Bamboo Architecture centre

BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE CENTER GUWAHATI,ASSAM

By SUBHAM BISWAJIT PAUL 143521050100

A Thesis Submitted to Gujarat Technological University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelors in Architecture

Academic Session 2014- 2020

ITM SAAD, Vadodara

Team of Mentors

Prof. Meena Duttagupta Prof. Dr. Dipali Kulkarni Prof. Babar Yahya Prof. Jignesh Vyas Prof. Prashant Mody Prof. Hiten Chavda Prof. Shilpi Aggarwal Swapna Kothari

Primary Guide Prof. Prashant Mody

Acknowledgement

Those who helped me along the way.

THANKS To, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and indebtedness to a humble Guide Prof. Prashant Mody whose help, encouragement and constant critics kept my moral high during thesis work. Without his assistance and guidance, it would have been indeed difficult for me to shape up this work. It has been learning experience working under her guidance through the last five months, where he has been immensely patient, supportive, and encouraging. Special thanks to Prof. Meena Duttagupta, Prof.

Dr. Dipali Kulkarni, Prof. Babar Yahya, Prof. Jignesh Vyas, Prof. Hiten Chavda, Prof. Shilpi Aggarwal, Ar. Swapna Kothari for extending her support.

To, My uncle Bappa paul and parents, nothing would have been possible but for the encouragement and support of them.

To, I would also like to thank friends for their constant encouragement and support and for always cheering me wherever I felt a bit low. Special thanks to TARUN JAIN, AR.HARSH DESAI, AR.PANKAJ RAI, AR.RAKESH SUTHAR AND TENSI MEVADA.

Abstract

The proposed project is a BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE CENTER located at Devkota Nagar, Guwahati, Assam. The thesis refers to the theme of the material of bamboo as a building material. Questions of “what bamboo is” and “how bamboo can be used in construction” are tried to be answered. Bamboo as a building material has been used for a long time, but many people still perceive it as a poor man's material. In this thesis, it is shown that in the present and future the bamboo is considered as a stable material, various buildings were built from small pavilions to buildings with several floors. The history of using bamboo and in what areas it can be used in the future was described. The main goal of the thesis is to expose the material of bamboo as a building material and what can be built from it. What kinds of bamboo can be used in construction and what methods should be used in the construction of buildings is examined. Tables with bamboo buildings and their comparison with each other, what construction approaches architects often use and what is important for bamboo as a building material are shown. Expected from the bamboo is great advancement as a building material and assurance of the fact that it is environmentally friendly material.

Keywords: Bamboo material; construction material; sustainable architecture; connections; preservation

CONTENTS CERTIFICATE TEAM OF MENTORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF FIGURES 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 THE AIM OF THE THESIS 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1.5 PROJECT SCOPE: 1.6 THE AIMS OF THIS PROJECT ARE: 1.7 IDEA BEHIND THE PROJECT: 1.8 PROGRAMME 1.9 BUILDING BY-LAWS 2.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT ASSAM 2.2 GEOGRAPHY 2.3 POPULATION 2.4 HISTORY OF ASSAM 2.5 CULTURAL AND LIFE STYLE 3.1 ABOUT GUWAHATI CITY 3.2 GEOGRAPHY 3.3 CLIMATE 3.4 ARCHITECTURE 4.1 INTRODUCTION OF BAMBOO 4.2 IS BAMBOO A TREE OR A GRASS? 4.3 WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD "BAMBOO"?

4.4 MAIN PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO 5.1 WORLDWIDE BAMBOO RESOURCES 5.2 BAMBOO RESOURCES IN INDIA 5.3 BAMBOO RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN NER 5.4 COMPARATIVE STUDY INDIA VS CHINA

Pg. Pg. no. no.

1 2 3 4 5 9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 13 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 15 3.2 3.3 3.4 18 4.2 4.3 4.4 20 5.2 5.3 5.4

THE AIM OF THE THESIS SCOPE OF THE STUDY LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY PROJECT SCOPE: THE AIMS OF THIS PROJECT ARE: IDEA BEHIND THE PROJECT: PROGRAMME BUILDING BY-LAWS GEOGRAPHY POPULATION HISTORY OF ASSAM CULTURAL AND LIFE STYLE GEOGRAPHY CLIMATE ARCHITECTURE

IS BAMBOO A TREE OR A GRASS? WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD MAIN PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO

BAMBOO RESOURCES IN INDIA BAMBOO RESOURCES AND DIVERS COMPARATIVE STUDY INDIA VS CH

6.1 BAMBOO RESOURCES IN ASSAM 6.2 TYPES OF SPECIES IN ASSAM 6.3 NATIONAL BAMBOO MISSION 6.4 USE OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION 6.5 BAMBOO TRANSPORTATION 6.6 DURABILITY OF BAMBOO 6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bamboo 6.8 BAMBOO TREATMENT METHODS 6.9 BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 6.10 BAMBOO’S CRITERIA FOR BUILDING INDUSTRY: 6.11 BAMBOO PRESERVATION 7.1 BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL 7.2 JOINTS 7.3 BAMBOO STRUCTURE 7.4 FOUNDATION 7.5 WALL 7.6 ROOF 7.7 OTHER BUILDING ELEMENTS 7.8 TYPES OF BAMBOO THAT ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION 8.1 EARTH 8.2 FORMWORK FIXING DETAIL 8.3 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS;8.4 BASIC BAMBOO WORKING METHODS 9.1 NAGALAND BAMBOO RESOURCE CENTRE 10.1 KHAMIR 11.1 THE INTERNATIONAL BAMBOO BIENNALE 12.1 ABOUT SITE 12.2 BAMBOO SPECIES AVAILABLE ON SITE : 12.3 GOOGLE EARTH TIMELINE OF VILLAGE SETTLEMENT : 12.4 AROUND THE SITE DRAWINGS BIBLIOGRAPHY

23 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 39 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 65 8.2 8.3 8.4 76 78 80 85 12.2 12.3 12.4 88 97

TYPES OF SPECIES IN ASSAM NATIONAL BAMBOO MISSION USE OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTIO BAMBOO TRANSPORTATION DURABILITY OF BAMBOO Advantages and Disadvantages of Bambo BAMBOO TREATMENT METHODS BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MA BAMBOO’S CRITERIA FOR BUILDIN BAMBOO PRESERVATION

JOINTS BAMBOO STRUCTURE FOUNDATION WALL ROOF OTHER BUILDING ELEMENTS TYPES OF BAMBOO THAT ARE USE

FORMWORK FIXING DETAIL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS;BASIC BAMBOO WORKING METHO

BAMBOO SPECIES AVAILABLE ON GOOGLE EARTH TIMELINE OF VILL AROUND THE SITE

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P r o j e c t N a m e : BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE CENTER(B.A.C.) Function: Research Centre, Centre for learning and sharing knowledge on bamboo construction materials and techniques.

Location: Devkota Nagar, Guwahati, Assam(26°08'03.9"N 91°42'25.8"E) Area: 35,000 sq mt Land owner: Bappa paul

1.1 INTRODUCTION Architecture plays a decisive role in the development of Assam. The population of Assam was 312.05 lakh in 2011 (source:des.assam.gov.in). About 86 percent people live in rural areas, most of them in brick or bamboo houses. Although these traditional building materials are highly sustainable, people are seeking for materials such as bricks, concrete, and corrugated iron sheets that are more durable. By knowing appropriate technology, people can reduce the vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards. The knowledge requires not only the understanding of technology but also of people and places. So the intention of this project is to create architecture by integrating local tradition and local technology to make improved house building techniques and environmental initiatives.

The rural people are the one who need most knowledge about utilizing their local material(bamboo) and resources in order to be able to make their own building decisions. Such decisions should be encouraged to enhance our local technology. Technology is referred as "the systematic application of knowledge put to some practical use". Natural resource is "material source of wealth, such as bamboo, timber, water, mineral deposit that occur in a natural state and has economic value." The need to promote local technology with local resources comes from the desire to make long term sustainable development by holding onto their culture. In order to develop sustainable strategies it is important to take account of, and learn from, what local people already know and accomplish.

1.2 THE AIM OF THE THESIS : The purpose of this thesis is to study the bamboo plant as a building material. To do that knowledge of the initial use of bamboo, how bamboo can affect the environment, the types of bamboo that can be used in construction.

How to use bamboo as a building material. How to protect the material from external factors, how to use and where to use bamboo in the architectural and design area are examined and put forward.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research envelope consists of studying bamboo as a material used in construction. Methods of using and protecting the material, a detailed study of different building techniques of bamboo use in construction, bamboo use as an environmental material in the future are examine. Study of several buildings constructed of bamboo material is given.

11 1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Description of the material as a plant and the definition of bamboo as a green material, methods of protecting bamboo and methods of using bamboo as a building material, types of bamboo that are used only in construction and disassembly of construction methods based on nine buildings are held during the thesis study.

1.5 PROJECT SCOPE: Architecture is a form of art and an architect can be the artist or the person who enhances the need of art in different social levels. This project is chosen on the basis of systematic structure required for rural artisans to develop their skills and spread their knowledge.

Architecture is more significant when one sees the practical use and its positive effects on people, specially people who really need it. That is the sole reason behind choosing this project. Because people living in rural areas are the ones who need knowledge about new bamboo technology.

They are capable of doing better with traditional materials and methods. So a centre for promoting local resources and technology can work like a guidance to rural people to be aware of their own capacity and spread their knowledge to others.

Basically, this project is derived from the realization of need to promote architecture in rural sectors, not as an architect but as asocial activist to create a greater impact on the rural areas of the country.

1.6 THE AIMS OF THIS PROJECT ARE: To explore the possibilities to be more environment friendly and create a sustainable society.

To become a premier institute for Research in Bamboo Sector & provide cutting edge training to local people.

To understand the socio-cultural development related to architecture.

To realize our scope of contribution to promote local technology in rural sectors To develop high yield and fast growing bamboo species by using the latest cutting edge technologies.

To create awareness in farmers to promote bamboo sector.

To learn about local technologies which are appropriate for specific site conditions.

In rural areas. Realizing the potential of the indigenous materials, method and design for the growing needs of today and tomorrow.

To improve the local resources and utilize them in developing rural architecture.

1.7 IDEA BEHIND THE PROJECT: The idea is to create a center which works on innovation, building technology and artisan development in a rural area. The project would increase community self-reliance by creating skilled local builders, craftsmen and at the same time, interaction between scientific and traditional knowledge would be enhanced.

Local people not only observe their surroundings but also experiment and develop appropriate technologies to fit their own environment. Appropriate building techniques are those which are affordable and use materials which are available and techniques which can easily be learnt. The approach is focused on the process rather than the product. That means it is the process, like the involvement of local builders, the teaching methods; these are more important that simply producing a house.

12 1.8 PROGRAMME The functional requirements are as followsOffice space i) 3 office rooms ii) 1 meeting room iii) 1 waiting room iv) 1 information center etc Lab i) Material treatment plant for bamboo(warehouse) ii) Research lab iii) Computer lab Library i) Material library Multipurpose hall Exhibition space (outdoor and indoor) Classrooms DESIGN AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT BAMBOO BASKETRY, FURNITURE AND TURNING PRODUCT Residential zone for 50 artisans i) dorm (male and female) ii) dining hall (common) iii) Kitchen iv)toilet 1.9 BUILDING BY-LAWS ACCORDING TO THE "THE GUWAHATI DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT BUILDING REGULATIONS, 2014": FOR LOW INTENSITY ZONE(institutions building) Existing Road Width: 4.5m Minimum setback on site: Front: 10 m Side: 3.6 m Rear: 3.6 m The minimum distance between any two or more buildings within one plot shall be 2.4 m if one of the buildings or both the buildings is/are multi-storied.

Provision of lifts is mandatory for buildings having four floors or more.

A suitable rain water harvesting facility shall also be provided in all buildings.

A suitable solar heating system shall be installed.

Maximum Permissible Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.) on site = 125 The maximum permissible ground coverage on site = 45% Height Limitation= 9.6m (works out to around g+2 floors at the max) Organised parking- 20% of the total plot area One car parking space for every 50 m2 area or fraction thereof of the administrative office area and public service areas.

Organised recreational open space- 20% of the total plot area.

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2.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT ASSAM Assam, state of India. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country and is bounded to the north by the kingdom of Bhutan and the state of Arunachal Pradesh, to the east by the states of Nagaland and Manipur, to the south by the states of Mizoram and Tripura, and to the west

by Bangladesh and the states of Meghalaya and West Bengal. The neighbouring states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya were once part of Assam.

Area 30,285 square miles (78,438 square km). Pop. (2011) 31,169,272.

2.2 GEOGRAPHY It contains three of six physiographic divisions of India – The Northern Himalayas (Eastern Hills), The Northern Plains (Brahmaputra plain) and Deccan Plateau (Karbi Anglong).

Geomorphic studies conclude that the Brahmaputra, the life-line of Assam, is an antecedent river older than the Himalayas. The river with steep gorges and rapids in Arunachal Pradesh entering Assam, becomes a braided river and with tributaries, creates a flood plain. The hills of Karbi Anglong, North Cachar and those in and close to Guwahati (also Khasi-Garo Hills) now eroded and dissected are originally parts of the South Indian Plateau system. In the south, the Barak originating in the Barail Range (Assam-Nagaland border) flows through the Cachar district and enters Bangladesh with the name Surma River.

The hilly areas are mostly covered by red hill soil and are found in and around exposures of gneisses and granites.

The soils of Assam are mainly of two types, 1.

2.

Residual and Transported.

2.3 POPULATION The great majority of Assam’s people live in rural areas. The distribution of population is uneven, however, reflecting the hilly terrain, the number of rivers, the forests, the small amount of cultivable land, and the lack of industrialization. The agricultural zone of the Barak River & Brahmaputra River valley supports relatively dense settlement.

14 Brahmaputra river

Brahmaputra river

Guwahati city

Tea garden

2.4 HISTORY OF ASSAM In the earliest recorded times, Assam was part of Kamarupa, a state that had its capital at Pragjyotishapura (now Guwahati). Ancient Kamarupa included roughly the Brahmaputra River valley, Bhutan, the Rangpur region (now in Bangladesh), and Koch Bihar, in West Bengal state.King Narakasura and his son Bhagadatta were famous rulers of Kamarupa in the Mahabharata period (roughly 400 BCE to 200 CE).Assam was ruled by various dynasties— the Pala, Koch, Kachari, and Chutiya—and there was constant warfare among the princes until the coming of the Ahom people in the 13th century. The Ahom crossed the Patkai Range from Myanmar (Burma) and conquered the local chieftains of the upper Assam plain.

In 1905 Bengal was partitioned, and Assam was amalgamated with eastern Bengal.

In 1912 Bengal was reunited, and Assam was once more made a separate province. During World War II, Assam was a major supply route for Allied forces operating in Burma.

2.5 CULTURAL AND LIFE STYLE The cultural life of Assam is interwoven with the activities of a number of cultural institutions and religious centres, such as the satra (seat of a religious head known as the satradhikar) and namghar (prayer hall).

The most important celebrations are the three Bihu festivals.

• The Bohag Bihu, (usually mid-April).

• The Rangoli Bihu (from rang, meaning merrymaking and fun), and • The Kati Bihu (in mid-October or November), is also called the Kangali Bihu.

Bamboo jaapi

Horai

Kamakhya Temple

Gamosa

Weaving is another important aspect of the cultural life of the people of Assam, particularly the women,most women are expected to be skilled in producing fine silk and cotton cloths. Assamese cuisine is based on rice, a variety of vegetables and fruits, and fish.Distinctive are its bitter (khar) and sour (tenga) dishes, which are often served at the beginning and end of meals, respectively.

Ranghar

Devi Dole

Kareng Ghar

Talatal Ghar

Bamboo huts in Majuli

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GUWAHATI CITY BIRD EYE VIEW…..

3.1 ABOUT GUWAHATI Guwahati is a sprawling city beside the Brahmaputra River in the northeast Indian state of Assam.

It’s known for holy sites like the hilltop Kamakhya Temple, featuring shrines to the Hindu deities Shiva and Vishnu. To the east, 18th-century Navagraha Temple is an astronomical centre with planetary shrines. Umananda Temple, dedicated to Shiva and covered with engravings, stands on Peacock Island in the river.

Area: 328 km² Weather: 15 °C, Wind SE at 0 km/h, 93% Humidity District: Kamrup Metropolitan district Population: 9.57 lakhs (2011) 3.2 GEOGRAPHY The Brahmaputra river flows to the north of the metropolis. The city is bordered on the south by the foothills of the Shillong plateau and to the east by the Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary. The Bharalu river, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, flows right through the heart of the city. To the south-west of the city lies Dipor Bil, a permanent freshwater lake with no prominent inflows apart from monsoon run-off from the hills that lie to the south of the lake. The lake drains into the Brahmaputra, 5 km (3.1 mi) to the north, and acts as a natural storm water reservoir for the city.

There are also multiple hills within the city limits.

Map.1 Guwahati city boundary map

Map.2 Liquefication potential map of Guwahati city

3.3 CLIMATE Guwahati has a humid subtropical climate ,falling just short of a tropical savanna climate.The average annual temperature is 22.2 °C, with extremes ranging from 39.5 °C recorded on 24 April 2014 to 2.0 °C recorded in January 1964.

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Map.3 Vegetation cover map of Assam

Map.4 soil map of Assam

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The month with most sunshine is November (Average sunshine: 7.7h). The month with least sunshine is July (Average sunshine: 4h).

August is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in August averages 29.0 °C. At 17.5 °C on average, January is the coldest month of the year.

The driest month is December, with 6 mm of rain. In June, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 315 mm.

Months with the highest relative humidityare July and September (83%).

The month with the lowest relative humidity is March (57%).

3.4 ARCHITECTURE Most private buildings have similar vocabulary through out Guwahati. RCC framed structures except a few old wooden buildings.

The government buildings are like any other throughout India.

Branded stores and food chain restaurants have sprung up in the city now. and even they look exactly like they would anywhere else in the country.

The various religious building in the city add a unique character to the skyline.

There is a major disparity seen in rural and urban Assam. As the contrasting views of the above images illustrate. the use of natural and biodegradable resources in the rural construction systems has been completely given up by the contemporary urban practices. This has resulted in selling of similar aspirations for even the rural populace. who hope for having "pukka" concrete homes.

This will only lead to pollution of the landscape in many ways. There is a need to initiate development in a sustainable direction, employing traditional ingenuity while meeting the rising aspirations of the people.

Guwahati city

Bamboo house

IIT Guwahati

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POOR MAN’s TIMBER… 4.1 INTRODUCTION OF BAMBOO Bamboo is a traditional building material throughout the world’s tropical and sub-tropical regions.

Bamboo is a renewable and versatile resource, with high strength and low weight.

That’s why it is widely used in different forms of construction, particularly for housing in rural areas. It can also be used to make traps, cages, tools, weapons, bridges, rafts, towers, fences, water wheels, irrigation pipe, and thousands of other items. It is widely recognized as one of the most important non-timber forest resources due to the high socioeconomic benefits from bamboo based products. It is estimated that there are 1200 species of bamboo. Most of them grow in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The world’s fastest growing woody grass is Bamboo. It grows approximately 7.5 to 40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in 24 hours in Japan. Bamboo grows three times faster than most other species. Species of bamboo which are commercially used usually mature in four or five years time, after which multiple harvests are possible every second year, for up to 120 years in some species and indefinitely in others. Bamboo is also good in biomass production. It is often introduced into the banks or streams or in other vulnerable areas, for rapid control of soil erosion; one bamboo plants closely matted roots can bind up to six cubic meters of soil.

4.2 IS BAMBOO A TREE OR A GRASS? Bamboo belongs to the Bambusoideae subfamily of the perennial evergreen grass family Poaceae (Gramineae). It was German Botanist, Charles Kunth, that first published his taxonomic findings in 1815. Of all grasses, bamboo is the largest and the only one that can diversify into forest.

Although bamboo is a grass, many of the larger woody bamboo species are very tree-like in appearance and are often called "bamboo trees". However, there are a few essential differences between grasses and trees.

Scientific name: BAMBUSOIDEAE BAMBOO IS USEFUL FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES AT DIFFERENT AGES AS: • <30 days it is good for eating.

• 6-9 months for baskets.

• 2-3 years for bamboo boards or laminations.

• 3-6 years for construction.

• >6 years bamboo gradually loses strength up to 12 years old.

Typical Bamboo growth rate

19 4.3 WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD "BAMBOO"?

The origin of the word Bamboo comes from the Malay word "Mambu". Malay is the national language of Malaysia and Indonesia. In the late 16th century (1590-1600) the Dutch named it "Bamboes" after which it got its Neo-Latin name "Bambusa".

Some claim that the original Malayan word was "Bambu", resembling the sound it makes when bamboo explodes in open fire. When bamboo is heated, the air in the sealed hollow internode chambers will expand and cause an explosive bam-boom sound.

Food and Beverages

Musical instruments

Pots

Furniture

Weapons

Cages

4.4 MAIN PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO Bamboo is able to resist more tension than compression.

The higher the elastic modulus, the higher is the quality of the bamboo.

Bamboo is an anisotropic material.

Bamboo shrinks more than wood when it loses water.

The fire resistance is very good because of the high content of silicate acid. Filled up with water, it can stand a temperature of 400° C while the water cooks inside.

Agriculture

Raft

Transportation

Architecture

Fancing

Bamboo Survived Hiroshima An extraordinary example of bamboo's resilience is the fact that it was the only plant to survive the radiation of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima, Japan in 1945. The incinerating heat destroyed all trees and other plant life, except for one bamboo grove. The grove has since been removed, but culms from the grove are preserved in a museum in Hiroshima.

The Culm: Bamboo culms are cylindrical stems. They have maximum diameter at the base and are tapering at the top The Rhizome: Bamboo culms grow out of underground stems called rhizomes.

The Node: The distance between two nodes varies from species to species. These nodes provide the only connection from one side of the culm to the other. The length of the node plays a very important role in the selection of a particular bamboo species for a particular product.

Moisture content: The moisture content of the culm varies with the season and the age of the culm.

Flowering: It is believed that flower is inauspicious on a bamboo tree.

This is supported by botanical facts according to which bamboos generally die after flowering once in their life.

20 Area: 8.96 m ha ( 12.8% of forest area) 28% of area and 66% of growing stock of bamboo in NE region 20% of area and 12% of growing stock in MP & Chattisgarh Grows in all parts of India except Kashmir valley Second Richest country after China in Bamboo resources Availability of Bamboo Growing Stock: 80.43 m MT, Annual Harvest: 13.5 m MT (demand: 27 m MT)

5.1 WORLDWIDE BAMBOO RESOURCES: The global bamboo coverage worldwide is 36 million hectare that is 3.2% of total forest area.

Bamboo is mostly distributed in temperate, tropic and sub tropical zones of all continents naturally except Europe and North America. Recently, bamboo has been introduced into North America, Europe and Australia (Pannipa Chaowana, 2013). Asia is the richest bamboo producer with about 24 million hectares of the total world bamboo resources. Five out of six countries have large extent of bamboo forests in Asia viz. India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Latin America occupies the 10 million hectares of the total bamboo area in the world whereas Africa has the smallest bamboo area of 2.7 million hectare (FAO, 2005).

5.2 BAMBOO RESOURCES IN INDIA : India is the second largest country in the world after China in terms of bamboo resources (Forest Survey of India [FSI], 2011).

Worldwide, India occupies 37.8% of the total bamboo forest area.

Twenty Percent of its overall forest area is of bamboo. In India there are 125 indigenous and 11 exotic species of bamboo belonging to 23 genera (FSI, 2011). Percentage of Distribution of bamboo forest area (major state wise) out of total bamboo area of the country and its growing stock (number of trees grown in that particular area) .More than 50% of principle genera are found in Eastern India that is approximately fifty-eight species of bamboo belonging to 10 genera are distributed in the northeastern states alone (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], 2003). The National Bamboo mission has identified bamboo species grown in India which include Bambusa balcooa, B. bambos, B. nutans, B. pallid, B. polymorpha, B. tulda, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus bramdissii, D. giganteus, D. Hamiltonii, D. Strictus, etc. From many researches these species have also found to be suitable for different construction applications.

STRENGTHS

WEAKNESSES

OPPORTUNITUES

THREATS

Vast resources Bamboo from the North East are hard and durable Cane and Bamboo handicraft has good market India has strong roots in handicrafts Labor cost is low

Bamboo is less versatile than the bamboo from China Finished products from the other Asian countries are superior Lacks aesthetic appeal &Quality control In controlling cost, Quality is low Product is bulky and transportation cost is high Industry and cultivators yet to recognize potential

Market for Bamboo Gazebo can be developed Development in design and quality of handicraft products There is scope for creating category product market

There will be strong competition from other Asian countries.

Established players like China & Taiwan Poor treatment procedures may lead to loss. Treatment should be standardized

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5.3 BAMBOO RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN NER: North-eastern region of the country is endowed with rich forest resources. The region, which constitutes only 7.98% of the geographical area of the country, accounts for nearly one fourth of its forest cover. The total forest cover in the region is 173,219 km2, which is 66.07% of its geographical area in comparison to the national forest cover of 21.05%. Very dense, moderately dense and open forests constitute 14.73%, 44.29% and 40.98% Northeast region of India is very rich in bamboo diversity. It includes as many as 89 species under 16 genera. This shows that approximately 60% of the total bamboo species reported from India is represented from this region.

Bamboos find immense importance in every bit and pieces of life in Northeast India having great variable genetic resource of bamboo grown in almost every place of the region. Among them, five species viz., Bambusa balcooa, B. tulda, B. pallida, B. nutans and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii are being used by local population effectively and hence, economically very important. These five species are widely distributed across the tropical and semi-tropical area of the northeast India.

First four species exclusively grow in homesteads or on-farm while D. hamiltonii grows in forest as well. Performance of growth characters of these species varies in diverse locality.

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5.4 COMPARATIVE STUDY INDIA VS CHINA:

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6.1 BAMBOO RESOURCES IN ASSAM : The state has subtropical climate with temperature ranging from 5°c to 32°c and mean annual rainfall varying from 1,500 mm to 3,750 mm.

The recorded forest area of Assam is 26,832 km2 accounting for 34.21% of its geographical area.

According to their legal status, Reserved Forests constitute 66.58% and Unclassed Forests 33.42% of the total forest area. The forest cover in the state is is 35.28% of the geographical area. In terms of forest density classes, the state has 1,444 km2 supporting very dense forest, 11,404 km2 moderately dense forest and 14,825 km2 open forest.

The extent of bamboo bearing area in the forests of the state is 7,238 km2. Density-wise details, estimated number of culms by soundness and equivalent green weight are given in following table:

Generally bamboos are available throughout the state in several species. More than 30 species are reported to be distributed in the state.

Map.4 Bamboo sector map

24

25 6.2 TYPES OF SPECIES IN ASSAM : There are 34 species of Bamboos occurring in the State. The following species are extensively found: Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (Kako), Neohouzeaua dulooa Syn. Teinostachyum dulooa (Dolu), Melocana baccifera Syn. Melocana bamboosaaides (Muli), Oxytenananthera parviflora (Hill Jati), Dendrocalamus longispathus (Khang), Oxytenananthera albociliata (Kala sundi), Oxytenananthera nigrociliata (Kaligoda), Bamboosa pallida (Hill Jati), and Bamboosa balcooa (Bhaluka). All the bamboo species are clump forming except Muli (Melocana beccifera), Bamboosa tulda (Jati), Bamboosa vulgaris, Bamboosa balcooa (Bhaluka); Bamboosa trees (Bhaluki Mokhal), Bamboosa nutans, Bamboosa polymorpha, Bamoboosa gigantia, Bambusa arundinacea (Kata Bamboo), Bamboosa pallida (Bajal) are mostly grown in homesteads.

Bamboo forests of the State are well spread over, in the form of pure bamboo forests and overlapping bamboo forests, with trees throughout the State, but extensive in two hill districts of Assam, erstwhile Cachar, Kamrup and Goalpara districts. Bamboos of the two hill districts are mainly confined in the District Council Reserved Forests, Proposed Reserved Forests and Unclassified State Forests area, which are subject to extensive shifting cultivation Total bamboo annual availability from major forests of Assam is 7 , 25,000 MT whereas annual availability of home-grown bamboo is more than 4 Lakhs MT Among forest bamboo, highest growing areas of Assam are NC hills and Karbi Along districts.

Uses of Bamboo as a Plant Ornamental uses Foliage Plant,Landscaping ,Garden hedges and screens Ecological uses Soil Stabilization ,Soil Remediation ,Cultivation of marginal lands ,Roadsides and verges ,Sound and Visual Screens ,Protection of Riverbanks ,Erosion control along Hillsides .

Agro-forestry Natural Stands ,Mixed Stands ,Industrial Plantations ,Windbreaks ,Hedges.

6.3 NATIONAL BAMBOO MISSION: The National Bamboo Mission (NBM) was launched and implemented by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. NBM envisages enhancing the area under bamboo plantation of selected species with intensive management so that the yield improves six-fold from the present production. The focus of the NBM is the Northeast India.

26 The main objectives of the Mission are • To promote holistic growth of the bamboo sector through area based regionally differentiated strategies; • To increase the coverage of area under bamboo both in forest and non-forest areas; with appropriate varieties to enhance yields; • To promote marketing of bamboo based handicrafts.

• To establish convergence and synergy among stake-holders for development of bamboo.

• To promote, develop and disseminate technologies through a seamless brand of traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge.

• To generate employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled persons, especially unemployed youths.

Key Elements of the National Bamboo Mission • Research and Development for Bamboo Development • Establishment of new Nurseries to raise bamboo seedlings • Raising high yielding bamboo plantations on commercial basis in Forest and Non-Forest areas • Improvement of senile bamboo plantations, Pest and Disease Management of bamboo.

• Handicrafts, bamboo marketing and exports • Capacity building and Human Resource Development of farmers and personnel • Establishment of Bamboo Markets and new Marketing Strategy for Bamboo • Meticulous monitoring, evaluation and reporting, Database generation, compilation and analysis

27

6.4 USE OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION: Traditionally, bamboo culms were used as primary building materials for constructing houses or bamboo frame was plastered with cement or clay which has now shifted to the construction of prefabricated bamboo housing. In modern times, engineered bamboo is used to make prefabricated bamboo houses with the help of bamboo based panels, veneers, and laminated boards. The technology evolved can be effectively adopted for construction of low-cost (single storied) houses with cost ranging from Rs. 300 to 500 per square feet depending upon the design of the house and nature of interior finish, and also upon the local conditions (K.Shyamasundar and Jagadish Vengala, u.d).

WHY BAMBOO IS USED AS A BUILDING MATERIAL? • It is fastest-growing renewable natural building material.

• The material is easily available & Eco friendly.

• Bamboo is a viable (if not better!) alternative for steel, • concrete and masonry as an independent building material.

• It is cost effective and easy to work.

• It can be easily bend, give desired shape and can provide • joints to suit the construction.

• Its enormous elasticity makes it a very useful building material in areas with very high risks of earthquakes.

• Local available material to some areas, which tries to carry the local tradition & vernacular Architecture of that place.

Bamboo house, Shade house, construction frame, door-window frames, Bridges, Fencing, ladder, scaffolding Partition walls etc.

TRADITIONAL VS MODERN Composites or wood substitutes (Bamboo mat board, Flattened bamboo boards, Bamboo Jute Composites, Bamboo flooring, Plywood, Particle board, Fibre board Prefabricated Houses Bamboo Flooring

28 6.5 BAMBOO TRANSPORTATION : Different types of transportation either waterways (Brahmaputra & Barak river), railways and roadways can be followed, depending upon the season. From April to October, roadways & railways are preferred whereas from May to September the waterways can be used.

The local people through traders tie the bamboo in a bundle and float this bundle in the river. These floating bamboo bundles are called â&#x20AC;&#x153;chattaâ&#x20AC;? in the local language. There are 2000-3000 bamboos in one chatta.

Key Stakeholders in Bamboo Sector:

6.6 DURABILITY OF BAMBOO Without any protective treatment, most bamboo species have an average natural durability of less than 2 years. Stored under cover, untreated bamboo may last 4-7 years. the shelve-life of bamboo to 50 years or more is certainly possible by applying the appropriate treatments which is also more economical and sustainable in the long run.

HOW LONG DO YOUR BAMBOO HOUSES LAST? According Bambou Habitat, the durability of bamboo houses is not shorter than wood houses. In Japan, there is a bamboo house with over 200 years of life. In Viet Nam, there is a bamboo house in Quang Nam with life expectancy near 100 years.

29

6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bamboo Advantages 1. It is light in weight and Environmental friendly.

2. It is very cheap and easily available.

3. It is easy to cultivate and produce in the farm.

4. It is a strong and versatile material.

5. It is easily Accessible to the poor.

6. It grows fast.

7. It is highly productive.

Disadvantages 1.

Bamboo requires preserving otherwise it willoose its strength 2.

It is shaped by nature 3.

Bamboo needs coating as it is attacked by fungi, insects etc.

4.

Even with high strength its joints as always weak.

5.

It needs advanced guidance with detailed study and codes.

6.

They are not fire resistant.

6.8 BAMBOO TREATMENT METHODS: 1. Sap displacement: The sap of the bamboo is replaced by preservative.

2. Diffusion process: Culms are fully immersed in preservative.

3. Boucherie process: Preservative is pumped through the bamboo.

4. Hot and cold process: Bamboo is kept in hot preservative for 2-3 hours.

5. Pressure treatment process: â&#x20AC;˘ Preservative is forced into the bamboo under high pressure. â&#x20AC;˘ Pressure is released in the vessel to expel excess preservative.

30 6.9 BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL In the construction industry, not all types of bamboo can be used. In the construction industry, if the bamboo does not pass a certain processing of treatment, also cannot be used. Harvesting and protection from insects is the beginning for bamboo as a building material.

Dry bamboo culms (Schroder, November 30, 2014

6.10 BAMBOO’S CRITERIA FOR BUILDING INDUSTRY: • When using bamboo it is worth making sure that it is dried during the drying process, not dry bamboo can lead to kinks and is not subject to use in structures, • Bamboo should be older than 3 years. It is recommended to use mature bamboo 4-6 years, • Bamboo must be decontaminated from insects and a certain treatment, • Bamboo blooms can’t be used in construction, can lead to the withering of the bamboo itself, • Before use it is worth checking for the presence of cracks, can lead to kinks, • The term of bamboo service depends on the type, length of the bed, wall thickness, and harvesting time.

31 6.11 BAMBOO PRESERVATION 1. Preparation methods of bamboo

Untreated bamboo poles.

Curative bamboo poles.

Durability of bamboo. The outer hard part and the lower part of the culms is more durable than part of the inner wall deteriorating faster as it is soft. Some characteristics of bamboo are similar to wood, but the characteristics of the microstructure are different. Similarly, the structure of bamboo does not release toxic deposits.

The bamboo which people use in construction cannot be picked up correctly, or is prone to improper handling, many people don’t use any treatment, so the construction of their buildings can collapse in just a couple of years, because of that bamboo is still considered as a poor man's material. The countries that account for the majority of bamboo are not sufficiently informed about professional treatment. Not all methods that they use provide good results, this leads to the destruction of the construction of bamboo. For protection it is worth using chemical preservatives, they provide good protection even under adverse conditions.

The choice of a suitable method of treatment depends on various factors: •

Green or dry bamboo,

•

Bamboo shape: round bamboo or half,

•

End applications; in contact with the earth, is exposed to the atmosphere, under

• •

cover, structural / non-structural, Scale; the amount to be treated, and the available time, Potential causes of decay; biotic (fungi / insects) and abiotic (fissures / weathering).

Treating bamboo for long-term use is a more economical and sustainable method. In addition, with the application of proper procedures, the lifespan of bamboo can increase to 50 years.

32 2. Bamboo infection with insects Beetles and termites are the most common insects in bamboo. The high probability of infection by insects is due to the presence of starch and other carbohydrates in bamboo.

Bamboo infection with insects

The first stage - adult beetles lay eggs, in bamboo apertures before death, after from the egg there is a larva that devours bamboo from the inside. The third stage is pupation, since bamboo is protected; a warm and humid climate gives a good breeding ground. At the fourth stage, the beetle gnaws holes in the bamboo and leaves. For laying eggs, they return to bamboo. This continuous cycle can destroy not one bamboo forest.

Therefore, bamboo must be chemically treated to avoid contamination. This food for insects can destroy the material or make it unsuitable for use.

Insect devours bamboo from the inside

33 3. Mold and spores Mold and spores are common if bamboo is not completely dry. In addition, shipping bamboo in sea freight containers to the international market, too, can affect the occurrence of spores and mold .

Mold forming on bamboo

.

A high moisture content in the reed makes it possible to reproduce the spore until the moisture completely evaporates. The appearance of mold can occur from one to two times For example: The appearance of bamboo Phyllostachys aurea is often treated with flame (heat treatment). Thicker bamboo species, such as Guadua angustifolia, are treated with boron solution.

For green bamboo, apply heat treatment, most of the moisture remains inside the canes. The dried bamboo is subjected to boron treatment. Therefore, some finished bamboo products are initially more sensitive to molding. However, if you load an ocean freight container with bamboo in a tropical environment where a long transport time takes 30 days or more and ship to an environment where the temperature is much cooler, the cargo may fall under the phenomenon known as "cargo sweat" or "container rain". Extreme temperature fluctuations can cause condensation inside the container, which causes spore growth and the appearance of mold.

How to clean a mold from bamboo?

In the fast and effective removal of stains can help commercial product Mold Armor FG502. You can also use alternative methods to combat mold. Clean the bamboo mold and white spores with a soft brush and wipe the area with a wet rag. After cleaning the bamboo, you can use lemon oil or a solution of vinegar and water for completely remove the mold. To clean the furniture from bamboo, it is recommended to apply three layers of polyurethane after removing the mold; this will ensure the preservation of furniture. Before applying the polyurethane, you need to clean the furniture with turpentine and completely dry it. If you do not do this, mold can grow under polyurethane coating and cause blisters .

34 4. Leaching bamboo or storing bamboo in water Bamboo leaching is a traditional method, it is used by indigenous communities and farmers in the Asian and Latin American regions. People transported bamboo from mountain areas and jungles to cities using bamboo rafts. Transportation of bamboo over rivers usually took up to four weeks, during which time leaching occurred. The content of starch in the poles was reduced, thereby increasing the durability of the material.

Bamboo raft

People still use the method of immersing bamboo in water, especially when bamboo needs to be transported from remote areas. However, single leaching does not guarantee long-term protection, but helps to remove starch and increases permeability for future treatment by diffusion and pressure treatment. This protects bamboo from attack by beetles and parasites

Immersing bamboo in water

35

• •

• •

How to store bamboo in water? Bamboo is stored in tanks with water, while adding chemicals. Stages that must be applied necessarily: Bamboo knots should be punctured, so water will easily penetrate into the bamboo canes, It is necessary to bind the bamboo together or to separate and store them in tanks or in running water, Storage of bamboo in the tank. It is necessary to change the water weekly; this will prevent the growth of bacteria that can cause unpleasant odor and discoloration of bamboo, It is necessary to use loadings for full immersion of bamboo in water,

• Bamboo should be immersed in water with times, after extraction, it is worth using further chemical treatment. Bamboo should be immersed for at least 3 - 4 weeks , • Bamboo that has been leached for 3 months or more may become stained in the epidermis. This will reduce its physical and mechanical properties.

5. Bamboo treatment with chemicals Chemicals can provide short-term and long-term protection. The use or non-use of special equipment also affects how the substance that processes the material for the long-term protection of the material. Chemical preservatives are used to protect the material from attack by beetles, mold and prevent the material from changing the effects of climate. The choice of chemicals as protection for bamboo must be chosen very carefully, as this can affect the environment "Ratio" and "Concentration" The ratio of the chemical solution is based on kilograms per 100 liters of water. The ratio of the chemical solution to the equivalent concentration.

All chemical solutions are indicated in kilograms per hundred liters of water. For example, a solution of three chemical elements in a ratio of 2: 2: 0.5. It is a mixture of 2 kg of chemical element per 2 kg of the second chemical element and 0.5 kg of the third chemical element per 100 liters of water, this is a concentrate of 4.5%. If we want to increase the concentrate by 9%, then the ratio changes by 4: 4: 1.

Preservatives are divided into two types: • Non-fixed preservatives, • Preservatives of the fixing type.

Non-fixed preservatives This type of protection consists of boron salts, which helps to prevent the occurrence of termites, mold and protects against the appearance of fungi. Boron salts are added to water, bamboo is soaked in this water, after the water evaporates and leaves the salts inside the bamboo. This method is not toxic; it can be used for products that contact with food.

36 Boric Acid Borax Brown and boric acid is one of the most commonly used methods of preserving bamboo, since it is effective and environmentally friendly. The product is flame retardant and does not contain dangerous decomposition. Dehydrate of sodium tetrahydrohydrate is a powdery, white substance that does not emit an odor. It is not a flammable or explosive product, has an acute low oral and dermal toxicity. The product itself is flame retardant and does not contain dangerous decomposition. The product has an unlimited shelf life and does not depend on temperature. Boric Acid Borax is dissolved in water, after it can be sprayed onto the material, bamboo can be immersed or impregnated with this substance.

Formula 1: boric acid / borax, ratio 1: 1.5; Formula 2: boric acid / borax / sodium dichromate, ratio 2: 2: 0.5; Concentration 4-5%, this type of protection is used for bamboos that will not be exposed to weather or ground.

Preservatives of the fixing type

These types of protection consist of mixtures of different salts in a certain quantitative ratio, when interacting with each other, they become chemically fixed.

Consistency: Copper-Chromium-Arsenic (CCA) Preservative of a broad spectrum of action, Patented as AsCu. Provides protection for 50 years or more, the use of such a composition is desirable in the open air, since arsenic is a poison and a carcinogen, but the use in small quantities does not affect human health. In addition, the composition will cause the bamboo to green color.

Formula: arsenic pentoxide / copper sulphate / sodium dichromate, ratio 1: 3: 4; For structures that exposed to weather, it is worth using 6% of the composition, but bamboo should not be in contact with the ground. If the bamboo during construction will be in contact with the ground, the concentrate should be 10%.

Copper-Chrome-Boron (CCB) It is an alternative to CCA, but because of the boron degree of fixation is lower, is less effective.

Formula: boric acid / copper sulphate / sodium dichromate, ratio 1.5: 3: 4; Concentration 6- 8% indoor use and cannot be contacted with weather and soil. Concentration 8-10% outdoor use and can be contacted with weather and soil.

Zinc-Chrome It is a refractory preservative designed to protect the material from fire and provides good protection against insects. However, bamboo can absorb moisture from the air and will give a wet look during the rainy season.

Formula: Zinc chloride / sodium dichromate, ratio 1: 1; Concentration 10% outdoor use and can be contacted with weather and soil.

37 Creosote Colorless, sometimes yellowish or yellowish-green, flammable, hardly soluble in water, an oily liquid with a strong odor, derived from wood and coal tar. Preservative is used for external use, a chemical substance that is often used in the processing of railway sleepers and impregnation of wooden posts. Protects the material from infection with insects and fungi, it is used only for external processing in contact with the soil.

Light Organic Solvent-based Preservatives (LOSP) A protective agent that contains fungicides - killing mushrooms and insecticides - against insects.

This is a finished product that does not require any mixing. The agent does not change the color of the material, but it may contain a residual odor that will fade with time. This product is a carrier of toxic molecules, but after application, toxic molecules evaporate leaving only a protective layer that does not harm the environment. Such concentrates are economical in use, large factories often find it convenient to buy a large batch of such substances .

Trichlorophenol (TCP) A 5% solution of fungicide with insecticides, for a wide range, is an ecological preservative.

Sometimes diluted with mineral turpentine oil, the product becomes more economical.

Copper/Zinc soaps The organic compound of copper and zinc is known as a metal soap, a disinfectant. In the composition there are insecticides, the product is more expensive than TCP, but more ecological and does not have an acute odor.

6. Drying bamboo poles

Drying bamboo takes a lot of time, because this material easily absorbs moisture, it is called a hygroscopic material. Humidity is 50% - 60%, it can also depend on the climatic conditions of cutting down and the type of bamboo. During the drying process, the diameter of the bamboo can be reduced from 10% to 16%, and the wall thickness from 15% to 17% .

The usual and well-known method of drying bamboo is "drying in the air." After chemical treatment, all bamboo is laid and stored under a canopy or under a roof.

Drying in the air under tent.

Drying in the air under a roof .

38 Important factors when drying bamboo: 



First, you need to protect bamboo from direct contact with the ground, avoiding humidity, insects and infection with fungus, It is necessary to avoid changing the humidity. Round poles shouldn’t be exposed to direct sunlight, for a long time, might form cracks in poles. However, the bamboos, divided into lengths, can be dried in the open sun, In time to remove infected clusters, infection of the entire storage area should not go,



There should be a circulation of air in a room with bamboo,



Vertical packing gives the bamboo to dry for a shorter period and is less defeated by a fungal attack. However, it is worthwhile to follow the poles so that there is no curvature or provide a good support system, Horizontal laying is usually used for large batches of bamboo, they are laid on large sheets, sheets can consist of plastic or glass, or use dividers as shown in figure 13The lower bamboo batch can crack from the weight, for this, it is laid not in large layers and carefully checked, Every 15 days, bamboo should be turned in the longitudinal direction, for even drying.







The method of air-drying takes from 6 to 12 weeks. This may depend on the humidity of the bamboo, the thickness.

Post-harvesting transpiration Transpiration is the process of movement and evaporation of 99% of water from a plant through leaves and stems. The traditional method of drying bamboo, is used by farmers and indigenous communities. The drying process takes place on a bamboo plantation, in order to avoid contact with the soil, the cut bamboo is placed on a stone and leaned against another bamboo.

Attached to each other for 3 - 4 weeks, the bamboo begins to lose its moisture.

Kiln oven drying The drying kiln method is suitable only for bamboo split, the process quickly dries out pieces of bamboo. However, this method is not suitable for whole bamboo, as high temperature gives cracks in the bamboo.

Dip Diffusion Method

Internodal Injection Method

39

7.1 BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL Bamboo is a versatile material because of its high strength-to weight ratio, easy workability and availability. Bamboo needs to be chemically treated due to their low natural durability. It can be used in different ways for roof structure as purlins, rafters and reapers, for flooring, doors and windows, walling, ceiling, man-hole covers etc.

Bamboo Doors and Windows: Bamboo frames can replace timber frames appropriate to function. Bamboo mat shutters fixed to bamboo frame frame or a panel of bamboo board fixed to the frame which is hinged to wall can be used as door. Small framed openings hinged to the top in the wall can serve as windows.

Bamboo Flooring: Bamboo can be used as flooring material due to its better wear and tear resistance resilience properties. Whole culms act as frame work and the floor covering is done using split bamboo, using bamboo boards, mats etc by means of wire lashing these to the frame.

Reed Boards: Reed boards are made by flat pressing reed at high temperatures. These reed boards are used in elements like flooring, walls, ceiling and roofing . They can also be used for partitions, doors, windows etc.

Scaffolding: Bamboo poles lashed together have been used as scaffolding in high rise structures due to their strength and resilience. The timber planks can be replaced with bamboo culms and these can be lashed to the vertical culms.

Bamboo Roofs Skeleton: It consists of bamboo truss or rafters over which solid bamboo purlins are laid and lashed to the rafter by means of G.I.wire. A mesh of halved bamboo is made and is lashed to the purlins to cover the roof.

Bamboo walling/ceiling: As the bamboo material is light in weight it is beneficial for earthquake prone areas as its chances of falling are very less due to flexibility and even if it falls it can be re-erected easily with less human and property loss with least efforts and minimum cost. Bamboo walls can be constructed in different ways like • Whole stem halved or strips of bamboo can nailed to one or both the sides of the bamboo frame.

• Split bamboo mats can be fastened to the bamboo posts or mats can be woven, mud can also be applied to both sides of such mats.

• Bamboo strips nailed to bamboo frame or posts for interior walling.

• Cement or lime plastering can be done on the mud covering for better appearance and hygiene.

It has been found that the bamboo in the vertical position is more durable than in horizontal direction. For partition walls only single layer of bamboo strips are used.

40 7.2 JOINTS 1. Double butt bent joint For the Double Butt Bent Joint, two bamboo poles were used. The first is horizontal, the second is

vertical.

Double butt bent joint

• • • •

After making a measurement for the notch and calculating the length, depth, radius figure 15: Notch dimension for horizontal bamboo pole, you need to cut the horizontal pole according to the calculations (Lennart P. Bengtsson, James H. Whitaker, 1988): Length of the notch: L= (3π/4)d Depth of the notch: h ≤ (d/2)(1+sin45°) Radius of the notch: R=d/2 Angle: β=135° And fit vertical member to horizontal pole and tie it with the rope.

Notch dimension for horizontal bamboo pole (Lennart P. Bengtsson, James H. Whitaker, 1988)

This joint method can provide a beautiful and smooth joint surface, and also does not need complicated fixing methods. However, it requires accurate production skills and equipment, accurate cutting on bamboo (Lennart P. Bengtsson, James H. Whitaker, 1988).

41 2. Friction – tight rope connections The Friction – Tight Rope connection is the most common way to connect bamboo. Originally used natural materials, such as bast, strips of bamboo, rattan / hemp and palm fibre from coconut / sago, are used as a rope for connecting bamboo poles. At present, iron wire and plastic straps / ropes are also used for connection with friction (Janssen, 2000).

The Friction – Tight Rope connection technique can be used in almost all circumstances that may appear during the construction of a building and reduces the likelihood of a bamboo fracture. It is easier to compact because it is possible to apply epoxy or other materials as a coating. However, the choice of rope material can affect the construction, so you need to check the rope for damage from moisture, putrefaction and provide protection from insects (Janssen, 2000).

The system requires skills in performing fastening operations.

Connection with bamboo strips

Bamboo connections with rope

This method is easy to build and simple for making bamboo. it can also be very strong with sufficient attachment technique.

42 3. Plug â&#x20AC;&#x201C; In / Bolt Connection Taking advantage of a secondary interlocking element, this type of connection is widely used in context with rope connections.

Bracket interlocking stud.

In this case, the bolts have to transfer tractive and compressive forces. In addition, this can be seen in garden fences and furniture.

How to make the plug-in connector

43 This type of connection is used with a blocking element that can be made of wood and bamboo, and a cannon joint is used. This type of connection is most often seen in garden fences and furniture.

To begin with, drill the vertical and horizontal bamboo beams; the vertical that is connected to the wooden cipher should have holes larger than the horizontal pole. The used pin (made of wood or bamboo) connects two bamboo poles, and then a bamboo wedge is fixed to strengthen the connection. After that, you need to cut off the protruding parts of the curtain and make the surface of the plug smooth. To strengthen the bond use an adhesive or a rope.

4. Positive Fitting Connection

Positive fitting bamboo connection

Positive fitting connections, which use rope to keep the connector in place instead of using weed

This compound has found wide application in traditional bamboo buildings, often used in the design of stairs and furniture. Figure 21 shows how an additional wedge is cut; this is one of the processes when creating a positive fitting. Figure 22 shows how to use the rope when connecting to save the connector instead of using wedges.

Positive Fitting connection creates a beautiful view of the bamboo in the design. The connection can be combined with other connections, such as plug-in technology, attachment technique. A big plus of compound is that you can reduce the cost of bamboo pillars. In addition, when small gaps are detected on the surface, the assembly can be easily sealed and fixed.

However, it is necessary to consider the connection of two bamboos, when constructing a construction, the diameters of bamboos should be different. In addition, when creating a hole on the bamboo poles, the work of experienced masters is important, as if not working correctly, the strength may decrease and may cause cracking and splitting.

44 5. Special construction design This type of bamboo connection is based on plug â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in joint and friction tight rope joint. A special and durable design, very unique and easy to build. An effective and easy way of connecting does not require high skills of working with bamboo.

How to make the plug-in connector

This "sandwich" design does not require a structural frame and does not request special tools, only the bolt and nuts. The posts are connected to each other, three bamboos are used, four postures of bamboo are added from the top in the middle, five are used at the bottom, but the number of bamboo can vary depending on the characteristics of the building.

How to make the plug-in connector

45 6. Interlocking Connection Bamboo poles and around them are usually glued and joined by blocking compounds. Interlocking connections can be made through a wood, metal anchor technique. Figure 26 shows the junction of six bamboo poles directed in different directions, made in metal anchor technology .

Interlocking connection with metal anchor technique

In blocking compounds, it is very often possible to find a connection with a wood core. For interior decoration of the wood, different parts can be used that do not violate the requirements, glue can be used to attach it to the inner surface of the bamboo. During the installation of the wooden cylinder, two slots must be present to track the cracking in the bamboo cane. Figure 26 shows how a bolt, a metal ring and a wooden cane are connected together.

Possible inner parts (wood cane)

Combination connection

Pros: 1.This connection can be used in several cases.

2.To make it more durable, use a metal compound.

3.No need for nail support when operating a wooden core or other additional means.

4.Controlled by metal anchors.

Cons: 1.Additional materials will require more money.

2.It is important to have special equipment and experience.

3.It is difficult to seal.

46 7.3 BAMBOO STRUCTURE Bamboo truss construction are very similar to the construction of wood. The difference consists only in connections. This construction is very important, because when using bamboo, the trusses can be used as the main supporting elements, columns and roofs.

1. Truss structure Truss construction are widely used in modern construction, mainly to cover large spans in order to reduce the consumption of materials used and to facilitate the construction, for example - in building large-span constructions, such as bridges, rafters of industrial buildings, sports facilities, as well as the construction of small lightweight building and decorative constructions: pavilions, stage constructions, awnings and podiums. People use truss construction for roof.

Truss construction for roof (BambuBuild, 2016)

Different types of roof construction (BambuBuild, 2016)

2. Portal frame structure

Portal frame structure (BambuBuild, 2016)

Bamboo pavilion â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Asian Everyday: Possibilities in the Shifting Worldâ&#x20AC;? at TOTO GALLERY MA (VTN Architects, 2015)

Pavilion consisting of three elements: portal frame structure, grid structure and box elements. The intersection of two grids creates a loudness. Eleven portal frames are inserted into the grid to create an open space for walks through the pavilion. Thirty boxes have been installed to harden the entire structure.

47 3. Grid and Hybrid structure

Grid structure (BambuBuild, 2016

)

Hybrid structure (BambuBuild, 2016)

Eco-resort Pavilion in La Vong, Hanoi, Vietnam, by VTN Architects. (VTN Architects, 2016)

Eco-resort Pavilion in La Vong, Hanoi it is 38 prefabricated bamboo arches were installed in a 22-meter-diameter circular form, aligned concentrically around the center axis. Combination of hybrid structure with grid and using several types of connection.

For architects, who are working with bamboo, they do not stop on one structure if it comes to this material. Bamboo material for which architects create a structure that may not exist; the material gives the right to implement ideas that go beyond the ordinary.

48 7.4 FOUNDATION Bamboo is a material that is used for building above the ground, since there is a possibility that the bamboo will germinate underground. However, if you observe certain significant rules and do not put bamboo on the straight to the ground, then the use of bamboo as a foundation material is possible.

Bamboo’s several regulations for foundation: 

Bamboo and soil should not come in contact there is a risk that bamboo can take root,



The plinth in which the bamboo is installed should exceed 350 mm above the ground water or above the hot water line (Krawczuk, 2013), Diameter of bamboo should not exceed 70 mm (Krawczuk, 2013),

 

If post it exceeds three permissible meters, then connecting beams should support the column.

1. Foundation plinth Before using bamboo, it must be treated with tare or creosote, for additional protection. The depth of the pits to establish the bamboo should be 300 mm and a diameter of 100 mm, but if the diameter of the bamboo is greater than 100 mm, the pit size need to change. After installing the culm in the pit, the spaces between the walls of bamboo and cement should be filled with sand (Krawczuk, 2013).

Fixing detail of bamboo post into plinth masonry

Filling the space between the walls of bamboo and cement with sand

49 2.

Foundation plinth with anchor bolts Bamboo and foundation are fixed with bolts and steel brackets and anchor bolts.

Fixing detail of bamboo to plinth using bolted connection (Krawczuk, 2013)

Fixing detail of bamboo to plinth using anchor bolts (Community Architects Network, 2013)

Fixing detail of bamboo to plinth using anchor bolts (Estudio Damgo, 2013)

50 7.5 WALL The wall is a vertical enclosing structure that separates the room from the surrounding space or adjacent room. People in search of comfort, increasing mood and looking for a cozy atmosphere are beginning to turn to environmentally friendly materials - Bamboo was no exception.

1.

Whole or halved bamboo

Whole bamboo culms and vertical halved culms (Choudhari, Kolamkar, 2012)

Wall for outside shower (Bees and Roses, 2016)

For frequent installation of vertical beams, as this contributes to the resistance of the shear of the beams. Beams can be install directly into the ground using floorboards or without.

2.

Split or Flattened Bamboo

Split Bamboo

How to split bamboo (Guadua Bamboo, 2007-2017)

Begin to separate bamboo from the thin end. By hitting the hammer on the blade, you need to separate the reed. The splitting line will leave the center to prevent it. It is necessary to keep the expanded part of the cane by pressing it, and the smaller part to pull down. Be sure to check the thickness of the upper and lower parts, the thin part always points downwards.

Remember, bamboo has two different sides; straight side and curved side.

By dividing the green bamboo stems into parts without breaking them into pieces, afterwards the diaphragms are removed, then unfold the bamboo and smooth it. The result is a board that is laid on the beams and fixed with nails or tied.

51

Flattened bamboo (Guadua Bamboo, 2007-20017

)

How to flatten bamboo poles (Guadua Bamboo, 2007-2017)

3.

Bajareque

A strong and massive construction is often used in Latin America. Horizontal bamboo strips, connected together or nailed, covered with mud and stones, thereby filling the free space.

52 4. Wattle bamboo

Wattle bamboo

Thick panels of bamboo strips are intertwined around the bearing beam of bamboo. It is commonly used in India, Peru and Chile.

5. Woven bamboo The technique is similar to wattle bamboo, but the bamboo strips are denser to each other, this technique does not require external additional coating.

7.6 ROOF

Roof with halved bamboo culms

53 One of the best roofing methods of using bamboo is one that uses prefabricated bamboo farms, as well as bamboo boards. Farms are usually built in the form of a triangle, which gives the roof a completely different look than most western styles of houses. Sometimes bamboo is used with a coating of astringent materials after the construction is completed. This not only helps protect bamboo fibers, but also helps to create fireproof structures. Clay tiles can be placed in the upper part of the roof to prevent moisture penetration.When used as a building material, bamboo must be processed to prevent it from rotting or infecting insects. Although there are many different ways of preparing bamboo, the simplest and most effective is to simply allow it to air dry in an upright position. After the bamboo has been dried, a combination of chemicals is selected, for example, boric acid and borax for its processing. The entire process can take several months, but in the end, bamboo can be used in construction (Bengtsson and Whitaker, 2010).

The disadvantages of using bamboo for a roofing device. Unlike traditional wooden roofs, bamboo roofing can be quite expensive compared to other types of roofs. Bamboo is environmentally friendly and sustainable, but requires care and money investment. Although roofing bamboo can often be found on roofs in the traditionally western type of roof, it is mainly used when used with a triangular truss. If the appearance of the triangular roof does not satisfy you, you can always choose your own version. Investing in the bamboo roof structure is a big deal. For confidence in the right choice, consider all the pros and cons associated with the material, its stability and its durability in your particular area.

7.7 OTHER BUILDING ELEMENTS 1. Door

Sliding door

From bamboo, processed by special technologies, door leaves are manufactured, which are produced as one-piece, and with inserts of glass, mosaic and pieces of mirrors. The resulting products will be an excellent element of finishing the room in the popular recently "Chinese" and "Japanese" styles.

54 It is possible to color this natural material in different colors - from light to dark. The surface of the canvas is varnished, giving them a shine. These products, thanks to processing by modern technology, perfectly withstand temperature changes, high humidity and exposure to sunlight.

Modern industry allows you to make of banal bamboo stylish and high-quality door leaves, which look great and do not require special care.

Doors

Another advantage of such products is their low price. Such an original door can afford almost every buyer, buying a little affordable exotics.

Do not think that such lightweight and airy structures have a low resistance to burglary. In fact, bamboo is not inferior in strength to metal, and it is very difficult to crack such a door structure.

"Sheathing" is made of strips of glued bamboo, laid on the fabric base, which gives them high wear resistance (izbambuka, 2018).

The basis for such door panels is made of strong steel, treated with an anti-corrosion compound.

This allows similar products to withstand heavy loads and exposure to adverse weather conditions.

Bamboo doors of the “accordion” Bamboo “accordion” gives the room a distinctive ethnic style, creating the effect of "mats", which are used in the countries of Indochina instead of the usual doors.

Light and at the same time strong "harmonies" made of bamboo perfectly help to distinguish the rooms of any rooms, while serving as a kind of exotic element of decoration. On the surface of such structures are often painted and various elements of decoration, which gives them a unique charm. Especially effectively, such "door-mats" look when decorating dachas and country houses .

55

Bamboo â&#x20AC;&#x153;accordionâ&#x20AC;? door.

2. Bamboo as solar shading devices External shading devices for windows are effective cooling measures, since they block both direct and indirect sunlight from outside. The shading screen is a dense weave that blocks up to 70% of all sunlight. With the proper use of mobile shading devices, you can gain advantages in the use of energy. In the daytime, the shading device is kept in the open state in winter; it does not reduce the supply of radiation energy in the room. In winter, at night, when closed, lowers the heat transfer coefficient, i.e., heat loss, and in summer it protects the room from overheating.

Such screens absorb sunlight, so they should be installed from the outside of the window.

For example: Bamboo Passive House made by Karawitz architects in 2009, Bessancourt, France. This project was noted as the best performance of low consumption of a house in France and the first house in the Paris region to receive the European certification of PHI "Passiv Haus Institut" (ArchDaily, 2010).

56 Bamboo covers the windows in the North and continues to the roof. Identical blinds that close large windows with a picture in the south create light and shadow during the day or night. Also on the roof you can see photovoltaic panels (ArchDaily, 2010).

Bamboo Passive House (Photographs: Abbadie and Karawitz, 2009)

Front view

Close view to covers

Bamboo Passive House, close view to covers (Photographs: Abbadie and Karawitz, 2009)

Another example of building: Bamboo Housing in Carabanchel by Foreign Office Architects (FOA).

One of the biggest social housing projects in Europe, 2007.

57

Bamboo Housing in Carabanchel

This is a five-story residential building, covered with bamboo bars. The building itself does not consist of bamboo, but the first thing that rushes to the eye is bamboo. The purpose of this project was to offer inexpensive residences with the maximum amount of space and quality, as well as providing a facade that predicts the uniformity provided by bamboo blinds. They cover the whole structure, but with individual desire it is possible to push back the blinds, providing the ability of everyone to open or close the shutters (Jewell, 2011).

Bamboo - it saves energy in all aspects, here bamboo provides insulation in winter and provides a cool during the summer, as the natural canopy allows you to penetrate the light, but protects the interior from the scorching sun and heat. Bamboo is also a soundproof material, which is valuable in a busy city (Jewell, 2011).

Bamboo Housing in Carabanchel, details (Jewell, 2011)

58 3. Stairs In countries where bamboo grows, the trunks of this plant are often used to make ladders. The choice in favor of bamboo in the manufacture of stairs is completely justified: such simple designs are very convenient. Even with a long length, they are light enough, and they can be easily carried by one person.

Bamboo simple stair

According to the planned width of the stairs, the third bamboo is cut (the trunk is cut to the appropriate lengths). Next, take a long bamboo, in the trunk of which make holes. At the same time, the diameter of the holes must be such that they include previously cut pieces of bamboo stem. Holes can be made with one (internal) or two sides of bamboo (the trunk is cut through). If the holes are made only from the inside, the transverse sections of bamboo into the trunk are pushed to the stop so that it touches the opposite side of the support. Fasten the steps in any convenient way, for example, cutting bamboo to the trunk can be glued with a suitable glue for bamboo. In order not to allow the vertical stands of bamboo to disperse under load, the trunks in the top, bottom and middle should be tightened with threaded studs. In order not to spoil the appearance of the ladder and not to make extra holes in the bamboo, the trunks are pulled together by pins, passing them inside the transverse segments (bamboopro, 2010-2018).

60 4. Fence Bamboo can be used as a frame for a balcony or a loggia, and it can also serve as a decoration for entering the house. And this is made possible by the fact that the bamboo has lush foliage, which makes it possible to create rapidly growing walls and a clever background for landscape compositions.

Bamboo fencing (ArtDecor, 2017)

4.

Bamboo on construction sites Builders work with some tools and devices made of bamboo. These are ladders, scaffolding, and supports (for example, for horizontal formwork).

Because of the relatively high cost of bamboo in the temperate countries in this capacity, it can be used where a small amount of material is required, for example in short ladders in the backyard.

Such a ladder with a sufficient diameter of the trunks will come out strong and light, which is important in its frequent transfers. You can also make an overhead staircase on the roof during its repair. It will also be easy to move it .

Bamboo for construction sites

02

61 7.8 TYPES OF BAMBOO THAT ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION The table is designed to understand what kinds of bamboo can be used as a building material, and in which part of the building is mainly used. The bamboo shown in the table comes from the dimensions in the green state of bamboo, after careful treatment and drying of the bamboo, the dimensions change. The change in size depends on what type of treatment will be chosen for bamboo. For frequent bamboo sizes change after treatment within 10% -15% For architects who work on building bamboo buildings, the table will be useful, since it indicates the size of the bamboo, where it grows and where it can be used.

Types of Bamboo That Are Used in Construction (Reference for table: https://www.guaduabamboo.com/ , http://tropical.theferns.info/ , http://emonocot.org/, https://sites.google.com/site/bamboosthailand/, https://www.kew.org/, http://www.efloras.org/, https://uses.plantnet- project.org/en/ )

62

63

64

65 8.1 EARTH Unfired earth is the most common building material in the world: nearby 1/3 and maybe even half of the world’s population lives in buildings made of unfired earth. The remaining 2/3 of the population – maybe 50% – live in the other constructive typologies: in steel and in reinforced concrete houses.(Maria Rosaria Gargiulo and Immacolata Bergamasco," The Use of Earth in the Architecture of Hassan Fathy and Fabrizio Carola: Typological and Building Innovations, Building Technology and Static Behaviour.")

For many years earth architecture has held a minor role. It was often linked to poor housing and self-building phenomena and as such it wasn’t considered worth being studied in depth. The search for materials at a low environmental impact due to the energetic crisis of the 1970s caused the reapproach of the world of architecture to unfired earth. Since then several research study centers have been created regarding this material.

A Study on the Traditional Housing Technology of Bangladesh (2007) reveals the mud-made housing technology is not only significant from ecological and economical perspective but also from social, cultural, and environmental context of human existence. There is also a huge number of resources supporting the importance of earth construction as a sustainable ecological building material.

There are many ways to use earth. Buildings can be made of raw unbaked earth alone in massive cob walls or in individual mud blocks (also called adobe). Plain earth or earth with a little lime or cement or bitumen can be used in rammed earth walls or compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Or earth can be poured into sandbags and stacked for earthbag walls, in what has been called the cheapest building method on earth.

Earth buildings last well when maintained. Outside walls of raw earth that get rained on should be replastered every few years unless they have special coatings. Siloxane is a new waterrepellant that allows unstabilized earth walls to ‘breathe’ and dry out. It is absorbed into earth or lime plaster, so that it does not wear off quickly.

Raw earth buildings need to be protected from rain and flooding to work well in humid climates.

A good roof and a dry base of stone or cement stucco on gravel bags, or concrete are very important. Unstabilized earth construction must be raised 50 cm or more above the ground In rainy areas. A good vapor barrier must be placed between all un-stabilized earth and concrete surfaces. Many people don't realize that raw earth buildings are healthier than concrete in high humidity. They never absorb enough water to let mold grow on them like concrete does. The most dampness they absorb from the air (5- 7% by weight) is not enough to let insects or mold grow (which need between 14 and 20%).47 Very humid air is near its dewpoint. Every time that damp air warms up just a little more than a building, moisture in it condenses on the slightly cooler surface. Heavy concrete walls in very humid areas become frequently damp from condensation, causing algae or mold growth.

Hassan Fathy tested equally sized buildings in Cairo in 1964. On a March day the temperature varied between 12 and 28 C. A building of 50 cm thick mud block with a vaulted mud block roof only stayed a comfortable 21 to 23 C inside. A similar building of 10 cm thick precast concrete walls and roof became 9 C hotter inside than out. Overall it was within the human comfort temperature range for only 5 hours out of 24. Because the mud block held more heat, it warmed up slowly in the morning, and cooled off slowly at night. It also insulated much better than the concrete, and may have reflected more sunlight. (depending on surface finish)

66

Patti Stouter, "Planning Buildings in Warm Humid Regions: Hints for NGOs"

Compressed earth blocks (CEBs) It uses earth with about 5- 10% clay. They are usually 2.5 times thicker than fired bricks, but they insulate better and moderate humidity better than fired bricks. These smaller blocks require more time for construction. Because CEBs are less expensive than fired brick, and can be produced by individuals with simple equipment, these blocks are improving living conditions in many countries. In humid regions they must be either stabilized or protected by a substantial roof overhang. CEBs produced with bitumen or cement cost more than raw blocks.

The quality of individual production should be pre-tested before use in exposed areas, because poorly stabilized CEBs can be damaged by absorbing too much moisture. Stabilized CEBs can be coated with cement plaster.

MUD BLOCK Unbaked mud block (or adobe) is usually built by masons, but is twice as thick as CEB walls. It is inexpensive because it does not require fuel or sophisticated equipment. Because of mud blockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic usage, basic rules of strength for unreinforced construction are well accepted for regions not subject to earthquake hazard.

67 In regions with medium or high risk of earthquakes, some sort of reinforcement may be necessary.

Mud block can be used there as infill between concrete posts. Historic structures of mud block have been built up to 8 stories. It is strongest if built of short wall segments that include piers or corners. Windows should be spaced at least 1m from corners, and 1m apart unless a pier is located between windows. Corbelled window openings can be built without lintels.

Mud block requires water resistant mud plaster on exterior walls that must be renewed every few years. Like all raw earth construction, mud block should not be covered with concrete stucco. The concrete retains too much moisture and will decay the mud block. This material is a good choice for interior walls and furnishings, especially in buildings where reduced humidity is needed to preserve materials, like museums, libraries, and computer centers. Mud block walls are easier to clean and still retain much of their humidity-modifying properties if finished with a lime-plaster or tiled surface, or coated with a natural oil finish.

RAMMED EARTH / COB Solid earth can be rammed or built as cob. These are both difficult to build in wet climates because they dry slowly. Rammed earth walls need large forms to hold the earth in, are waterproof, and strong enough to build in multiple stories. Cob walls are traditional in many parts of Africa. They are built of hand sized loafs of mud, without forms. Since they must be thick to be strong they may receive more condensation than CEBs. COMPARING EARTH CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES Construction materials may be chosen because of the availability of related materials, supplies, tools, or skills. This chart may help to evaluate the different strengths and requirements of different construction processes using earth.

68

Patti Stouter, "Planning Buildings in Warm Humid Regions: Hints for NGOs"

Advantages of earth building: • low cost of materials • low energy and transportation costs • can be built personally by the homeowner

• • •

• thermal mass for natural heating by the sun • maintains a balanced indoor climate without extremes of temperature

•

• a renewable non-toxic resource which can be readily recycled

•

• low fire risk, non-combustible • virtually soundproof • natural warm texture and colours • allows expression of personal creativity using traditional crafts and skills • can be shaped by hand into attractively rounded forms and niches • variable light quality reflected from moulded and textured surfaces

Disadvantages of earth building: time and expense required for soil testing, calculations, and reports requires more customized design effort design limitations, e.g. wall heights, the size of openings for windows and doors, or necessary roof overhangs to provide weather protection construction period longer and also weather-dependent higher overall contract cost unless you use your own labor

69 8.2 FORMWORK FIXING DETAIL

Walls are made used rammed earth with cement stabilized mud, a techniques which make the wall much stronger and more resistant to water. The mud was mixed with 5% cement1,2 (refer to footnotes for more information on this technique).

Cement stabilized earth was used only for the bottom 6ft (bottom two layers) of the wall – above this, protection from rain is given by the roof overhang.

The forms were constructed on site of dimensions 6’8” x 3’ with made using 1.5” thk timber boards.

An overhanging layer of bricks has been built into the wall approximately half way up. Any water which comes into contact with the wall above these bricks will drip clear of the lower section of the wall – reducing damage.

Ventilation – 3 windows and ventilation holes have been used to provide adequate ventilation within the house.

A bamboo ring beam has been consutructed at the top of the walls fixed to the vertical reinforcement.

A project for re-inventing the African Mud hut

70 8.3 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS;Traditional tools are very much in usetill date. Forwoodthe tools likeKarat, Renda, Cutteretc are in use.

ForBamboo the tools likeDao, Katari etc areused.Thesetoolsareoutdatedandmaketheproduction processmoretiresomeandtimeconsuming.Moreovertheproductsarealsonotableto get desired display and lookand lack in finishing. The modern day tools which are mostly electrically operated will make the process faster and the finished products will be more attractive.

DOUBLE BEVEL SLIDING MITRE SAW

MOTOR DRILL MACHINE

JIGSAW

DREMEL

ROUTER

RANDOM ORBIT SANDER

DRILL BIT SET

CIRCULAR SAW

PLANER

JACK

CORDLESS DRILL/ DRIVER

TRADITIONAL JACK MACHINE

71 Indian craft persons are very innovative in adopting a single tool for various operations.

Consequently we see one typical tool ‘Dhau’ used by craft persons for all operations like cutting, splitting, slivering, sizing and finishing of bamboo.

However there are variations of the ‘dhau’ from region to region in India. Thus we see ‘Naga Dhau’, ‘Manipuri Dhau’, ‘Assam Dhau’, and ‘Tripura Dhau’ in different shapes (Fig. 1) in North East.

BLUE LAMP

GENERATOR

RANDA (TRADITIONAL EQUIPMENT)

TRADITIONAL EQUIPMENT

TRADITIONAL EQUIPMENT

TRADITIONAL EQUIPMENT

DESIGN CUTTING MACHINE

TRADITIONAL EQUIPMENT

READMADE TRADITIONAL

72

73

74 LIST OF TOOLS Sl.No. Tool 1. Crook stick 2. Slasher 3. Bill hook 4. Axe 5. Japanese Hatchat 6. Thai Harvesting Blade 7. Half-Round Scraper 8. Pull Scraper 9. Round Scrapping Knife 10. Scrapping Knife 11. Phillippine Knife (Parag) 12. Short Planer 13. Rounding Planer 14. * Jig-Planer 15. Common Hacksaw 16. Adjustable Hacksaw 17. Chinese Hacksaw 18. Chinese Bow Saw 19. Indian Bow Saw 20.

L-shaped Saw 21. Common Hand Saw 22. Coping Saw / Mini Hacksaw 23. Key Hole Saw 24. Assam Dhau 25. Manipuri Dhau 26. Tripura Dhau 27. Matchette 28. Chinese Broad Knife 29. Round Knife 30. 4 Blade radial splitter 31. 8 Blade radial splitter 32. 12 Blade radial splitter 33. 16 Blade radial splitter 34. Splitting Cross 35. Splitting Wedge 36. Split axe 37. Lath making split axe 38. Chinese Matchette 39. Chinese Cleaning Knife 40. Chinese Small Splitter 41. Double edged cleaning knife 42. Chisel edged cleaning knife 43. Indian Foldable knife 44. Indian Splitting knife 45. Balinese splitting knife 46. Small shaving knife 47. Japanese Faceting knife 48. Chinese shaving Angle 49. Chinese shaving knife 50. Japanese Thinning knife 51. Shop knife 52. Bow hand drill 53. Hand Drill 54. Powered Hand drill

55. Common Scissors 56. Curved jaw Pruning scissors 57. Sheet trimmer 59. Strip cutter 60. Goose wing knife 61. Profile knife 62. Profiled Blade 63. * IDC multi purpose knife 64. Stick Rounding Plate 65. Stick Rounding Tin 66. Balinese Chisel 67. Ambu katti 68. * IDC fine splitting knife 69. Balinese Furniture knife 70.

Bevel edged chisel 71. Scooping Chisel 72. * IDC gauge 73. Steel rule 74. Folding scale 75. Tailorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tape 76. Steel tape 77. Inside Caliperse 78. Outside Calipers 79. Divider 80. Compass 81. Scooping Tool 82. Scooping chisel 83. Scooping Hook 84. Uniform Thickness Tool 85. Basket shaver 86. Sizing knife 87. Uniform Width Tool 88. * IDC Width sizer 89. Common files 90. Needle files 91. * Chisel edged rasp file 92. Sand Paper file 93. Sand Paper folding block 94. Spacing knife 95. Propping knife 96. Gimlet 97. * IDC piercing Tool 98. Heat Bending Tool 99. Cane Bending Tool 100. Bar Bending wrench 101. Straightening fixture 102. Straightening Vice 103. Wooden V. Blocks 104. Wooden Mallet 105. Bamboo Mallet 106. Carving Mallet 107. Common Hammer 108. * Rim Binding Needle 109. * IDC Weaving Tool

75 8.4 BASIC BAMBOO WORKING METHODS

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9.1 NAGALAND BAMBOO RESOURCE CENTRE Location: 6th Mile, Dimapur - 797 115, Nagaland, India Office Timing: 10 AM to 4 PM Dimapur was inaugurated on 31st July 2007 Three entrepreneurs are presently undergoing training at NBRC in the following units: 1.

Bamboo stick production unit.

2.

Bamboo charcoal and charcoal briquette unit.

3.

Venetian blinds weaving unit. a) Allotment of working shed at the Technology Park, NBRC: 1.

Ben Bamboo Furniture unit.

2.

Concept Bamboo Toys unit. b) Allotment of Pilot Demonstration Units for operation: 1.

Bamboo Treatment Plant – M/S Zynoric firm.

2.

Charcoal Briquette Unit – M/S Sunep Jamir.

3.

Stick Production Unit – M/S Mughato Sumi.

4.

Venetian Blinds Unit – M/S Tribal Weaves.

5.

Bamboo cafeteria at NBRC – Ms Esther Nakhro

77 9.2 AIMS & OBJECTIVES: a) Protection & conservation of rich bio-diversity associated with bamboo forests and bamboo growth areas in the state. b) Sustainable development and utilization of bamboo resources through scientific management. c) Promotion of bamboo based industries for utilizing the available resources for generating income. d) Revitalization and promotion of local traditional bamboo craft & art with improved technology & design and value addition for export through industrialized mode of production. e) Promotion of bamboo as an essential wood substitute by increasing bamboo production and promotion of bamboo based enterprise in the state in order to reduce pressure on forests. f) Promotion of awareness and understanding of bamboo as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green Goldâ&#x20AC;? among farmers, traders, industry, and the people in the state with a view to utilizing its full potential and to galvanize the rural and industrial economy in the state. g) Effective exploitation of existing mature bamboos before the impending gregarious flowering.

9.3 KEY OBJECTIVES: 1.

Development of Bamboo as an Enterprise 2.

Development of Bamboo as a Resource

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10.1 KHAMIR Designed by Prof. Neelkanth Chhaya and constructed by Hunnarshala.

Located 15 kms from Bhuj in Kukuma.

Built up area is about 2200 sq. m.

Cost /cu. ft as per year of construction: Rs. 70/cu. Ft Material: Sub soil, clay, sand, cement PROGRAM The program incorporates an expressive public face with its: • Connecting courtyards • Reception and exhibition • Training area • Weaving area • Tie and dye area • Block printing • Pottery workshop area • Handicraft workshops • Residential area

CIRCULATION • Interrelation between closed , semi open and open spaces to create natural and fresh environment for people working there.

• Building module are placed in such a way to form narrow pathways and shaded spaces • Courtyards are connected by shaded pathways.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS • The design is organic which puts together of independent buildings that make interlocking courts and streets.

• Materials are in combination of random stone, earth, and lime technologies.

• Roof is covered with Mangalore / country tiles.

• The doors are made of local wood with metal work.

• Rain water harvesting system is present.

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11.1 THE INTERNATIONAL BAMBOO BIENNALE The International Bamboo Architecture Biennale premiered in the small village of Baoxi, China, placing eighteen permanent works by twelve international architects within the traditionally agriculture-centred town.

FUNCTION created for multiple purposes. demonstrates contemporary architecture and traditional materials. used as a creative way to renew the village. the importance and beauty of bamboo.

MATERIALS bamboo rammed earth bricks sustainable materials eco-friendly material bamboo= fast growing extremely helpful during construction process AESTHETICS - designed by 12 architechts - 12-18 bamboo structures - village of Baoxi in china Zhejiong province - Multicultural architects - Built on mountains(small mountain village) -In order for them to build this structure they had to understand the nature of bamboo. (characteristic and behaviour)

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11.2 BAMBOO HOSTELS STUDIO ANNA HERINGE Location : City Baoxi, region of Longquan Client : Municipality of Longquan, China Completion Date :10/2016 Gross Floor Area (mq) 1153 Costs ($) 840000 Architects : Anna Heringer.

The structure of the hostels is formed out of a core made of stones and rammed earth. The core hosts all facility units and the stairs.

The applied techniques bamboo weaving and rammed earth are labour intensive, challenge the skills of local craftsmen and leaving the biggest share of the profit with the community.

The project wants to re-connect with the authenticity of cultural goods shaped out of immanent material characteristics like the bending strength of bamboo, and with the rich tradition in craftsmanship of China like basket weaving.Rather than making a huge efforts in both money and resources for controlling the climate of the entire volume of the hostels, only the core - that hosts the utility rooms - and the cocoons are thermally controlled. They are protected from the rain and have heating or cooling options on a very low-tech level. The fire is used as a heating source through an effective oven that also heats warm water for the showers supported by solar collectors, while creating a communicative atmosphere in the common rooms.

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11.3 ENERGY EFFICIENT BAMBOO HOUSE STUDIO CARDENAS CONSCIOUS DESIGN City Baoxi Xiang Client Artspring Shanghai Completion Date 10/2016 Gross Floor Area (mq) 320 Costs ($) 322.053 Architects Arch. Mauricio Cardenas

Bamboo, is a very special natural element present in Baoxi area which we use as structural element for the house as well as for the interiors; Ground water cooling, underground water is an interesting natural resource available on site.The use of bamboo in this context is very current, Designing dry-mounted connections not to weaken bamboo through perforation nor fill it in with concrete, and also to allow the replacement of bamboo poles if needed.

Designing aluminum connections light and easy to assemble in order that the construction can be done by local workers.Combining bamboo (vegetable steel) and steel to create an industrialized construction system; - Applying a precise geometry (Golden proportion - Aurea) to achieve standardization of the pieces, best quality control and harmonic visual impact.

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85 Location: Devkota Nagar, Guwahati, Assam (26°08'03.9"N 91°42'25.8"E)

Area: 35,000 sq mt Land owner: Mr.Bappa paul Soil: RED soil.

Water level : 9m from ground level.

Land use map of Guwahati districts shows site located on the middle of the proposed built up area of the city(in RED).Other colors denote various kinds of vegetation.There are no building use specified in the current master plan.

12.1 ABOUT SITE: Site is located Guwahati district of the state of assam, in the for north east of the country. It is situated in the middle of the capital city and near Phatasil reserve forest.

As the city progresses, people have started using their lands for small scale industries and factories to generate revenue.

12.2 BAMBOO SPECIES AVAILABLE ON SITE :

Bambusa mastersii.

(Beti banh )

Bambusa Polymorpha (Betua)

Bambusa tulda (Jati)

Bambusa bambos (Kotoha)

12.3 GOOGLE EARTH TIMELINE OF VILLAGE SETTLEMENT :

Ring well

86 12.4 AROUND THE SITE The site is situated amongst large vegetated plots of lands. Most of these are covered in plantations and some people have started building farmhouses and tourist resorts. As the city progresses, people have started using their lands for small scale industries and factories to generate revenue. There is hardly any development around the site. Current primary access to site is through a kuchcha road in the south west side. Lots of boulders are on site, all most site is covered with bamboo and betel nut trees.A ring well in south side and small stream is come out from Phatasil hill.

Strength: • Visible and easily accessible from the road.

• Site is located in centre of the city.

Hardly within 5 to 6 km distance.

• The bamboo forest are behind of the site, there are many bamboo species available on site.

• The raised land is surrounded by free lands which can be used to extend in future.

• The site have Red hilly soil which is good for bamboo cultivation.

Weakness: • The humid subtropical climate of the area can make it difficult for the people from other areas to cope up with.

• There can be no vehicular access directly to the site as the adjacent road is narrow.

Threat: • Local environment can be harmed with excess use of local materials and natural resources.

• The price of local materials may drive up because of emerging demand.

Opportunity: • Highlight local materials like bamboo, earth which are available in the surrounding.

• The surrounding landscape can be incorporated and used to enhance the beauty of the project.

• Set an example for proper sustainable architecture and system in this area would create a great social impact.

87 B

C’ A

B’

A’ C Not to scale SECTION AA’

SECTION BB’’

SECTION CC’’

88

89 ADMINSTRATION BLOCK 1 NAME

AREA SQ MT

AREA SQ MT

TOTAL AREA SQ MT

RECEPTION

65

1

65

MD OFFICE

20

1

20

MANAGER OFFICE

20

1

20

PANTRY

20

1

20

STAFF ROOM

45

1

45

METTING ROOM

50

1

50

STORE

8

1

8

TOILET

45

1

45

273 SQ MT

ACADEMIC BLOCK NAME

AREA SQ MT

NO. OF UNIT

TOTAL AREA SQ MT

STUDIO (CLASS ROOMS)

65

4

260

STAFF ROOM

55

1

55

WORKSHOP

165

4

660

WAREHOUSE

160

1

160

PUBLIC TOILET1

45

1

45

TOILET

40

1

40

1220 SQ MT

DORMITORY BLOCK NAME

AREA SQ MT

NO. OF UNIT

TOTAL AREA SQ MT

PRAYER HALL

70

1

70

KITECHEN

45

1

45

ROOM

20

12

240

SEMI OPEN DINING

55

1

55

OFFICE

20

1

20

STAFF QUARTER

45

1

45

STORE ROOM

25

1

25

TOILET

46

2

92

592 SQ MT

90

NAME

AREA SQ MT

AREA SQ MT

TOTAL AREA SQ MT

COMPUTER LAB

130

1

130

BAMBOO RESEARCH LAB

180

1

180

MATERIAL MUSEUM

100

1

100

TOILET

45

1

45

CAFETERIA 1

25

1

25

NAME

AREA SQ MT

AREA SQ MT

480SQ MT

TOTAL AREA SQ MT

TICKET COUNTER

25

1

25

CASH COUNTER

40

1

40

FOOD COURT

45

1

45

BAMBOO EMPORIUM

90

1

90

DRESSING ROOM

55

1

55

PUBLIC TOILET 2

30

1

30

BAMBOO MUSEUM

330

1

330

TREATMENT PLANT

200

1

200

SECURITY CABIN

9

2

18

833 SQ MT

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA

3398 SQ MT

PARKING FOUR WHEELER

30

TWO WHEELER

45

91

92

93

94

95

96

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Consultant of Bodoland Bamboo Development Board, BTC, Kokajhar Advisor of Twipra Bamboo & Cane Handicrafts, Agartala, Tripura Email: jamatiasamir@yahoo.com. Mobile: +91-9436496101

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47. www.clusterobservatory.in

Walk through link: https://www.instagram.com/p/CCgl_jtFdNL/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link Portfolio: https://issuu.com/subhampaul/docs/folio2020 IG profile:https://instagram.com/port_foli0?igshid=6h8tk66cexmm