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M.arch ( Environmental Architecture ), Second year , Dr. B.N.College of Architecture, Pune
Why I think my project deserves to win. What we see aroundThe relation between man and nature has always been that of the donor and receiver. Nature always on the giving side, while man's greed of getting more never ends. Mans activities through time produce adverse effects to the health of the earth and its expression through nature and since we are all property of the earth and not left out when nature cries, it is then mandatory for man to learn means of appeasing the earth by means of harmonizing his activities with earth's most cherished progeny‌ Nature. Human race is progressing at higher rate. Our design and construction trend, has witnessed changes and transformations from industrialization to mechanism, a trend which in recent times is characterized as unfriendly to nature. Buildings as they are designed and used today, symbolizes unrestrained consumption of energy and other natural resources with its consequent negative environmental impact. In India, the residential and commercial sector consumes 25% of the total electricity usage of the country and a major portion of this is utilized in buildings. Designing and developing new buildings based on sound concepts of sustainability and applying suitable retrofit options to existing buildings could substantially improve the energy use efficiency in the building sector with an associated reduction in both local as well as global emissions.
How we startedWhen we heard about this competition we all got a little excited, mainly because theoretical studies about all these aspects (like energy efficient climate responsive buildings, patterns of energy consumption and various ways of retrofitting) have always made us wondered if it can actually be applied practically. Checking whether these technologies and measures can help in reduction of carbon emissions of your own institute was even more exciting as being a student; the institution has always been close to our heart. Moreover being masters' student of environmental architecture we always wanted to do something for the institute by using our knowledge. And this competition provided Us a good opportunity.
Emerson Cup 2010.
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Why I think my project deserves to win. How we startedThe first step was putting down observations, existing scenario study and calculations accordingly. But we all were struck with a major situation, which is so commonly found in all kinds of architectural buildings- change of use of space. Many areas which were intended to serve a purpose were converted to some other function due to various reasons and needs. Thus what the original architect might have thought while designing the building was not fulfilled due to lack of multipurpose and flexible spaces. This resulted in additional load on energy and resources available. Thus also resulting in increased carbon emissions and bigger carbon footprint. The spaces though was something we couldn't do much about as they were already constructed and in use. So the focus automatically shifted to studying the existing situation and finding out ways to retrofit them if needed. Second step was more important and time consuming too! Finding the data was crucial as it was the basic need for generating quantifiable ideas. Data for each area (electricity consumption, waste generation, fuel consumption etc.) was observed and recorded by every one of us. This included personal interviews with the maintenance people, users as well as actual recording of certain data like number of vehicles, lighting fixtures, equipments etc. Once all the basic data was collected the next step was calculating consumptions in each area and thus calculating carbon footprint. After that came brainstorming on the ideas to reduce the carbon footprint. The approach that we took was suggesting the ideas in two ways. First was which will have figures with respect to consumption reduction and savings in cost. This is important as people always tend to readily accept the measurable suggestions. Especially the cost saving part is always vital to convince not even common man but also management. Second way was giving suggestive measures which included the idea of implementing the 3R principle (reduce, reuse, recycle) for every aspect we were dealing with. The suggestive measures basically intended to change the behavioral pattern of people (or students in this case), create awareness and thus reduce carbon footprint without investment!
Emerson Cup 2010.
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Why I think my project deserves to win. Why our entry should win? - Emerson climate technologies as a company has been a part of the initiative to curb global warming. Through our entry for the Emerson cup, we intend to state an example of implement able, simple and practical ideas which could bring down the carbon emission for our building (institution). We are second year students of masters in environmental architecture. During the last academic year we have learnt various tools and strategies for an efficient and eco-friendly design. Through Emerson cup we get an opportunity to implement and quantify our knowledge and demonstrate its implications. - The word “Green” means different for different people. We would interpret “a green building” as an eco-friendly and the one with minimum carbon footprint / which does minimum harm to the environment existing/future. We believe in having an 'integrated approach' to building design. This includes judicious use and application of ; 1)
Efficient materials and construction practices.
2)
Bio-climatic/ solar passive architectural principles.
3)
Efficient systems and equipments.
4)
Renewable sources of energy.
5)
Efficient waste and water management.
Incorporating the above features in a holistic manner would result in buildings that would impose a minimal impact on the environment while enhancing user comfort and productivity. With increasing energy prices, diminishing reserves of conventional forms of energy, and increasing GHG emissions, 'green buildings' are the need of the hour. Globally speaking, in 1990, the residential, commercial and institutional building sector consumed 31% of global energy and emitted 1900 mega tones of carbon and by 2050 its share would rise to 38% and 3800 mega tones respectively (IPCC, Nov 1996). We believe that with increasing threat on our planet earth caused by depleting resources and increasing emissions it is absolutely pertinent that all our future buildings should be designed to function as “green buildings”. Though for the existing building we can’t do anything, Through this attempt we have definately thought about using the ‘going green’ concept for our college.
Emerson Cup 2010.
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Why I think my project deserves to win. Why our entry should win?
Our outlook has been focused on an overall approach to “carbon foot print” which includes both direct and indirect emissions. Direct emissions are from things which get decomposed or where combustion happens (like fuels). And indirect are those which don't emit carbon directly due to their use (like electricity).
The main objective of the carbon footprint tool is to provide an estimation of the volume of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted or saved annually by a project. Through our calculations, we have concentrated on the existing footprint of the institute (footprint during its life cycle or functioning). The measures suggested are something that is 'innovative yet native'. By now we've heard the constant barrage of global warming information and it is almost a daily news issue. But to quote an old saying, “What does it mean to the common man?” Or another way of asking the question might be, “Did you think about CO2, Carbon Footprint or reducing emissions today?” If we did one of those national polls you always see referenced on television, wonder if the average person even realizes the relationships between themselves and CO2 or would they give you a puzzled look when asked to define carbon footprint. The calculations are fine and needed but when it comes to implementation the suggestions should not only be executable but also understandable for a commoner. Our solutions hence are simple, practical and can be used with little investment. And yet they have some newfound ness. A deep thought is put behind every idea and the calculations are done to the last detail to give the exact idea. It is a report which anyone and everyone can understand and use. Its for both- the layman and the tech's. It is said that 'charity begins at home'. If every person starts thinking that he/she wants to reduce their carbon footprint at personal level it will ultimately result into reduction of footprint at broader level and Pune has more than a hundred educational institutes and nine universities. It has more schools, colleges and universities than any other city in the world. 1
finally global too. It's like little drops of water forming the mighty ocean. By reducing carbon footprint of our own institute we will be setting an example for other institutes in the city. Pune being called 'oxford of east' such an attempt can prove to be an experimental module which could showcase the possible measures and then can be used by other institutes as well. Though the suggestions made are quite local and site specific it also applies to global level. This global outlook would
be one of the reasons why our entry should win the Emerson cup. As Gandhiji said 'be the change YOU want to see'… Through this attempt we are taking a step ahead towards that change. Towards a world cleaner and greener… for our future. Only because, 'Every step you take… Leaves a mark!!!’ 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune
Emerson Cup 2010.
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CONTENTS Sr.No
TOPIC
Page No
1
Introduction a. What is Carbon Footprint? b. Carbon Footprint: India c. Carbon Footprint: Pune context
1
2
About our Institutute - BNCA
5
3
Contributers to Carbon Footprint in BNCA
6
4
Capital Energy
8
5
Fuels a. Transport b. Cooking
9
6
Electricity a. Main Building b. Canteen c. HVAC
31
7
Waste a. Solid waste b. Waste water
47
8
Water
54
9
Conclusion a. Quantifiable measures b. Suggestive measures
55
Every step you take...leaves a mark !!!
IntroductionGreen house gases and Global Warming Greenhouse gases are chemical compounds in the Earth's atmosphere. When sunlight hits the Earth's surface and reflects back towards space, greenhouse gases absorb the rays and trap their heat in the atmosphere. This is what keeps the earth warm and equipt to sustain life. However, when the amount of greenhouse gases increased beyond its natural limit, too much heat is retained, resulting in global warming. Global warming is a serious concern, as it affects the earth's climate. One of the most abundant greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere is carbon dioxide.
Carbon Footprint : A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc. The carbon footprint is a measurement of all greenhouse gases, we individually produce and has units of tonnes (or kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent. The pie chart shows the main elements which make up the total of an typical person's carbon footprint in the developed world. A carbon footprint is made up of the sum of two parts, the primary footprint (shown by the green slices of the pie chart) and the secondary footprint (shown as the yellow slices). 1. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption and transportation (e.g. car and plane). We have direct control of these. 2. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use - those associated with their manufacture and eventual breakdown. To put it very simply – the more we buy the more emissions will be caused on our behalf. 1
www.wikepedia.com
1
Rank Country World
Annual CO2 emissions (in thousands of metric tons)
29,321,302
Percentage of global total
Countries in order of carbon dioxide emissions via the burning of fossil fuels (blue the highest).
100%
1
China
6,538,367.00
22.30%
2
United States
5,838,381.00
19.91%
3
India
1,612,362.00
5.50%
annual carbon
4
Russia
1,537,357.00
5.24%
emissions after China
5
Japan
1,254,543.00
4.28%
and United States.
6
Germany
787,936.00
2.69%
7
Canada
557,340.00
1.90%
8
United Kingdom
539,617.00
1.84%
Global total emissions is
9
South Korea
503,321.00
1.72%
5.5%.
10
Iran
495,987.00
1.69%
India ranks third in the
India’s percentage of
- Reference mentioned below India’s GHG emissions increased by 58% between 1994 and 2007, from 1.2 billion to 1.9 billion tonnes, primarily resulting from the coal-based power sector that nearly doubled its share in emissions. The power sector accounted for 719.30million tonnes of emissions in 2007, as against 355.03 million tonnes in 1994, which represents a growth of around 102%. Since Kyoto India’s emissions have increased by 60% and it has reached the third highest in the world for its carbon emissions.
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions
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PUNE- An introduction3
Pune is located in western part of Maharashtra State of India. LANDUSE PATTERN hills and hill slopes •Established in 1950. water bodies 8% reserved forest and agriculture •Population 3.18 million.(2006) 42% 7% public utilities 1% •Area 243.97 sq.km. public and semi public recreational •Altitude 560m above MSL residential 12% •Cordinates18 34"N 73 58"E transport 6% commercial •One of the most important city in the country. 5% 13% 4% 2% industrial •Has a very good climatic condition. •Destination for major Industries, Educational Institutions, IT companies and Allied Industries •Good connectivity with Mumbai and other parts of the country by Road, Railway and Airways.
Carbon AccountClimate change is being felt in many ways like floods, heat waves and droughts. To reduce the load of more extreme weather, it is necessary to know how much fossil fuels are being burnt. The city will understand its current pattern of emitting carbon in order to plan specific strategies and interventions to reduce it. A carbon inventory is going to be carried out in the municipal limits. All urban activities within the administrative boundaries of the civic body will be considered while estimating carbon emissions. The inventory will include carbon emission from energy consumption, municipal waste disposal sites and sewage transport thorough pipelines,” the ESR said.
Environmental performance index score for PuneFor the first time, the environmental performance index of the city has been calculated based on the indicators including city’s growth, resources, basic infrastructure and initiative in environment conservation. Out of 250 marks in the city growth indicator city got 141.50, in resources out of 300 city got 243 marks, in basic infrastructure out of 250 city got 181.50 marks While in environment conservation initiative city got 129.60 marks out of 144. 3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune
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Carbon Footprint ScenarioIn what could surprise many in the city, Pune has found a place among the top cities in the country contributing the least to greenhouse gas emissions according to a recent study conducted by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiative (South Asia).
The study estimated the city's total carbon emission as 6,007,753 tonnes CO2e. (CO2e is the symbol used to indicate all greenhouse gases). The municipal corporation activities result in 129,767.46 tonnes of emission and community activities contribute 5,877,985.54 tonnes of CO2e emissions. The per capita CO2e emission in Pune is 1.31 tonnes, which is below the national average of 1.75 tonnes. Pune was among the 40 Indian cities which participated in the Roadmap of South Asian Cities and Local Governments for the post-2012 global climate agreement. Thirteen other cities from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka also participated in the initiative implemented by ICLEI(South Asia) and was supported by the British High Commission, New Delhi. Under the study, the Pune Municipal Corporation shared information related to energy consumption in various sectors like street lighting, transport, water pumping system, residential, commercial and industrial. ICLEI(South Asia) analysed information provided by the participant cities to arrive at the City Energy Status Report, which indicates energy consumption by considered service sectors and resultant carbon emissions. A similar exercise has been carried out in 52 other South Asian cities leading to the preparation of the Carbon Emission Inventory of the 53 South Asian cities. The rankings were decided on the basis of the data provided by the municipal corporation. It is not known whether any independent sampling of greenhouse gas emission was conducted. –4 The above note have been written with reference to
http://www.indianexpress.com
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About B. N. College of Architecture (BNCA)...
BNCA
CANTEEN Karvenagar
N
Pune- Location Map We , t h e s t u d e n t s o f M . A r c h (Environmental Architecture) studying in Dr. B. N College of
Site Plan, Dr. B. N. College of Architecture.
Architecture took up the task of evaluating the carbon footprint for our building, located in campus of Maharshi Karve’s Stree Shikshan Santha, Karvenagar, Pune. The campus has an area of about 4 acres; along with architecture, constitutes of various buildings for Engineering, Information Technology and, Business Management. The B. N. College of architecture holds courses for Graduation and Post- graduation in Architecture and Diploma course in Computer Aided Interior Design. Around 160 girls are admitted every year. Thus, the total student population of the college sums up to 690. The teaching staff members count up to 50 nos. while the non-teaching staff members count up to 33 nos. The area considered for computation of carbon footprint of the institue is architecture building along with its canteen.
Dr. B. N. College of architectureFront View
College entrance lobby
Canteen
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with respect to B.NC.A building. Considerations for calculating carbon emissionTwo types of energies need to be considered while calculating carbon emission and ultimately the carbon footprint of the building.
1) Capital energy- This would include the basic or capital investment done for the building. This factor will not be considered chiefly while calculating the carbon footprint of an existing building. The capital energy of the building and carbon emission due to construction has been calculated.
2) Recurring energy- This would include carbon emission from various sources during the total life of the building. The carbon emission sources would include – electricity, waste, water, HVAC systems and fuel. Carbon emissions from these are due to resource usage, activities by the users etc. Either directly or indirectly. We calculated the current carbon emissions from every source by first calculating the consumption (both monthly and annual). After suggesting the retrofitting measures the savings in consumption is calculated which also gives the reduction in carbon footprint. The reduction measures are with calculated figures i.e quantifiable as well as suggestive including changes in behaviourial pattern, educating people by creating awareness.
Parameters considered to calculate carbon footprintThinking about the parameters to concentrate for calculating carbon footprint of the institute and eventually suggesting ways to reduce it, we basically zeroed down to three major contributors to carbon emissions.
1) Use of electrical energy- a) for lighting b) cooling and ventilation c) and equipments. Reason- since the building is an Architectural studies building use of lot of equipments like computers, printers etc. is inevitable. Also the consumption due
to
lighting will be considerable to provide the required Lux levels for drafting work.
2) Fuel consumption-
a) For commuting by students and staff. b) Transportation for providing service to ancillary spaces like canteen. C) Fuel is also consumed for cooking activities in canteen. Reason- The total number of people using the building is 773.
A
majority among these, commute by car or 2-wheelers. Hence the fuel consumption due to transport is a major contributor to the carbon emission. The canteen also contributes considerably as it has a daily count of minimum 300 users.
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with respect to B.NC.A building. Parameters considered to calculate carbon footprint3) Waste generation- Waste generated due to the use of paper and other stationary items, organic waste from canteen, leaf litter and waste from the landscaped area etc. Reason- Various activities in the building generates a lot of paper waste daily (from prints, sheets etc.). Similarly lot of food waste is generated due to canteen thus adding on to the carbon emission.
How much does each parameter contribute? Pie chart showing contribution by each area
The major contributor to the carbon emission is Fuel
2% 1%
6%
2%
lighting
22%
HVAC transport- due to commuting
5%
transport- LPG cylinders fuel consumption for cooking
consumption due to transportation (62%). Electricity ranks second in emission (22%).
Waste canteen (only due to electricity)
Though emission due to HVAC is
62%
* Calculations for all these are in the report
less as compared to other areas, the ratio of quantity to emission is more in case of HVAC system as 12
ELECTRICITY
number of Air conditioners emit 5
Equipments Lighting
% of carbon.
Cooling and ventilation WASTE From college
A BURGER!-
From canteen From landscape
One of the best examples of growing consumerism, greed of getting everything fast and consuming something that looks fancy and tasty but has its own negative effects.
FUELS For commuting For services Cooking
Give your carbon Footprint a makeover, Before it makes your future look ugly... 7
Capital Energy Calculation: Capital energy Investment is the embodied energy put in the
Envelope 26%
Structure 24%
construction of building and that which cannot be renewed. It is all the energy consumed by the processes associated with the production of the building, from mining and processing of natural resources to manufacturing, transport and product delivery. Thus, the
Finishes 13%
Services 24%
carbon emissions due to the construction of the building is considered
Site work 6%
to be an one time investment as it would not continue emitting
Construction 7%
Division of embodied energy in a conventional building 1
carbons through out its life-cycle.
With reference to the evaluation of the carbon footprint for invested capital energy of our institute, the basic envelope of the building along with its structure is to considered. To find out the approximate carbon dioxide emissions due to the construction of this building, a tool named Construction Carbon Calculator is used. The required data is fed in the calculator to produce the results of desired CO2 emissions.
Facts to Consider: Total area of the building: 3309.76 sqm
Materials: Structure: RCC Framed
No. of storeys: G+3
Envelope(walls): Clay bricks both side plastered.
Ground floor area: 1270.5 sqm
Windows: Sliding glass windows with aluminum panels
First floor area: 1243.5 sqm
Doors: Flushed panels
Second and Third floor area: 397.88 sqm
Predominant installed landscape: short grass or lawn area.
Climate zone: Temperate
Land Conditions: Previously developed.
Result:
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Thus, approximately the carbon footprint of the
Exterior views of the building
building estimates up to 1595 metric tons of Co2.
1
lh5.ggpht.com/.../embodied+energy.jpg, 2 buildcarbonneutral.org
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Can I ever breathe fresh air and pay and pollute less..
Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power. Fuel oil is made of long 1 hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics.
Fuel oil is classified as follows, according to its boiling point, composition and purpose. 1. Kerosene 2.LPG(Liquified petrolium gas) 3. Distillate fuel oil ( rarely used) 4. Residual fuel oils (RFO) or heavy fuel oils 5. Petrol/ gasoline 6. Diesel etc. LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or autogas) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles, for cooking and increasingly replacing the chlorofluorocarbon as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce damage to the ozone layer. Gasoline - It contains about 35 MJ/L or 13 kWh/kg. This is an average; gasoline blends differ, and 1 therefore actual energy content varies from seaso`1n to season and from batch to batch, by up to 4% more or less than the average, according to the US EPA. Diesel - Unlike petroleum ether and liquefied petroleum gas engines, diesel engines do not use high voltage spark ignition (spark plugs). Diesel has greater efficiency and lower flammability and explosivity than gasoline.
1
Why Carbon emission (with respect to fuel) is a concern? The carbon cycle has reservoirs where it is stored as a solid. The diagram below shows some of these. In a cycle that has reached equilibrium, the rate at which carbon is removed from storage is equal to the amount that is being taken out of the atmosphere. The reason why many people are concerned about the carbon cycle is because mankind's intervention has caused this system to go grossly out of equilibrium. By burning fossil fuels, mankind has upset the balance of the cycle and greatly increased the rate at which carbon is returning to the gaseous phase. 2
1
www.wikepedia.com, 2 trees-carbon *p.d.f
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Fuel type
Unit
Petrol Petrol Gasoline Gasoline Diesel Diesel Diesel Oil (heating) Oil (heating) Oil (heating)
1 gallon (UK) 1 litre 1 gallon (USA) 1 litre 1 gallon (UK) 1 gallon (USA) 1 litre 1 gallon (USA) 1 gallon (UK) 1 litre
CO2 emitted per unit 10.4 kg 2.3 kg 8.7 kg 2.3 kg 12.2 kg 9.95 kg 2.7 kg 13.6 kg 11.26 kg 3 kg
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save me!
Thus, the carbon emission calculations would be done according to 2.3kg of carbon released per litre of petrol and 2.7kg of carbon released per litre of diesel. 3
Here, we have considered four main radius parameters for carbon calculations. For each of the radiuses, the numbers of four wheelers and two wheelers have been calculated. The institute hosts a total of 690 students, 50 teaching staff and 33 non-teaching staff. - (Official record – b.n.c.a)
Out of the 690 students we found that – (general survey and inquiry) 5% travelled by public transport (including rickshaws, buses) 45% stay in hostels and come on foot to college 50% of the students used vehicular transport
5% travel by public transport (including rickshaws, buses) – 35 students 45% stay in hostels and come on foot to college – 310 students 50% of the students use vehicular transport – 345 students
Out of these 345 students – 40% travel from within 5km = 138 students 35% travel from within10km = 120 students 15% travel from within 15km = 52 students 10% travel from within 20km = 35 students
3
- www.timeforchange.org
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The average carbon emissions for various fuels are stated in the above table. Taking the above reference a range of kilometer radiuses has been drawn for the ease of calculation. The distances are – 5km, 10km, 15km, and 20km. On an average for 2-wheelers which run on petrol the average mileage is 35 kms per litre, the fuel consumed per km is 0.028litres. The fuel consumed per day one way is – For a distance of 5 km (one way) – 0.142 litres For a distance of 10 km (one way) – 0.28 litres For a distance of 15 km (one way) – 0.42 litres For a distance of 20 km (one way) – 0.56 litres
Considering the same factors for both petrol and diesel operated 4wheelers. On an average for 4-wheelers which run on fuel if the average mileage is 12 kms per litre, the fuel consumed per km is 0.082litres. For a distance of 5 km (one way) – 0.41 litres For a distance of 10 km (one way) – 0.83 litres For a distance of 15 km (one way) – 1.24 litres For a distance of 20 km (one way) – 1.66 litres
Calculations for the 5km radius – a total of 138 students For a distance of 5 km (two way - college and back) for a 2-wheeler - 0.284 litres of petrol per person per day is consumed 95% use 2 wheelers (petrol) - 132 students Carbon emission -- 2.3kg of carbon is emitted per litre of petrol and 2.7kg of carbon is emitted per litre of diesel. Thus for 132 vehicles = 132 x 0.284 = 37.48 litres per day (total) For a month (6 days a week working i.e. 25days approx. in a month) = 37.48 x 25 = 937 litres Carbon emissions for a month - 937 x 2.3 kg = 2155.1 kg Annually the institute works for an average of i.e.10 months - 250 days (approx.) Thus, Annual Carbon emission = 2155.1 x10 = 21551 kg per year
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For a distance of 5 km (two way - college and back) for a 4-wheeler - 0.82 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 5% use 4 wheelers - 6 students/ vehicles 1student - diesel car 5 students - petrol car Thus for 1 student using a diesel car, diesel consumption would be - 1 x 0.82 = 0.82 litres Carbon emission for a month - 0.82 x 25 x 2.7 = 55.35 kg Annual carbon emission = 55.35 x 10 = 553.5 kg 5 students using petrol vehicles fuel consumption would be - 5 x 0.82 = 4.1 litres Carbon emission for a month - 4.1 x 25 x 2.3 = 235.75 kg Annual carbon emission = 235.75 x 10 = 2357.5 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 5km radius -- 21551 + 553.5 + 2357.5 = 24462 kg
Calculations for the 10km radius - a total of 120 students For a distance of 10 km (two way - college and back) - 0.56 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 90% use 2 wheelers (petrol) - 108 students/ vehicles Thus for 108 vehicles = 108 x 0.56 = 60.48 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month - 60.48 x 25 x 2.3 = 3477.6 kg Annual Carbon emission = 3477.6 x10 = 34776 kg per year For a distance of 10 km (two way - college and back) for a 4-wheeler - 1.66 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 10% use 4 wheelers - 12 students/ vehicles 4 students - diesel car 8 students - petrol car Thus for 4 students using a diesel car, diesel consumption per day would be - 4 x 1.66 = 6.64 litres Carbon emission for a month - 6.64 x 25 x 2.7 = 448.2 kg Annual carbon emission = 448.2 x 10 = 4482 kg For 8 students using petrol vehicles fuel consumption would be - 8 x 1.66 = 13.28litres Carbon emission for a month - 13.28 x 25 x 2.3 = 763.6 kg Annual carbon emission = 763.6 x 10 = 7636 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 10km radius -- 34776 + 4482 + 7636 = 46894 kg
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Calculations for the 15km radius - a total of 52 students For a distance of 15 km (two way - college and back) - 0.84 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 85% use 2 wheelers (petrol) - 44 students It has been observed that some students travel in twos (two on each two wheeler), which reduces the vehicle count. It has been peculiar for distances of 10kms or above. 40% of them share the vehicles i.e. 18 students, which reduces 9 vehicles in the total vehicle count. Thus, calculating emission for 35 vehicles in all. Thus for 35 vehicles = 35 x 0.84 = 29.4 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month - 29.4 x 25 x 2.3 = 1690.5 kg Annual Carbon emission = 1690.5 x10 = 16905 kg per year For a distance of 15 km (two way - college and back) for a 4-wheeler - 2.48 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 15% use 4 wheelers - 8 students It has been observed that car pooling has been peculiar for distances of 10kms or above. Approximately all of them share the vehicles i.e. 4 in each car, which reduces the vehicle count to 2 cars. Thus, calculating carbon emission for 2 cars in all. Fuel consumption for 2 petrol cars would be - 2 x 2.48 = 4.96 litres Carbon emission for a month - 4.96 x 25 x 2.3 = 285.2 kg Annual carbon emission = 285.2 x 10 = 2852kg Total annual carbon consumption for 15km radius -- 16905 + 2852 = 19757 kg
Calculations for the 20km radius - a total of 35 students For a distance of 20 km (two way - college and back) - 1.12 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 85% use 2 wheelers (petrol) - 30 students It has been observed that some students travel in twos (two on each two wheeler), which reduces the vehicle count. It has been peculiar for distances of 10kms or above. 40% of them share the vehicles i.e. 12 students, which reduces 6 vehicles in the total vehicle count. Thus, calculating carbon emission for 24 vehicles in all. Thus for 24 vehicles = 24 x 1.12 = 26.88 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month - 26.88 x 25 x 2.3 = 1545.6 kg Annual Carbon emission = 1545.6x10 = 15456 kg per year
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For a distance of 20 km (two way - college and back) for a 4-wheeler - 3.32 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 15% use 4-wheelers - 5 students It has been observed that car pooling has been peculiar for distances of 10kms or above. Approximately three of them share their vehicles i.e. 3 in car and one each in the remaining two cars which reduces the vehicle count to 3 cars. Thus, calculating carbon emission for 3 cars in all. Fuel consumption for 2 petrol cars would be - 3 x 3.32 = 9.96 litres Carbon emission for a month - 9.96 x 25 x 2.3 = 572.7 kg Annual carbon emission = 572.7 x 10 = 5727 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 20km radius -- 15456 + 5727 = 21223 kg
TOTAL ANNUAL CARBON CONSUMPTION BY THE STUDENTS (VEHICULAR TRAVEL) = 24462+46894+19757+21223 = 112336 kg
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Out of the 690 students, 5% travel by public transport (including rickshaws, buses) -- a total of 35 students. A bus has an average mileage of 4km per litre of petrol, o.25litre of fuel is consumed for every km.
A rickshaw has an average mileage of 30km per litre of petrol, 0.033litre of fuel is consumed for every km.
Calculations for the 5km radius – a total of 2 students 0 student use public transport. For a distance of 5 km (two-way – college and back) for an auto rickshaw – 0.33 litres of petrol per person per day is consumed. 2 students use a rickshaw. Thus for 2 students using an auto rickshaw, the petrol consumption per day would be – 2 x 0.33 = 0.45 litres Carbon emission for a month – 0.66 x 25 x 2.3 = 37.95 kg Annual carbon emission = 37.95 x 10 = 379.5 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 5km radius – 379.5 kg
Calculations for the 10km radius – a total of 4 students For a distance of 10 km (two-way – college and back) for a public transport bus –0.09 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 2 students use public transport. Thus for 5 students using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 2 x 0.09 = 0.45 litres Carbon emission for a month – 0.18 x 25 x 2.3 = 10.35 kg Annual carbon emission = 10.35 x 10 = 103.5 kg
15
For a distance of 10 km (two-way – college and back) for a rickshaw – 0.6 litres of petrol per person per day is consumed 2 students use a rickshaw. Thus for 2 students using an auto rickshaw, the petrol consumption per day would be – 5 x 0.6 = 1.2 litres Carbon emission for a month – 1.2 x 25 x 2.3 = 69 kg Annual carbon emission = 69 x 10 = 690 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 20km radius – 103.5 + 690 = 793.5 kg
Calculations for the 15km radius – a total of 11 students For a distance of 15 km (two-way – college and back) for a public transport bus – 0.13 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 10 students use public transport. Thus for 12 students using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 10 x 0.13 = 1.3 litres Carbon emission for a month – 1.3 x 25 x 2.3 = 74.75 kg Annual carbon emission = 74.75 x 10 = 747.5 kg
For a distance of 15 km (two-way – college and back) for a rickshaw – 0.9 litres of petrol per person per day is consumed 1 students use a rickshaw. Thus for 2 students using an auto rickshaw, the petrol consumption per day would be – 1 x 0.9 = 0.9 litres Carbon emission for a month – 0.9 x 25 x 2.3 = 51.75 kg Annual carbon emission = 51.75 x 10 = 517.5 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 20km radius – 747.5 + 517.5 = 1265 kg
16
Calculations for the 20km radius – a total of 18 students For a distance of 20 km (two way – college and back) for a public transport bus – 0.17 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 18 students use public transport. 0 students use a rickshaw. Thus for 18 students using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 18 x 0.17 = 3.06 litres Carbon emission for a month – 3.06 x 25 x 2.3 = 175.96 kg Annual carbon emission = 175.96 x 10 = 1759.6 kg
TOTAL ANNUAL CARBON CONSUMPTION BY THE STUDENTS (PUBLIC TRANSPORT) = = 379.5+793.5+1265+1759.6 = 4197.6 kg
17
A total of 50 staff members come to the institution every day. Out of these 50 staff members – 58% travel from within 5km =29 staff members 26% travel from within10km = 13 staff members 10% travel from within 15km = 5 staff members 6% travel from within 20km = 3 staff members
Calculations for the 5km radius – a total of 29 staff members For a distance of 5 km (two way – college and back) – 0.284 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 10 staff members use 2-wheelers (petrol). Thus for 10 vehicles = 10 x 0.284 = 2.84 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month – 2.84 x 25 x 2.3 = 163.3 kg Annual Carbon consumption = 163.3 x10 = 1633 kg per year For a distance of 5 km (two way – college and back) for a 4-wheeler – 0.82 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 19 staff members use 4-wheelers. 5 staff members – diesel cars 14 staff members – petrol cars Thus for 5 staff members using a diesel car, diesel consumption per day would be – 5 x 0.82 = 4.1 litres Carbon emission for a month – 4.1 x 25 x 2.7 = 276.75 kg Annual carbon emission = 276.75 x 10 = 2767.5 kg 14 staff members using petrol vehicles, the fuel consumption would be – 14 x 0.82 = 11.48 litres Carbon emission for a month – 11.48 x 25 x 2.3 = 660.1 kg Annual carbon emission = 660.1 x 10 = 6601 kg
Calculations for the 10km radius – a total of 13 staff members For a distance of 10 km (two way – college and back) – 0.56 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 3 staff members use 2-wheelers (petrol). Thus for 3 vehicles = 3 x 0.56 = 1.68 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month – 1.68 x 25 x 2.3 = 96.6 kg Annual Carbon consumption = 96.6 x10 = 966 kg per year
18
For a distance of 10 km (two way – college and back) for a 4-wheeler – 1.66 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 10 staff members use 4-wheelers. 2 staff members – diesel cars 8 staff members – petrol cars Thus for 2 staff members using a diesel car, diesel consumption per day would be – 2 x 1.66 = 3.32 litres Carbon emission for a month – 3.32 x 25 x 2.7 = 224.1 kg Annual carbon emission = 224.1 x 10 = 2241kg 8 staff members using petrol vehicles fuel consumption would be – 8 x 1.66 = 13.28 litres Carbon emission for a month – 13.28 x 25 x 2.3 = 763.6 kg Annual carbon emission = 763.6 x 10 = 7636 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 10km radius -- 966 + 2241 + 7636 = 10843 kg
Calculations for the 15km radius – a total of 5 staff members For a distance of 15 km (two way – college and back) – 0.84 litres of petrol per person per day 2 staff members use 2-wheelers (petrol). Thus for 35 vehicles = 2 x 0.84 = 1.68 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month – 1.68 x 25 x 2.3 = 96.6 kg Annual Carbon consumption = 96.6 x 10 = 966 kg per year
For a distance of 15 km (two way – college and back) for a 4-wheeler – 2.48 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed. 3 staff members use 4-wheelers. 3 staff members – petrol cars Fuel consumption for 3 petrol cars would be – 3 x 2.48 = 7.44 litres Carbon emission for a month – 7.44 x 25 x 2.3 = 427.8 kg Annual carbon emission = 427.8 x 10 = 4278 kg
Total annual carbon consumption for 15km radius -- 966 + 4278 = 5244 kg
19
Calculations for the 20km radius – a total of 35 students For a distance of 20 km (two way – college and back) – 1.12 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 0 staff members use 2-wheelers (petrol). For a distance of 20 km (two way – college and back) for a 4-wheeler – 3.32 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed. 3 staff members use 4-wheelers. 3 staff members – petrol cars Fuel consumption for 2 petrol cars would be – 3 x 3.32 = 9.96 litres Carbon emission for a month – 9.96 x 25 x 2.3 = 572.7 kg Annual carbon emission = 572.7 x 10 = 5727 kg Total annual carbon consumption for 20km radius -- 0 + 5727 = 5727 kg
TOTAL ANNUAL CARBON CONSUMPTION BY THE TEACHING STAFF (VEHICULAR TRAVEL) = 11001.5+10843+5244+5727 = 32815.5 kg
20
A total of 33 non teaching staff members come to the institution every day. Out of these 33 people – 30% travel from within 5km =10 staff members 45% travel from within10km = 15 staff members 20% travel from within 15km = 7 staff members 5% travel from within 20km = 1 staff member
Calculations for the 5km radius – a total of 10 staff For a distance of 5 km (two way – college and back) – 0.284 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 4 staff members use 2-wheelers (petrol). Thus for 4 vehicles = 4 x 0.284 = 1.136 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month – 1.136 x 25 x 2.3 = 65.32 kg Annual Carbon consumption = 65.32 x10 = 653.2 kg per year For a distance of 5 km (two way – college and back) for a public transport bus – 2.5 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 4 staff members use public transport. Thus for 4 staff members using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 4 x 0.05 = 0.2 litres Carbon emission for a month – 10 x 25 x 2.3 = 11.5 kg Annual carbon emission = 11.5 x 10 = 115 kg 2 staff members use cycles, i.e. zero carbon emission. Total annual carbon consumption for 5km radius – 653.2 + 115 = 768.2 kg
Calculations for the 10km radius – a total of 15 staff For a distance of 10 km (two way – college and back) – 0.56 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 4 staff members use 2-wheelers (petrol). Thus for 4 vehicles = 4 x 0.56 = 2.24 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month – 2.24 x 25 x 2.3 = 128.8 kg Annual Carbon consumption = 128.8 x10 = 1288 kg per year
21
For a distance of 10 km (two way – college and back) for a public transport bus –0.09 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed. 10 staff members use public transport. Thus for 10 staff members using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 10 x 0.09 = 0.9 litres Carbon emission for a month – 0.9 x 25 x 2.3 = 51.75 kg Annual carbon emission = 51.75 x 10 = 517.5 kg 1 staff member uses a cycle, i.e. zero carbon emission. Total annual carbon consumption for 10km radius – 1288+51.75 = 1339.75 kg
Calculations for the 15km radius – a total of 7 staff For a distance of 15 km (two way – college and back) – 0.84 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day 1 staff member uses a 2-wheeler (petrol). Thus for 1 vehicle = 1 x 0.84 = 0.84 litres per day Carbon emissions for a month – 0.84 x 25 x 2.3 = 48.3 kg Annual Carbon consumption = 48.3 x10 = 483 kg per year For a distance of 15 km (two way – college and back) for a public transport bus – 0.13 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 6 staff members use public transport. Thus for 6 staff members using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 6 x 0.13 = 0.78 litres Carbon emission for a month – 0.78 x 25 x 2.3 = 44.85kg Annual carbon emission = 44.85 x 10 = 448.5 kg No staff member uses cycle. Total annual carbon consumption for 15km radius – 483 + 448.5 = 931.5 kg
22
Calculations for the 20km radius – a total of 1 staff For a distance of 20 km (two way – college and back) – 1.12 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day No staff member uses a 2-wheeler. For a distance of 20 km (two way – college and back) for a public transport bus – 0.17 litres of petrol/diesel per person per day is consumed 1 staff member uses public transport. Thus for 1 staff member using a public transport bus, the petrol consumption per day would be – 1 x 0.17 = 0.17 litres Carbon emission for a month – 0.17 x 25 x 2.3 = 9.775 kg Annual carbon emission = 9.775 x 10 = 97.75 kg No staff member uses cycle. Total annual carbon consumption for 20km radius – 97.75 kg TOTAL ANNUAL CARBON CONSUMPTION BY THE NON TEACHINGSTAFF (VEHICULAR TRAVEL) = 768.2+1339.75+931.5+97.75 = 3137.2 kg
23
Carbon footprint for services to the canteen (tempo) A tempo delivers vegetables and bakery products to the canteen. For which it has to travel 3 km per day (two-way college and back). Tempo has an average of 10 km/litres of diesel. Thus for 3 km a day it consumes 0.3 litres of petrol. Carbon emission for a month – 0.3 x 25 x 2.3 = 17.25 kg Annual carbon emission = 17.25 x 10 = 172.5 kg
GROSS EMISSION: GROSS TOTAL OF ANNUAL CARBON EMISSION BY INSTITUTE = = 112336+4197.6+32815.5+3137.2+172.5 = 152658.8 kg
24
Users
Comparative charts
No.
404 51 5 313
Private vehicles
Public transport - Bus Public transport - Rickshaw Zero carbon emitters - cyles/ on foot
Carbon Emission
Private vehicles
40 40%
in the adjoining chart, statistics indicate that private vehicles have the maximum carbon footprint.
Public transport - Bus
52%
Public transport Rickshaw Zero carbon emitters cyles/ on foot
1%
Conclusion - If the amount of private vehicles are reduced, the carbon footprint could be brought down.
7%
The chart below shows a comparison of various means of transport within km. Radiuses. Conclusion: two wheelers are the most used mode of ttransport and is maximum amongst students who travel within a radius of 5km. 140 120 100 80
2w
60
4w
40
P.T BUS
20
RICKSHAW
Students
Teaching staff
20km
15km
10km
5km
20km
15km
10km
5km
20km
15km
10km
5km
0
Non teaching staff
Students constitute majority of the
Carbon Footprint 2%
population in the institute. The above pie 25%
chart indicates that the students have the Students
maximum carbon footprint amongst the
Teaching staff
others.
Non teaching staff
Conclusion – By reducing 73%
the student emissions, the overall footprint could be
Category Students Teaching staff Non teaching staff
No.of people 380 50 30
Carbon footprint in kg. 116533.6 40774.5 3137.2
brought down.
25
Measure – 1 Out of the 380 students using private vehicles; we would suggest 75% of them i.e.286 students be replaced by public transport (buses). As, not all students would like to travel by buses; the remaining 25% i.e. 95 students have been left to the choice of their private vehicles. A bus can replace 56 students at a time. Thus to replace 286 students, we would need approximately 5 buses. Since we have considered four main distance radiuses, the bus would cater to all four of them. Thus, it would be covering 40 kms two-way everyday on an average. A bus has a mileage of about 4km per litre of petrol. It consumes 0.25 litres for every km.
Calculations for carbon savings– For a distance of 40 km (two-way – college and back) for a bus – 0.25 x 40 =10 litres is consumed per day.For 5 buses – 10 x 5 = 50 litres Carbon emission for a month – 50 x 25 x 2.3 = 2895 kg Annual carbon emission = 2895 x 10 = 28950 kg 25% i.e. 95 students still would use their private vehicles. The total carbon emission by the students (travel) is 112336 (Ref: initial documented data and statistics), considering 25% of this value as an average for calculations. The carbon footprint of 95 students would be around 28084kg. Total annual carbon emission by students after retrofitting measures – 28950+28084 = 57034 kg The total carbon footprint due to transportation (earlier calculations) is 152658.8 kg Thus, the amount of emission after retrofitting is: 57034+32815.5 (teaching staff - earlier calculations) +3137.2(non-teaching staff - earlier calculations) = 92986.7 kg Total carbon saving – 152658.8-92986.7 = 59672.1 kg of carbon emission can be avoided annually if the retrofitting measure 1 is implemented. Since, 1 litre of petrol emits 2.3 kg of carbon; 59672.1kg of carbon saves – 59672.1/2.3 = 25944.4 litres could be saved.
Cost reduction: A litre of petrol costs 56 Rs, thus 25944.4 litres would save Rs.1452885.91
26
Measure – 2 Pure bio-diesel (B100) is the lowest emission diesel fuel. Although liquefied petroleum gas and hydrogen have cleaner combustion, they are used to fuel much less efficient petrol engines and are not as widely available. Bio-diesel is also an oxygenated fuel, meaning that it contains a reduced amount of carbon and higher hydrogen and oxygen content than fossil diesel. This improves the combustion of fossil diesel and reduces the particulate emissions from un-burnt carbon.4
The Earth-Friendly Fuel Canola bio-diesel produces only about 12 percent of the carbon dioxide of petroleum diesel fuel. This difference becomes even more pronounced when adding in some of the common canola production practices.4 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has calculated that biodiesel produces about 0.4 kilograms of carbon dioxide per litre. If petroleum diesel is replaced with biodiesel in all the 5 buses provided for the students (shown in the above example), the saving is as follows: A bus has a mileage of about 4km per litre of biodiesel, it consumes 0.25 litres for every km.
Calculations for carbon savings– For a distance of 40 km (two-way – college and back) for a bus using biodiesel– 0.25 x 40 =10 litres is consumed per day For 5 buses – 10 x 5 = 50 litres Carbon emission for a month – 50 x 25 x 0.4 = 500 kg Annual carbon emission = 500 x 10 = 5000 kg 25% i.e. 95 students still would use their private vehicles. The total carbon emission by the students (travel) is 112336 (Ref: initial documented data and statistics), considering 25% of this value as an average for calculations. The carbon footprint of 95 students would be around 28084kg. Total annual carbon consumption after retrofitting measures – 5000+28084 = 33084 kg 4
- http://www.biodieselmagazine.com
27
The total carbon footprint due to transportation (earlier calculations) is 152658.8 kg Thus, the amount of emission after retrofitting is: 33084+32815.5 (teaching staff - earlier calculations) +3137.2(non-teaching staff - earlier calculations) = 69036.7 kg Total carbon saving – 152658.8-69036.7 = 83622.1 kg of carbon emission can be avoided annually if the retrofitting measure 2 is implemented. Since, 1 litre of petrol emits 2.3 kg of carbon; 83622.1 kg of carbon saves – 83622.1 /2.3 = 36357.44 litres could be saved.
Cost reduction: A litre of petrol costs 56 Rs, thus 36357.44 litres would save Rs.2036016.35
Measure 3 - Carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration is defined as
3
“the process of renewing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir” the reservoir could be oceans, trees, streams etc. Carbon dioxide can be taken out of the atmosphere by photosynthesis in plants, which convert the carbon into a solid form (sugars) that can be stored or put back into the air during respiration.
Carbon sequestration is a means of mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming, based on capturing carbon dioxide from large point sources such as: fossil fuel power plants, and storing it in such a way that it doesn't enter the atmosphere again. (According trees for the Future) The estimate for the agro forestry trees, planted in tropical climates, the sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide is an average of 50 pounds (i.e - 22.6kg) of carbon Dioxide per tree per year. The rate of carbon sequestration depends on the growth characteristics of the tree species, the conditions for growth where the tree is planted, and the density of the tree's wood. It is greatest in the younger stages of tree growth, between 20 to 50 years.
28
The institute was built in 1996 i.e 14years. Based on the above reference, a single tree in the institute premises will have a carbon sequestration of 22.6 kg i.e. 50 pounds. The college premises includes 20 trees of 10years age: majority of them rain trees. Thus, for 20 trees, carbon sequestration would be – 22.6 x 20 = 452 kg Thus, the carbon emissions during the life cycle of the building would be reduced by 452 kg every year – by carbon sequestration. N Scale - N.T.S
As compared to the total carbon consumption; 452 kg is a very small part. The college premises has space where only for 5 more trees to be planted. This would boost the carbon sequestrated. Thus, 5 trees would consume carbon 22.6 x 5 = 113 kg per year. Since the college premises has limited space, the management could plant a minimum of 15 trees annually. Additional carbon would be sequestrated, thus bringing down the total carbon emissions.
Greening the hills: Pune is surrounded by hills whose green cover is fast depleting. Greening the hills is a concept through which the green cover could be revived. Through this a social and public cause could be attended to and carbon could be sequestrated. 15 trees per year on the hilltops surrounding the Pune city, would sequestrate upto – 15 x 22.6 = 339 kg of carbon per year. THUS, TOTAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION WOULD BE 452 + 113 + 339 = 904 KG PER YEAR.
29
Inferences based on earlier calculations and retrofitting measures – As compared to measure 1 (55302kg of carbon) the implementation of measure 2 (79252 kg) has better reduction in carbon emission. there is additional 23950 kg of extra saving if measure 2 is implemented. If the measure 1 (59672.1 kg of carbon) and measure 3 (904 kg) are combined together, the saving would be : 59672.1 + 904 = 60576.1 kg If the measure 2 ( 83622.1 kg of carbon) and measure 3 (904 kg) are combined together, the saving would be : 83622.1 + 904 = 84526.1 kg
Conclusion: Savings could be maximized when measure 2 – bio-diesel buses (5 nos) and measure 3 – carbon sequestration through trees are combined.
Smaller measures for reduction of carbon footprint: a) Timely checking of vehicles for p.u.c – pollution under control limit stated by the pollution control board of India / state pollution control board and maintenance of engines for private vehicles would increase their efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. b) Car pooling and vehicle sharing could be encouraged to minimize the footprint. c) Diesel cars could be used with biodiesel or diesel with a mixture of 5-10% biodiesel. (Biodiesel costs the same as petroleum diesel) d) Turn off the engine when you are at the signal or are waiting for more than 30 seconds.
30
Switch it off, Before your future goes in darkness.
Introduction: In India electricity is mainly generated from thermal power plants. In our Institute the entire electricity is drawn from the main grid. So the calculations are done accordingly.
Electricity Consumption of our Institute: Considerations: 1. Unit rate for an institutional building : 7.43 2. Monthly load calculation : for 25 days (non-working on Sunday ) 3. Annual load calculation :for 250 days(non-working for 3 months) 4. College Timings Administration office : 9.30 a.m. to 5.p.m. College : 7.30 a.m. to 6.p.m. As a result, the lighting loads are taken into consideration the schedule of the various spaces and its functioning.
Electricity consumption is due to lighting fixtures and equipments. As a result, the load calculation is divided floor wise in two parts, as stated above. The institute consists of a combination of 65W, 40W tube lights and reflective panels along with some 40W bulbs, Cfl’s and fans as a part of lighting fixtures. It also consists of Air conditioning units, UPS, printers etc, as necessary equipments for an institutional building.
Study done: The electricity bill for April month was analyzed (being the hottest month) and for the energy consumption and cost. Retrofitting measures for some of the lighting fixtures is suggested to reduce the carbon emissions and energy load.
Electricity bill :1 1. Month : April 2. Units : 10308 3. Unit rate : 7.43 4. Cost : Rs 76,588.44 5. Adding ELC : 5193.22 6. Total cost :Rs 81,781.66
The per month electricity consumption and respective cost is very high thereby having a significant impact on the environment, which is essentially needed to be reduced to suit the needs.
Previous months consumption (unit): 1. March : 7107 2. Feb : 5640 3. Jan : 5574 1
Maharshi Karve Stri Shikshan Sanstha’s Electricity bill 31
About the ground floor plan: The ground floor plan mainly consists of administration along with meeting room and a computer area. The central court is the main feature in the plan. Library Research Cell
Server Room
Library
CAID Lab Cyber cafĂŠ + computer room
Corridoor
Court Reception + Office Principal’s cabin
Auditorium Accounts Meeting room section N
Ent GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Loads: Having an administrative and computer department, the ground floor has equipments like airconditioning, vending machine and many printers and scanners contributing to the load factor. Sr.no
Appliance
1 Tubelights
Number
Rated value
Load
85
65 W (electronic ballast)
16
40W (2' tube light panels)
640W
40W (magnetic ballast, fluorescent tube)
40 W
6
5915W
Company Anchor (Omara)
2 Fans
64
70 W
4480W
Bajaj
3 Bulbs
8
40W
320
Philips
4 Decorative lamps (court)
8
20W
160W
Philips
Library
Accounts section
32
Load calculation for ground floor plan: Sr.no A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B
1 2 3 4
Computer room Maintenance room Cyber café Computer cell Server room
Bulbs
Schedule
Consumption Whr / day
Fans
schedule
20 nos, 70W each
9.30 a.m.- 5.00 pm 7.5 hrs
10500
16 nos, 70W each
1.5 hrs
1680
9.30 a.m.- 5.00 pm 7.5 hrs
16087.5
23nos, 65W each
1.5 hrs
2242.5
14nos, 65W each
8.30 a.m.- 5.00 pm 8.5 hrs
7735
16nos, 40W panel
7.30 - 6.00 pm 10.5hrs
6720
10
9nos, 65W and 2 nos 40W each
8.00 - 6.00 pm. 10hrs
6650
1 no, 70W each
4 nos, 65W 8 nos, 40W each each
8.00 - 6.00 pm. 10hrs
6nos, 40W each
5.00 - 6.00 pm. 1hr
Consumption Whr / day
5 nos, 70W 8.30 a.m.- 5.00 pm each 8.5 hrs
2975
Classroom 1 CAID class / lab
E
Tubelights
Administration Principal's Office Registrar's office Administration Cell 33 nos, 65W office + Reception each Library Research cell Xerox machine
Meeting 1 Meeting room 2 Auditorium
C
D
Function
Circulation 1 Entrance foyer 2 Passages
F
not used as the room is airconditioned
8.00 - 6.00 pm. 10hrs
700
Toilets 1 Gents 2 Ladies
G
Court
5800
240
8
not used
Library
Court
Court
Cyber café
33
About the first floor plan: The court being double height, all the spaces on the first floor are arranged surrounding and overlooking the court. It has classrooms and staff areas. Lab Staff Room Studio
Studio Staff Room Classroom
Classroom Lab Staff Room
Classroom N
Classroom
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
Loads: The classrooms are the main functional areas on this floor. As a result, projectors, computers and printers add to the load. Sr.no
Appliance
1 Tubelights
Number 100
2 Fans
65 W (electronic ballast)
Load 6500W
6
40W (magnetic ballast, fluorescent tube)
240W
4
40W (2' tube light panels)
160W
53
Staff room
Rated value
70 W
Company Anchor (Omara)
3710W
Court
Bajaj
Studio
34
Load calculation for first floor plan: Sr.no A
B
C
E
F
Function
Teaching 1 Staff room 2 Stationary / store
Computer room 1 Lab
Classroom 1 Studio
Circulation 1 Entrance 2 Passages
Toilets 1 Gents 2 Ladies
Tubelights
Schedule
Consumption Whr / day
22 nos, 65W each
9.30 a.m.- 5.00 pm 7.5hrs
10725
12nos, 65W each
7.30 - 6.00 pm 10.5hrs
8190
65 nos, 65W each
7.30 - 6.00 pm 10.5hrs
44362.2
6nos 65W each
8.00 - 6.00 pm. 10hrs
3900
4 nos, 65W each
8.00 - 6.00 pm. 10hrs
2600
Fans
schedule
9 nos, 70W each
9.30 a.m.- 5.00 pm 7.5 hrs
4725
5 nos, 70W each
7.30 - 6.00 pm 10.5hrs
3675
7.30 - 6.00 pm 10.5hrs
27195
37 nos, 70W each
Consumption Whr / day
0
0
Load calculation for typical floor plan (second and third ): Sr.no
Function
A
Classroom 1 CAID class / lab
B
C
Circulation 1 Entrance foyer 2 Passages Toilets 1 Gents
Tubelights
Bulbs
7.30 a.m.- 6.00 pm 10.5hrs
31 nos. 65Weach
4nos. 65W 1no. each 20W CFL
1no. 40W
Schedule
2nos. 40W each
Consumption Whr / day 21157.5
Fans
schedule
17nos. 7.30 a.m.- 6.00 pm 70W each 10.5 hrs
2hrs
520+40= 560
0
9.30am- 5pm 7.5hrs
600+300= 900
0
Consumption Whr / day
12495
35
Typical floor plan ( second and third ): The monotony and the geometry of the building is broken by adding up extra floors on one half of the building, whereas other half functions as a terrace and house other activities and act as individual wings. Classroom
Terrace
Lab
Classroom
Classroom
Lab Court
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
N
Loads: The classrooms are the main functional areas on this floor. As a result, projectors, computers and printers add to the load. Sr.no
Appliance
1 Tubelights
Number
Rated value
Load 1690W
Company
26
65 W (electronic ballast)
Anchor (Omara)
10
40W (magnetic ballast, fluorescent tube)
2 Fans
17
70 W
1190W
Bajaj
3 Bulbs
2
40W
80W
Philips
4 CFL
1
20W
20W
LG
400W
The same electricity consumption is observed for the third floor Terrace
Terrace
36
Electricity consumption of the institute ( Lighting ) : 1. 2.
No. of tubes 65W : 237 nos No. of bulbs 40W: 12 nos
Before implementation (Present scenario): Consumption of 65W lighting fixtures (Fluorescent tube lights ) : 65 W x 237 nos = 15405W Per day consumption = 151726Whr = 151.726 kWhr Annual consumption = 151.726 x 250 = 37931.5 kWhr Annual expenditure = 151.726 x 7.43 = Rs. 2,81,831.0 Consumption of 40 W lighting fixtures (incandescent bulbs + tube lights ): 40 W x 12 nos = 480 W Per day consumption = 8760Whr = 8.76 kWhr Annual consumption = 8.76 x 250 = 2190 kWhr Annual expenditure = 2190 x 7.43 = Rs. 16,271.70 Thus monthly consumption ( lighting ): 151726 + 8760 = 160486 Whr. monthly consumption ( fans ) : 76440Whr Total monthly loads = 160486 + 76440 = 236972.2 Whr The conditions considered are very extreme, for instance, All lights assumed to be on during the working hours as per the spaces, the loads are considered to its utmost capacity. This will not be the actual situation. So considering 50% reduction in the loads = 50 % of 236972.2 = 118486.10 Whr
Measure 1:Replacing 65W tube lights with 40W, and 40W bulbs with 12W CFL
After implementation : Replacing 65W by 40W lighting fixtures 40 W x 237 nos = 9480W Per day consumption = 93369 Whr = 93.369 kWhr Annual consumption = 93.369 x 250 = 23342.25 kWhr Annual expenditure = 23342.25 x 7.43 = Rs. 1,73,432.9 Replacing 40W by 12W lighting fixtures 12 W x 12 nos = 144 W Per day consumption = 2628Whr = 2.628 kWhr Annual consumption = 2.628 x 250 = 657 kWhr Annual expenditure = 657 x 7.43 = Rs. 4,881.51 Annual Savings: 1.
Total lighting expenditure present scenario : Rs. 2,81,831 + Rs. 16,271.70 = Rs 2,98,102.70
2.
Total lighting expenditure after implementation : Rs. 1,73,432.9 + Rs. 4,881.51 = Rs 1,78,314.4
3.
Total annual savings: : Rs 2,98,102.7 - Rs 1,78,314.4 = Rs 1,19,788.3 37
Measure 2:Replacing 60W tube lights with 22W LEDs and 40W bulbs with 12W CFL Features of LED: 2
After implementation : Replacing 65W by 22W LED 22 W x 237 nos = 5214W Per day consumption = 51305.76 Whr = 51.30 kWhr Annual consumption = 51.30 x 250 = 12825 kWhr Annual expenditure = 12825 x 7.43 = Rs. 95,289.75 Replacing 40W by 12W lighting fixtures 12 W x 12 nos = 144 W Per day consumption = 2628Whr = 2.628 kWhr Annual consumption = 2.628 x 250 = 657 kWhr Annual expenditure = 657 x 7.43 = Rs. 4,881.51
1. No UV light produced. 2. No lead, mercury or phosphor. 3.Can turn on instantly and are cold temperature compatible. 4. No ballast required which saves 8-13W, thus saving 60% electricity cost in total. 5. Life expectancy : 50,000 hrs + equivalent to 10 yrs. 6. 98% LED tubes recyclable 7. Thus, eco-friendly.
Total annual expenditure : 100171.26 Annual Savings: 1.
350000 300000
Total lighting expenditure present scenario : Rs. 2,81,831 + Rs. 16,271.70 = Rs 2,98,102.70
2.
Total lighting expenditure after implementation : Rs. 95,289.75 + Rs. 4,881.51 = Rs 1,00,171.26
3.
Total annual savings: : Rs 2,98,102.7 - Rs 1,00,171.26 = Rs 1,97,931.3
298102.7
250000
197931.3
178314.4
200000 150000
119788.3
100171.26
100000 50000 0 Before Implementation Rs. Measure 1 ( use of CFL ) Rs. Annual Expenditure Rs.
Measure 2 ( use of LED ) Rs.
Savings
Highlights of Measure 1: No major investment is required to change the 65W tubelights with 40W as the price is almost the same. The power consumption is reduced by 39%. Highlights of Measure 2: The power consumption is reducing by 67% which is a huge achievement. But the capital investment required for replacing the tubelights with LED is high as these fixtures are quiet expensive
LED tubelights 12W
CFL 20W bulb 2 http://www.ledlightsorient.com/led-tube-c
38
Exterior Lighting : The exterior lighting consists of 6 high pressure sodium street lights and 7 tubelights for parking areas, pathways and gate lights. Before implementation (Present scenario): Consumption of 65W tubelights : 65 W x 7 nos = 455W Per day consumption = 5460 Whr = 5.46 kWhr Annual consumption = 5.46x 250 = 1365 kWhr Annual expenditure = 1365 x 7.43 = Rs. 10,141.95
Features of LED street 5 lights: 1. Can save upto 50-70% energy as compared to high pressure sodium street lights. 2. Life span 50,000 hrs. 3. Maintenance charges much lower than other street lights. 4. No delay start. 5. Eco-friendly-no UV, IR, leads or mercury.
Consumption of 80 W high pressure sodium street lights: 80 W x 6 nos = 480 W Per day consumption = 5760Whr = 5.76 kWhr Annual consumption = 5.76 x 250 = 1440 kWhr Annual expenditure = 1440 x 7.43 = Rs. 10,699.2 After implementation : Replacing 65W by 22W LED street lights 22 W x 7 nos = 154W Per day consumption = 1848 Whr = 1.84 kWhr Annual consumption = 1.84 x 250 = 462 kWhr Annual expenditure = 462x 7.43 = Rs. 3,432.66 Replacing 80W by 30W LED street lights 30 W x 6 nos = 180 W Per day consumption =2160Whr = 2.16 kWhr Annual consumption = 2.16 x 250 = 540 kWhr Annual expenditure = 540 x 7.43 = Rs. 4,012.2 Annual Savings: 1.
30W LED street light
Total lighting expenditure present scenario : Rs. 10,141.95 + Rs. 10,699.2 = Rs 20,841.15
2.
Total lighting expenditure after implementation : Rs. 3,432.66 + Rs. 4012.2 = Rs 7,444.86
3.
Total annual savings: : Rs 20,841.15 - Rs 7,444.86 = Rs 13,396.29
Before implementation (Present scenario): Total units consumed : 11.22 kWh
After implementation: (Measure 1) Total units consumed : 4.0 kWhr
Total carbon emitted : 11.22 x 0.84
Total carbon emitted : 4.0 x 0.84
: 9.42 kg
: 3.36 kg
Savings : Total carbon emission saved : 9.42 - 3.36 : 6.06 kg / day = 151.5 kg /month 5 http:// www.ledlightsorient.com/solar-street-lights-c
39
Lighting Power Density (L.P.D.) Consumption : 3 1. Lighting consumption : 15885 W 2. Area of the institute : 3309.76 sq.m. By area weighted method, L.P.D. = Wattage / Area = 15885 / 3309.76 = 4.79 W/ sq.m.
Thus, this institute can consume more, but in spite of having less power consumption, the electricity loads are very high. And if it consumes more, the loads would further increase, thereby increasing carbon emissions.
The LPD consumption allowable is 12.5 W / sq.m. For an institutional building.
Load Calculation of equipments : All the equipments used in the institute and its daily consumption can contribute significantly to the energy usage. Sr.no
Equipment
Wattage
Schedule
Consumption
1 Computers
285 nos, 150W each
7.5hrs
213750
2 Laptop
15 nos, 90W each
3 hrs
4050
3 Printers
20 nos, 20W each
3 hrs
1200
4 Scanner
11 nos, 24W each
1 hr
264
5 Projector
19 nos, 250W each
3 hrs
750
6 Xerox machine
2 nos, 250W each
4 hrs
2000
7 UPS
44 nos, 650W each
2 hrs
57200
8 A0 plotter
1 no, 140W
0.5 hrs
70
9 3D printer
1 no, 300W
0.5 hrs
150
3 hrs 6 hrs
72900 48600
0.5 hrs
175
4 hrs
1200
10 Split A/C 2TR each
12 nos, 2700 W each 9 A/c in lab 3 A/c in server room
11 CNC machine for cutting 1 no. 250W 12 Water Cooler
3 nos, 100W each
13 Vending machine
1 no. 65W
0.5 hrs
32.5
14 Refrigerator (165 ltr)
1 no. 110W
12 hrs
1320
Total monthly load = 403661.5 Whr The conditions considered are very extreme, for instance, All computers assumed to be working throughout the day. This will not be the actual situation. So considering 25% reduction in the loads Consumption = 7543 kWhr 3 Energy Conservation Building Codes 2005
40
Electricity consumption of the Institute : The total electricity consumption ( lighting + equipments ) = 2961.59 + 7543.90 = 10505.49 kWhr This verifies the electricity bill for April month. As a result replacement of the lighting fixtures would get down the annual bill by Rs 1,19,788.3
Carbon emissions : The average CO2 emission per kWh is 0.84 kg.
4
Before implementation (Present scenario): Total units consumed : 10505.49kWh
After implementation:
Total carbon emitted : 10505.49 x 0.84
Total units consumed : 7715.42kWh
(Measure 1) Total carbon emitted : 7715.42 x 0.84
: 8824.6116 kg
: 6480.92 kg Savings : Total carbon emission saved : 8824.6116 - 6480.92 : 2343.69 kg / month After implementation: (Measure 2) Total units consumed : 5556.1kWh Total carbon emitted : 5556.1 x 0.84 : 4667.1 kg Savings : Total carbon emission saved : 8824.6116 - 4667.1 : 4157.5 kg / month Before Implementation Rs.
Measure 1 ( use of CFL )
Measure 2 ( use of LED )
10505.49
While replacing the tubelights by LED or lower wattage tubes, w e a r e n o t compromising on the lighting efficiency. It is seen that the replacements have the same lumens as the originals. Being architects, user comfort is also one of our major concern along with power saving.
8824.61 7715.42 6480.92 5556.1 4667.1
units consumed (monthly)
Carbon emission (kg)
4 Greenpeace.pdf
41
Electricity Load Calculation for Canteen : 1. Areas to consider 2 Kitchen of 5.5 m x 10.0m = 55 m . Enclosed Area of 14 m x 6 m= 84m2. 2 Temporary shed of 16m x 7m = 112 m .
Temporary Shed
Enclosed Area
2. Lighting and Equipment load per day: Num ber
Rat ed va lue
Schedu le
13
65 W (electronic b allast )
12
70 W
1
75 0 W
1 2 1
15 00 W 11 0 W 20 0 W
1
10 00 W
Consum ption
Loa d
W hr / da y
W hr / day
4 t ub es - 8am-5pm 4 x 9 x 65 + 9 x 2 x 9h rs 9tubes- 3p m65 5p m 2hrs 6 fans, 9am - 3p m 6 x 6 x 70 6h rs 9am - 11 am
2h rs
2 x 75 0
9am - 11 am
2h rs
2 x 15 00
12 hrs 12 hrs 11 am - 3 pm hrs
2 x 12 x 11 0 12 x 200 4
100 0 x 4
Com pa ny
35 10
Anchor (Omara)
25 20
Bajaj
15 00
Bajaj
30 00 26 40 24 00
Bajaj H aire H indu stan refr.
40 00 195 70
Total load per day = Consumption of ( Tube lights + Fans + Mixer + Fridge + Hot case ). = 3510 + 2520 + 1500 + 3000 + 2640 + 2400 + 4000 = 19570 W. = 19.5 7kW. Thus, maximum load is because of Tube lights, mixers and Hot case. So we have to retrofit it.
A. Tube lights Existing Situation : Fluorescent tube lights of 65 W with 2200 lumen. We will replace this with CFL of 13 W with 1125 lumen. So we have to replace 1 tube with 2 CFL’s Kitchen
BEFORE RETROFITTING Sr.no
Appliance
1 Tubelights
For 65 W tubes Load per day Load per month Load per annum Annual expenditure
Number
13
Rated value
65 W (electronic ballast)
Schedule
Consumption
Load
Whr / day
Whr / day
4 tubes - 8am-5pm 4 x 9 x 65 + 9 x 2 x 9hrs 9tubes- 3pm65= 5pm 2hrs
3510
= 4 x 9 x 65 + 9 x 2 x 65 = 3510 W = 3.51 kW. = 3.51 x 25 = 87.75 kW = 3.51 x 250 = 877.5 kW = Load per annum x 7.43/- = 877.5 x 7.43/- = 6519.82/( Per unit Rs. = 7.43/-) 42
AFTER RETROFITTING Sr.no
Appliance
1 CFL
Number
26
For 13 W CFL Load per day
Rated value
13 W (CFL)
Schedule
Consumption
Load
Whr / day
Whr / day
8 CFL - 8am-5pm 8 x 9 x 13 + 18 x 2 x 9hrs, 18CFL- 3pm13 5pm 2hrs
1404
= 8 x 9 x 40 + 18 x 2 x 40 = 1404 W = 1.40 kW. = 1.40 x 25 = 35 kW. = 1.40 x 250 = 350 kW. = Load per annum x 7.43/- = 350 x 7.43/- = 2600.5/( Per unit Rs. = 7.43/-)
Load per month Load per annum Annual expenditure
Saving Annual saving in lighting load = Load before retrofitting - Load after retrofitting = 877.5 - 350 = 527.5 kW. Annual cost saving = 527.5 x 7.43/- = 3919.32/- = 4000/-.per annum
B. Mixers As old Bajaj mixers of 750W/hr and 1500 W/hr are present they consume more electricity so will replace it with new energy rated Panasonic mixers of 550 W/hr and 1000 W/hr respectively . BEFORE RETROFITTING Sr.no
Appliance
Number
Rated value
1 Mixer
1
750 W
2 Big Mixer
1
1500 W
Load per day
Schedule
Appliance
Number
Rated value
1 Mixer
1
550 W
2 Big Mixer
1
1000 W
Load per day Load per month Load per annum Annual expenditure
= 1100 + 2000 = 3100 W = 3.10 kW. = 3.10 x 25 = 77.5 kW = 3.10 x 250 = 775 kW = Load per annum x 7.43/- =
Whr / day
2hrs
2 x 750
9am - 11am
2hrs
2 x 1500
AFTER RETROFITTING Sr.no
Load
Whr / day
9am - 11am
= 1500 + 3000 = 4500 W = 4.50 kW. = 4.50 x 25 = 112.5 kW = 4.50 x 250 = 1125 kW = Load per annum x 7.43/- = 1125 x 7.43/-
Load per month Load per annum Annual expenditure
Consumption
Schedule
3000
= 8358.75/( Per unit Rs. = 7.43/-) Consumption
Load
Whr / day
Whr / day
9am - 11am
2hrs
2 x 550
9am - 11am
2hrs
2 x 1000
775 x 7.43/-
1500
1100 2000
= 5758.25/( Per unit Rs. = 7.43/-)
Saving Annual saving in mixer load = Load before retrofitting - Load after retrofitting = 1125 - 775 = 350kW Annual cost saving = 350 x 7.43/- = 2600.5/Annual Saving = annual saving of lighting + annual saving in mixer’s consumption = 527.5 kW + 350kW = 877.5 kW. 43
So we are saving 877.5 kW hr. Reduced Carbon emission, (1 kW hr electricity generates 0.84 kg carbon)
877.5 kW hr x 0.84 kg = 737.1 kg.
C. Hot case for food The Hot case of 2.4 m x 0.75m x .6m is available in electric model with thermostatically controlled heating elements, with necessary drain valve. Energy consumption of hot case = Sr.no
Appliance
1 Hot Case
Number
1
So, Load per day Load per month Load per annum Annual expenditure
Rated value
1000 W
Schedule
Consumption
Load
Whr / day
Whr / day
11 am - 3 pm 4 hrs
= 4000 W = 4kW. = 4.0 x 25 = 100 kW. = 4.0 x 250 = 1000 kW. = Load per annum x 7.43/- = 1000 x 7.43/1000 kW electricity per annum is
1000 x 4
4000
= 7430.0/( Per unit Rs. = 7.43/-)
consumed for hot case to keep food warm for a longer time and to serve food instantly. .To reduce energy consumption alternate
Before view
source to warm the water can be used.
Water level in vessel, = 2.4m x .75m x .1m = 0.18 cum. ( 1 cum = 1000 liters ) So water level in vessel, = 0.18 x 1000
Substituting it with solar thermal water heater can save energy consumption. Water level in vessel is 180 liter.
Hot water inlet
200 litr solar thermal
We will provide 200 liter capacity
Solar thermal. And we will modify the equipment, like will give inlet for hot water and outlet for cold water and with electricity backup. If we consider effectiveness of solar thermal is 60 % because of
Backup on electricity
Outlet
After view
some limitations such as sun, shadow then will save, 4000kW x 60 / 100 = 2400kW/day. Reduced Carbon emission,
(1 kW hr electricity generates 0.84 kg carbon)
= 2400 kWh x 0.84 kg = 2016 kg. Carbon emission before retrofitting per annum = Total load per day x 250 x 0.84kg = 19.57 x 250 x 0.84 ( Total consumption = 19.57kWh/day) = 4109.7kg Saved carbon emission after total retrofitting per annum, =Saved carbon emission from( lighting + Mixer + Hot case ) = 737.1 + 2016 = 2753.1 kg So In canteen we are reducing the carbon emissions to 2753.1kg from 4109.7kg. 44
Transferring Electrical load on Solar PV Electricity consumption of lighting per day for an institute, Before retrofitting = 160486 Whr = 160.486kWhr After retrofitting = 95997 Whr = 95.997kWhr = 96kWhr Daily consumption only for lighting = 96kW. To reduce the load on main grid we can use renewable energy resources like sun, wind, biomass etc. Hence, using solar P V as an alternative to generate electricity.
The calculations for retrofitting are done considering Measure 1 of retrofitting ideas for electricity. We will provide Jain Solar Photovoltaic cells with 25 kW piece which will generate 100 unit/day. ( 1 kW piece will generate 4 unit /day) Considering effectiveness as 60% due to climatic conditions, 60 kWhr electricity per day will be generated. Consumption we could use Per day = 60kWh.
(GROUND + 1) STRUCTURE
Per month = 60kWh x 25 = 1500kWh. Installation Area required Available area = 397.88 sqm. Required area = 25 kW x 10 sqm = 250sqm. (GROUND + 3) STRUCTURE area - 397.88 sqm
( 1kW piece requires 10 sqm installation area)
ROOF PLAN Carbon emission As we are providing solar panel to reduce consumption of 96 kWhr from grid so reduced carbon emission for day will be, Carbon emission = 60 kWh x 0.84 kg (1 kWhr electricity generates 0.84 kg carbon) = 50.40 kg per day. Reduced carbon emission, Per month
= 50.40 x 25 = 1260 Kg.
Per annum
= 50.40 x 250 = 12600 kg.
45
Server Room
The air conditioning system in the institute: The institute consists a total of 12 Voltas split A/C’s of 2 TR each, which include 9 A/C’s in the CAID ( Computer Aided Interior Design ), 2 in the server room and 1 in the principal’s cabin, all located on the ground floor itself.
CAID Lab
N Principal’s Cabin GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Features of Voltas split A/C: 1 The Voltas split A/C costs Rs 31, 900 /-. 1. Total power consumption : 2143W 2. Compressor type : Rotary 3. Refrigerant gas : R-22 4. Nosie levels (Indoor) : 47 dB 5. Voltage : 230V 6. Dimensions Indoor : 1020 x 215 x 320 mm Outdoor : 850 x 370 x 585 mm
VOLTAS 2TR A/C
Specifications : As the number of A/C’s are maximum in the CAID lab, the load calculation is considered for the same room. 1. Room size : 12.3 x 16.26 x 3.6m 2. Number of occupants : 80 nos 3. Number of computers: 80 nos 4. Air conditioning : 9 split A/C with 2TR capacity each = 18TR 5. Number of fans : 10 nos 6. Number of tube lights : 19 nos 1 www.naaptol/voltas premium 2 tonne/ features
46
Load Calculation for Voltas split A/C : Considerations: 2 1 Tr can serve 170 sq.ft o an area. 1. Area of the room : 12.3 x 16.26 = 200 sq.m = 2000 sq.ft Hence , 2000 / 170 sq.ft = 11.764 = 12 TR 2. Lighting load: (i) 19 tube lights of 40W each 19 x 40 = 760 W. (ii) 10 fans of 70 W each 10 x 70 = 700W Total : 760 + 700 = 1460 W 3. Equipment load: 80 computers of 150 W each Hence, 80 x 150 = 12000W = 12kW
Sr.no
Item
Quantity
Units
Multiplying Factor
1
Wall ( L)
12. 3 x 3.6 = 44.28 (1 wall) 44.28 x 2 = 88.56
Sq.m.
Wall ( B)
16.26 x 3.6 = 58.53 (1 wall) 58.53 x 2 = 117.07
Sq.m.
TOTAL
88.56 + 117.07 = 205.63 sq.m. = 2213.42 sq.ft
Sq.m.
8
17,712
2
Ceiling
2000
Sq.m.
7
14,000
3
Floor
2000
Sq.m.
7
14,000
4
Occupants
80
No
500
40,000
5
Lights
1460
Watts
4
5840
6
Equipments
12
KW
3400
40,800
Total
1,32,352
7
Losses + Safety factor
10%
1323.2 Total
2
Heat load in BTU/hr/person
133675.2
www.feddersLloyd.com
47
Load Calculation for Voltas split A/C : Total Heat Load : 133675.2 BTU / hr/ person Tonnage : 133675.2 / 12000 : 11.13 = 11TR From the above calculations, it can be concluded that, the room has more number of A/C’s than required thereby increasing the tonnage. As only 11 TR is required, we can substitute the 9 A/C’s with 6, 2 TR Bluestar split A/C.
Annual Savings :
Replacing Voltas by Bluestar
Before implementation (Present scenario): Cost of Voltas split A/C : Rs 31,900 /Consumption in a day : 3 hrs Total power consumption : 3 x 9 x 2143W : 57861 Whr/day : 57.861 kWhr Annual consumption : 57.861 x 250 x 7.43 : Rs, 1,07,476.8075 After implementation : Cost of Bluestar split A/C : Rs 35,500 /-
Considerations: 1. Working days = 250 2. Unit rate = 7.43
Consumption in a day : 3 hrs Total power consumption : 3 x 6 x 2448W : 44064Whr/day : 44.06 kWhr Annual consumption : 44.06 x 250 x 7.43 : Rs, 81,841.45
Savings: Rs, 1,07,476.8075 Rs,81,841.45 = Rs 25635.35
Features of Bluestarsplit A/C:3 1. Total power consumption : 2448W 2. Compressor type : Rotary 3. Nosie levels (Indoor) : 43dB 5. Voltage : 230V 6. Dimensions Indoor : 850 x 701 x310 mm Outdoor : 782 x 600 x 298 mm 7. Star rating :3 8. EER :2.72
BLUESTAR 2TR A/C
3 hi-wall split ac specifications.pdf
48
Introduction Waste are the unwanted substances, directly linked to us technologically and socially. Waste is considered as a valuable resource, as any item discarded by someone can be a useful to others in some other way. According to the Municipal norms, waste generated is segregated into two parts at source, viz: wet waste and dry waste. A door-to-door waste collection vehicle picks up all the waste and is commonly dumped in the landfill. This landfilled waste site can generate significant amounts of methane through anaerobic decomposition. Due to the gas generated there are regular fire outbreaks burning different types of waste and releasing CO2, a major Global Warming contributor, into the atmosphere. Hence, efficient management and handling of waste at source depending upon different factors like climate, the nature of waste, their treatment method, etc. is very important considering its impact on the our environment and ultimately on us! Uruli Devachi, Pune city’s open dumping ground
Classification
Broadly waste generated in the department is classified into two categories: Viz: Solid waste and waste water. Solid waste is again classified into sub categories, viz: 1. Biodegradable waste: includes all organic waste-food waste, garden waste, paper etc. 2. Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics-polythene bags, etc. 3. Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris. 4. Composite wastes: fabrics, Tetra Paks, hard plastics etc. 5. Domestic hazardous waste & toxic waste: medication, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, etc. 6. E-waste: computer stationary, equipment parts etc Waste water can be broadly divided into two parts: Hazardous & toxic waste 4% Composite E-waste Viz: black water and grey water. waste 1% 1. Black water: contains fecal matter and urine. It is also Inert waste known as brown water, foul water, or sewage. 0% 2.Grey water: or sullage, the residues of washing Biodegradable waste 43% processes. Recyclable waste 44%
Grey water Black water 80%
Types of waste distribution in the department
1
Generation of waste kgs/day
Waste water distribution in the department
Biodegradable
Recyclable
Composite
Hazardous
E-waste
Food waste: 8-8.5 kgs Garden waste: 2kgs
Paper: 9 kgs Plastic waste: 2kgs
Tetra pak: 2 kgs
Combined: 1 kg
Combined: 0.25 kg
47
Considerations As mentioned earlier, CO2 emissions will depend upon the nature of waste, climate and their treatment method. Carbon dioxide is emitted from waste only after chemical decomposition or breakdown by any technological process. Basic considerations to calculate the carbon footprint are as follows:
Category
Type of waste
Total quantity of waste/day
Carbon dioxide emission/kg
Biodegradable waste
Food waste
8.5kgs
1.4 kgs 2
Garden waste
2kgs
2 kgs
Paper
9kgs
6.35 kgs
Soft plastic
2kgs
6 kgs 3
Composite waste
Tetra Pak cartons
2kgs
8 kgs
Hazardous waste
Light fixtures-glass
1 kg
6.4 kgs
E-waste
Computer stationery
Recyclable waste
3
8 kgs
Aerosols-aluminum cans 0.25kg
28 kgs
equipments The highlighted area is selected to calculate the carbon emissions and for retrofitting measures thereafter as both the remaining categories have uncertain generation and therefore a negligible imapct on the carbon footprint as compared to the former. Nevertheless, suggestions will be put forth for retrofitting and reducing the impact. Wastewater emits nitrous oxide in the atmosphere which is the third major GHG next to carbon dioxide and methane. Its Global warming potential is 310CO 2e Similarly for waste water, retrofitting measures will be suggested. Since this is an Institutional For the calculations, monthly working days are considered as 25 and therefore yearly 250 days.
1
Http://en.wikipedia.org-wiki-type of waste Http://cleanmetrics.typepad.com/green_metrics_clean_metri/2009/02/managing -food-waste.html Land filled food waste can generate significant amounts of methane through anaerobic decomposition. In temperate climate zone, typical methane emissions are about 1.4 Kg CO2e per Kg of wet food waste. (based on IPCC guidelines and 100-year assessment period). 3 Http://timeforchange.org/plastic-bags-and-plastic-bottles-CO2-emissions The production of 1 kg of polyethylene (PET or LDPE), requires the equivalent of 2 kg of oil for energy and raw material. Polyethylene PE its the most commonly used plastic for plastic bags. Burning 1 kg of oil creates about 3 kg of carbon dioxide. In other words: Per kg of plastic, about 6 kg carbon dioxide is created during production and incineration. 4 Http://ecofx.org/wiki/index.php?title=Raw Materials 5 Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/images 2
48
Carbon Calculations Current scenario: Students, staff and visitors involved in academic, administrative and commercial activities produce considerable quantity of wastes. Generation of wastes varies with season, academic and social activities and time. During the events, seminars, etc the generation rate is considerably high. Generation: The major source of wet waste is the canteen, which contributes to almost 90% of the total biodegradable waste of the department. Majority of paper waste comes from the college building while the rest is due to packing materials of supplies in the canteen and the billing system. Few percentage of biodegradable waste from canteen is because of the use of disposable bowls (dron’s). The remaining biodegradable waste is leaf litter and pruning from the garden. Storage: Every classroom, working space and common area in the college building is equipped with a small plastic dust bin. Whereas canteen has medium size garbage bins as the amount of waste generated at once is more and hence waste segregation and storage is done after the working hours for collection. Collection: Primary collection is within the campus, which happens daily after college hours, where all the bins are emptied in around 4 large size barrels in a manually drawn cart. These barrels are then taken to a common space where extensive segregation takes place into organic, plastics, paper, metals etc of the waste collected from the whole campus. Transferring: After the segregation is done for the day, organic waste goes to the compost pit made. While the recyclables i.e paper, plastics and metals are stored in a shed till sufficient quantity is gathered and then sold it in paper mill and in scrap for recycling respectively. The domestic hazardous and toxic waste, even in mere quantities are then given to the Pune Municipal Corporation’s waste collection vehicle for further processing.
Biodegradable waste Therefore, currently all the organic waste is composted.
Garden waste 33%
Total Carbon emissions of biodegradable waste:
Food waste 67%
Food waste: Total food waste generated daily is 8.5kgs Annual generation is 8.5 x 250 = 2125 kgs Biodegradable waste carbon emission For every kg of food waste 1.4kgs of carbon is emitted Therefore, annual carbon emission of food waste is 2125 x 1.4 = 2975 kgs
Garden waste Total garden waste generated daily is 2kgs Annual generation is 2 x365 = 730kgs (here 1 year is considered as 365 days because there will be leaf litter daily but will only get collected on working days) For every kg of garden waste 2kgs of carbon is emitted Therefore, annual carbon emission of garden waste is 730 x 2 = 1460kgs Total carbon emission from biodegradable waste is 2975+1460 = 4435kgs = 4.4 tonnes
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Carbon Calculations Recyclable wastePaper is a biodegradable material, but presently it is considered as a recyclable material due to its resale value. Currently, all the recyclable goods are sold to scrap vendors and paper sent to paper mills only after collection of optimum quantity.
Total Carbon emissions of recyclable waste: Paper waste: Total paper waste generated daily is 9kgs Annual generation is 9 x 250 = 2250 kgs For every kg of paper waste 6.35kgs of carbon is emitted on decomposition Therefore, annual carbon emission of paper waste is 2250 x 1.4 = 3150 kgs Tetra Pak waste 33%
Plastic waste: Total plastic waste generated daily is 2kgs Annual generation is 2 x250 = 500 kgs
For every kg of plastic waste 6kgs of carbon is emitted Therefore, annual carbon emission of plastic waste is 500x 6 = 3000kgs Tetra Pak: Total tetra pak waste generated daily is 2kgs Annual generation is 2 x250 = 500 kgs
Paper waste 31%
Plastic waste 30%
Recyclable waste carbon emission
For every kg of plastic waste 8kgs of carbon is emitted Therefore, annual carbon emission of plastic waste is 500x 8 = 4000kgs Total carbon emission from recyclable waste is 3150 + 3000 + 4000 = 10150kgs = 10.1 tonnes Carbon Footprint of waste in the department: Biodegradable waste - 4435 kgs Recyclable waste - 10150 kgs I.e. Total carbon emission from waste is 4435 + 10150 = 14585 kgs I.e= 14tonnes Biodegradable waste 30%
• Food waste • Garden waste
Recyclable waste 70%
• Paper • Plastic • Tetra pack
Recyclable waste carbon emission
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Carbon emissions due to consumption of fuel for BNCA Canteen The canteen is located near the building and serves around 300 people at a time. It runs for 6 days a week and 8 hours a day i.e. from 9 am to 5 pm. The fuel used for cooking is Liquid Petroleum Gas, provided by a company named Bharat gas. There are 5 burners used for cooking and are connected to a single gas cylinder. Each cylinder holds 19 kg of liquefied gas and is consumed in a period of two days. Four gas cylinders are replaced every week and hence the tempo carrying the containers comes once in 7 days. Thus, gas consumption per day for canteen = 9.5 kg Hence the total amount of gas consumed in a month= 9.5 x 25 = 237.5 kg Cylinders required per month= 237.5/19 = 12.5 6
Table: Values for Energy content and CO2 emissions for LPG
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Fuel
Specific Carbon Content (kgC / kgfuel)
Specific Energy Content (kWh / kgfuel)
Specific CO2 Emission (kgCO2 / kWh)
LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas
0.82
12.3
0.24
Specific energy content for per kg of LPG= 12.3 KWh/kg Hence, energy content for 237.5 kg of LPG= 237.5 x 12.3 = 2921.25 Kwh CO2 emission per KWh = 0.24 kg Hence CO2 emission for 2878.2 KWh in a month = 2921.25 x 0.24 = 701.1kg. Thus annual CO2 emission due to LPG in cooking = 701.1 x 10 = 7011 kg The gas cylinders are purchased in lumpsum by the institution for all the canteens in the campus. Hence, a truck full of 60 LPG cylinders makes a trip to the campus by traveling a distance of 2 km. For each 2 way trip (i.e 4km), the fuel(diesel) consumption of truck will be calculated as, Diesel consumed per kilometer= 1/6 =0.167ltr per kilometer For 4kms, diesel consumed= 0.167 x 4=0.688 ltr. Carbon emissions for each litre Diesel= 2.7kg Hence, carbon emissions in a month (0.688 litres of diesel) = 0.688 x 2.7= 1.857kg for 60 cylinders. For each cylinder, carbon emitted by the truck= 1.857/60 =0.031 kg. Hence carbon emissions for transport of 12.5 LPG cylinders per month = 0.387 kg Annual carbon emission for transport of LPG cylinders = 0.387 x 10 =3.87kg 6
Source: www.engineeringtoolbox.com
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Measures for reducing carbon footprint due to waste and LPG Biodegradable waste if composted will produce manure, which could be used for landscaping of the campus. But instead this biodegradable waste can be put to use for alternative energy production to support the cooking gas.
Biogas plant: A compact biogas plant is proposed near the canteen which can manage the organic waste produced in the department. This technology is developed by ARTI (Appropriate Rural Technology Institute, Pune and Phaltan) which will consist of a digester tank of 3000 lit capacity, and gasholder of 2500 lit capacity, a predigester for garden waste and a pulper/shredder is designed for 20kgs of wet waste. Approximately 10kgs of wet waste is generated daily, and the maximum daily input can go upto 20 kg or so leaving room for expansion. The plant starts working as soon as it achieves the lower limit of 10kgs and gives continuous gas supply as you keep on feeding the waste. To add to the production shredded paper waste also could be added. With 10 kg food waste daily, 4 kg biogas is produced which is equivalent to replace about 1 kg of LPG per day. One of the specially designed burner can be kept separate other than the LPG burners which can take care of one of the kitchen operations like tea making and breakfast. According to the source, 1kg of biogas produces around 1000 watts of energy.
Gas holder
Digester tank
Burner for biogas Input pipe
Pre Digester tank
Waste water output pipe
Commercial Biogas tank
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Typical composition of biogas Matter Methane, CH4 Carbon dioxide, CO2 Nitrogen, N2 Hydrogen, H2 Hydrogen sulfide, H2S Oxygen, O2
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% 50-75 25-50 0-10 0-1 0-3 0-2
50% water needs to be added for the anaerobic digestion process. The interesting part of this plant is that the production does not emit any foul smell.
Another point of consideration is that it doesn’t produce any sullage only effluent water remains which can be drawn by a down take pipe and readily used for landscaping of sent to the root zone system for treatment and can be used flushing in toilets. According to the estimate ARTI submitted, if 20 yrs is the life time of the system, the payback period is about 3 years. As the price of LPG increases, t h e b e n e f i t w i l l b e m o r e a n d m o r e . Combustion reaction of Biogas isCH4 + 2O2 Co2 + 2 H2O
Www.arti-india.org Image courtesy: Priyadarshini Karve, ARTI
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Carbon Calculations
Biogas
Biogas Carbon Emissions: Total production of biogas per day is 4 kgs. Annual production is 4 x 250 = 1000 kgs For every kg of biogas, 2.76 kgs of carbon is emitted Therefore, annual carbon emission of biogas is 1000 x 2.76 = 2760 kgs
Reduction in waste carbon footprint: As the complete organic waste produced in the department is used to produce Biogas, the Carbon Footprint of waste is reduced to 10150kgs.
LPG
Production / consumption per day
4 kgs
9.5 kgs
Replacement by biogas
4 kgs
1 kg
Monthly consumption (a month is considered as 25 working days)
100 kgs
237.5 kgs
No. of LPG cylinders
1.3
12.5
Comparisons
To justify the efficiency of the plant, a comparison is done LPG footprint after Biogas: between biogas and LPG. Total carbon footprint of LPG before was 7011kgs and Per day 9.5 kgs of LPG is consumed. (19kg of commercial after combined biogas+LPG is LPG is consumed in 2days) 2760+7006.25= 9766.25kgs Biogas produced everyday is about 4 kgs which replaces Hence the total footprint of biodegradablewaste and 1 kg LPG. LPG is reduced by 1680 kg of Co2 Therefore monthly 25 kgs of LPG is replaced by biogas. I.e. Approximately 1.3 commercial LPG cylinders will be replaced. And annually, around 13 commercial LPG Cost benefit analysis cylinders will be replaced. Compact Biogas Plant
Commercial LPG
The capital cost of the arrangement of a compact biogas plant (digester tank3000lts, predigester, gas holder-2500lts, pulper) will go around INR 60,000. 8
Deposit
Recurring cost
Recurring cost up to INR 5/day.
Recurring cost up to INR 450/day.
Monthly expenditure (25 working days/month)
INR 125
INR 11,250
Annual expenditure
INR 1250
INR 1,12,500
Total investment for a year
60,000+1250 = INR 61,250
INR 1,12,500
Life expectancy
20years
As long as there’s availability!
Annual savings of LPG cylinders and rupees
-
13 cylinders i.e INR 11,700
Payback period
61,250/11,700= 5yrs approx
-
Total expenditure on cooking fuel/annum
INR 1250
INR 1,00,800
Initial investment
This table shows us the savings that would result if a renewable source is used to substitute a quantity of cooking gas. Savings due the system: The estimated pay back period is 5 years. The designed capacity of the tank is for 20kgs feedstock. Hence, in future the biogas production can increase upto 8-10kgs replacing almost 2kgs of LPG.
(250 days/year)
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More benefit is expected not just in fuel savings but also in reducing the expenditure. LPG is an exhaustible source, and the prices are soaring high day by day. This will also help reduce the payback period.
Http://www.anaerobic-digestion.com/html/how-to-calculate-greenhouse-ga.php
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Efficient use of water helps to reduce Carbon Footprint The daily demand for water, how it is used and the amount of dirty water that goes into the sewer system, all have a big impact on CO2 emissions. As the use of water involves electricity or gas, then any water efficiencies will help to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions from power stations and have a positive effect on the energy bill. To ensure that one receives a constant supply of safe, clean drinking water, enormous amount of energy is required to collect, treat and transport it. Then the wastewater should be taken away and cleaned before returning it to the rivers and seas. Therefore, any reduction in the amount of water we supply is good for the environment, requiring less energy at our treatment works - helping to reduce our own carbon footprint.
Considerations: Water requirement for Institutional building = 45lit/day/person No. of people = 773 (Students + Staff) Therefore water requirement = 45 x 773 = 34785 litres ~ 35000 litres/day Rain water harvesting pipes Current Scenario Underground tank = 20,000 litres capacity Overhead tank = 2 tanks of 1500 and 2000 litres Terrace Area = 846 sq.m Rainwater collected is let out into the parking area which is tarred. The collected rainwater is not used for either landscaping or ground water recharge. Thereby increasing the load on the main grid. Hence the need to invest in an effective rain water harvesting system.
Overhead tank
Rainwater harvesting calculations: Terrace area (a)= 846 sq.m Annual rainfall of Pune city (r) = 750mm Co-efficient of absorption of terrace material(c)= 0.22 RWH = a x r x c = 846x0.75x.22 =139.59 ~ 140 cu.m = 1,40,000 litres Rainwater Harvesting Tank Calculations: lxbxh = 140 cu.m Taking height as constant 3m lxb = 140/3 = 46.66 Considering 3 tanks of equal capacities : 46.66/3 = 15.55cu.m ~16cu.m Thus we require 3 tanks of 4m x4m x3m each 54
Conclusions – Quantifiable measures
Fuel - transportation Total existing carbon emission (kg) annual
152658.8
Discription
Measure 1- Suggesting a college bus (petrol) service for 75% of the students. Measure 2- Suggesting a college bus (bio deisel) service for 75% of the students. Measure 3- Carbon sequestration -- planting trees would further reduce the carbon footprint.
Emissions after Carbon saving via retrofitting (kg) retrofitting (kg) annual annual 92986.7 69036.7
Measure 1+359672.1+904= 60576.1 Measure 2+383622.1+904= 84526.1
Fuel - Cooking LPG replaced by biogas -- which is produced using L.P.G + biodegradable the waste food from the canteen. Thus the waste= 7011+4435 = emissions during the degradation process is 11446 nullified.
9766
1680
Electricity -- fixtures (Main building) 88246.1
Measure 1Replacing 65watt tube lights with 40 watt ones. Replacing 40 watt bulbs with 12 watt cfl's. Measure 2Replacing 65 watt bulbs with 22 watt LED
64809.4
23436.7
46671
41575
Electricity -- Canteen 4109.7
Replacing 65watt tube lights with 40 watt ones. Replacing existing equipments with energy efficient ones. Total carbon emissions saved
2868.6
1241.1
Measure 1 of all areas- 86933.9 Measure 2 of all areas- 129022.2
The total saving for measure 1 accounts up to – 86.93 tones approximately (86933.9 kg) The total saving for measure 2 accounts up to – 129.02 tones approximately (129022.2 kg) Thus by applying these measures and their permutations and combinations the carbon footprint of institute can be reduced considerably. In this case second option i.e measure 2 is recommended.
This is just an attempt by single college. If such effort is made by every college in Pune city it will make a huge difference...
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Conclusions Suggestive measures We human beings are the most contributors of the Carbon Emissions into the atmosphere, due to the lavish lifestyle we are living and the careless attitude towards environment. According to Global Footprint Network Report 2005, by UNEP humanity's total ecological footprint was estimated at 1.3 planet Earths - in other words, humanity uses ecological services 1.3 times as fast as Earth can renew them. Altering the user perspective to ‘Think globally and act locally’ along with the five R principle can help reduce the carbon footprint.
Refuse Electricity: Avoidance of artificial lighting when sufficient daylight is available. Switch off the lights, fans and other equipments when the room is not in use. Unplug the cell phone, laptops, when not charging. Use sleep mode not screen saver on your computer. Avoiding use of CFC and HCFC refrigerants in the AC systems, to reduce the GHG emissions according to the Kyoto Protocol phase out program. Waste: Avoiding paper usage in canteen for bills by replacing it with plastic coupons.
Reduce Fuels: Car pooling and vehicle sharing could be encouraged to minimize the footprint. Electricity: Replacing the existing lighting fixtures with energy efficient ones which consume less energy and reduce electricity bills. Waste: As far as possible college submissions can be taken in digital format reducing printing in turn saving paper and energy. Double sided printing should be encouraged even for college submissions, thereby reducing the paper usage. Reduce the use of plastic bags and promote cloth bags.
Reuse: Waste: One sided prints can be reused for rough work, and can be compiled by students to use as notebooks. Reuse the polythene bags instead of discarding them.
Recycle: Waste: All plastics and paper can be send to recycling. Waste water form lavatories and washing can be recycled through root zone system to be organically treated and can be used by separate plumbing in the toilets for flushing and landscaping.
Renewable: Fuels: Diesel cars could be used with biodiesel or diesel with a mixture of 510% biodiesel. (Biodiesel costs the same as petroleum diesel). Solar PV can be used for lighting and reduce the load off the main grid. Waste: Organic waste is used to produce Biogas which replaces some load off the LPG used in canteen for cooling.
If five R’s together no one can beat a powerful fist!
Every step you take...leaves a mark !!!
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