) .The f ocus oft hi s sect i on i st o devel op scenar i os f orEV adopt i on( St age3)underdi f f er entpol i cy,t echnol ogy,andcostassumpt i ons. The pr ocessofdevel opi ng EV adopt i on scenar i osi sf or mul at ed i nt hr ee sequent i alst epsas bel ow: Whoar et hest akehol der satt hel ocall evelandwhatar et hei rr ol esi nEV adopt i on? How t of or ecastnew vehi cl espr ocur ementdur i ngt hepl anper i od? How t oest i mat eEV adopt i onscenar i os?

SR NO 1

ACTORS

ROLE

Ci t yGover nment / Ur ban Ci t y gover nment s make hi gher l eveldeci si ons i nt er ms of Devel opmentAgenci es set t i ng a vi si on f or t he ci t y, pr omul gat i ng pol i ci es and pr ogr ams and pr epar i ng ur ban devel opmentand t r anspor t pl ans.Thesemaybeusedast ool st oi nf l uencet hel eveland paceofel ect r i f i cat i onoft het r anspor tsyst em. Theyal sopl ayaddi t i onalr ol esasl i st edbel ow: -Pr ovi der sofl andf oradepot ,t er mi nal sandchar gi ng st at i ons -Pr omot eset t i ngupofpubl i cchar gi ngf aci l i t i es -Owner soft hel ar gef l eetofbot hpassengerandf r ei ght vehi cl es -Pr ovi der sofpubl i ct r anspor tasanobl i gat or yser vi ce( i n sever alci t i es) -Pol i cyandr egul at i onr el at edt ohome/ of f i cechar gi ng, par ki ngpol i cy,et c.

Tr anspor t Depar t ment / Regi onal Tr anspor tOf f i ce

Vehi cl er egi st r at i on,f i t nesscer t i f i cat i onandi ssueofper mi t s ar eessent i alpr ocessesdef i nedundert heMot orVehi cl eAct t o ensur et he saf et yand secur i t yofr oad user s.Wavi ng of r egi st r at i on char ges and r oad t ax i s used as i ncent i ves by t he st at et o el ect r i c vehi cl e buyer s.Addi t i onal l y,t he st at e gover nment smayst i pul at et he r egi st r at i on of‘ onl yel ect r i c’ vehi cl esf orcer t ai nsegment soft hemar ket .

El ect r i ci t yr egul at or y commi ssi on

The el ect r i ci t y r egul at or y commi ssi on r egul at es t he el ect r i ci t ypr i cesf orvar i oust ypesofconsumer st o manage t he consumpt i on of el ect r i ci t y dur i ng peak hour s and of f peakhour s.

El ect r i ci t yDi st r i but i on Compani es

The adopt i on ofel ect r i c vehi cl es can cr eat e a si gni f i cant i mpacton ener gy r equi r ement s att he ci t y orst at el evel . El ect r i ci t ydi st r i but i oncompani esmustsuppor tpowersuppl y wi t har el i abl e and r enewabl e sour ce of ener gy. I t may i nvol ve st r engt heni ng orext endi ng t he gr i d,connect i onst o char gi ngst at i ons,et c.andt hecost soft hesemayhavet obe i ncl udedi nt hepl anofel ect r i f i cat i onofur bant r anspor t .

SR NO

ACTORS

ROLE

Vehi cl eandBat t er y Manuf act ur er s

esenceofchar gi ngi nf r ast r uct ur ei sessent i alt or el ax Char gi ngI nf r ast r uct ur e Thepr her angeofanxi et yi ssues.Reener gi si ngt hebat t er yofan andser vi cepr ovi der s t el ect r i cvehi cl e can be t i me consumi ng,and t he avai l abi l i t y ofdedi cat edchar gi ngst at i onscanst i mul at et headopt i onof EVs. Cur r entpet r ol ,di eselandCNG f uelst at i onsar epr ospect i ve EV char gi ng ser vi ce pr ovi der s. However , col ocat i ng EV char gi ngal ongwi t hconvent i onalf uelst at i onsmayhavef i r e saf et yr i sks t hatneed t o be addr essed wi t h appr opr i at e r egul at i ons.

Publ i cTr anspor t Agenci es

Publ i c Tr anspor tAgenci es ar e key deci si on maker s about publ i ct r anspor tf l eetf orr epl acementandaddi t i onofvehi cl e f l eet st oser vi cenew demand.

Commer ci alVehi cl e Owner s& Oper at or s

The passenger and f r ei ght commer ci al vehi cl es f or m a si gni f i cantsi zeofur bant r anspor tvehi cl esandcont r i but et o ai rand GHG emi ssi ons.Col l abor at i on ofowner s/ oper at or s, t r ade associ at i ons,and r egul at or y aut hor i t i es i s needed t o hast ent hepaceofEV adopt i on.

Pr i vat eVehi cl e Owner s( I ndi vi dual s)

Peopl er esi stchange t o a new syst em due t o keyconcer ns such ashi gh upf r ontcost ,unavai l abi l i t yofvar i antmodel s, absence of i nf r ast r uct ur e, and r ange anxi et y.The user s compl et e t he EV ecosyst em val ue chai n; hence i ti s i mpor t antt ounder st andt hei rper cept i onsandr equi r ement s t oenabl et hef ast ershi f tt oEVs.

Bat t er y cost s ar e si gni f i canti nt he over al lcostofEVs. I nnovat i ons i n bat t er yt echnol ogy and mot or s enabl et he pr oduct i on ofel ect r i cvehi cl eswi t hi mpr oved speci f i cat i ons and r educed pr i ces.Requi r ed ser vi ce r ange,t he wei ghtof t he onboar d bat t er ypacks,char gi ng t i me,and di st r i but i on ofchar gi ng st at i ons i nf l uence capi t aland oper at i ng cost s si gni f i cant l y. Bat t er y manuf act ur er s, di st r i but or s and ser vi ci ngent er pr i sesar el i kel yt obr i ngnew busi nessmodel s and st akehol der s i nt o t he t r anspor t mar ket . These devel opment si nt he shor t and medi umt er m shoul d be f act or edi nt ot heEV adopt i ondeci si onpr ocess.

TECHNOLOGY AND OPERATI ONALFEASI BI LI TY AND FLEXI BI LI TY:

Technol ogi calf act or sdeci det heoper at i onalf easi bi l i t y andf l exi bi l i t y The r ange pot ent i al per char ge, bat t er y si ze, t ype of char ger s, char gi ng t i me,and char gi ng l ocat i ons/ densi t yar e al li nt er r el at ed and def i ne t echni calf easi bi l i t y,oper at i onalf l exi bi l i t y,and economi cs of el ect r i c vehi cl es.Bat t er i es ar et he mostexpensi ve par tofel ect r i c vehi cl esandhencet hemanuf act ur er sopt i mi zet hesi zeoft hebat t er y packonboar d.Thesi zeoft hebat t er ypackwoul ddet er mi net het r avel di st anceoft heel ect r i cvehi cl ebef or ei tneedsr echar gi ng.Ast hesi ze oft hebat t er ypacki ncr eases,i taddst ot hel adenwei ghtoft hevehi cl e whi chcanl i mi tt hepassengercapaci t yaswel last hef uelef f i ci encyof t heel ect r i cvehi cl e. When compar ed t o convent i onalf uelvehi cl es,t he r ange of f er ed by EVs i sl ess t han hal f .Thi s def i ci ency i s over come by pr ovi di ng an oppor t uni t y f or char gi ng i nbet ween oper at i ons. Ti me t aken f or char gi ng and r echar gi ng woul d depend on t he t ype of char ger s, bat t er ysi zeandt hedai l ymi l eager equi r edt obecover ed. I n ur ban oper at i ons,t he r equi r ement s oft he r ange var y by t ype of vehi cl e and ser vi ce.Publ i ct r anspor tbuses woul dr equi r ear ange pot ent i alof200 t o 250 km per day,whi l e ur ban f r ei ghtand I PT vehi cl esr equi r e100t o125km.Per sonal i sedvehi cl esr equi r e,ar ange pot ent i alof50t o100km onaver ageandmor ei ft hevehi cl esar eused f orr egi onalt r avel .Thecongest i onl evel sont her out emayal soaddt o t her anger equi r ementby1020%. The manuf act ur er s based on pr esent t echnol ogy have devel oped pr oduct s and syst ems whi ch ar e f easi bl e f or r egul ar ur ban appl i cat i ons. For t he publ i c t r anspor t buses, t he opt i ons made avai l abl e ar ei nt er ms of f ast and sl ow char ger s, whi ch may be i nst al l edi nt hedepotoronr out eatt er mi nal sorbusst opst opr ovi de oper at i onalf l exi bi l i t y. For t he I PT and l i ght commer ci alvehi cl es, oper at or s have t he f l exi bi l i t y of char gi ng t he vehi cl es ei t her at home/ par ki ngl ot soratpubl i cchar gi ngst at i ons.Thedeci si oncanvar y based on t he avai l abi l i t y,conveni ence,af f or dabi l i t y,and dur at i on of char gi ng.Per sonal i sedvehi cl euser sar el i kel yt ochar geatt hehome, of f i ce orot herpar ki ng l ot s as t he dai l y vehi cl e ut i l i sat i on oft hese vehi cl esi sl ess.

ECONOMI CS OF OWNERSHI P AND OPERATI ONS:

Economi cs,especi al l yt hehi ghpur chasecost sactagai nst EV adopt i ondeci si on. The cost par i t y of el ect r i c vehi cl es wi t h di esel , pet r ol and CNG vehi cl esi sa necessar ycondi t i on f ort he wi deraccept ance ofEVs.A compar i son oft he avai l abl e model si nt er ms ofcosteconomi cs i s necessar yt oassesst hel i kel ypot ent i alofEV adopt i on.ATot alCostof Owner shi p( TCO)modelwhi chi ncl udescapi t alandoper at i ngcost sof t he vehi cl e overt he l i f e oft he vehi cl e coul d be used t o anal yse cost par i t yofel ect r i cvi savi sconvent i onalvehi cl es. t r act i ve f or cust omer s, t he nat i onal and st at e To make EVs at gover nment shavepr ovi dedf i scalandnonf i scali ncent i ves.Thef i scal i ncent i ves i ncl ude subsi di es f or t he pur chase ofvehi cl es and t he est abl i shmentofpubl i cchar gi ngi nf r ast r uct ur e.Somest at eshaveal so wai ved t he r egi st r at i on char gesf orEV vehi cl es.I tmaybe not ed t hat i nt hepr ovi si onofsubsi di es,publ i ct r anspor tandcommer ci alvehi cl es ar e pr i or i t i zed.The TCO anal ysi s shoul d al so consi der t he f i scal i ncent i ves,i fappl i cabl e. Comput i ngTCO woul di nvol vet hepr edi ct i onoft hef ut ur ecost sofkey component s such as vehi cl es,bat t er i es,el ect r i ci t y,f uelpr i ces,et c. Assumpt i ons about pol i ci es and t hei ri mpl i cat i ons on cost s of owner shi pandoper at i onneedt obei ncl udedexpl i ci t l yi nt hescenar i o bui l di ng. TheTabl ebel ow pr esent st her el at i vecost sofel ect r i cvehi cl esundersubsi dyandnosubsi dy. Tabl e7:EV costcompar i sonacr ossdi f f er entmodes CostI t em

EV Cost s compar ed t o convent i onalf uelvehi cl es ( EV Cost s/ Convent i onal Vehi cl eCost s)–I NR Wi t hCur r entFAME Subsi dy

Wi t houtSubsi dy Pur chase Cost

Oper at i on TCO/km cost( 1st year )

Capi t al Cost

Oper at i on cost( 1st year )

TCO/km

1. 68t i mes

0. 2

0. 60

1. 06

0. 20

0. 45

3W-Aut o

1. 01t i mes

0. 09

0. 22

1. 21

0. 09

0. 20

3W-Fr ei ght

1. 21t i mes

0. 16

0. 32

1. 04

0. 16

0. 30

4WCommer ci al

1. 21t i mes

0. 22

0. 63

1. 37

0. 22

0. 60

4W-Pr i vat e

1. 84t i mes

0. 41

0. 97

Nosubsi dy

0. 41

0. 97

Bus

2. 13t i mes

0. 50

0. 82

1. 53

0. 50

0. 73

Manpowerand ot her s

0. 87t i mes

Nochange

Not e :The val uesi nt he t abl e ar ei ndi cat i ve and based on sever alst udi esconduct ed byt he Cent erofExcel l ence i n Ur banTr anspor t ,CEPTUni ver si t yondi f f er entci t i es

I NCENTI VES AND DI SI NCENTI VES:

Fi scalandnonf i scali ncent i vesanddi si ncent i vesar ekey t ool st obr i ngcostpar i t yandpr omot eEV adopt i on The hi gh upf r ontcosti s a maj orconst r ai ntf ort he pur chase ofan el ect r i c vehi cl e.Fi scaland nonf i scali ncent i ves by t he gover nment pl ayamaj orr ol ei nt hef ast eradopt i onofEVs.Rest r i ct i ngf ossi lf uel vehi cl e oper at i ons i n envi r onment al l y sensi t i ve ar eas may al so cont r i but et oEV adopt i onandcl eanerai r .Di si ncent i vemeasur esmay al soi ncl udeani ncr easei nt axesandpar ki ngchar gesf orconvent i onal vehi cl es.El ect r i cvehi cl esal soshowcaseaposi t i vei mageasel ect r i c vehi cl e per f or mance i n qual i t at i ve t er ms ( comf or t , noi se, et c. )i s super i ort oconvent i onalvehi cl es.

MARKET FACTORS:

The mar ket f act or si n t er ms of pr oduct choi ces, t he exi st ence ofcr i t i calmass,avai l abi l i t y ofi nf r ast r uct ur e al so shoul d be assessed whi l e anal ysi ng EV adopt i on scenar i os. •Consumer sl ookf orchoi cesi nt er msofvehi cl emodel savai l abl ei n t hemar ket •Cr i t i calmassi sr equi r edt opushEV adopt i onbeyondt het i ppi ng poi nt •Est abl i shmentofEV i nf r ast r uct ur ei nt er msofchar gi ngf aci l i t i es, wor kshopsf ormai nt enancesuppor tar enecessar ycondi t i onsf or l ar gescal eadopt i onofEVs •Publ i cchar gi ngf aci l i t i es,t houghconsi der edasi mpor t ant ,bot h commer ci alaswel lasper sonal i sedvehi cl esar el i kel yt odependon home/ of f i ce/ par ki ngpl acechar gi ng. •Lackofawar enessaboutel ect r i cvehi cl esandt hei rbenef i t smaybe amaj orbar r i eri nt r ansi t i ont oEVs.

ENVI RONMENTALAND SOCI ALFACTORS:

Theenvi r onment alf act or shaveaposi t i vei nf l uenceont he EV adopt i on deci si on asi ti sconsi der ed cl ean and gr een appr oach. However , i t s envi r onment al cont r i but i on depends on t he shar e ofr enewabl e used i n el ect r i ci t y gener at i on. El ect r i c mobi l i t yi s one oft he ways t o move t owar ds envi r onment al sust ai nabi l i t yi nt het r anspor t at i onsect or .Theshi f tt oel ect r i cmobi l i t y wi l l not onl y r educe GHG emi ssi ons but pr ovi de bet t er l i vi ng condi t i onsbyi mpr ovi ngt heai rqual i t y.Al so,upt akeofEVspr omi ses ar educt i oni nexpendi t ur eonoper at i ngandmai nt enancecost swhi ch ar el i kel yt oi mpactpubl i ct r anspor tagency’ sf i nancesposi t i vel y.The publ i csect ori smor el i kel yt oconsi dert headopt i onofEVsbasedon t hei renvi r onment albenef i t sandpubl i ci mage.

4. 3 FORECASTI NG ELECTRI C MOBI LI TY SCENARI OS. As st at ed i n sect i on 3,t hr ee br oad scenar i os ar e concept ual i sed.The f i r sti st he ‘ passi ve adopt i onscenar i o’ ,t hesecondi st he‘ act i veadopt i onscenar i o’ ,andt het hi r di st he‘ pr oact i ve adopt i on scenar i o’ .These scenar i osar e possi bl et o envi sage f ort he shor tand medi umt er m based on t he mar ketscan.However ,l ongerf or ecastscenar i os woul dr equi r e exper tgr oup consul t at i onsi nassessi ngval uesf ori nputpar amet er s. Tabl e8:El ect r i cmobi l i t yscenar i os ASSUMPTI ONS

PASSI VE ADOPTI ON SCENARI O

ACTI VE ADOPTI ON SCENARI O

PROACTI VE ADOPTI ON

1. Technol ogy

Technol ogyt oevol ve sl owl yl i mi t i ngt he dr i vi ngr ange

Technol ogyt oevol ve atamoder at epace i mpr ovi ngt hedr i vi ng r angeby2530%

Technol ogyt oevol ve atar api dpace i mpr ovi ngt hedr i vi ng r angeby75100%

2. Economi cs

Pur chasecostpar i t y r emai natt hecur r ent l evelandonl yl i mi t ed subsi di es

Pur chasecostpar i t y i mpr ovemoder at el y maki ngEV cost st obe atparwi t h Convent i onalvehi cl es wi t hsubsi di es

Pur chasecostpar i t y i mpr ovemoder at el y maki ngEV cost st obe si gni f i cant l yl esst han convent i onalvehi cl es

3. I ncent i ves/ Di si ncent i ves

Subsi di esl i mi t edi n quant i t yandper i od

Subsi di escont i nued overaper i od

Convent i onalf uel cost st ocont i nuet o i ncr easer api dl y

Noaddi t i onal Somer egul at i ons r egul at i onsf orl i mi t i ng l i mi t i ngconvent i onal convent i onalvehi cl e vehi cl euse use 4. I nf r ast r uct ur e Devel opment

Nosi gni f i cantchange

Si gni f i cantr egul at i ons l i mi t i ngconvent i onal vehi cl euse

Mar ketgr owst oa Mar ketgr owst obi g mi ni mum si zet o si zet opr ovi desuppor t pr ovi desuppor t i nf r ast r uct ur ei na i nf r ast r uct ur ei na cost ef f ect i vemanner cost ef f ect i vemanner ( Lowcostchar gi ng, ( Lowcostchar gi ng, wi despr ead r easonabl yspr ead mai nt enancef aci l i t i es) mai nt enancef aci l i t i es)

Not e: Thescenar i osi ndi cat edi nt het abl eabovear ei ndi cat i veandci t i esneedt oadoptcont ext speci f i cscenar i os ( passi ve/act i ve/pr oact i ve)

4. 4 FORECASTI NG ELECTRI C VEHI CLE ADOPTI ON SCENARI OS

STEP 3

STEP 2

STEP 1

The r esponses t o evol vi ng t echnol ogy woul d var y by di f f er ent ur ban t r anspor t mar ket segment s.Agener al i sedmet hodol ogyf orf or ecast i ngt hel evelofel ect r i f i cat i oni spr esent edi n t he f i gur e bel ow.Fur t her ,sect or wi se i mpor t antconsi der at i ons f orel ect r i f i cat i on ofvehi cl es ar eal sosummar i sedi nt hef ol l owi ngsect i on.

LAND USE -TRANSPORT PLANNI NG MODELOUTPUTS Tr i ps,Modeshar e,Tr i pLengt h,Vehi cl eut i l i sat i on Vehi cl est ocki nt het ar getyearbymodes

ESTI MATI NG TOTALNEW VEHI CLES FROM NOW TI LL THE END OF PLAN PERI OD STEP 2. 1

STEP 2. 2

ESTI MATI NG REPLACEMENT VEHI CLES

ESTI MATI NG ADDI TI ONAL DEMAND

-Cur r entvehi cl est ockbyage

-Addi t i onalvehi cl est ock

Deci si on Par amet er s -Scr appi ngpol i cyf or commer ci alvehi cl es -Oper at orr esponse -Vehi cl er et i r ementpol i cy ( Publ i ct r anspor t ) -Scr appi ngpol i cyanduser pr ef er ences( per sonaluse) -Vehi cl est ockr equi r edf or r epl acement

Deci si on Par amet er s -Tr endsi nGDP (Commer ci al Vehi cl es) -Pr ocur ementPl an(Publ i c t r anspor t ) -Userpr ef er encesf orvehi cl e owner shi p(per sonaluse)

ESTI MATI NG EV SHARE Deci si on Par amet er s -Publ i cTr anspor tAgency:Oper at i ngmodel ,avai l abi l i t yoff i nance, TCO,envi r onment alcondi t i on -I PTOper at or:Tot alcostofOwner shi p,Regul at i ons,I nf r ast r uct ur e -Per sonalVehi cl eOwner shi p:Capi t alCost s,Tot alCostof Owner shi p,ModelChoi ces,I nf or mat i on

Fi gur e4:Met hodol ogyf orf or ecast i ngl evelofel ect r i f i cat i on

PUBLI C TRANSPORT EV FLEET SCENARI OS El ect r i f i cat i onofpubl i ct r anspor tbenef i t st heci t i esont hesoci al ,economi c,andenvi r onment al obj ect i ves. Publ i c Tr anspor t i s af f or dabl e, ener gyef f i ci ent , cl i mat ef r i endl y, and spaceef f i ci ent .I ti saf l eet basedsyst em andt hepubl i csect orhasagr eat ersayi nf uel r el at ed deci si ons.Thedeci si onmaki ngf ort headopt i onofEVscanbequi ckandr esul t scanbevi si bl e t hr oughoutt heci t y. nesscasef orpubl i ct r anspor tel ect r i f i cat i onar i sesoutoft hef ol l owi ng: A busi Though t he capi t alcostofel ect r i cbusesi shi ghert han t hatofdi eseland CNG buses, wi t ht heavai l abi l i t yofFAME subsi dy,t het ot alcost sofowner shi par ei nf avorofel ect r i c buses.Some st at es l i ke Guj ar atar e pr ovi di ng vi abi l i t y gap f undi ng t o ci t i es,overand abovet hesubsi dyofGOI ,whi chmakesel ect r i f i cat i onevenmor eat t r act i ve. The Gr ossCostCont r actmodelshi f t st he capi t alcost si nt o var i abl e cost sand t her eby shi f t soper at i onalr i sksont ot heoper at orr educi ngt hebur denofpubl i csect oragenci es ( bat t er ymanagement ,t echni calmanpower ,mai nt enance,et c. ) Ast hebat t er ypr i cesar edecl i ni ngr api dl y,l ongr uneconomi csmaybecomeevenbet t er i nt er msofr educedt ot alcost sofoper at i onsf al l i ngbel ow t hecur r entl evelofdi eselbus oper at i ngcost s. The l evelofel ect r i f i cat i on oft he publ i ct r anspor tf l eeti s pr i mar i l yt he deci si on oft he ci t y gover nmentand publ i ct r anspor tagency.I twoul dl ar gel y be gover ned by t he ci t i es vi si on, envi r onment alobj ect i ves,and t ar get s,publ i ct r anspor tmode shar et ar get s,t echnol ogi cal i mpr ovement si n Ebuses ( dr i vi ng r ange and oper at i onal f l exi bi l i t y) ,t he economi cs of oper at i ons,andbusowner shi pandoper at i onsmodel . Bus pr ocur ementcycl es woul df or m t he base f ordevel opi ng publ i ct r anspor tEV f l eet scenar i os.

Sour ce:ht t ps: / / www. sust ai nabl ebus. com/ news/ i ndi anel ect r i cbusmar ket t oexceed7000uni t sby2025/

EV ADOPTI ON SCENARI OS FOR I NTERMEDI ARY PUBLI C TRANSPORT VEHI CLES ( TAXI S/ THREEWHEELERS/ SHARED SERVI CES) El ect r i f i cat i on of i nt er medi at e publ i ct r anspor t vehi cl es needs t o be pr i or i t i sed as t hei r t r ansi t i on can be i nf l uenced by st at ei nt er vent i on i nt er ms of subsi di es and r egul at or y r est r i ct i onsont her egi st r at i onofpet r olaut or i ckshaws. Depl oymentofeaut os and er i ckshaws i nst ead ofpet r olaut or i ckshaws pr ovi des sever al advant ages. I naddi t i ont oenvi r onment alper f or mance,eaut oappl i cat i oni nnar r ow ur banst r eet s, especi al l yi nol dci t i eswoul dbebenef i ci al . Cur r ent l y,avai l abl e model smat ch t he dai l yr ange r equi r ementof100125 km i n one char ge Compar edt oaut or i ckshaw capaci t yof3+1,eaut oscanpr ovi de4+1capaci t y Bet t ereconomi csbecauseofhi ghercapaci t yandl owerener gypr i ces Eaut osar echeapercompar edt ot hei rpet r olcount er par t s( wi t hsubsi dy) . The l evelofel ect r i f i cat i on ofI PT vehi cl es i sl i kel yt o be i nf l uenced by t he mode shar es, economi csofoper at i ons,pol i cyonvehi cl escr appageandr est r i ct i ver egul at i onsonoper at i ons ofconvent i onalf uelvehi cl es. I ti st o be not ed t hatERi ckshaw as an al t er nat i ve t o EAut ol ooks compet i t i ve,t her e ar e concer ns aboutqual i t y,saf et y,and l i f e oft he vehi cl e.Necessar y ver i f i cat i ons need t o be conduct edbef or er ecommendi ngt hevehi cl ef oradopt i on. EAut o adopt i on deci si on i s made by t he pr esentand pot ent i aloper at or s.Capt ur i ng t hei r choi ce t hr ough st at ed pr ef er ence sur veysf or mscr i t i cali nputf orf or ecast i ng adopt i on l evel s. Scenar i oswi t hvar yi ngl evel sofsubsi dywoul dbet hekeyf act ort oi nf l uenceEAut oadopt i on. Al so,i ti swor t hnot i ngher et hatast her ei samaj ori ncr easei nt heEt hr eewheel er si nt heI PT and f r ei ghtsegmentand el ect r i c 2wheel er sf orl ast mi l e del i ver i es,sever alst ar t ups have come up i n di f f er entci t i espr ovi di ng 2wheel err ent al ,PBS ser vi ces( cycl esand ebi ke)and 4wheel eraut omobi l ebasedser vi ces( car shar i ng,r i desondemand) .Thesesegment sar equi t e or gani zed,and t hei roper at i ons ar e const ant l y moni t or ed t hr ough dat a dr i ven t echnol ogi es. Ser vi ces oft hi s ki nd wi l lhel pi n cont r ol l i ng pr i vat e vehi cl e owner shi p by pr ovi di ng var i ous mobi l i t yopt i onsataf f or dabl er at es.The l evelofel ect r i f i cat i on i nt hi ssegmenti spr i mar i l ya deci si on oft he publ i c/pr i vat e oper at or s;mode shar et ar get s;t echnol ogi cali mpr ovement si n EV model s ofbi kes,3wheel er ,and 4wheel er ( dr i vi ng r ange and oper at i onalf l exi bi l i t y) ; f easi bi l i t yofoper at i ons;f l eetowner shi pandoper at i onsmodel . Avai l abi l i t yofser vi ce,cat chmentar ea,f ar eand oper at i onsmodelwoul df or mt hebasi s f ort hedevel opmentofEShar ed Mobi l i t y.

Sour ce:ht t ps: / / i nsi deevs. com/ news/ 337654/ i ndi at oget 1mi l l i onel ect r i ct hr eewheel er sf or r i dehai l i ng/

ELECTRI C VEHI CLES FOR PERSONALUSE ( CARS/ TWOWHEELERS) Thel evelofel ect r i f i cat i onofpr i vat evehi cl esi si nf l uencedbyt hei ncomel evel s,t heeconomi cs of oper at i ons, avai l abi l i t y of par ki ng, and vehi cl e scr appage pol i cy. Publ i c t r anspor t i mpr ovement sandt hei nt r oduct i onoft r af f i cr est r ai ntmeasur esl i kepar ki ng,ent r yr egul at i ons, et c.mayhaveasi gni f i canti nf l uenceonvehi cl eowner shi pandi nt ur nEV adopt i onr at es. St at ed choi ce sur veysshal lbe conduct ed t of ol l ow up oft hose who ar e wi l l i ng t o pur chase a new vehi cl e,and wi l l i ng t o pur chase woul d be i nputt of or ecastEV pur chases f orper sonal uses. Fut ur e pr i ce t r ends and t he l evelof i ncent i ves woul d be cr i t i calpol i cy var i abl es det er mi ni ng t he economi cs of oper at i ons and t hus may be used t o gener at e al t er nat e scenar i os.

Sour ce:ht t ps: / / www. eqmagpr o. com/ nor egi st r at i onf eef or el ect r i ccar bi kesoon-at her her oandot her sr eact /

ELECTRI C VEHI CLES FOR URBAN FREI GHT MOVEMENT ( LCV :3WHEELERS, 4WHEELERS) Ur ban Fr ei ghtmovementi ncl udes al lgoods movement s comi ng i nt o,goi ng out ,ormovi ng wi t hi n an ur ban ar ea.Wi t hi nt he ur ban cent r es,undert he br oad cat egor yofl i ghtcommer ci al vehi cl es ( LCV) whi ch i ncl ude t hr eewheel er s and vans ar e used ext ensi vel yf or goods movement .Att he nat i onall evel ,aspert he Road Tr anspor tYear book201617,30. 6% oft he r egi st er ed t r anspor tvehi cl eswer e LCVs.Accor di ng t ot he dat a ofmi l l i on pl usci t i esi nI ndi a, 2017att heci t yl evel ,LCVsaccountf or26. 9% oft het ot alr egi st er edvehi cl esofwhi ch16. 2% ar ef our wheel er sand t he r emai ni ng 10. 7% ar et hr eewheel er s.LCVsi nI ndi a most l yr unon di eselandar econsi der edt hekeysour ceofGHG emi ssi ons. Pr i or i t i si ngl ast mi l el ogi st i cs( LCVs)f orel ect r i f i cat i onappear st obeagoodst ar t i ngpoi ntasa cl i mat eact i onagenda. El ect r i cf r ei ghtvehi cl es ar e zer ot ai l pi pe and l ownoi se emi ssi on vehi cl es and most sui t abl ef ordenseur banar easwher eai rqual i t yi samaj orpr obl em Cur r ent l y,avai l abl eSCV model smat cht hedai l yr angeandpayl oadr equi r ement Bet t ereconomi csbecauseofhi gherl owerener gypr i ces Fi nanci ali ncent i ves backed up by r egul at or y measur es woul d cont r i but et oaf ast er t r ansi t i ont oEVs.

Si mi l ar t oI PT vehi cl es, EV adopt i on of LCVs i s det er mi ned by bat t er y pr i ces, demand i ncent i ves,avai l abi l i t yofpr oduct si nt hemar ket ,char gi ngi nf r ast r uct ur eandbusi nessmodel s. Thesear ecr i t i calf act or si noper at or s’deci si onmaki ng.Ani mpor t antbar r i eri st hatt heur ban f r ei ghtsuppl i er s’mar keti si nf or malandof t endr i venbyi ndi vi dualdr i ver swi t hl i mi t edf i nances. Ur banf r ei ghtmodel i ngandf or ecast i ngi st obepar toft hel anduset r anspor tmodel i ngandi s t o be i ncl uded i nt he second st age ‘ mobi l i t yst r at egyscenar i os.I tcoul d be a quant i t ybased modelor vehi cl ebased modeldependi ng on t he obj ect i ve and l ocalcont ext .A sampl e ent er pr i sesur veywoul dpr ovi debaseOD i nt er msofvehi cl esandquant i t y.Att hi sst age,t ot al ur banf r ei ghtvehi cl est ock,i t scomposi t i onanddai l yusagear er equi r edasi nputt oassesst he base scenar i o.I nt he absence ofdet ai l ed model i ng,aggr egat ef or ecast sbased on t r endsor r at i osmaybeadopt ed. St at ed pr ef er ence sur veys ofowner s/ oper at or s ofLCVs r egar di ng t hei rwi l l i ngness t o pur chase an EV woul d be t he basi sf orf or ecast i ng EV adopt i on i nt he ur ban f r ei ght sect or .

Sour ce:ht t ps: / / car boncopy. i nf o/ kpmgt hr eewheel er st ol eadi ndi asevadopt i onwi t hupt o75penet r at i onby2030/

Phot ocr edi t s:GI Z

5IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM Task5 as pert he CMP t ool ki ti st he devel opmentoft he ur ban mobi l i t y pl an.Al ong wi t ht he Land UseTr anspor tand Mobi l i t y St r at egy,t he r evi sed CMP t ool ki twi l lal so i ncl ude t he st r at egi esf orel ect r i f i cat i onoft r anspor tmodesaspr esent edi nsect i on3oft hi sr epor t . Task 6 of t he CMP t ool ki tf ocuses on devel opi ng t he i mpl ement at i on pr ogr am of t he Compr ehensi veMobi l i t yPl an.I tdwel l sont hepr epar at i onoft hei mpl ement at i onst r at egyoft he shor t l i st edpr oposal sf ort heci t y. Thi ssect i oni dent i f i est enar easspeci f i ct oel ect r i cmobi l i t y whi ch ar ei dent i f i ed as key act i on ar eas t owar ds f ast eradopt i on ofel ect r i c mobi l i t y.Thei r pr esentst at us depi ct st he pr epar edness,and addr essi ng def i ci enci es woul d be act i ons f or ( 11) i mpl ement at i on.

El ect r i ci t y Gener at i on andSuppl y

NonMot or i sed Tr anspor t( Cycl e r i ckshaws)

St at eandCi t y I nst i t ut i onal Commi t ment s coor di nat i onamong t owar dsEl ect r i c st at e& ci t yagenci es Mobi l i t y

Publ i cBus Syst em

I nt er medi ar y Publ i cTr anspor t Syst em ( EAut os/ Taxi s,Shar ed mobi l i t y)

Ur banFr ei ght Syst ems

Per sonal i sed vehi cl es

Publ i c Awar eness

Char gi ng I nf r ast r uct ur e

Fi gur e5:EV Adopt i onPr epar ednessAssessment–Act i onar eas

11Toassesst hest at usoft heseact i onar eas,ani ndi cat orf r amewor khasbeendevel opedandpr esent edi nAnnexur eB

Tabl e9:Focusar eas SR NO.

FOCUS AREAS

POTENTI ALACTI ONS/I NTERVENTI ONS

El ect r i ci t yGener at i on and Suppl y

1. Capaci t yenhancementofDI SCOMst o ext endel ect r i ci t ysuppl yt ot het r anspor tsect or . 2. St r at egi est oi ncr easer enewabl econt enti nt he el ect r i ci t ygener at i on 3. Ensur i ng24x7qual i t yel ect r i ci t ysuppl y( f r eeof out ages)

St at eand Ci t y Commi t ment st owar ds El ect r i cMobi l i t y

1. Advocat el aunchi ngoft heSt at e/Ci t yEV Pol i cy 2. Est abl i shi ngf r amewor kf orEV speci f i c el ect r i ci t yt ar i f ff i xat i onandr evi si on 3. Advocat ei nt r oduct i onofEV suppor t i ve measur esi nMot orVehi cl eAct( e. g. exempt i onf r om vehi cl er egi st r at i on, r egi st r at i onchar ges,et c. ) 4. Advocat emodi f i cat i oni nbui l di ngbyel awst o i ncl udeEV char gi ngi npar ki ngar easal ong wi t hnecessar yf i r esaf et ymeasur es 5. Exempt i onofpubl i cpar ki ngchar gesf orEV vehi cl es 6. Phasedel ect r i f i cat i onofst at e/l ocal gover nmentf l eet 7. Phasedel ect r i f i cat i onofmuni ci palwast e col l ect i onf l eet 8. Puti npl acepol i cy/st r at egy/r ul esf orbat t er y di sposal 9. Advocat est at ef orest abl i shi ngpubl i c t r anspor tvi abi l i t ygapf undi ngschemef or EBuses 10. Pl anEV awar enessdr i vesi nt heci t y

I nst i t ut i onalcoor di nat i on among st at e& ci t yagenci es

1. Setupaci t yl evelt askf or cei ncl udi ngal l st at eandci t yst akehol der st ocoor di nat et he i mpl ement at i onofCEMS

Publ i cBusSyst em

1. Publ i cTr anspor tAgencyt opr epar ebus pr ocur ementpl anwi t haf ocusonel ect r i c busesandsuppor t i vei nf r ast r uct ur e. 2. St at e/Ci t y/Publ i cTr anspor tAgencyt o ear mar kf i nanci alr esour cest omeett he r equi r ementi nt hepr ocur ementpl an 3. Capaci t ybui l di ngofPubl i cTr anspor t Agenci esi nt echnol ogi es,mai nt enance, oper at i ons,andbusi nessmodel s

I nt er medi ar yPubl i c Tr anspor tSyst em ( EAut os/ Taxi s,Shar ed mobi l i t y)

1. Advocat eSt at e/ Ci t yl evelf i scali ncent i ves f orel ect r i f i cat i onofI PTs 2. Advocat er est r i ct i ononr egi st r at i onof convent i onalf uel basedaut osandt axi s 3. Pl anpr omot i onalact i vi t i est oeducat e oper at or sofEAut os/Taxi s

NonMot or i sed Tr anspor t ( Cycl er i ckshaws)

1. Advocat eSt at e/ Ci t yl evelf i scali ncent i ves f orel ect r i f i cat i onofRi ckshaws 2. Pl anphasi ngoutofmanual l ydr i ven/cycl e r i ckshaws( conver tt oERi ckshaws) 3. Pl anpr omot i onalact i vi t i est oeducat e oper at or sofcycl eRi ckshaws

SR NO.

FOCUS AREAS

POTENTI ALACTI ONS/I NTERVENTI ONS

Ur ban Fr ei ghtSyst ems

1. Advocat eSt at e/ Ci t yl evelf i scali ncent i ves f orel ect r i f i cat i onofUr banFr ei ght 2. Advocat er est r i ct i ononr egi st r at i onof convent i onalf uel basedur banf r ei ghtvehi cl es 3. Pl anpr omot i onalact i vi t i est oeducat e oper at or sofur banf r ei ghtvehi cl es

Char gi ng I nf r ast r uct ur e

1. Pr epar eanact i onpl anf orest abl i shi ng Publ i c/ Pr i vat eEV char gi ngi nf r ast r uct ur e

Per sonal i sed vehi cl es

1. Advocat ei nt r oduct i onofdi si ncent i veson r egi st r at i ononpur chaseandoper at i onsof convent i onalf uel basedvehi cl es( e. g. , r egi st r at i onchar ges,par ki ngchar ges,ent r y r est r i ct i ons,et c. )

Publ i cAwar eness

1. Pl anandor gani seeducat i on/awar eness campai gnsf ort hepubl i ci ngener al .

Phot ocr edi t s:GI Z

ANNEXURE A:CI TY GHG EMI SSI ONS ESTI MATI ON TOOL

Fi l eName

Fi l eType

Sheet s

Type

1.VKTf r om Tr anspor t ModelOut put

Excel

0_Aboutt heTool ki t 1. 1Ci t yI nf or mat i on 1. 2PastandBaseYearVKT 1. 3BaseYearExt er nalVKT 1. 4Fut ur eYearVKT 1. 5Fut ur eYearVKTExt er nalVehi cl es 1. 6Shar eofRenewabl eEner gy

Descr i pt i on I nput I nput I nput I nput I nput I nput

2.Emi ssi on Fact or s_Def aul t val ues

Excel

2. 1FuelConsumpt i onperkm 2. 2Emi ssi onFact or s( TTW) Bot t om Up 2. 3Emi ssi onFact or s( WTT) Bot t om Up 2. 4Emi ssi onFact or s( WTT) TD 2. 5Emi ssi onFact or s( WTT) EV

Def aul tval ues Def aul tval ues Def aul tval ues Def aul tval ues Def aul tval ues

3.CEMS_Tool

PowerBi

CoverPage AboutTool Cont ent s 1.GHG Emi ssi ons 2.BaseYearVal i dat i on

Descr i pt i on Descr i pt i on Descr i pt i on Out put Out put

Li nkt ot het ool :

ht t ps: / / cr df . or g. i n/ pr oj ect / ghgemi ssi oneﬆi mat i onandel ect r i cmobi l i t ypr epar ednessassessment t ool sci t yel e ct r i cmobi l i t yﬆr at egycems

Thet ooli ndi cat esest i mat esf ort hebaseyear( cur r entyear ) ,pastyear ,andf ut ur eyear sbased onscenar i os f ori nt er medi ar y and t ar getyear ) .I tpr ovi des est i mat i ons f orGHG emi ssi ons i ncur r eddur i ng f uelpr oduct i on i . e.“ Wel lTo Tank ( WTT) ”and f uelconsumpt i on i . e“ Tank To Wheel( TTW) ” . Sum ofbot h pr ovi des t ot alemi ssi ons i ncur r ed f r om f uelpr oduct i on t of uel consumpt i onphasei . e. ‘ Wel lToWheel( WTW) ’ . The i nputf ort he excelf i l e“ VKT f r om Tr anspor tModelOut put ”can be f i l l ed usi ng Tr anspor t Model out put t hat consi st of VKT acr oss di f f er ent vehi cl e cat egor i es and vehi cl e t echnol ogywi se. Theest i mat i oni scar r i edoutwi t h“ Bot t omup”appr oacht hati sf ocusedonvehi cl eki l omet er t r avel l ed( VKT)t oest i mat e“ Wel lToTank( WTT) ” ,“ TankToWheel( TTW) ”andover al l“ Wel lt o Wheel( WTW) ”emi ssi ons: 1.Wel lt o Tank( WTT) :( ( VKT *Emi ssi onf act or( gCO2/km f orf uelpr oduct i on)* ( no.ofdaysi nayear ) )/( Ci t yPopul at i on) 2.Tankt o Wheel( TTW) :Emi ssi ons( Tons/ Year / Capi t a)=( ( VKT*Emi ssi onf act or ( gCO2/km)*( no.ofdaysi nayear ) )/( Ci t yPopul at i on) 3.Wel lt o Wheel( WTW)=WTT +TTW Theest i mat est hr ought he“ Bot t omup”appr oachi sval i dat edt hr ought he“ Topdown”appr oach f or t he base scenar i o.Whi l e val i dat i ng,maxi mum al l owabl e di f f er ence bet ween bot ht he appr oachi s+/ -10%. I LLUSTRATI VE OUTPUTS ThePowerBiToolnamed“ CEMS_Tool ”consi st soff i vepagesi ncl udi ngcoverpage,descr i pt i on aboutt he t ool ,cont ent s,f ol l owed by i l l ust r at i ons ofest i mat es.“ 1.GHG Emi ssi on”i ndi cat es car bon emi ssi onsand ai rqual i t yf ordi f f er entyear sand scenar i os.“ 2.Base yearval i dat i on” depi ct st heest i mat est hr ought woappr oachesandi t sdi f f er encet oval i dat et hecal cul at i ons.

Fi gur e6:I l l ust r at i veOut put sf r om PowerBiTool

ANNEXURE B:PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENTFRAMEWORK A ci t yl evelEV adopt i on pr epar edness assessmentf r amewor k wi l lhel pi n pr epar i ng act i on pl ansf orenabl i ngf ast eradopt i onofel ect r i cmobi l i t y(8)asdef i nedi nt heci t yel ect r i cmobi l i t y st r at egy.The t oolenabl es t he pl anner st oi dent i f yt he act i on ar eas t of ocus on t o meet envi sagedEV adopt i onl evel sasapar tofCEMS. TheEV adopt i onpr epar ednessf r amewor ki ncl udes: •Ten Focus Ar eas ( FAs)t hatcoverpol i cy,i nf r ast r uct ur e,and cust omerdomai ns det er mi ni ngEV adopt i onr esponse •A setofi ndi caor sf oreachoft heFAst omeasur et heexi st i ngst at us •Dat a sour ces,measur ementofst at us and met hod ofcal cul at i on ofpr epar edness l evelwi t hr egar dt oeachoft heFAsand •Pr esent at i onofr esul t si nt abul arandgr aphi calf or m( spi derdi agr am) •Comput es over al lCi t y El ect r i c Mobi l i t yAdopt i on Pr epar ednessAssessmentI ndex ( EVAPAI ) The f r amewor ki s pr esent ed as an Excelmodelconsi st i ng of13 dat a sheet s.The f i r st3 subsheet scont ai nt hef ol l owi ng: 1. Thef i r stsubsheet :‘ A.GENERALI NFO’pr ovi desi nf or mat i onont het ool . 2. The second subsheet :‘ B.CI TY I NFO’i sf orent er i ng gener ali nf or mat i on about t heci t y 3. The t hi r d‘ C.ANALYSI S & RESULTS’pr esent st he anal ysi s and r esul t s.The det ai l si ncl ude: •Al lt enFA wi sei ndi cat or i nput dat a( i ndi cat orval ue)i nonet abl e, •Tost andar di zet heuni tofmeasur ement ,t hei ndi cat orval uesar enor mal i sedby conver t i ngal lscor esoutof100, •Nor mal i sedval ueofeachFA ( assi gni ngequalwei ghtt oeachi ndi cat or ) •Ci t yEV adopt i onpr epar ednessst at usf oreachoft het enf ocusar easi nt hef or m ofaspi derdeagr am,and t y El ect r i c Mobi l i t y adopt i on pr epar edness assessment i ndex based on •Ci nor mal i zat i on,equalwei ght i ng,andaggr egat i onoft he10Focusar eas. 4. Thenext10subsheet sar epr ovi di ngdat af oreachoft he10FAs.Thedet ai l sof t he i ndi cat or ,i t sdescr i pt i on,measur ementscal e,expect ed mi ni mum and maxi mum val ue,sour cesofdat aar epr ovi ded.Fori nput i ngt heci t yscor e,empt ycel lhi ghl i ght ed i n yel l ow ar e gi ven.I nt hese t wo subsheet st he ci t y shoul d onl y ent erdat ai nt he yel l ow cel l s. Thet woout put sar e: •The spi der netdi agr am can hel pi ni dent i f yi ng t he ar easofi mpr ovementt hatci t y woul dneedt of ocusi nor dert oenhancet heover al lpr epar ednessscor e. putoft hi sexceli st heaggr egat egeomet r i cmeanoft enFAsasci t y •Thesecondout el ect r i cmobi l i t yadopt i onpr epar ednessi ndex. Thi si ndexscor ecanbeusedf ort he pr epar ednesscompar i sonswi t hdi f f er entci t i esaswel last omoni t ort hepr epar edness oft heci t yovert i me.

8Thei dent i f i cat i onoft hef ocusar easandi ndi cat or swasdoneaf t eradet ai l edr evi ew oft hel i t er at ur eandel abor at econsul t at i ons wi t hvehi cl emanuf act ur er s,pol i cymaker s,user s,academi ci ans,andsubj ectexper t s

El ect r i ci t yGener at i on andSuppl y

Awar eness

100 10

1 2

Ci t ycommi t ment s t owar dsEl ect r i cMobi l i t y

60 EV adopt i on wi l l i ngnessof 9 per sonal i zed vehi cl eowner s

33. 3 Pr epar ednessf or Publ i cChar gi ng 8 St at i ons

EM Adopt i on 7 Pr epar edness ofUr banFr ei ght Tr anspor t

26. 7

20 17. 0

I nst i t ut i onal coor di nat i on 3 amongci t y aut hor i t i es t owar dsEM

37. 6

8. 7

9 11. 7 9.

18. 6

33. 3

55. 3

5 6

EM Adopt i on 4 Pr epar edness ofPT

EM Adopt i on Pr epar edness ofEAut os

EM Adopt i on Pr epar ednessof Er i ckshaws

Fi gur e7:I l l ust r at i onofCi t yEl ect r i cMobi l i t yAdopt i on Pr epar ednessScor eacr oss10FAs.

CI TY ELECTRI C MOBI LI TY ADOPTI ON PREPAREDNESS SCORE FOR THE CI TY I S 21. 3

Li nkt ot het ool :

ht t ps: / / cr df . or g. i n/ pr oj ect / ghgemi ssi oneﬆi mat i onandel ect r i cmobi l i t ypr epar ednessassessment t ool sci t yel e ct r i cmobi l i t yﬆr at egycems

LI STOFABBREVI ATI ONS Bat t er yEl ect r i cVehi cl es BusRapi dTr ansi t Cent r alBusi nessDi st r i ct Ci t yEl ect r i cMobi l i t ySt r at egy Char gi ngI nf r ast r uct ur e Compr ehensi veMobi l i t yPl an Depar t mentofHeavyI ndust r y El ect r i cVehi cl es Fast erAdopt i onandManuf act ur i ngof( Hybr i d&)El ect r i cVehi cl es Gr ossDomest i cPr oduct Gr eenHouseGas HeavyCommer ci alVehi cl e Hybr i dEl ect r i cVehi cl es I nt er nalCombust i onEngi ne I nt er medi at ePubl i cTr anspor t I nst i t ut eofUr banTr anspor t Li ghtCommer ci alVehi cl e Medi um Commer ci alVehi cl e Mi ni st r yofRoadTr anspor tandHi ghways Mi ni st r yofHousi ngandUr banAf f ai r s Mi ni st r yofPower MassRapi dTr ansi t Nat i onal l yDet er mi nedCont r i but i on Nat i onalEl ect r i cMobi l i t yMi ssi onPl an Nat i onalUr banTr anspor tPol i cy Or i gi nalEqui pmentManuf act ur er Passengerkm Passengerkm Tr avel l ed Publ i cTr anspor tAut hor i t y Regi onalTr anspor tOf f i ce Smal lCommer ci alVehi cl e St at eEl ect r i ci t yRegul at or yCommi ssi on St at eTr anspor tUnder t aki ng Tot alCostofOwner shi p Tonnekm Tr avel l ed Ur banLocalBody Vi abi l i t yGapFundi ng Vehi cl ekm Tr avel l ed

Phot oc r edi t s:CoEUT,2021