TEST BANK and INSTRUCTORS MANUAL for Applied Behavior Analysis 3rd Edition by Cooper, Heron & Heward

TEST BANK

INSTRUCTORS MANUAL

Test Bank to accompany

Applied Behavior Analysis Third Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward

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Applied Behavior Analysis 3rd Edition by John Cooper, Timothy Heron & William Heward ISBN-10 0134752554 ISBN-13 978-0134752556

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TB-Applied Behavior Analysis (3E,Cooper;Heron)

A. Applied behavior analysis B. Experimental analysis of behavior C. Determinism D. Behaviorism 7. This branch of behavior analysis concentrates on development of a technology to improve behavior.

A. Applied behavior analysis B. Experimental analysis of behavior C. Determinism D. Behaviorism 8. This formally began the experimental branch of behavior analysis.

A. Watsonian psychology or S-R psychology B. Pavlov’s study of reflexive behavior C. Skinner’s publication The Behavior of Organims D. Fuller’s study on the application of operant behavior to humans 9. This approach to understanding behavior assumes that inner causes or phenomena directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, and strongly relies on hypothetical constructs or explanatory fiction.

A. S-R psychology B. Radical behaviorism C. Methodological behaviorism D. Mentalism 10. This approach to understanding behavior attempts to explain all behavior, including private events.

A. Structuralism B. Radical behaviorism C. Methodological behaviorism D. Mentalism True/False 1. TRUE or FALSE. The overarching purpose of applied behavior analysis as field of study is to concentrate on socially important or significant behaviors.

2. TRUE or FALSE. There are three levels of understanding that persist in science, and each level contributes to the overall knowledge base in a given field.

3. TRUE or FALSE. The highest level of scientific understanding is prediction or the ability to correlation between events.

4. TRUE or FALSE. Empiricism is the assumption upon which science is predicted, that the universe is a lawful and orderly place, and events occur as the result of other events.

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TB-Applied Behavior Analysis (3E,Cooper;Heron)

5. TRUE or FALSE. Philosophic doubt involves the continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge.

6. TRUE or FALSE. Psychology in the early 1900’s was dominated by the study if behavior through a measurable and observable means.

7. TRUE or FALSE. B.F. Skinner is considered the founder of the experimental analysis of behavior.

Short Answer/Essay 1. Describe the level(s) of understanding that science provides and the overarching purpose(s) and goal(s) of science.

2. State and describe each of the different attitudes of science.

3. Describe what is meant by a functional relation, and provide a concrete example for a human organism.

4. State and describe the defining characteristics of behavior analysis.

5. Describe and discuss various explanations of behavior. Be certain to include such perspectives as radical behaviorism, mentalism, methodological behaviorism, and structuralism in your response.

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TB-Applied Behavior Analysis (3E,Cooper;Heron)

Answer Key Chapter 1 Multiple Choice 1. A 2. A, B, C, A, C, B, B, C, A, B 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. B

True/False 1. True 2. True 3. FALSE. The highest level of scientific understanding is control, and when functional or causal relationships are able to be demonstrated.

4. FALSE. Determinism is the assumption upon which science is predicted, that the universe is a lawful and orderly place, and events occur as the result of other events.

5. True 6. FALSE. Psychology in the early 1900’s was dominated with the study of consciousness, images, and other mental processes.

7. True Short Answer/Essay 1. Answers should include some variation of the following response: there are three levels of understanding within science: prediction, description, and control. Each level of understanding contributes to the overall knowledge base within a given field. Description is the level of science involving the collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, & examined for possible relations with other know facts.

Description often suggests hypotheses or questions for additional research. Prediction is the relative probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur.

Prediction is primarily based on repeated observation revealing relationships between various events. Prediction demonstrates correlation between events, and enables preparation. Control is the highest level of scientific understanding in which functional relations can be derived. The overarching purpose/goal of science is to achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomenon under investigation by seeking to discover real truths about the phenomenon.

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TB-Applied Behavior Analysis (3E,Cooper;Heron)

2. Answers should include the attitudes of science: Determinism, Empiricism, Experimentation, Replication, Parsimony, and Philosophic doubt as well as a brief definition for each of the attitudes.

3. Answers will vary. Answers should include information about a functional relation such as: A functional relation is only achieved through control and involves a specific change in one event (dependent variable), that can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another event (independent variable, and the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables).

In addition, answers should include an example of a functional relation for a human organism.

4. Answers should include each of the following defining characteristics of behavior analysis: Applied, Behavioral, Analytic, Technological, Conceptual, Effective, and Generality. Answers should include a brief definition of each of these characteristics.

5. Answers will vary. Answers should include a brief description of radical behaviorism, mentalism, methodological behaviorism, and structuralism at minimum. Learners may also include explanations of Watsonion psychology or S-R psychology and behavior as it was viewed in the early 1900’s. Answers should elaborate on each of the explanations of behavior by comparing and contrasting and/or providing concrete examples of how an individual with this philosophy would view behavior.

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Chapter:1. Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis 1. Describe the goal of science and the three different levels of investigation. a. The goal of science is to understand, predict and control the environment including behavior. b. There are three levels of scientific investigation description, prediction and control.

2. State and describe the different scientific attitudes. a. An attitude of science is that the universe is based on the principal of determinism. Which means

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that nothing is random everything has a cause the universe follows rules and laws. Parsimony which means that the simplest answer must be ruled out before a complex answer is considered.

Empiricism means that we understand things from the objective observation of events.

Experimentation is the controlled comparison of some factor of interest in which one component at a time is changed; so, that we can infer that a change in the dependent variable is the result of the independent variable. Replication means that experiments are repeated to ensure that the same results are found. Philosophic doubt refers to the skepticism that should be present when scientists are reviewing old knowledge or their ownfindings.

Discuss similarities and differences between different perspectives on behavior (i.e. mentalism, radicalbehaviorism, methodological behaviorism, and structuralism). a. Mentalism and structuralism are similar in that they are both interested in mental processes, and the theassumption of both is that those mental processes affect behavior. While behaviorism seeks to find the causes of behavior outside of the organism. Radical behaviorism is behaviorism that attempts to explainall behavior even behavior which we cannot objectively observe such as thoughts. Methodological behaviorism does not consider events which cannot be observed, those events it considers out of the realm of science. Structuralism is different than mentalism because it does not seek to explain, but instead only describes behavior.

Discuss the origin of applied behavior analysis, including early history of the field and defining events ofcontemporary applied behavior analysis. a. Origin of applied behavior analysis can be found in behaviorism. Which then became experimental behaviorism and finally applied behaviorism. Behaviorism started with Watson who argued that behavior should be the study of observable events. Skinner discussed two types of behaviorism operantand respondent. He named this new branch EAB which created the foundation for how ABA would be approached and considered for years.

Compare and contrast the different branches of behavior analysis. a. EAB (experimental) and ABA (applied) have many things in common such as the emphasis on single subject research design, the graphing of data over statistical analysis, and a description of functional theories over formal theory testing. These important commonalties laid the foundation for ABA. ABA was different in that it paid special attention to socially important behaviors. JABA (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis) was the formal beginning of ABA with the article some current dimensions of appliedbehavior analysis.

State and describe each of the defining dimensions of applied behavior analysis. a. Applied aspect of behavior analysis means that it addresses behaviors which are socially significant to the person. Behavioral precise measurement of the target behavior. Analytic means that that the experimenter or BCBA has demonstrated control over the behavior, they have discovered functional and reliable relationships. Technological all procedures used in the study are described in enough detail that they could be replicated. Conceptual the interventions are derived from relevant principles within ABA. Effective the improvements that have been discovered must be of social significance or practical enoughuse for the participant. Generality the behaviors should be displayed outside of where they were learnedand the skills should spread to other behaviors.

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Chapter:2. Basic Concepts and Principles 1. Discuss the difference between a response and behavior. a. A response is a specific instance of a behavior.

2. Discuss the importance of a functional analysis of behavior over a structural analysis of behavior. a. The function of the behavior is the most important variable because, you can effectively

change the behavior by changing the motivating operations or consequences. The structure of the behavior onlydescribes the behavior.

3. Describe the effect of positive and negative reinforcement on subsequent behavior. a. Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the future of the behavior that it followed.

4. Give an example of negative reinforcement. a. Negative Reinforcement consists of removing an adverse stimulus. An example of negative reinforcementwould be a child being placed in a dark room which he finds adverse. This adverse reaction is indicated in his tears and requests to exit. He then politely asks to be removed from the room. And he is quickly removed from the room. When he finds himself in another dark and uncomfortable situation he politely asks to be removed from the situation.

5. Discuss the difference between a principle of behavior and a behavior-change tactic. a. A principle of behavior describes how the behavior change tactics are possible. Explaining RF, punishment and extinction. It explains how to generalize and how these behaviors change over time. Abehavior change tactic is different it is how the RF will be applied or punishment carried out. It is the technological dimension of ABA. 6. Discuss the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reinforcers. a. Conditioned Reinforcers are RF that we have learned to find RFing through paring with UCRF. UCRF areRF which a person, or species finds RF without a history of paring or learning.

7. Describe the effect punishment contingencies have on subsequent behavior. a. Punishment always results in lower rates of behavior.

8. State an example of stimulus control. a. Stimulus control means that you respond in the presence of a stimulus and you do not respond in its absence. You may only check the mail once at 4:00 PM because that is when the mailman has stoppedby in the past, and checking before 4:00 pm does not result in RF (the mail).

9. What effects do motivating operations have on reinforcers? a. Motivating Operations can alter the value of reinforcement or punishment. Deprivation can increase thevalue of some RF and satiation can decrease the value of some RF. This can also affect the strength of punishment.

10. Using an example from applied settings, construct a three-term contingency. a. Antecedent: Susan’s teacher gave an instruction, Behavior: Susan began to get out of her seatConsequence: Susan was asked to go to the principal’s office.

11. Diagram an example of respondent conditioning. Identify and label the following: unconditioned stimulus,unconditioned response, neutral response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. a. Pavlov’s dog: UCS Food – UCR – Salvation, CS Bell – CR Salvation 12. Classify the following behaviors as respondent or operant: Talking - operant Walking – respondent Baby's grasp respondent Salivation at the smell of food respondent Baking a cakeoperant Pupil constriction respondent Thinking about music operant Playing the piano operant Withdrawing hand from a fire Ch3 Assessment in Applied Behavior Analysis 1. How does behavioral assessment differ from educational or psychological assessment?