TEST BANK for Thio's Deviant Behavior, 13th Edition by Jim Taylor 2025 Chapter 1-15

TEST BANK TEST BANK

TEST BANK TEST BANK

TEST BANK for Thio's Deviant Behavior, 13th Edition by Jim Taylor 2025 Chapter 1-15

for Thio’s

Deviant Behavior Thirteenth Edition

Jim D. Taylor University of Idaho

Martin D. Schwartz George Washington University

CHAPTER ONE

What Is Deviant Behavior?

Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Which statement about the definition of deviance is TRUE? a) Almost all persons in a society will agree on the nature of deviant behavior. b) Definitions of deviant behavior are determined by consensus among a nation‟s religious groups. c) There is often a great deal of disagreement among people as to who or what they consider deviant. d) Few persons in a society are concerned about the definition of deviance.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

In 1965, sociologist J. L. Simmons asked a sample of people from the general public who they thought were deviant. Which conclusion can be reached based on Simmons‟ results? a) Only those considered to be “bad people,” such as drug addicts, prostitutes, or criminals, were seen as deviant. b) There was a great deal of consensus among those polled as to who was deviant and who was not. c) Perceptions of deviance fell clearly into four main categories. d) Almost anyone, in someone else‟s eyes, can be considered deviant in some way.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Among sociologists, there is a) much personal involvement in illegal deviant behavior. b) a growing awareness that deviance is best studied by criminologists. c) widespread agreement about what behavior should be considered deviant. d) a lack of consensus about what kinds of behavior should be seen as deviant.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Compared to the others, which group is most capable of avoiding being falsely, erroneously, or unjustly labeled as deviant? a) Affluent people b) People living below the poverty line c) People in positions of power d) People who are socially powerless

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5.

Denis relies on a wheelchair because of his cerebral palsy. Would he be considered “deviant” according to some definitions offered by sociologists? a) Yes, because the mere fact of using a wheelchair violates formal norms b) No, because deviance only applies to people who break laws or commit violent acts c) Yes, because people with disabilities are often devalued by society d) No, because his positive/negative “deviance ratio” is imbalanced

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 6.

Which statement about deviance is TRUE? a) Deviance should include only important violations of norms. b) All sociologists agree that deviance includes mundane, routine, and normal violations of formal norms. c) Deviance is considered a “fringe topic” by most sociologists. d) Sociologists do not agree on a precise definition of deviance.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

Which types of people are examples of positive deviants? a) Saints, intellectuals, and geniuses b) Sex workers and professional gamblers c) People who are badly scarred, blind, or mutilated d) Murderers, rapists, and kidnappers

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Sociologists who are influenced by the positivist perspective of absolutism tend to view deviant behavior as an attribute that _____________. a) is dictated by those in power b) fades over time c) varies according to one‟s culture d) inheres in the individual

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Sociologists who endorse the role of power in the definition of deviance have discovered that people who are wealthy and powerful a) are rarely deviant. b) typically can avoid being labeled as deviant. c) are welcoming toward most types of deviant behavior. d) ignore most forms of deviant behavior.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. According to sociologists who study the role of power in the definition of deviance, deviance is any act that a) violates the criminal law. b) violates deeply held moral values. c) powerful people consider to be a violation of some social rule. d) involves the behavior of people living below the poverty line.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Sociological definitions of deviance fall into two opposing perspectives, the positivist and the _____________. a) traditional b) feminist c) constructionist d) modernist

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Prior to the twentieth century, criminals were thought to a) have certain familial characteristics that noncriminals did not. b) be feebleminded, psychotic, neurotic, psychopathic, or otherwise mentally disturbed. c) possess the same mental and physical characteristics as noncriminals. d) have stronger educational backgrounds compared to noncriminals.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Determinist, objectivist, and absolutist are terms associated with aspects of the __________ perspective on deviance. a) constructionist b) humanist c) modern d) positivist Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Some students were discussing their sociology class over lunch. “It‟s fascinating to me that „deviant‟ is nothing more than a label we apply to some people,” said Assunta. “Whoever controls the labels controls the perceptions.” “It‟s pretty clear that there are deviants and there are nondeviants, and that a person falls squarely into one category or the other,” countered Beppo. “Huh,” grunted Corrado. “You can‟t see deviance…it‟s not like it‟s an object. You just infer it.” “I dunno,” shrugged Dino. “I think people choose to be deviant or not; it‟s a voluntary act.” Which of these four studious sociology scholars endorses the positivist perspective on deviance? a) Assunta b) Beppo c) Corrado d) Dino Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its

three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 15.

_____________ refers to the belief that deviance is intrinsically real. a) Absolutism b) Voluntarism c) Relativism d) Determinism

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Rico believes that deviant behavior has characteristics that distinguish it from conventional behavior; therefore, Rico believes deviance is ___________. a) a label b) a biased concept c) biologically determined d) intrinsically real Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Early criminologists believed deviance was intrinsically real because they believed criminals possessed a) different moral standards that were acceptable in their subculture. b) the same biological traits found in noncriminals. c) a distinctive set of labels that set them apart from noncriminals. d) certain biological traits that were absent in noncriminals.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Because they consider deviance real, positivist sociologists tend to focus their efforts on a) the positive ways in which nondeviants view other people who have been labeled deviant.

b) the behaviors of lawmakers and law enforcers. c) nondeviants who label others as deviants, rather than studying deviant behavior and deviant persons. d) deviant behavior and deviant persons, rather than nondeviants who label others as deviants.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Early in the twentieth century, criminologists believed that a) criminals are made, not born. b) criminals are born, not made. c) criminal status varies within time and space. d) crime is determined by the social environment.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Today‟s positivist sociologists now recognize the importance of __________ in understanding deviant behavior. a) religion b) psychological traits c) heredity d) social factors Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Sara has a visible disability that influences the way people talk to her. A positivist sociologist might examine Sara‟s case through the lens of the ____________ perspective. a) absolutist b) subjectivist c) relativist d) voluntarist Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its

three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Most current positivist sociologists continue to reject the idea of free will as an explanation of deviance, because free will cannot explain why one person a) commits deviant acts whereas others do not. b) refrains from committing deviant acts. c) commits both deviant and nondeviant acts. d) is born with a tendency toward deviance.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Deviance as an “observable object” means that deviance a) is largely a subjective phenomenon. b) can be studied in an objective way. c) is behavior that at least a few people agree constitutes some kind of social violation. d) exists solely in the minds of the beholders.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. One problem positivist sociologists face that natural scientists do not is a) sociologists are able to use more objective criteria than natural scientists are. b) sociologists typically have access to greater amounts of federal funding and better tangible resources. c) sociologists have difficulties with personal biases and making moral judgments about their research subjects. d) sociologists find studying human behavior is substantially easier than studying the natural environment.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. The positivist perspective assumes that deviance is

a) a matter of choice. b) relativistic. c) determined behavior. d) difficult to document Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. To say that deviance is determined behavior implies that humans a) gain benefits from deviant behavior. b) can choose to be good or bad. c) have free will. d) cannot choose between good and bad actions.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. According to positivist sociologists, attributing deviant behavior to choice is a form of pseudo-explanation, because the concept of choice a) does not explain why someone chooses either deviance or conventional behavior. b) is more of a religious concept than a behavioral or sociological one. c) is not a relevant concept for science. d) illustrates that most explanations of deviance involve false claims and biased assumptions.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. According to the concept of determinism, deviance is determined by a) forces beyond the individual‟s control. b) forces within the individual‟s control. c) strictly human behavior. d) the level of free will exhibited by the individual.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. The main purpose of the positivist approach to deviance is ____________. a) developing empathy with deviant persons b) seeking the causes of deviant behavior c) to make moral judgments about deviant behavior d) to study biases toward persons seen as deviant Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. Sociologists who adopt the constructionist perspective argue that deviance should be seen as a) intrinsically real. b) an objective fact. c) a subjective experience. d) a deterministic act.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. The fact that the same behavior can be seen as conventional by some people and as deviant by others encapsulates the a) relativist view. b) deviance principle. c) positivist view. d) subjectivist view.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Compared to the others, which statement would MOST likely be uttered by a sociologist who endorses the constructionist view of deviance? a) “Deviance is absolutely real.” b) “Deviance is determined by the individual‟s free will.” c) “Deviance is an observable fact.”

d) “Deviance is determined by forces beyond the individual‟s control.”

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 33. Which question reflects the constructionist perspective on deviance? a) Why do people become deviant? b) Why is a given act defined by society as deviant? c) Why are so many sociologists seen as deviant? d) Why is deviance an objective fact?

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Dr. Sardonicus was summarizing his thoughts on deviance to his sociology class. “It seems clear to me that deviance is best characterized as a voluntary act.” It would appear that Dr. Sardonicus endorses the ___________ perspective. a) feminist b) constructionist c) absolutist d) determinist Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 35. Which aspect of deviance would be of special interest to constructionist sociologists? a) Surface facts about deviance b) Statistical data and international crime patterns c) How deviants seek positive meanings in deviant activity d) Moral reactions to deviant behavior Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

36. To say that deviance is a subjective experience means that the deviant person is a) a determined subject. b) a morally degenerate person. c) a secret deviant. d) a conscious, feeling, thinking subject.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. According to the constructionist perspective, sociologists need to a) treat deviance as immoral and unpleasant. b) objectively measure types of deviant behavior. c) adopt an internal, subjective view of people. d) adopt an external, objective view of deviance.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Positivists treat deviance as if it were unpleasant and harmful to society, whereas constructionists ____________. a) have an appreciation for and empathy with deviants b) emphasize the importance of social control of deviant behavior c) stress the importance of being deviant themselves d) study the biological aspects of deviant human behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. According to the constructionist perspective, deviant behavior is a) determined behavior. b) an expression of human volition. c) robot-like behavior. d) passive reaction to social forces.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 40. From the constructionist perspective, deviants are a) actively seeking meaning in the deviant activities. b) totally different from conventional people. c) biologically defective. d) propelled by well-defined social forces.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 41. An integrated definition of deviant behavior must focus on a) the deviant behavior itself. b) the deviant label. c) improving the research skills of sociologists. d) both deviant behavior and the deviant label.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. A street gang has been connected to a string of crimes such as murder, rape, and armed robbery. These serious types of deviant behavior are more likely to catch the attention of a) subjectivists. b) relativists. c) constructionists. d) positivists.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 43. The __________ perspective is more pertinent for studying less serious kinds of deviance. a) objective b) constructionist c) deterministic d) psychological

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Which kind of deviance is best understood through a positivist perspective? a) Higher-consensus deviance b) Lower-consensus deviance c) Immoral deviance d) Criminal deviance Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45. Deviant behavior is any behavior that a) violates the law. b) violates social norms. c) is considered deviant by public consensus, which may range from maximum to minimum. d) is considered deviant by the police and officials of society, which may range from mild to moderate.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. Which condition separates the positivist and constructionist perspectives on deviance? a) The variety and type of religious attitudes toward deviant behavior b) The amount of private consensus about what constitutes deviant behavior c) The number of persons involved in deviant behavior d) The amount of public consensus about which behaviors are deviant Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. Chris frequently engages in recreational drug use and promiscuous sex. These behaviors are best categorized by which type of deviance? a) Lower-consensus deviance, as studied most frequently by constructionist sociologists b) Lower-consensus deviance, as studied most frequently by positivist sociologists

c) Higher-consensus deviance, as studied most frequently by constructionist sociologists d) Higher-consensus deviance, as studied most frequently by positivist sociologists Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 48. Which reason explains why, for U.S. citizens, deviant behavior is seen as “more or less,” rather than “completely,” deviant? a) Most deviance in the United States is low-consensus deviance. b) The causes of deviance are largely unknown. c) U.S. society is pluralistic. d) U.S. citizens have adopted a singular, cohesive culture.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. Crime is a violation of a(n) ___________ norm, whereas deviance is a violation of a(n) ____________ norm. a) consensual; statistical b) informal; formal c) formal; informal d) statistical; consensual Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. Compared to the others, which observation BEST illustrates why crime and deviance are separable concepts? a) Crimes are a violation of informal norms; deviance is always a violation of formal norms. b) Crimes can only be behavioral, but deviance can include beliefs and attitudes. c) Most crimes are not also deviant. d) Across most societies studied to date, crimes are much more prevalent than is deviant behavior.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Some sociologists argue that people can be considered deviant simply because they are disvalued by society.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Even mainstream identities such as “Democrat” or “Republican” can be considered deviant by some people.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Despite years of research, most sociologists today cannot agree upon a precise definition of deviant behavior.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Most sociologists agree that extreme positive behavior such as a religious fanaticism or social reform is not really “deviant.”

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Some sociologists argue that deviance does not have to be real in order for behaviors and conditions to be labeled deviant.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

For some sociologists, deviance is any act considered by relatively powerful people at a given time and place to be a violation of some social rule.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

Objectivism is the belief that deviance is absolutely or intrinsically real.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Early positivist criminologists believed that a person‟s criminal status changed through time and from culture to culture.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The positivist perspective is associated with the humanities, such as art and philosophy, whereas the constructionist perspective is associated with the sciences, such as physics and biology.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Current positivist sociologists have largely abandoned the use of biological and psychological traits to differentiate criminals from noncriminals.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. According to the positivist perspective, deviance is seen as both real and separate from conforming behavior.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. Many traditional criminologists, using the positivist perspective, believed that criminals possessed specific biological and psychological traits that made them different from noncriminals.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. The positivist perspective on deviance assumes that humans are active in determining their own lives and are not passive subjects of powerful forces.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. The positivist perspective on deviance implies that if a deviant person is treated as an object, that person can be studied objectively.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Sociologists who adopt the positivist perspective on deviance endorse the idea that deviance is determined behavior, or a product of causation.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. The three assumptions underlying the positivist perspective on deviance are absolutism, determinism, and voluntarism.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. According to constructionist sociologists using the labeling perspective, if deviant behavior is not labeled as such, the behavior is not seen as deviant.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. Relativism is one of the assumptions underlying the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. Voluntarism is the belief that deviance is a subjective, personal experience.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Constructionists tend to present deviants as basically the same as conventional people.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Constructionists tend to study deviants using the technique of thick description.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

The constructionist perspective is relevant to the study of what society considers

relatively serious types of deviant behavior, such as murder, rape, or armed robbery.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 23.

There is a relative lack of consensus in society as to whether the less serious forms of deviant behavior are truly deviant.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. The constructionist perspective on deviance is best suited for the study of lowconsensus deviance.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Deviant behavior is any behavior considered deviant by public consensus, which may range from the maximum to the minimum.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. An attorney, pleading leniency for a guilty client, asks the judge to take into consideration the client‟s unfortunate background, including child abuse and abandonment, before passing a sentence. It is logical to conclude that the attorney is asking the judge to view deviance from a positivist perspective.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 27. Deviant behavior is a matter of degree rather than kind.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. All deviant behaviors are crimes.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. Constructionists tend to analyze how social control agencies define some people as deviant and carry out sanctions against them.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. Constructionist analyses often reveal the arbitrariness of official action, the bias in the administration of law, and the unjustness of controlling deviants.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. From the sociological perspective, crime is a violation of a formal norm.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Not all deviances are crimes, but most crimes are deviances.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. Crimes can only be behavioral, whereas deviance can include beliefs and attitudes.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1.

There is a clear lack of ____________ among sociologists and among the general public as to how to define “deviance.”

Answer: consensus Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

__________ is the notion that deviance can be treated as an observable object.

Answer: Objectivism Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3.

According to the __________ perspective on deviance, deviance is intrinsically real and a determined behavior.

Answer: positivist Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4.

Today‟s positivist sociologists recognize the important role of ____________ in determining a person‟s status as a criminal.

Answer: social factors Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5.

One aspect of the constructionist perspective on deviance is __________, or studying how the world appears to and is interpreted by the deviant.

Answer: subjectivism Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

6.

The constructionist notion of __________ stands in direct opposition to the positivist notion of determinism (that deviance is determined behavior and the product of causation).

Answer: voluntarism Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7.

___________ behavior is any behavior considered deviant by public consensus, which may range from the maximum to the minimum.

Answer: Deviant Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. __________ consensus deviance is the type that has often been studied by positivist sociologists.

Answer: Higher Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

If you tell a child that they are a thief often enough, the child is going to believe it.

This statement best fits the __________ perspective on deviance.

Answer: constructionist Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 10. Enzo robbed a liquor store owner at gunpoint and fled the scene, violating several laws in the process. Enzo‟s actions therefore constitute a __________ rather than simply deviance.

Answer: crime Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11. The nature of crime is that it can only be ____________ .

Answer: behavioral Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Discuss why the general public and sociologists have failed to agree upon a definition of deviance. Why is achieving a definition so difficult?

Sample Answer: There is a great deal of disagreement among people as to what they consider “deviant.” One sociologist asked a sample of the general public who they thought was deviant, and they mentioned 252 different kinds of people! There also is a good deal of disagreement among the public as to what deviant behavior is. A similar lack of consensus exists among sociologists, who disagree more over the definition of deviant behavior than they do on most topics. All of this lack of consensus is partially due to the unique properties of deviance. Our very understanding of deviance is tied to various factors, including, but not limited to, the social and political climate, regional differences, economic conditions, traditions, customs, and even religious beliefs and practices. In many ways, deviance is a moving target, and an exceptionally dynamic one.

Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify your personal definitions of deviant behavior.

Topic: Conflicting Definitions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Discuss how the three basic assumptions underlying the positivist perspective interact with one another.

Sample Answer: The positivist perspective on deviance adopts the assumptions of absolutism, objectivism, and determinism. The absolutist view assumes that deviant persons have certain characteristics that make them different from conventional other people. Thus, sociologists who are influenced by such a perspective tend to view deviant behavior as an attribute that inheres in the individual, permanently and essentially. The objectivist view assumes that deviant behavior is something that can be studied objectively. Positivist sociologists, therefore, assume that they can be as objective in studying deviance as natural scientists can be in studying physical phenomena. The deterministic view assumes that deviant behavior is caused by forces beyond the individual‟s control. Simply put if a sociologist believes that deviance is something inside the deviant person, that objectively exists and can be recognized, and that is determined by causal forces, there aren‟t going to be a lot of “cracks” in that analysis to allow for other points of view: “You‟re deviant because you‟re deviant, and I can clearly see that your deviance is due to you being deviant.”

Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

3.

Describe some ways in which positivist sociologists have used the principle of objectivism to change their views of deviance.

Sample Answer: To positivist sociologists, deviant behavior is an observable object in that a deviant person is like an object, a real ―something‖ that can be studied objectively. As human beings themselves, positivist sociologists must have certain feelings about their subject. However, they try to control their personal biases by forcing themselves not to pass moral judgment on deviant behavior or share the deviant person‟s feelings. Instead, they try to concentrate on the subject matter as it outwardly appears. Further, these sociologists have tried to follow the scientific rule that all their ideas about deviant behavior should be subject to public test. This drive to achieve scientific objectivity has made today‟s positivist sociologists more objective than their predecessors. They have, therefore, produced works that can tell us much more about the nature of deviant behavior. No longer in vogue today are such value-loaded and subjective notions as evil, immorality, moral failing, debauchery, and demoralization, which were routinely used in the past to describe the essence of deviance. Replacing those outmoded notions are more value-free and objective concepts, such as norm violation, retreatism, ritualism, rebellion, and conflict.

Learning Objective: 1.2 Characterize the positivist perspective on deviance using its three major assumptions.

Topic: The Positivist Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Describe how the assumptions of the positivist perspective stand in direct contrast to those of the constructionist perspective.

Sample Answer: Positivists believe in absolutism (the belief that deviance is absolutely or intrinsically real), objectivism (the notion of deviance as an observable object), and determinism (the theory that deviance is determined behavior, or a product of causation). Constructionists believe in the polar opposites of these assumptions, and instead endorse relativism (the belief that deviance is a label, defined as such at a given time and place), subjectivism (the belief that deviance is a subjective, personal experience), and voluntarism (the theory that deviance is a voluntary act, and thus an expression of free will).

Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Describe the relationship that the constructionist perspective holds toward social control agencies. What do constructionist analyses reveal about official action, administration of the law, and controlling deviance?

Sample Answer: Constructionists tend to analyze how social control agencies define some people as deviant and carry out sanctions against them. Such analyses often reveal the arbitrariness of official action, the bias in the administration of law, and the unjustness of controlling deviants. All these convey the strong impression that control agents, being in positions of power, exercise their free will by actively, intentionally, and purposefully controlling the “deviants.” These constructionist musings stem directly from their adoption of the assumption of voluntarism.

Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the assumptions of the constructionist perspective on deviance.

Topic: The Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Compare and contrast the positivist and constructionist perspectives on deviance.

How do they differ but also work together to provide a better definition of deviance?

Sample Answer: Both positivist and constructionist sociologists, in emphasizing their own views, assume, in a way, that their opponents are correct. Each group merely thinks of the other‟s argument as less important than its own. Thus, although they accept constructionists‟ view of deviance as a label, positivists simply take it for granted, considering it less important than their own assumption of deviance as real behavior. On the other hand, although constructionists accept positivists‟ view of deviance as an act that has really occurred, they consider it more worthwhile to focus on society‟s definition of the act as deviant. In melding these perspectives, we may see deviant behavior as being both a real act and a label. One cannot exist without the other. If there is no real act, there is no deviant behavior; if there is no label, there is no deviant behavior. In order for us to use the label “deviant,” the behavior must occur. Similarly, for us to understand that behavior, the label “deviant” must be used. Deviance, then, is both behavior and label.

Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

Comparing the positivist and constructionist approaches, which is more effective in addressing the subject of deviant behavior? Are the two perspectives more like opposites or more like complements of one another?

Sample Answer: Although they complement each other, the two conflicting perspectives are not necessarily equally applicable to all types of deviant behavior. On the contrary, one perspective seems more relevant than the other in studying the types of deviance that more easily fit its assumptions and the temperaments of the sociologists embracing that perspective. Specifically, the positivist perspective is more relevant to the study of what society considers relatively serious types of deviant behavior, such as murder, rape, armed robbery, and the like. The constructionist perspective is more pertinent to the less serious kinds of deviance, particularly those that do not gravely harm other people. Thus this perspective finds itself at home in the world of adulterers, sex workers, individuals addicted to drugs, strippers, sex tourists, tax evaders, and the like.

Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

Define and discuss higher- and lower-consensus deviance. What are some examples of each type of deviance, and why does the public often disagree over whether a form of deviance is higher or lower?

Sample Answer: Higher-consensus deviance is the type that has often been studied by positivist sociologists. Lower-consensus deviance is the type that has more frequently

been studied by constructionist sociologists. The types of deviant behavior—seen through the positivist and constructionist perspectives—differ in their amount of public consensus regarding their deviant nature. On the one side, a given deviant act is, from the positivist standpoint, “intrinsically real,” largely because there is a relatively great public consensus that it is really deviant; murder would be an example. On the other side, a given deviant act is, from the constructionist perspective, “not real in itself but basically a label,” largely because there is a relative lack of public consensus supporting it as really deviant; extreme body modification might be an example. However, both positivists and constructionists currently are interested in investigating both types of deviance. This is probably because positivists are nowadays more likely to regard traditionally lower-consensus deviances (e.g., corporate fraud and governmental abuses) as harmful and dangerous as higher-consensus deviances (e.g., homicide, rape, and robbery).

Learning Objective: 1.4 Compare sociological perspectives on deviance.

Topic: An Integrated View Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Assess the difference between deviant behavior and crime.

Sample Answer: How does deviance differ from crime? First, crime always involves violating a law, but deviance does not. Deviance may involve breaking the law, so that some deviances such as murder, robbery, and rape are also crimes. However, most deviances are not crimes; they merely depart from some societal norm, rule, or standard. Second, crime is a violation of a formal norm, which the law is, but deviance is more a violation of an informal norm that derives from a popular belief. Third, the number and variety of deviances are far greater than those of crimes. Crimes can only be behavioral in nature, because there are only laws against some unacceptable behaviors, not some strange beliefs and attitudes. But deviances include more than behaviors and even more than beliefs and attitudes. Fourth, not all deviances are crimes, but are all crimes deviances? Most crimes, such as murder, rape, and robbery, are deviant because they violate informal norms in addition to breaking the law as a formal norm.

But a few crimes are not deviant because they are relatively acceptable throughout society, such as gambling or smoking under the age of 18.

Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Identify three behaviors that might be considered by many people to be deviant but not criminal. Do any of these behaviors hold the possibility of becoming crimes?

Sample answers will vary, but here are some examples: Some behaviors such as binge drinking, prescription drug abuse, being transgender, exotic dancing, having physical disabilities, being obese, tattooing, and cyberdeviance might be seen as deviant by some members—even a great many members—of a given society. Whether they are also crimes (or hold the possibility of becoming crimes) is a separate issue. For example, many states (such as Texas) have passed increasingly prohibitive laws against gender-affirming surgery or teaching about transgender issues in public schools, indicating that some lawmakers see as criminal what an increasing number of people consider it to be acceptable according to contemporary norms . During the 1920s, Prohibition made consuming alcohol a crime. Today excessive drinking is seen as more

of a personal and/or social problem, although there clearly are laws against alcoholrelated behaviors, such as driving while intoxicated or selling alcohol to minors. Sex workers are often seen as both deviant and criminal…except in Nevada, where prostitution is legal. Marijuana use was at one time seen as both deviant and criminal; currently, many U.S. states have either legalized or decriminalized such use. In short, the line between “deviant” and “criminal” can sometimes be blurred, and, as these examples illustrate, some behaviors might be seen as belonging to one, the other, neither, or both categories.

Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate between deviance and crime.

Topic: A Word About Deviance and Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER TWO

Positivist Theories Multiple Choice Questions 1. Positivist theories of deviance attempt to explain its __________. a) prevalence b) functions c) causes d) meanings Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Dr. Gomez is a sociologist who is interested in how socioeconomic conditions might play a causal role in producing problems of drug addiction. Dr. Gomez is following a __________ theory of deviant behavior. a) positivist b) constructionist c) scientific d) feminist Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

3. ___________ developed to address what were perceived as shortcomings in psychoanalytic explanations for deviance. a) Differential association theory b) Anomie-strain theory c) Control theory d) Symbolic interactionism Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 4. The essence of several types of anomie-strain theories is that a) personal, internal psychological strain leads to deviant behavior. b) socially induced strain encourages individuals to commit deviant acts. c) significant social and political upheaval is the root of all deviance. d) cultural change leads to both social strain and outbreaks of deviant behavior.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. According to Robert Merton‟s notion of a goal–means gap, the psychoanalytic approach to explaining deviant behavior is incorrect, because that theory assumes that a) society discourages the individual from engaging in deviant activities. b) society encourages the individual to engage in deviant behavior. c) society has no impact on human biological impulses. d) individuals freely choose to engage in deviant behavior.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Robert Merton‟s version of anomie-strain theory is based on the premise that a) the breakdown of social norms, or anomie, allows deviance to occur. b) society encourages the individual to engage in deviant activities. c) deviant behavior is the expression of an individual‟s fundamental psychological desires. d) society cannot restrain an individual from using power to prevent deviance.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. According to sociologist Robert Merton, the only cultural value of importance in American society is a) family relationships. b) hard work. c) success. d) religious faith.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 8. According to sociologist Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain theory, which statement is true? a) All Americans have about the same chance of reaching high success goals. b) Both the cultural goals of success and the legitimate means of achieving high success goals are freely available to all Americans. c) Relatively few Americans believe that success is an important part of life. d) The legitimate means of achieving high success goals are not freely or equally available to people at all socioeconomic levels.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 9. According to sociologist Robert Merton, when people hold high success aspirations and are not given the opportunity to realize them, they might a) resort to illegitimate means of achieving their success aspirations. b) reset their success goals to an even higher level. c) feel irrepressible psychological pressures to behave violently. d) engage in disintegrative shaming.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. All of Courtney‟s friends have jewelry and new clothes, but she has no money to buy them. She therefore resorts to shoplifting to get what she wants. According to Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain theory, Courtney‟s behavior is an example of a) conformity. b) innovation. c) ritualism. d) retreatism.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11. Pierre, disillusioned with the way things are going, decides to live in a New Age commune away from the rest of society. According to Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain theory, Pierre‟s behavior is an example of a) conformity. b) innovation. c) ritualism. d) retreatism.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12. Montel, a steel worker in Cleveland, Ohio, has no aspirations of being wealthy and successful. Nevertheless, he works hard and takes pride in his job. According to Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain theory, this is an example of a) conformity. b) innovation. c) ritualism. d) retreatism.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

13. Albert Cohen‟s theory is similar to Robert Merton‟s approach, but Cohen replaced the word “success” with the word “__________.” a) wealth b) innovation c) anomie d) status Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Albert Cohen‟s version of anomie-strain theory basically added the concept of __________ to Robert Merton‟s existing theoretical notions. a) deterrence b) shaming c) status frustration d) differential reinforcement Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. According to Albert Cohen‟s version of anomie-strain theory, the place in American society where boys from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are likely to experience the greatest status frustration is a) their home. b) school. c) the overall neighborhood. d) at a part-time job.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. According to sociologist Albert Cohen, when boys living in lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience status frustration, they set up their own competitive system in the form of a) violent gangs. b) religious groups.

c) delinquent subcultures. d) boys clubs.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Albert Cohen‟s theory of status frustration closely resembles Robert Merton‟s goal– means gap because they both a) integrated aspects of control theory into their ideas. b) argue that deviant actions are the product of individual choice. c) assert that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to engage in deviant actions. d) assume that socioeconomic status has little to do with deviant behavior.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin attempted to extend Robert Merton‟s central idea that people living in lower socioeconomic conditions are denied legitimate opportunity by introducing the concept of a) status frustration. b) the means–goal gap. c) differential illegitimate opportunity. d) differential reinforcement.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. According to Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, lower-class boys from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience different opportunities in the form of three subcultures; namely, ______________. a) criminal, conflict, and rebellious b) criminal, retreatist, and innovative c) conflict, rebellious, and innovative d) criminal, conflict, and retreatist

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin used the concept of differential illegitimate opportunity to propose that some people living in lower socioeconomic conditions have a) a greater chance to improve their socioeconomic standing through the use of illegitimate opportunities. b) a greater likelihood of pursuing legitimate opportunities compared to people at other socioeconomic levels. c) the experience of becoming “triple failures.” d) fewer opportunities to pursue illegitimate opportunities, compared to people at other socioeconomic levels.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Which sequence of events is consistent with Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin‟s version of anomie-strain theory? a) Goal–means gap → status frustration → deviance b) Goal–means gap → differential shaming → double failure c) Goal–means gap → differential illegitimate opportunity → different deviant activities d) Goal–means gap → deviance Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 22. Many sociologists have criticized Robert Merton‟s version of anomie-strain theory for assuming that people living in lower socioeconomic conditions a) are entirely dishonest. b) have the same level of success aspirations as people in other socioeconomic conditions. c) have higher levels of success aspirations as others. d) have low incomes because they have deviant values.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. One positive outcome associated with anomie-strain theory is that a) it focuses on how society, rather than the individual, causes much deviance. b) it documents how the individual is solely responsible for enacting freely chosen deviant behavior. c) it incorporates notions of both social learning and social control. d) it has gathered a wealth of empirical evidence to support its claims.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. According to Edwin Sutherland‟s differential association theory, a person becomes deviant when there is a(n) a) feeling of internal psychological strain produced by a lack of economic opportunity. b) differential reinforcement for deviant acts rather than conventional ones. c) excess of deviant over conventional contacts in the person‟s life. d) feeling of personal anomie produced by negative social forces.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Which concept forms the core of Edwin Sutherland‟s differential association theory? a) Numerous prior convictions for criminal activity b) An excess of criminal versus conventional social contacts c) Differential identification with criminals leading to differential reinforcement of deviant behavior d) The presence of strong deviant personality traits Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26. Which sequence of events is consistent with Edwin Sutherland‟s version of social learning theory? a) Differential association → reintegrative shaming → criminal behavior b) Differential association → differential identification → criminal behavior c) Differential association → differential reinforcement → criminal behavior d) Differential association → criminal behavior Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. Daniel Glaser argued that Edwin Sutherland‟s theory was too __________ and proposed that a process of identification with criminals also had to take place. a) liberal b) mechanistic c) voluntary d) psychoanalytic Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. According to sociologist Daniel Glaser, before a person pursues criminal behavior, that person must first __________ real or imaginary persons whose criminal behavior seems acceptable. a) strongly reject b) rebel against c) identify with d) be reinforced by Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers argued that before a person becomes criminal, a process of __________ must occur where the person is rewarded for continuing differential deviant behavior. a) reinforcement

b) integration c) accommodation d) rejection Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers found Edwin Sutherland‟s differential association theory inadequate, because they argued that Sutherland a) ignored the individual‟s ability to make free choices. b) placed too much emphasis on the rewards, rather than the consequences, of deviant behavior. c) could not empirically test his theory. d) did not specify what is involved in the process of learning to become a criminal.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Which statement is an accurate criticism of Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers‟s differential reinforcement theory? a) It explains only why some people commit crimes without any prior interaction with others. b) It cannot explain why a person initially commits a deviant act. c) It explains only why a person initially commits a deviant rather than a conventional act, but not why they continue to behave that way. d) It fails to explain why a person continues to commit deviant acts over time.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 32. According to control theories of deviance, the central question is a) “what causes deviance?” b) “what causes conformity?” c) “what causes criminality?” d) “what is the definition of deviance?”

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 33. Most control theorists seem to a) imply that too much social control will force criminals to commit more crimes. b) accept the Freudian idea that our inborn animal impulses, if left unchecked, will turn into deviant behavior. c) accept the notion that a person has to learn some skill and adopt a certain ideology in order to act deviantly. d) assume that social control often indirectly or unexpectedly causes deviant behavior.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. For control theorists, what causes deviance is ____________. a) an abundance of social control b) differential reinforcement for committing deviant acts c) the absence of social control d) differential identification with other deviant individuals Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 35. According to Travis Hirschi‟s theory of social control, if elements of bonding to society are weak, an individual might a) develop a strong sense of self-control to compensate. b) receive differential reinforcement from others. c) adopt a response of ritualism. d) slide into deviance.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. According to Travis Hirschi, what are the four ways in which an individual may bond with society? a) Ritualism, innovation, rebellion, conformity b) Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief c) Conformity, attachment, retreatism, commitment d) Involvement, belief, attachment, innovation Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. An expression of social disapproval designed to invoke remorse in a wrongdoer is called a) labeling. b) retreatism. c) bonding. d) shaming.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 38. If a society makes a deviant person feel guilty while showing understanding and forgiveness, it practices __________ shaming. a) bureaucratic b) disintegrative c) reintegrative d) degrading Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Jerzy has exhibited a long history of deviant and criminal behavior, from petty crimes when he was younger, to burglary, carjacking, and armed robbery as an adult.

Consequently, stigmatized, rejected, and ostracized by society, sociologist John Braithwaite would identify this reaction to Jerzy as __________.

a) differential reinforcement b) reintegrative shaming c) disintegrative shaming d) a type of formal deterrence Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 40. The deterrence doctrine assumes that human beings, when anticipating deviant behavior, are a) basically rational. b) deterred by religious or moral feelings. c) motivated by personal gain. d) basically irrational.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. According to critics, reintegrative shaming can work only with a) hardened criminals. b) deviants, rather than criminals. c) first-time offenders. d) registered sex offenders.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. Sociologists criticizing control theory point out that control can become a possible cause of deviance. They therefore conclude that most versions of this theory are too __________. a) psychoanalytic in their application b) focused adult deviance c) simplistic d) likely to invoke anomie-strain concepts Answer: c

Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. ____________ study the underlying causes of deviance through social and environmental factors. a) Positivists b) Constructionists c) Marxists d) Feminist theorists Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 44. Juano keeps himself busy with the mundane tasks of daily living; paying the bills, mowing the lawn, going to work, watching television. As such he has no time for partaking in deviant activities or even thinking about deviant acts. Juano‟s behavior illustrates the __________ aspect of Travis Hirschi‟s notion of social bonds. a) involvement b) belief c) attachment d) commitment Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 45. Beatrix was ranting and raving on her way to detention in her high school. “Why am I in trouble?! Don‟t people understand that the teachers, the principal, the school resource officers, heck, even the janitor are all corrupt in this place?!! They‟ve got no right to single me out for discipline!!!” According to Gresham Sykes and David Matza, Beatrix‟s reasoning is an example of a) appeal to a higher authority. b) denial of responsibility. c) condemnation of the condemners. d) denial of injury.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different

versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 46.

David Matza emphasized the idea that that most youth are only doing crime during a small part of their lives and are reasonably conformist with the rest of their time, a concept that he called __________. a) deterrence b) shaming c) anomie d) drift Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. Ingo likes to vandalize property by spray-painting all over buildings and walls. This activity has traditionally been dealt with by imposing a minor fine, but a change in the local ordinances now makes it punishable by 90 days in county jail. Ingo is reluctant to engage in continued vandalism by the _________ aspect of the deterrence doctrine. a) severity b) swiftness c) innovation d) certainty Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 48. ___________ deterrence means that the punishment of a criminal deters the general public from committing crimes. a) General b) Disintegrative c) Specific d) Reintegrative Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. The very process of law enforcement to deter crime may trigger lawbreaking acts, an observation that illustrates __________. a) the central premise of the deterrence doctrine b) how control can be a possible cause of deviance c) the theoretical concept of retreatism d) disintegrative shaming Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 50. Compared to the others, which example best illustrates Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers‟s differential reinforcement theory? a) Faye is arrested for shoplifting one day. To retaliate, she starts to shoplift more and more expensive items from the store. b) Having been fired from a job for drinking during his shift, Damontae begins to drink more heavily during the week. c) Having been rewarded with good grades for studying hard in the past, Milton continues to study hard today. d) After having a series of failed romantic relationships, Riccheta is determined to keep trying to meet “that special someone.”

Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know True/False Questions 1. Positivism is a perspective that embraces the scientific method of observation, guided by reason and logic.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2. According to sociologist Robert Merton, access to the institutionalized means of achieving high success goals is not equally distributed in American society.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. One of Robert Merton‟s contributions to the study of deviance was to locate the cause of deviance in the individual, rather than society.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain theory proposed that individual acts of deviance have a social origin.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Robert Merton used the term innovation to describe many people from lower- socioeconomic backgrounds may respond to strain by accepting the success goal while rejecting the use of legitimate means for realizing that goal.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Sociologist Robert Merton‟s ritualists and retreatists have one thing in common, which is the absence of high success goals in their lives.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7. According to Albert Cohen, the major frustration people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience is the lack of status, rather than a lack of material success.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. By introducing the concept of differential illegitimate opportunity, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin completely rejected Robert Merton‟s version of anomie-strain theory.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin called members of the retreatist subculture “double failures” because they fail to gain success in deviant subcultures and in the larger society.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. There is no reliable evidence to support anomie-strain theory‟s claim that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely than those from other socioeconomic backgrounds to engage in deviant behavior.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Edwin Sutherland‘s differential association theory proposed that individuals who have a lot of contacts with deviant ideas will become deviant.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

12. One essential aspect of differential association theory is the assertion that the process of learning to become a criminal is the same as the process of learning to become a conventional person.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Daniel Glaser tried to extend Edwin Sutherland‟s differential association theory by arguing that the individual must first identify with criminals before being influenced by them.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers argued that differential association can occur without reinforcement or social learning.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. One criticism of differential association theory is that it is difficult to define precisely what “differential association” is in real-life situations.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. The concept of differential reinforcement is best at explaining why a person continues to commit a deviant act, not why that person does so in the first place.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17. Control theorists seek the cause of deviance directly by asking, “What causes deviance?”

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. Attachment to conventional people and institutions, and commitment to conformity, are two ways individuals bond to conventional society.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. According to the deterrence doctrine, certainty and swiftness of punishment are two ways crime can be reduced.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Reintegrative shaming usually discourages further deviance, whereas disintegrative shaming or stigmatization encourages it.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Control theorists share a simplistic view of social control, regarding it as only a possible cause of deviance rather than a preventer of deviance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Social control can cause deviant behavior as well as prevent it.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. In Robert Merton‟s view, modern, industrialized U.S. society heavily emphasizes the cultural value of community over the cultural value of success.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. According to Steve Messner and Richard Rosenfeld, relative lack of opportunity is the primary and overwhelming factor that contributes to people resorting to illegal means of achieving success.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Edwin Sutherland‟s social learning theory purports that deviant behavior is learned via cultural values of success.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. If persons lower their aspirations or abandon high success goals, but continue to work hard, they are involved in what Robert Merton called __________.

Answer: ritualism Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2. Robert Merton used the term ___________ to describe what happens when a person withdraws from society into a shell of themselves.

Answer: retreatism Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Emile Durkheim used the term ___________ to refer to the absence of social norms.

Answer: anomie Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Albert Cohen extended Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain theory by adding the concept of ____________.

Answer: status frustration Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. The kind of deviant subculture Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin studied that provides the best illegitimate opportunity for achieving success goals is the __________ subculture.

Answer: criminal Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Anomie-strain theory‘s central premise is that a _____________ between aspirations and the opportunity to realize these aspirations produces pressures toward deviation.

Answer: discrepancy Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity

according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

The theory of __________ association proposes that if people are given more ideas of committing deviant acts than ideas of performing conventional acts, they are likely to engage in deviance.

Answer: differential Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Daniel Glaser is to differential _____________ as Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers are to differential _____________.

Answer: identification; reinforcement Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. According to control theory, the absence of __________ causes deviance.

Answer: social controls Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. If a wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized, the individual experiences __________ shaming.

Answer: disintegrative Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Essay Questions 1. Compare and contrast anomie-strain and control theories. What does each say about the causes of deviance? Which approach seems more sensible?

Sample Answer: According to Robert Merton‘s original formulation of anomie-strain theory, people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to get involved in deviant activities because society has encouraged them to pursue a high-success goal without providing them with the means of achieving it. Albert Cohen extended this theory by proposing that when their aspirations for status are frustrated in the middle-class milieu, young people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are driven to achieve status among themselves by engaging in delinquency. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin extended Merton‘s theory by suggesting that whether potentially delinquent young people will actually become delinquent depends on whether they have access to illegitimate opportunity.

Edwin Sutherland‘s differential association theory proposed that people will likely become deviant if they associate more with individuals who hold deviant ideas than with those who embrace antideviant ideas. Dan Glaser extended this theory by suggesting that the determining factor for turning differential association into criminal action is differential identification. In contrast, Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers thought differential reinforcement was the determining factor.

There is no reliable evidence for anomie-strain theory‘s assumption that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more prone to deviance while holding the same level of success aspirations. Nevertheless, the theory has been valuable for replacing outmoded psychoanalytic explanations for deviance with a sociological explanation.

Differential association theory has been criticized for lacking a precise, empirical meaning of ―differential association,‖ but many researchers claim to have found data supporting the theory. Glaser‘s theory has received some, though not conclusive, empirical support. The notions of Burgess and Akers theory cannot explain initial acts of deviance but is useful for explaining repeated deviance.

[Students can then offer their own musings as to which approach seems more sensible.]

Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity

according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 2. According to sociologist Robert Merton, how might an individual deal with the strain created by a failure to achieve the cultural goal of success through legitimate means?

What are some ways one can adapt to this strain?

Sample Answer: Merton proposed five ways in which an individual might deal with the strain created by a failure to achieve the cultural goal of success through legitimate means: 1. Conformity is the most popular form of response. It involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means of working toward that goal.

2. Innovation is largely found among lower-class people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (according to Merton), who reject the use of legal means in favor of illegal ones in their attempts to achieve the high success goal that they have learned to accept. This form of deviant response is the central subject of anomie-strain theory.

3. Ritualism is common among people who lower their aspirations or abandon high success goals so that they can more easily realize their aspirations. But in their attempts to realize these modest aspirations, they compulsively—hence, ritualistically—abide by the institutional norm of toiling as conscientious, loyal workers.

4. Retreatism is a withdrawal from society into the shell of one‘s self. Retreatists do not care about success, nor do they care to work 5. Rebellion involves rejecting the prevailing social expectation that we work hard in the so-called rat race to reach the goal of great success. The rebel also attempts to overthrow the existing system and put in its place a new one with new goals and new means of reaching those goals.

Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

3. How does social learning theory explain deviant behavior? What social forces does this theory locate that would pressure someone toward deviance?

Sample Answer: Social learning theories argue that deviance is learned through social interaction. Ed Sutherland‘s differential association theory proposed that people are likely to become deviant if they more often associate with people holding deviant ideas than with people holding antideviant ideas. Al Glaser‘s differential identification theory held that people are likely to become deviant if they identify themselves more with deviants than with nondeviants. Rob Burgess and Ron Akers‘s differential reinforcement extension emphasized that deviants are likely to continue engaging in deviant activities if they have been rewarded more than punished for their past deviance.

Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sociological applications of social learning theory.

Topic: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Discuss the central premise of control theory that what causes conformity is control and, therefore, the lack of control causes deviance.

Do we have animalistic impulses that need control? Why or why not?

Sample Answer: According to control theory, what causes conformity is control and, therefore, the lack of control causes deviance. Many sociologists have basically claimed the same thing, using different terminology. Travis Hirschi refers to this causal factor of conformity as our bond to society, or self-control. John Braithwaite calls it reintegrative shaming, which he considers a better deterrent from deviance than the disintegrative shaming common in the United States. Proponents of the deterrence doctrine refer to it as legal punishment. Gresham Sykes and David Matza‘s techniques in neutralization emphasize how significant social stigma is as a form of social control.

Individuals participating in forms of deviant behavior attempt to neutralize the stigma of their deviant actions.

David Matza‘s notion of ―drift‖ noted that young offenders are typically not committed to lifelong deviance, and drift in and out of these practices.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of these theories?

Hirschi‘s theory has received support from research data, but weak social bonds or self-control may be the effect rather than the cause of deviance. Braithwaite‘s theory

about reintegrative shaming being able to reduce crime in the United States may work for first-time offenders but not for hardened criminals. The deterrence doctrine has received support from some studies but has been refuted by others.

[Students can then offer their own speculations as to our animalistic impulses.]

Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5. Evaluate the overall contribution of positivist theories of deviance. Which ideas seem to make sense? Why? Sample Answer: [Student responses will vary, but should include these points]: Positivist theories take a variety of forms; anomie-strain theory (and its many variants), social learning theory (and its slight tweaks and extensions), and control theory (in all of its manifestations) are examples. Overall there‘s not a lot of empirical support for the majority of these approaches, and each theory has some strengths and some weaknesses. At their root, it‘s difficult to argue with some of the premises of positivist theories: ―If you hang around more often with deviant people, you‘re probably going to pick up some deviant ideas;‖ ―If you‘re reinforced for committing deviant acts, you‘re more likely to commit those acts again in the future, because the Law of Effect has been wellestablished since 1898;‖ ―There are many aspects of society that serve to control people.‖ Given that many of these theories were proposed 50 to 100 years ago—Merton and Sutherland wrote in the 1930s, for example; Cohen, Cloward, Ohlin, and Glaser in the 1950s; Burgess and Akers in the 1960s—ideas related to ―deviant lower socioeconomic groups‖ or ―delinquent behavior‖ may be in need of some freshening.

Contemporary sociologists have made such attempts, but largely they‘re variations on a theme.

Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

6. What are the strengths and weaknesses in the positivist theory in explaining deviance?

Sample Answer: One obvious weakness is that there is no reliable evidence for anomie-strain theory‘s assumption that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more prone to deviance. Another weakness is that differential association theory lacks a precise, empirical meaning of ―differential association.‖ Among control theories, Travis Hirschi‘s approach has received support from research data, but weak social bonds or self-control may be the effect rather than the cause of deviance. John Braithwaite‘s theory about reintegrative shaming being able to reduce crime in the United States may work for first-time offenders but not hardened criminals.

On a more positive (no pun intended) note, anomie-strain theory replaced what, at the time (the 1930s) was seen as a viable psychoanalytic explanation for deviance with a sociological one. Many researchers claim to have found data supporting differential association theory. For example, Albert Glaser‘s theory has received some, though not conclusive, empirical support. The Burgess-Akers theory cannot explain initial acts of deviance but is useful for explaining repeated deviance. And finally, the deterrence doctrine has received support from some studies but has been refuted by others.

Learning Objective: 2.3 Compare ways that different versions of control theory explain conformity.

Topic: Control Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7. Using Robert Merton‟s anomie-strain model, what are the preconditions for rebellion?

Sample Answer: According to Merton, rebellion involves rejecting the prevailing social expectation that we work hard to reach the goal of great success. The rebel also attempts to overthrow the existing system and put in its place a new one with new goals and new means of reaching those goals. The rebel may abandon both the pursuit of fame and riches and the cutthroat competition needed to achieve this worldly goal. At the same time, the rebel may encourage people to seek goodwill toward others and to cooperate in attaining this goal. Merton thought that the goal–means gap was a precipitating factor in producing this and other responses to social strains. He also mused that

deviance will occur if society encourages it by pressuring individuals to commit it.

Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8. Explain the important variables in Albert Cohen‟s extension of anomie-strain theory.

Sample Answer: Robert Merton speculated that the goal–means gap (the discrepancy between success aspiration and legitimate opportunity) by itself creates a lot of strain that pressures people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds into deviance, leading to this formulation: Goal–means gap → deviance Albert Cohen thought that the goal–means gap can lead boys from lower socioeconomic backgrounds toward deviant activities only if the boys encounter status frustration.

In other words, status frustration serves as the third, intervening variable that enables the goal–means gap to produce a delinquent subculture. The process, according to Cohen, looks like this: Goal–means gap → status frustration → deviance The variables involved, then, are socioeconomic status (Cohen focused on boys from lower socioeconomic backgrounds), the goal–means gap, status frustration, all serving to predict the emergence of deviance.

Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain a deviant activity according to different versions of anomie-strain theory.

Topic: Anomie-Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER THREE

Constructionist Theories Multiple Choice Questions 1. Labeling theory is a version of a) feminist theory. b) positivism. c) symbolic interactionism. d) postmoderism.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Labeling theory interprets deviance as a(n) a) totally subjective personal experience. b) expression of deep-seated animalistic tendencies. c) dynamic interaction between people. d) outcome of the conflict present between powerful groups.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Compared to the others, which statement would most likely be uttered by a labeling theorist? a) “What causes deviant behavior?” b) “How can we understand deviance as a quality seated within the individual person?” c) “Who applies the deviant label to whom?” d) “What evidence is there that capitalism itself causes deviant behavior to occur?”

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

According to labeling theory, the focus of sociological research should be on:

a) how the person who behaves in a deviant way interprets reality. b) the historical creation of deviant and normal labels. c) the economic forces at work in a capitalistic society. d) the interaction between the supposed deviant person and conventional people.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. According to labeling theory, being labeled deviant produces a) positive consequences. b) negative consequences. c) no consequences whatsoever. d) some consequences that cannot be fully characterized according to the theory.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Labeling theorists argue that the final step leading to secondary deviation involves a) stronger penalties enacted upon and rejections of the deviant person. b) formal action taken by the community against the deviant. c) hostilities and resentment on the part of those who penalize the deviant. d) acceptance of and adjustment to deviant social status by the deviant.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. According to Edwin Lemert, what is the first act in the sequence leading to secondary deviation? a) primary deviation b) a deviant impulse c) tertiary deviation d) the confession of deviance Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Compared to the others, which group is most likely to be involved in imposing labels? a) people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds b) incarcerated criminals c) people occupying positions of power d) deviants themselves Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. According to some sociologists, labeling other persons as deviant has a) positive consequences for the community or individuals who apply the label. b) negative consequences for the community or persons who apply the label. c) positive consequences for the person who is labeled by the community. d) little impact beyond the social control of the person who is deviant.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Some sociologist argue that a valid criticism of labeling theory is that it __________. a) is not based on sociological principles b) does not actually explain the causes of deviance c) is too deterministic a theory d) emphasizes the causes of deviance too much Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. A shortcoming of labeling theory is that: a) its terms and concepts are too complex for laypeople to grasp.

b) it assumes that capitalism or social inequality are the bases for producing deviance, and ignores the importance of interaction between people. c) it is simply a restatement of positivist phenomenological ideas. d) it has failed to produce consistent support to labeling theorists‘ assumption that the deviant label leads the individual into further deviant involvement.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 12. Which perspective emphasizes the subjectivity of people, including their attitudes, feelings, and opinions about deviance? a) Conflict theory b) Labeling theory c) Positivist theory d) Phenomenological theory Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Phenomenologists use the term deviant reality to refer to ___________. a) the immutable nature of deviant behavior examined by scientific sociologists b) the characteristics of deviance that can be quantified objectively c) the reality of deviance, as defined as such by people occupying positions of social power d) the subjective meaning that deviants ascribe to their own deviant experience Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. According to phenomenologists, what deviance means is a) obvious to all observers. b) fundamentally problematic. c) insignificant for the understanding of deviant behavior. d) an objective fact.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. The meanings that a deviant person imputes to their own behavior are __________. a) tied to the concrete situations in which the subject is involved b) abstract in their nature c) independent of concrete situations in which the deviant person is involved d) of little importance to phenomenologists Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Sociologists studying deviance propose that there are two types of meanings: abstract meanings and __________ meanings. a) immoral b) moral c) independent d) situated Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. To phenomenologists such as Albert Schutz, “constructs of the second degree” a) reflect the real meaning of deviance. b) reflect deviants‟ subjective views. c) are far removed from the reality of deviant experience. d) are truly objective, because they are free of emotional judgment.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

18. To analyze how people feel and think about deviance, phenomenologists often rely on the method of a) experimentation. b) survey research. c) ethnography. d) analytic introspection.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. Ethnography is defined as a style of research that seeks to understand a) the meanings the people under investigation ascribe to their experiences. b) the factual aspects of behavior that people follow. c) the causes of the deviant behavior under study. d) why larger society considers some behavior as deviant and other behavior as conventional.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20. In 1968, sociologist Harold Garfinkel studied Agnes, who was a person seeking gender confirming surgery, and discovered that she considered herself a) both male and female simultaneously. b) a normal woman who happened to have a physical defect (a penis). c) to be, in her own words, “some kind of freak.” d) morally superior compared to those around her.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. The sociologist Jack Katz studied a variety of murderers and armed robbers in the 1980s, and discovered that they a) felt intensely guilty about their crimes. b) experienced a sense of powerlessness over their behavior. c) felt morally superior to their victims.

d) labeled themselves as morally inferior compared to conventional people.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. A criticism of phenomenological theory is that phenomenologists a) are subject to the same ideologies and values as any other human, which can color their perceptions and interpretations of events. b) focus too much on targeting abstractions such as “capitalism” or “freedom” as the source of deviant behavior. c) incorrectly assume that deviants are people who have little free will. d) over-emphasize the importance of examining the objective nature of deviance.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 23. Jessinda is unhappy with a scar on her arm, and often wears long sleeved shirts to cover the mark, even in warm weather. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of a) a stigma. b) her personal warrior narrative. c) abstract reality. d) badassitudes.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 24.

Dan was born with a large port wine stain covering most of his body, and he feels stigmatized because of it. This situation illustrates Erving Goffman‟s notion of ___________. a) tribal stigma b) secondary deviance c) “abominations of the body” d) blemishes of individual character Answer: c

Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 25.

Hugo likes to collect the carcasses of dead animals that he finds along the roadside as he takes his long, solitary, nightly walks. He cleans and guts the corpses, then poses them as a family unit in an oversized Barbie Playhouse. Hugo‟s bizarre hobby would be an example of what Erving Goffman called __________. a) primary deviation b) blemishes of individual character c) “abominations of the body” d) tribal stigma Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 26. Sociologist Erving Goffman thought that the potential existed to transfer stigma from an individual to associated family members, and thereby continue to discredit them over multiple generations; he called this notion a) primary deviance. b) blemishes of individual character. c) dramaturgy. d) tribal stigma.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

Dmitri wanted to make a good impression on his new boss, so he bought a fancy new suit for his first day on the job; a wide-lapelled velour jacket, a snakeskin patterned bow tie, large bell-bottom pants, and penny loafers with a 5 krone coin in each one. The effect wasn‟t what he intended, with coworkers and supervisors whispering unflattering comments behind his back. As such, Dmitri now needs to engage in ___________, according to Erving Goffman. a) tribal stigmatization b) badass ways c) face-work d) dramaturgy

Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 28.

Compared to the others, which concept is most associated with the ideas of Erving Goffman? a) dramaturgy b) Marxism c) feminism d) postmodernism Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

To sociologists who embrace the dramaturgical perspective, “passing” and “covering” refer to a) a recursive form of secondary deviance leading back to initial primary deviance. b) potential ways that a stigmatized person can engage in successful impression management. c) “plays” that a stigmatized person might “call” in the “arena of life.” d) the basis for how and why capitalism directly leads to the stigmatization of people occupying positions of power.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Romeo often struts down the street, idly flicking a switchblade open and shut, as he makes his way to commit some deviant act or another; stealing hubcaps, spraypainting the walls of the butchershop, or maybe harassing pensioners. Sociologist Jack Katz would say that Romeo‟s posture of defensiveness and toughness displays his __________. a) badass ways b) primary deviation c) secondary deviance d) idiosyncrasy credits

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 31. Ellen Jordan and Angela Cowan used the term ___________ to refer to the running scripts lived out by individual social actors that unfold during the course of performing some aspect of masculinity. a) warrior narratives b) covering c) idiosyncrasy credit d) passing Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. The incompatible interests, needs, and desires of diverse groups of people in society can lead to a) deviant behavior. b) social conflict. c) cultural conformity. d) social strain.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. The essential idea underlying conflict theory is that conflict, as well as its resulting criminality, is a) an inherent, normal, and integral part of complex modern societies. b) a rare and inconsequential occurrence in modern society. c) best understood through the exploration of subjective experiences. d) best understood by applying the labeling perspective.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. William Chambliss called the observing of how legal authorities actually discharge their duties the study of a) the law on the books. b) the law in action. c) the process of legal change. d) the ideal of the law.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. William Chambliss‟s analysis of the English legal system showed that vagrancy laws a) helped people living in impoverished conditions to improve their lives. b) benefited ordinary citizens the most. c) aggravated the crime problem. d) served the interests of the influential members of society.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. William Chambliss thought that the tendency of police, prosecutors, and judges to become tools of power and privilege is caused by the __________, or the need of organizations to compel their members to maximum rewards. a) phenomenal reality b) social reality c) organizational imperative d) organizational dysfunction Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. Sociologist Richard Quinney proposed that there were ___________ interacting factors that help to produce and maintain a high level of crime in society.

a) three b) four c) six d) seven Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Richard Quinney‟s view of deviance and criminality is called ___________ theory. a) legal reality b) social reality c) postmodernist d) anomie-strain Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. According to the Marxist explanation of deviance, the cause of deviance can be traced to a) the gap between the goals of success and the means of achieving them. b) the breakdown of the family and other social controls. c) the presence of diverse cultural groups in U.S. society. d) the exploitative nature of capitalism.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. What Marxists call “marginal surplus population” refers to a) employed workers. b) laborers who are relatively superfluous or useless to the economy. c) families with more than two children. d) the capitalist elite, who need not work.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Feminist theory fundamentally shifts the focus of theories of deviance by emphasizing a) a focus on women as offenders and victims related to their subordinate roles. b) how women are increasingly becoming economically more successful. c) a focus on the relatively infrequent deviant acts committed by men. d) a recognition of a new and growing goals-means gap.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. According to power theory, the types of deviance and the types of persons who commit deviant acts are strongly influenced by a) anomie. b) local political events. c) social equality. d) social inequality.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. People who occupy positions of social, economic, or political power are prone to deviance due to ___________, according to power theorists. a) a stronger deviant motivation b) the presence of haphazard deviant opportunities c) a greater need to engage in face-work d) inherent psychological shortcomings Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44. When the language used by people in positions of power dominates the language of people not in those positions, _____________ has occurred.

a) postmodern anxiety b) relative deprivation c) positivistic abstraction d) linguistic domination Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Constructionists tend to develop theories about how people impute the notion of ―deviance‖ to behaviors.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Labeling theory is a version of symbolic interactionism, a much broader perspective in sociology.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Labeling a person as deviant may have some consequences for the person so labeled, but hardly any consequences for the labeler.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. When a person who is labeled as a “deviant” passively accepts the stigmatizing label and undertakes a deviant career, their behavior is called secondary deviance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Many sociologists have criticized labeling theory for failing to locate the actual causes of deviance, although others disagree with this characterization.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Sociological research has consistently supported the thesis that the deviant label induces a person into further involvement with deviance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Phenomenological theory focuses on people‟s subjectivity, including consciousness, perception, and opinions about deviance.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. Phenomenologists are largely in agreement with sociologists who adopt a positivist view of deviance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. When phenomenologists analyze how people feel and think about their deviance, they use the method of ethnography.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

10. To phenomenologists, a deviant person‟s subjective experience is considered the heart of deviant reality.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Phenomenologists argue that the meanings of deviant phenomena are fundamentally problematic.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. Phenomenological sociologist have found that many so-called deviants, such as murderers, serial killers, people with intellectual disabilities, or people with copious tattoos, view their “deviance” positively as normal behavior.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. For sociologists, stigma includes anything that is cast in a negative, unwanted, and unflattering light, contrary to established social norms and expectations.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Amaya was born with one hand missing, leading to a stigma that Erving Goffman called “abominations of the body.”

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know

15. Karl Marx was the first person to identify the type of stigma known as blemishes of individual character.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Erving Goffman‟s concept of tribal stigma is usually associated with uncommon individual characteristics, such as having bizarre interests or a history of incarceration.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Dramaturgy is a general way to conceptualize human life and its many components, akin to a drama performed on a stage, in a theatrical setting Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18 According to Erving Goffman and others, face-work is synonymous with “badassedness.”

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19 Sociologists refer to an idiosyncrasy credit as a type of positive social capital.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20 Warrior narratives are the running scripts lived out by individual social actors that unfold during the course of performing some aspect of masculinity.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Conflict sociologists begin with the idea that modern societies have achieved a high degree of social and cultural unity.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

William Chambliss‟s notion of the law on the books refers to the reality of law, whereas his idea of law in action refers more to the ideal implementation of actual laws.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. There is a significant discrepancy between the law on the books and the law in action.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. By using the term organizational imperative, William Chambliss referred to the inevitable tendency of a law-enforcing agency to compel its members to create red tape.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Richard Quinney‟s social reality theory attributes the unjust practice of law directly to the capitalist system.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. Constructionist sociologists who were interested in explaining the causes of deviance drew their inspiration largely from Marxism.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. Marxists consider the marginal surplus population to be the same as “Abominations of the body.”

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. Critical theories of deviance share the perspective that crime has its roots in unequal class, race/ethnic, and gender relations.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. Critical theories of deviance are sometimes referred to a conflict theories.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. Critical theorists argue that the causal explanations for crime can be found in the individual criminal‟s moral, psychological, or intellectual shortcomings.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31. Left realism is a term used to describe the “psychological scars” that remain after a criminal has unsuccessfully engaged in “badassedness.”

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Feminist theorists argue that females‟ experience of deviance is essentially no different from males‟ experiences.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. Feminist theory attributes deviance to the exploitative nature of the capitalist system.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Under feminist theory, people occupying dominant social positions define as “criminal” those behaviors that threaten their interests.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Powerful people have less need to engage in deviance because they have so much already.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. Two reasons why people in positions of power are likely to commit profitable deviance are a greater deviant opportunity and a strong deviant motivation.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. A recent approach to the study of deviance is the postmodern analysis of “linguistic domination,” or how the language of powerful groups dominates linguistic interaction.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Postmodernist values including subjectivity, feeling, and intuition.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Because inequality is getting worse in the United States and other developed and developing countries, it isn‘t likely that sociological analyses based on inequality will soon go out of style.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 40. Conflict theory can be faulted for assuming that only capitalism or inequality can produce deviance but the utopian, classless society cannot.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It Fill-In-The-Blank Questions

1. According to __________ theory, deviance is a collective action and involves the meanings imputed to people‟s actions.

Answer: labeling Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. According to the __________ perspective, people attach meanings to symbols.

Answer: symbolic interactionism Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. If someone is considered a deviant by others, and comes to see themself in the same way, that person is referred to as a __________ deviant.

Answer: secondary Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. According to phenomenologists, the most important aspect of deviant reality is the __________ meaning that the deviant person imputes to their own deviant experience.

Answer: subjective Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Phenomenologists often rely on the technique of __________ , a style of research that seeks to understand the meanings people ascribe to their experiences.

Answer: ethnography Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Erving Goffman used the term ___________ to refer to anything that is cast in a negative, unwanted, and unflattering light, contrary to established social norms

and expectations.

Answer: stigma Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Obesity, scars, or birthmarks would constitute ______________, according to Erving Goffman‟s dramaturgical concept of deviance.

Answer: abominations of the body Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. According to the dramaturgical perspective on deviance, ___________ refers to stigma that continues to discredit a group over multiple generations.

Answer: tribal stigma Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Erving Goffman described ___________ as an attempt to perform “damage control” after impression management attempts have been unsuccessful.

Answer: face-work Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Erving Goffman used the term __________ to aptly describe an attempt to make a blemish or mistake less obvious.

Answer: covering Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. ______________ can be anything brought into a social performance, like a specific, ―strut,‖ or defensive posture intended to signify to the social audience something along

the lines of toughness.

Answer: badass ways Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. ____________ are the running scripts lived out by individual social actors that unfold during the course of performing some aspect of masculinity.

Answer: Warrior narratives Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. According to __________ theory, deviant behavior is due to the unequal distribution of limited resources.

Answer: conflict Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 14. When it comes to the law, __________ theory pays attention to what ought to happen, and what actually happens.

Answer: legal reality Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. William Chambliss pointed out that the law __________ is different from the laws on the books.

Answer: in action Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Richard Quinney proposed ______________ theory to explain how the unjust practice of law is a direct consequence of the capitalist system.

Answer: social reality Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical

theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. __________ theory attributes deviant behavior to the unequal distribution of resources brought about by the exploitative capitalist system.

Answer: Marxist Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 18. According to the __________ theory of deviance, almost all theories about deviance are about the behavior of males.

Answer: feminist Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. According to power theorists, a sense of relative deprivation leads to powerful people having a stronger ____________.

Answer: deviant motivation Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. __________ theory sees technology and innovation as intervening variables when it comes to explaining deviant behavior.

Answer: Postmodernist Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 21. Postmodernists use the term __________ to examine how the language of more powerful people dominates that of less powerful people Answer: linguistic domination Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Essay Questions 1. Choose one of the positivist theories presented in Chapter 2 and compare it to one of the constructionist theories presented Chapter 3. In what ways are the two approaches the same, and how do they differ?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary, but they should focus on accurately summarizing both of the chosen theories (positivist and constructionist) and noting similarities and differences between the approaches.

Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 2. Compare primary and secondary deviance. How do they differ, and how does each represent a stage of the labeling process?

Sample Answer: Sociologist Frank Tannenbaum was an early investigator of the process of becoming deviant. In his view, a child may engage in many forms of activities—such as breaking windows, annoying people, and playing hooky—and innocently consider all these enjoyable. But parents, teachers, and police may, and often do, ―dramatize the evil‖ of these activities by admonishing, scolding, spanking, hauling into court, or jailing the child. Thus, dramatically labeled a delinquent, the child is more likely to become one, and later, to become a criminal. In discussing the process of becoming a criminal, Tannenbaum implied that there are two types of deviant acts. One is the first act, which the child considers innocent, but which adults define as delinquent, and the second is the final behavior, which both the child and adults define as delinquent.

Later, sociologist Edwin Lemert made explicit the distinction between these two forms of behavior. He called the first primary deviation and the second secondary deviation. Lemert saw the difference between primary and secondary deviance as more than temporal (that one occurs earlier than the other). He proposed that primary deviance is a matter of value conflict, as a behavior that society defines as deviant but that the performer of that behavior

does not. This behavior becomes secondary deviance only when the person comes to agree with society‘s definition of the behavior as deviant, and consequently, seeing themselves as a deviant. Secondary deviance therefore occurs when a person actually begins to adopt and internalize the label. After the label has been internalized, it then has the potential to inform and influence future deviant behavior.

Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 3. Evaluate the labeling perspective on deviance. What are some pros and cons of this approach? How does it relate to the more general process of social interaction?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary, but they should focus on developing the following points:   

The theory is generally convincing.

It has been criticized for being unable to explain what causes deviance in the first place.

It has also failed to receive consistent support from studies on the presumed negative consequences of labeling.

Learning Objective: 3.1 Outline the symbolic interactions that occur when a person is labeled deviant.

Topic: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4. Define ethnography and provide one example of how it serves as a method for the phenomenological approach to deviance. That is, how can ethnography be used to examine the subjective aspects of behavior?

Sample Answer: Phenomenologists analyze how people feel and think about their deviance, themselves, and others. The method they use is called ethnography, a style of research that seeks to understand the meanings the people under investigation ascribe to their experiences. Some examples of ethnographic analysis include interviewing murderers and serial killers about their experiences, polling people who have been diagnosed with intellectual impairments about their views of the world and themselves, trying to extract meaning from the anecdotes that happen to be shared by

friends and family of people who have committed suicide, or querying people who engage in unusual pursuits, such as extreme body modification or collecting one-eyed porcelain dolls from the Victorian era.

Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe phenomenological approaches to understanding deviance.

Topic: Phenomenological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5. Explain the three categories of stigma identified by Erving Goffman, and give examples of each type.

Sample Answer: Goffman identified three ways in which stigmatized people can be ―discredited:‖ • Stigma due to ―abominations of the body‖ includes identifiable physical attributes, such as obesity, scars, missing appendages, birthmarks, and a variety of visible disfigurements.

• A second type of stigma is blemishes of individual character. Not unlike the other two categories, these blemishes result from a broad swath of activities and characteristics, including, but not limited to: extreme or bizarre passions and interests, a history of incarceration, perpetual unemployment, a history of mental illness, suicidal behavior, addictions, and extremist political beliefs and affiliations.

• The third category Goffman called tribal stigma, which is named as such due to its potential to transfer stigma from the individual to associated family members, and continue to discredit a group over multiple generations. This type of stigma has been associated with disenfranchised racial groups and religions, to name a few.

Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain how narratives impact our understanding of deviance.

Topic: Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6. Evaluate the central ideas of the conflict approach to deviance. In what ways is economic and cultural conflict involved in the definition and control of deviance? Are all deviants simply oppressed workers, or is deviance caused by other factors? How so?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary, but they should contain an accurate account of the general principles

associated with this perspective, and some examples of the types of theories that fall under this general approach (i.e., legal reality theory, postmoderism, feminist theory, Marxist theory, cultural criminology, and so on).

Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7. Explain Richard Quinney‟s social reality theory utilizing the four factors implemented to explain a capitalist society‟s high crime rate.

Sample Answer: According to Quinney‘s social reality theory, four factors jointly produce capitalist society‘s high crime rates, but also help to consolidate its established legal order as well as its dominant class.

First, dominant groups define as criminal those behaviors that threaten their interests. This means that criminal laws are largely made by powerful members of society.

Second, dominant groups apply those laws to ensure the protection of their interests. Third, people with less social, economic, or political power are compelled by their unfavorable life conditions to engage in those actions that have been defined as criminal. Fourth, dominant groups use these criminal acts as the basis for constructing and diffusing the ideology of crime. The dominant class instills in a society the belief that less-powerful people contain most of society‘s dangerous criminal elements, and therefore should most often be arrested, prosecuted, or imprisoned.

Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

Assess the strengths and weakness of the conflict theory in explaining deviance.

Sample Answer: Conflict theory can be faulted for assuming that only capitalism or inequality can produce deviance but the utopian, classless society cannot. Nonetheless, recent critical theory contributes greatly to our understanding of the making and enforcement of norms and laws, of the powerinfluenced definition and production of deviance, and of the motivation behind the formulation of laws against seemingly trivialize deviance. Critical theory focuses on

the intersection of race, gender, social power, and the economic structure of society to explain outcomes that are only partially explained by other theories.

Learning Objective: 3.4 Relate conflict and critical theories to crime.

Topic: Conflict and Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER FOUR

Physical Violence Multiple Choice Questions 1. Aggravated assault differs from homicide primarily in the fact that a) aggravated assault involves the use of a deadly weapon. b) aggravated assault is unintentional. c) in homicide, the victim dies rather than survives. d) homicide is a felony, whereas aggravated assault is not.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Simple assault is classified as a) assault with intent to kill. b) a misdemeanor. c) pre-homicide. d) a felony.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Any type of assault other than one that involves an intent to kill or use of a deadly weapon is classified as ____________ .

a) aggravated assault b) simple assault c) homicide d) stalking Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Regarding the racial backgrounds of offender and victim, patterns of homicide show that murder a) is mostly intraracial. b) is mostly interracial. c) is equally intraracial and interracial. d) does not follow any observable racial pattern.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Compared to the others, which factor tends to have the greatest impact on the incidence of homicide? a) Occupation b) Poverty c) Educational level d) Age of the victim Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. According to some sociologists, the high rate of homicide in parts of the South is a clear example of a) the massive oppression of people living in poverty. b) the effect of wide temperature variations over the course of a year. c) a deep distrust of strangers and a culture of “togetherness.” d) a widespread culture of violence.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. The southern region of the United States has the nation‟s highest murder rate, due in large part to a) the “subculture of fatigue” prevalent in the South. b) the prevalence of rurality, forcing family members and friends to spend too much time with each other. c) the prevalence of population heterogeneity, which leads to a lack of community. d) an increase in community integration spurred by population dispersion.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. All else being equal, ___________ is a statistically more dangerous month for homicides compared to the others. a) July b) October c) May d) November Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 9. Which observation is true regarding time and homicide? a) There is essentially no correlation between the day of the week and homicide. b) There is a strong connection between season of the year and homicide. c) Typically, homicide rates drop in January and February. d) Typically, homicide rates are at a peak in April.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10. Statistically, homicides occur most frequently during the __________. a) weekdays b) afternoons c) morning d) weekends Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11. Tatiana is a woman who has been convicted of homicide. Statistically, where was the murder most likely to have been committed? a) Kelcy‟s Bar b) The Rome Inn c) Tatiana‟s bedroom d) The Slovenian-American Hall Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12. Murders that take place among people living in higher socioeconomic conditions are more likely to be a) premeditated. b) committed on impulse. c) accidental. d) committed in June.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Compared to the others, which variable is MOST likely to be the greatest contributing factor toward murder? a) The weather b) The assailant‟s geographical location c) Accessibility to firearms d) The victim‟s socioeconomic status Answer: c

Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. If guns were less available, many heated arguments would result in a) just about as many murders as take place at the present time. b) more murders rather than aggravated assaults. c) the use of weapons more deadly than guns. d) aggravated assaults rather than murders.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15 “Warm-blooded murder” means that ___________. a) homicides are more prevalent during the summer months of June and July b) most homicides involve people who know one another c) most homicide-suicide offenders were unacquainted with their victims d) the offender had a previous history of showy masculinity Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16 Victim-precipitated homicide is present in cases in which ___________. a) a firearm is used b) there has been a previous history of simple assault convictions by the offender c) the offender and victim were strangers to one another d) the victim has first attacked the subsequent slayer Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. People living below the poverty line are more likely to use firearms than other weapons when they kill, because guns a) are very inexpensive to purchase. b) decrease the chances of a conviction for premeditated murder.

c) give a sense of power to people whose circumstances often leave them feeling powerless. d) are less risky to use than knives, rope, or a length of chain.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. Which statement about the characteristics of homicide is true? a) Research suggests that lunar phases influence homicide rates. b) Murder rates occur at about the same frequency throughout the year. c) Women are more likely to be killed at home. d) Men are most often killed in the bedroom of a home.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. One reason why we are more likely to be murdered by those we know than by strangers is that killing most often a) requires a great deal of planning to plot against persons we know. b) requires a great deal of emotion, which is more likely to be generated by intimate relations. c) occurs in public places. d) takes place in an arbitrary way, and therefore people we know have a greater chance to be a victim.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 20. The criminologist Marvin Wolfgang studied victims of self-precipitated murder and proposed that victims a) genuinely tried to kill their murderers but failed. b) ingeniously planned to have their killers convicted for first-degree murder. c) secretly wanted to kill themselves. d) merely intended to engage in a fist fight.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. One reason why people living in lower socioeconomic conditions commit murders over very trivial acts is a) the impact of economic and social oppression on one‟s sense of honor. b) people living below the poverty line endorse a “subculture of recklessness” c) they have greater access to non-lethal weapons, such as broken bottles or brass knucklesd) they perceive such acts as abstractions rather than concrete realities Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Statistically, homicide-suicide is ___________. a) typically perpetrated by a female offender against a female victim b) on the rise in the Midwest region of the United States c) fairly rare, accounting for a small percentage of murders in the United States d) classified as a form of aggravated assault Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Sociologists consider the homicide-suicide type of murder to be “normal” because, after the killing, the murderer is ____________ until killing themselves. a) in a psychotic state b) able to feel remorse c) able to feel a sense of moral superiority d) anticipating an after-life reunion with the victim Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24. Sociologist David Phillips discovered that some persons can conceal their suicidal wishes but carry them out with more ingenuity. He studied __________ to document this pattern of murder-suicide. a) teenagers with drug addictions b) young people living in the inner city c) bridge jumpers d) airplane pilots Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Virtually all homicide-suicides involve a) a male suicide victim and a female homicide victim. b) a female suicide victim and a male homicide victim. c) a female suicide victim and a female homicide victim. d) a male suicide victim and a male homicide victim..

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. A type of murder involving killing a number of people one at a time is called a) warm-blooded murder. b) mass murder. c) serial murder. d) an honor killing.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. Reggie has been stockpiling assault weapons for over a decade. He‟s lost count of how many rifles, pistols, automatic machine guns, and Ninja stars he has, but he‟s certain of one thing: “When the time is just right, I‟m going to make them pay…all of them…pay for all the injustice and evil they‟ve unleashed on the world! I will be the avenging angel who cleanses the world….” Hopefully Reggie will be apprehended by law enforcement before he can act on his mass-murderer impulses. By all accounts, however, he seems like a ___________.

a) stalker b) pseudocommando c) charismatic leader d) disgruntled employee Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 28. Dinah is investigating serial killers for her sociology course, relying on profiles of offenders that have been cataloged over the years. Her roommate Agneta pipes up; “Oh, I know all about serial killers. I saw a show on TV! They all have the same characteristics.” “Actually,” replied Dinah, “about the only characteristic most serial killers have in common is that ___________.” a) they are unusually ordinary b) they are in their late 50s to early 60s c) they are more likely to kill acquaintances and loved ones d) they are highly educated Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 29. Which observation is true of a typical serial killer? a) They are chaotic characters bent on inflicting human destruction for their own amusement. b) They have relatively low levels of education and employment. c) They are generally handsome and charming. d) They are White men in their late forties or early fifties.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. Compared to the others, which country has the lowest homicide rate? a) Honduras b) India c) South Africa d) Chile

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Identify social influences on homicide based on global statistics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. ___________ has one of the highest homicide rates of countries worldwide. a) Japan b) Switzerland c) Australia d) Mexico Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.6 Identify social influences on homicide based on global statistics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Geographically, the highest homicide rates are found in: a) Latin America and the Caribbean. b) Melanesia c) Western Europe d) Northern Africa Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.6 Identify social influences on homicide based on global statistics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. In highly patriarchal societies in the Middle East, almost all the victims of ―honor killings‖ are a) men killed in the home. b) strangers executed in public places for alleged crimes. c) women killed by their male relatives. d) cases of homicide-suicide.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.6 Identify social influences on homicide based on global statistics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34. Compared to the others, which social force is least likely to be involved when it comes to school shootings? a) Gun availability b) Media glamorization of violence c) Culture of violence d) Victim availability Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Which observation about the perpetrators of school shootings is correct? a) Perpetrators selectively choose older male victims, such as teachers and principals. b) The presence of a school resource officer causes potential perpetrators to abandon their plans for killing. c) All of the perpetrators have been male. d) A “culture of entitlement” contributes to perpetrators‟ sense of “doing the right thing” in their actions.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. Pursuing someone in a way that creates fear of being assaulted or killed is called a) stalking. b) aggravated assault. c) domestic terrorism. d) harassment.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify common characteristics of stalkers.

Topic: Stalking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Which observation regarding stalking is TRUE? a) Stalkers usually select strangers to follow and threaten. b) Stalking helps distract people from pursuing other kinds of deviance. c) Most stalkers know their victims. d) Most stalkers are psychologically normal.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify common characteristics of stalkers.

Topic: Stalking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Hate-motivated killers a) tend to personally know their victims. b) are very common in the United States today. c) are likely to belong to an organized hate group. d) mostly attack members of their own racial or religious groups.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. A few members of a White-majority community were convicted for the killing of a Hispanic family. During questioning, several of the killers cited the family of victims as “a threat to our way of life.” Which typology of hate killers do these perpetrators belong to? a) Thrill hate killers b) Defensive hate killers c) Mission hate killers d) Racial hate killers Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 40. Despite being only 16 years old, Sara is tried as an adult and convicted of murder for the killing of another student in her class. During questioning, she can‟t seem to give a plausible reason why she did it, other than, “I was kind of bored, and he had kind of bothered me a few times, so I thought, „Why not?‟” Sara is an example of which type of hate killer? a) Defensive hate killer b) Youth hate killer c) Fame hate killer d) Thrill hate killer Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those

who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 41. My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult is the name of an electronic industrial band. If their band name were to be taken literally, which characteristics would apply to them? a) They would feel the need to defend what they consider to be their birthright. b) They would be young, bored, and idle. c) They would seek to destroy all members of some hated group. d) They would murder for the fame and notoriety associated with the crime.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 42. The wholesale killing of members of a racial or ethnic group is the definition of a) hate killing. b) genocide. c) terrorism. d) mission killing.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. The perpetrators of genocide are generally characterized by sociologists as a) monsters, psychopaths, and sadists. b) mostly normal people. c) strongly resisted by their country‟s average citizens. d) never upset about what they were doing.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44. The genocide that occurred during the era of Nazi Germany is an example of ___________ hate killings. a) defensive

b) mission c) racial. d) thrill Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 45. One theory of genocide, called _____________, posits that perpetrators kill their victims because they perceive them as objects rather than as people. a) obedience to authority b) physical and psychological separation c) dehumanization d) psychological ability to dissociate Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. Arno was tasked with overseeing the wholesale killing of ethnic minority members in a small Eastern European country. “I really have no choice,” Arno reasoned. “I‟m just a tool of the government. When my superiors tell me to do something, I do it.” Arno‟s explanation for genocide trades heavily on a) dehumanization. b) obedience to authority. c) physical separation. d) external restraint theory Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 47. The more power the government has, the more able and willing it is to kill on a massive scale, which may explain why genocide occurs far more frequently in __________ than in ____________ nations. a) northern geographic regions; equatorial b) democracies; socialist c) Europe; African

d) authoritarian and totalitarian states; democratic Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. When terrorism occurs, the victims are usually a) political leaders. b) followers of a certain religion. c) innocent citizens. d) military personnel.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. The terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, were a) most likely insane. b) loyal members of a religious group. c) purely evil persons. d) psychologically frustrated men.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. According to external restraint theory, suicide and homicide are a) both acts of aggression resulting from frustration. b) essentially different forms of deviant behavior. c) both caused by subcultures of violence. d) caused by psychological forces.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

51. External restraint theory proposed that a) weak external restraint leads to homicide. b) strong external restraint leads to homicide. c) strong external restraint leads to suicide. d) weak internal restraint leads to weak external restraints.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 52. Martin Gold attempted to add to external restraint theory by arguing that socialization plays a role in determining who becomes a murderer. He mused that a) physical punishment received in childhood increases the likelihood of homicide in adulthood. b) physical punishment received in childhood increases the likelihood of suicide in adulthood. c) relative deprivation during childhood leads to homicide. d) relative deprivation during childhood leads to suicide.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. According to the subculture of violence theory, people living in impoverished conditions are more violent than people in the larger culture because a) people living in impoverished conditions are psychologically weak and cannot resist the subculture. b) people living in impoverished conditions are genetically more inclined to violence. c) the larger culture is more violent and thus avoided by people living in impoverished conditions. d) the violent subculture has a powerful grip on people living in impoverished conditions.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 54. Recent studies suggest that the cause of higher violence rates among Black people living in lower socioeconomic conditions is a) the culture of violence.

b) the availability of violent media programs and video games. c) rapid social change. d) poverty and social inequality.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 55. Most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment a) has greatly deterred murder in other cultures but not in the United States. b) greatly increases the number of murders committed. c) is an effective deterrent to murder. d) is not an effective deterrent to murder.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 56. One reason why people advocate the death penalty, even though it does not act as a deterrent, is because a) it prevents the murderer from doing harm to others again. b) it helps distract people from other kinds of deviance. c) U.S. states have developed civilized ways of killing people. d) many religious groups advocate the execution of murderers.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts True/False Questions 1. Aggravated assault involves an attack with the intent to kill or the use of a deadly weapon.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Assaulters are less likely than murderers to use firearms during the commission of a crime.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. During the summer, the number of assaults decreases, whereas the number of homicides increases significantly.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Black Americans, having lower incomes as a group than White Americans, are more likely than White Americans to commit homicide.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5.

The Midwest has more homicides than any other region in the United States.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6.

Poverty plays a greater role in homicides, compared to occupation or educational level.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

7. Most murders are interracial.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Murderers typically are well represented across different socioeconomic levels.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Black people are more likely to kill other Black people than White people, whereas White people tend to murder other White people rather than Black people.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Some sociologists point to the “culture of violence” in the Southern region of the United States as an explanation for high rates of homicide.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Large city size diminishes community integration via population dispersion.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. Most murders are committed by the victims‟ acquaintances, friends, lovers, or relatives.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Most murders are committed by strangers.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Statistically, female offenders are more likely to kill other females.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Males tend to kill at a younger age, compared to females.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Younger people who have killed are more likely than their older peers to target strangers and commit murder and robbery together.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Statistically, most murders involve a male offender and a male victim.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

18. Homicide rates generally decrease starting in December and continue to decrease during the cold months of January and February.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Saturday night is the most frequent time for committing murder.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Homicides occur most frequently on Friday nights.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Men are more likely to kill in public places, but women are far more likely to kill in the home.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Firearms in themselves cannot cause homicide because they are simply a means to kill.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Were guns less available, many heated arguments might have resulted in aggravated assaults rather than murders.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Eighty percent of all U.S. households own firearms of some kind.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Someone is far less likely to become a victim of a cold-blooded murder carried out by a stranger than they are likely to die from warm-blooded emotional murders at the hands of relatives and acquaintances.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. Most homicide victims knew their attacker, a pattern which is true in the United States but rarely seen in other countries.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. According to Marvin Wolfgang‟s assumptions, many self-precipitated murder victims may have secretly wanted to kill themselves.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. Showy masculinity is another term for hegemonic masculinity.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. People from the lower income strata tend to commit murders over trivial matters.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Both sociologists and psychiatrists tend to see homicide-suicide as a symptom of psychological abnormality.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. Sociologists tend to see homicide-suicide as a form of normality.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Mass murder is defined as the killing of at least two people as part of the same event.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33. Serial killers murder one person at a time, over a period of time.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Both mass murders and serial murders are extremely rare.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Serial killers are more likely than mass murderers to be apprehended by law enforcement officials; they are nearly always caught.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. The motive behind most serial murders is an intense desire for power and sadism.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. The United States has about the same homicide rate as most industrialized countries in Europe.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Compared to other developed countries, the United States has the lowest homicide rate.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Some sociologists argue that the glamorization of violence in the media is a contributing factor to the incidence of school shootings.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. Statistically, more than half of the shooters have experienced severe depression.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. The most popular solution to reduce or eliminate school shootings, according to anti-gun-control advocates, is to have armed police in the schools.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. Most stalkers are loners, mentally unhealthy, and socially incompetent.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify common characteristics of stalkers.

Topic: Stalking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. Stalkers tend to stalk strangers, rather than an acquaintance or former intimate partner.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify common characteristics of stalkers.

Topic: Stalking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44. Most hate-motivated killers act alone, often having stalked their victims for weeks or months.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45. Thrill hate killers are likely to be marginalized and alienated young people.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

46. Mission hate killers are the rarest type of murderers in the category of hate killings.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47. One theory of genocide is dehumanization, in which victims are treated as objects rather than persons.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 48. The perpetrators of genocide are normal people who are following orders to kill.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49. Terrorism is not considered deviant behavior by sociologists, because it usually involves one government‟s attack upon another.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Most sociologists argue that terrorism is committed by people living in conditions of poverty.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Evidence fails to support the belief that the lack of democracy causes terrorism.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 52. Andrew Henry and James Short‟s external restraint theory assumes that frustration alone may cause homicide but not suicide.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. According to external restraint theory, the strength of external restraint is the amount of social control imposed on people to limit their freedom and range of behaviors.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 54. Sociologist Martin Gold extended the original formulation of external restraint theory by introducing the concept of a subculture of violence.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 55. There is strong evidence to show that homicide rates are lower in the states that retain capital punishment laws than in those that have abolished them.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. The death penalty is a strong deterrent to murder.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 1. _____________ assault involves an attack with the intent to kill or cause severe bodily harm, or an assault with the use of a deadly weapon.

Answer: Aggravated Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. _____________ is a crime most often committed by relatives and acquaintances rather than strangers.

Answer: Homicide Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Among people living in neighborhoods that are below the poverty line, the most common method of killing is the use of a __________.

Answer: firearm Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Males are more likely to kill in _______, but females are far more likely to kill in ______.

Answer: public places; the home Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. ____________-blooded murder is more likely than __________-blooded murder.

Answer: Warm; cold Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

6. By their outward appearance, most serial killers would seem to be rather __________.

Answer: normal Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. _________murder involves killing a number of people at about the same time and place and is extremely rare.

Answer: Mass Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8.

In highly patriarchal societies in the Middle East, almost all the victims of ―__________‖ are women killed by their male relatives, such as their father or brother.

Answer: honor killings Learning Objective: 4.6 Identify social influences on homicide based on global statistics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The ____________ favors the possession of firearms and accepts the use of force for settling interpersonal conflict, and may be a possible contributing factor to the incidence of school shootings.

Answer: culture of violence Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Twice as many victims are stalked using _____________ as those who are stalked using traditional means.

Answer: technology Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify common characteristics of stalkers.

Topic: Stalking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

11. _____________killers are likely to target LGBTQ+ Americans and Black Americans, and use their killing to intimidate the entire group of which the victim is a member.

Answer: Hate-motivated Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. __________is extreme violence aimed at a government, though the victims are usually innocent citizens.

Answer: Terrorism Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. __________restraint theory is intended to show why some people who are frustrated commit suicide, whereas others who are just as frustrated turn to homicide.

Answer: External Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Critics of the _____________ theory have questioned the implication that a violent act necessarily reflects the actor‘s placing a high value on violence.

Answer: subculture of violence Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. One reason why the death penalty does not deter murder is that murder is mostly a _____________.

Answer: crime of passion Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Essay Questions 1. Clarify the differences between assault, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Are some forms of assault similar to homicide? Why or why not?

Sample Answer: Assault involves the unlawful use of physical force against another person. Criminal law usually divides the crime into two types: aggravated and simple.

Aggravated assault involves an attack with the intent to kill or cause severe bodily harm, or an assault with the use of a deadly weapon. It is considered a felony and carries a relatively severe penalty. All other forms of assault are classified as simple assault and usually considered misdemeanors, which aren‘t punished as severely as felonies. Because there is no death involved, assault is legally considered less serious than homicide. However, assault is far more common than homicide. As an act, aggravated assault is basically similar to homicide.

Aggravated assault differs mostly in its outcome: The victim survives rather than dies.

Learning Objective: 4.1 Compare murder with forms of assault.

Topic: Assault and Aggravated Assault Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2. Discuss some of the reasons why patterns of homicide differ geographically across the United States. Which variables are implicated in these patterns?

Sample Answer: Generally, the southern region of the U.S. has the highest murder rate in the country. This is followed by the Midwestern and western states, which have almost identical murder rates, and northeastern states, with by far the lowest rates. Some sociologists have attributed it to the ―culture of violence‖ in the South, where violent behavior seems more acceptable than in other regions. Gun ownership and capital punishment are most prevalent in the South. Another reason could be the greater prevalence of rurality in the South. The dispersion of people in rural areas reduces community integration, thereby forcing family members, friends, and acquaintances to spend too much time with each other. This enhances the opportunity for violent disruption in relationships among relatives and acquaintances, and it is in these relationships that most homicides take place. The rurality-

homicide connection, however, seems to run counter to the popular belief that there are more killings in large cities. Actually, it does not; large cities with populations exceeding 100,000 do have more killings than rural areas. Rurality is related to homicide only if we compare the homicide rates of rural areas with those of most cities, which are relatively small, having populations of fewer than 50,000 people. Rural areas do have higher homicide rates than these small cities. However, larger cities have significantly higher murder rates than both small cities and rural areas.

Learning Objective: 4.2 Explain the differences in murder demographics.

Topic: Who Is More Likely to Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Discuss what sociologists and criminologists know about patterns of killings based on time. Which conclusions can be distilled from statistical patterns relating temporal variables to patterns of killings?

Sample Answer: There does seem to be some connection, though a relatively weak one, between season of the year and murder. The number of homicides increases slightly during the late spring and summer, peaking in July and August, when people who could kill and their potential victims tend most to get together and drink in public places such as restaurants and taverns. Homicide decreases during the cool autumn and early spring, and drops even more during the winter months of January and February. But the number of homicides peaks again during the cold month of December, primarily due to its being a holiday season, which, like July and August, brings together the kinds of people who, statistically, are more likely to get involved in homicide.

Far stronger than the association between homicide and season is the link between homicide and days of the week as well as hours of the day. Homicide occurs most frequently during the weekend evenings, particularly on Saturday night. Weekend killings are more likely to involve family members than homicides occurring during the weekdays (which tend to involve strangers). The reason is that people usually spend more time at home on weekends. All this does not, however, hold true for the small number of cases involving offenders from middle- and upper-socioeconomic backgrounds. These relatively affluent offenders are likely to kill on any day of the week, whereas offenders living

below the poverty line tend more to kill during the weekend.

Piecing this information together, a person presumably could figure out whom to stay away from, and when. A Saturday night in December, with the family all gathered ‗round, in a relatively less-affluent setting, seems to be a recipe for disaster!

Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe patterns of killing.

Topic: Patterns of Killing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4. Compare the two major conflicting views of homicide-suicide entertained by theorists. Do you think there is more theoretical or empirical evidence for one explanation in particular?

Sample Answer: Two conflicting views can be found on the nature of homicide-suicide: one sociological, seeing homicide-suicide as a form of normality; the other, psychiatric, viewing it as a symptom of abnormality.

According to the sociological view, the person who commits murderer-suicide is a ―normal person‖ because, after killing the loved one, the person is able to feel remorse, just as we would expect anyone to feel after they had done such a horrible thing. By contrast, the psychiatrist sees the murderer-suicide offender as a psychotic person, believing that, instead of feeling remorse, the offender anticipates a reunion with the victim in another world, and, therefore, commits suicide to achieve that goal.

Learning Objective: 4.4 Characterize different forms of homicide.

Topic: Characteristics of Homicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5. Describe the profile of a typical a serial killer. How is the public‟s perception of serial killers different from the reality?

Sample Answer: Most serial killers are unusually ordinary.

They appear as normal people who go to school or work, come home, and blend into their immediate neighborhood. The Serial Killer Database has listed 4,743 serial killers in its most recent public report. According to this source, most serial killers are White men in their late 20s to early 30s. Whereas murderers with a single victim tend to target people whom they know, serial killers are more

likely to kill strangers, especially vulnerable ones such as children, sex workers, and older adults. Despite their relatively low level of education and employment, most serial killers do possess a certain amount of cunning and are especially skillful in presenting themselves as friendly and trustworthy.

Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate between mass and serial murders and their perpetrators.

Topic: Mass and Serial Murder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6. Reflect on the homicide rates in these countries: Canada, the United States, Chile, Jamaica. Two of them are located in North America, and two are in Latin America and the Caribbean. First, contrast the homicide rates across countries within continent, then speculate on the reasons why rates might be considerably higher or lower in one country and/or region than the other.

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary, but should include some rough details: 1) Canada‟s homicide rate in 2020 was 1.97, compared to the U.S. at 6.52; Chile reported a homicide rate of 4.84, compared to Jamaica at 44.95. 2) There are many possible reasons for differences across both countries and regions: Population density, climate, political systems, differences in law enforcement policies, cultural traditions, and so on.

Therefore, 3) students should demonstrate a decent effort at identifying some reasonable possibilities for these patterns by invoking some of these variables.

Learning Objective: 4.6 Identify social influences on homicide based on global statistics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 7. Describe the role mental illness plays in school shootings. With this information in mind, propose a solution for reducing cases of school violence.

Sample Answer: Mental illness plays a role in school shootings, as more than half of the shooters have experienced severe depression. But only an extremely small number of even the most depressed persons turn into people who commit murder. Depression, then, cannot by itself explain the killing. Other factors are also likely to be implicated, such as having been abused by parents and rejected, ostracized, or taunted by peers. All these personal experiences are especially likely to lead to violence if they occur under the influence of some larger social forces.

[Student responses regarding possible solutions will vary, but they should focus on the variable at hand―mental illness. Solutions such as ―post more law enforcement personnel in schools‖ or ―install metal detectors‖ or any other solution that might be proposed by most lawmakers, should be replaced by ―offer more mental health services‖ or ―focus on identifying bullied, ostracized, or rejected students early‖ or ―increase funding for counselors and school psychologists.‖] Learning Objective: 4.7 Evaluate factors that contribute to school violence.

Topic: School Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8. Analyze the problem of stalking. Who engages in stalking and what are the consequences of their behavior for their victims?

Sample Answer: Stalking is pursuing someone in a way that creates emotional distress, including the fear of being assaulted or killed. Offenders may follow or spy on their victims; send them unsolicited letters; make unsolicited phone calls; stand outside their homes, schools, or workplaces; show up at places where they are present; give them unwanted items; vandalize their property; or kill their pets. Stalkers, if not stopped, may end up assaulting and killing their victims; even if they do not, the stalking may be a terrorizing event that leaves lifelong psychological scars. The ordeal of assault or murder usually lasts only a few minutes, but victims of stalking endure their tormentors‘ cruelty for nearly two years, the average duration of stalking. Victims may lose time at work, move their residence, change phone numbers, suffer from extreme emotional distress, and have many other reactions.

Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify common characteristics of stalkers.

Topic: Stalking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 9.

Differentiate the three types of hate killers studied by sociologists.

Sample Answer: Hate killers tend to fall into one of three categories: Thrill hate killers, being young, bored, and idle, are

seized with the idea of going out together to look for someone to attack. As marginalized and alienated youngsters, these offenders often feel important and powerful from the thrill attacks.

Defensive hate killers feel the need to defend what they consider to be their birthright. A Black family moving into a White neighborhood, for example, is seen as encroaching on the hatemonger‘s birthright of being White.

Mission hate killers are the rarest but the most dangerous of the three types. Thrill and defensive killers usually target a single victim, whereas mission killers seek to destroy all members of a hated group. Thus, they may kill members of a group indiscriminately, target many people simultaneously, and carry on a killing spree in various places. Their mission is to eliminate or weaken an entire group of people.

Learning Objective: 4.9 Summarize the motivations of those who commit hate killings and genocide.

Topic: Hate Killing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 10. Discuss the problems posed by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the United States. How should Americans think about the terrorists, based on ideas discussed in the chapter? How should the government respond to this attack?

Sample Answer: [Student responses will vary, but should include 1) appropriate and correct details about the events under consideration, and 2) some depth of analysis regarding perceptions of terrorists and government responses.]

Learning Objective: 4.10 Analyze the motivations associations with terrorism.

Topic: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 11. Compare the two major sociological theories of physical violence. What is the main idea of each theory, and how are they similar or different from each other?

Sample Answer: One sociological theory points to strong external restraint as the cause of homicide. Another theory indicates the subculture of violence as a breeding ground of homicides. Both theories have been expanded and modified over the years.

For example, Andrew Henry and James Short developed

external restraint theory to explain why some people who are extremely frustrated commit suicide and others who are just as frustrated turn to homicide instead. In their view, the strength of external restraint is the amount of social control imposed on people to limit their freedom and range of behaviors. According to the theory, people who suffer a great amount of that kind of social control are more inclined toward homicide than suicide because they can legitimately blame others for their frustration. Martin Gold and others extended this theory.

On the other hand, Marv Wolfgang proposed that the subculture of violence is the basic cause of high homicide rates in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. According to this view, the violent subculture has such a grip on people living below the poverty line that they engage in a wider range of violent behavior compared to others. This is because they associate and identify with the model of violence as provided by their parents, peers, and others in the neighborhood.

Learning Objective: 4.11 Evaluate theories on the causes of homicide.

Topic: Why Do People Kill?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 12. State and defend your position on the death penalty. Are you for or against it? Why? Sample Answer: [Student responses will vary, but should demonstrate some degree of thought beyond knee-jerk reactions, sloganeering, or restatements of what someone else told them at some time. Look for a thoughtful, considered response.]

Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 13. Is the death penalty an effective deterrent to committing murder? If so, why? If not, why not?

Sample Answer: Sociologists have examined three sources of evidence to address the question of whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder. The first approach is to inspect the homicide rates in states that have retained the death penalty law compared to states that have

abolished it. The result has consistently shown that the death penalty states have higher homicide rates than their neighboring states without the death penalty. This finding suggests that the death penalty does not deter murder. A second type of evidence comes from comparing the homicide rates that occurred before and after abolition of the death penalty within the same states. Such comparisons have shown no significant difference in homicide rates before and after states abolished capital punishment. Furthermore, the restoration of the death penalty in states that had earlier abolished it had not led to any significant decrease in homicides. This further suggests that the death penalty does not deter people from committing murder. A final piece of evidence comes from comparing the numbers of homicides shortly before and shortly after widely publicized executions of convicted murderers. If the death penalty has a deterrent effect, the potential for execution should so scare potential perpetrators that they would refrain from killing, and the number of homicides in the area should decrease. Apparently, this is not the case.

Learning Objective: 4.12 Outline reasons why the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

Topic: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER FIVE

Sexual Assault and Child Sexual Abuse Multiple Choice Questions 1.

In the most recent nationwide survey on sexual assault revealed that a) the “culture of rape” in the United States is more prevalent compared to the 1950s. b) 26 percent of all women surveyed reported at least one completed or attempted rape in their lifetime. c)instances of child sexual abuse have risen 60 percent since 1995. d)the rates of reported rape by Hispanic women were twice as high as those for White women.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2.

How do sociologists define rape? a) Any act of violence that is perceived by the victim to include a sexual component, regardless of the intentions of the perpetrator. b) The nonconsensual penetration of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, as well as the oral penetration of a sex organ of another person, without their consent. c) An act of aggression perpetrated by males specifically against females, but enacted within a sociocultural context in which the prohibition of such actions violates a social norm. d) The use of force, coercion, or threat to exchange tangible or intangible benefits (such as money, status, or power) with any type of sexual performance.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

One of the most difficult problems in learning about rape and its prevalence among various groups is a) the varying reporting rates among different racial groups. b) getting around the political implications of statistical demographic trends. c) dealing with the limited reliability of official data gathered by the criminal justice system. d) a lack of laws prohibiting various forms of sexual abuse.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

In what manner do most rapists commit their crime? a) impulsively b) explosively c) with some degree of planning before their assaults d) in response to intense internal sexual desire Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Which behavioral characteristic would a rapist consider a sign of vulnerability? a) walking briskly and intentionally b) appearing passive or submissive c) moving arms and legs in fluid, natural motions d) projecting confidence without appearing aggressive Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6.

Statistically, most rapes occur a) in January and February. b) during the week. c) on holidays. d) on weekends.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7.

Which tactic is one way in which rapists attempt to determine the vulnerability of their victims? a) Joining health clubs and becoming friendly with members b) Approaching a woman on the street and asking for directions c) Asking a woman out on a date and then drugging her at some point d) Gathering a gang of friends together and grabbing a random person off the street Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8.

The majority of rapes involve ___________ . a) involve acts of sadistic humiliation b) beatings or threats with a deadly weapon c) verbal coercion and nonphysical aggression

d) a large age difference between the perpetrator and the victim Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9.

In the case of acquaintance rape, the rapist mostly uses a) physical threats. b) actual violence. c) verbal coercion. d) a weapon.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

According to sociologists, participation in a gang rape a) is an expression of a latent same-sex sexual orientation. b) fulfills a social need more than a sexual desire. c) is a psychologically disturbed act committed by people with diagnosable disorders. d) is an erotic act leading to sexual fulfillment for the participants.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Often a victim of rape who self-blames will a) grow bitter toward society for creating a culture of victim blaming b) not accept the fact that they were victims of a violent crime c) be more likely to refuse counseling than a victim who doesn‟t self-blame d) seek revenge and justice by physically attacking the perpetrator Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

12.

In a nationwide survey conducted by Ms. magazine in the 1980s, __________ percent of the college women surveyed had encountered some form of sexual assault. a) 11 b) 37 c) 52 d) 71 Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13.

Most rape survivors go through two phases of disorganization before regaining their ability to live normally: an acute phase of humiliation and self-blame, and a longer phase marked by a) strong self-denial. b) rejection of social and sexual relations with others. c) extensive exercise and physical activity. d) phobic reactions Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14.

Anger, revenge, and marshalling the courage to ensure a rapist is punished are __________ ways rape survivors react after being raped. a) inward b) outward c) irrational d) psychological Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. ___________ is a common reaction to rape victimization. a) Publicly showing a lack of deep concern b) Leading a life of quiet contemplation and solitude, often in a religious setting, c) Adopting a “vigilante stance” d) Becoming an outspoken activist on the topic of victimization

Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

The “feeling of being raped again” refers to the female victim‟s a) recollection of the rape. b) encounter with her assailant. c) feelings if her rapist is released from custody. d) encounter with the police and justice system.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Which policy is a type of legal reform designed to help rape victims in court? a) Renaming rape as simple criminal assault. b) Repealing rape shield laws. c) Requiring all rape cases to be heard by female judges. d) Allowing defense attorneys from admitting any evidence of a victim‟s previous sexual experiences.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. ________ is a factor that leads to more rape-prone campuses. a) Mandatory membership in fraternities b) A tradition of abstinence from alcohol c) Attending a religiously affiliated institution d) Rampant homophobia Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

19.

In the 1971 study published over 50 years ago by Menachem Amir, a common victim behavior that eventually leads to “victim-precipitated rape” involves a woman: a) submitting to a rapist who threatens violence with a gun. b) angering her assailant by resisting his sexual advances. c) inviting a stranger to have sex with her. d) agreeing to have a drink or ride with a stranger.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Sociologists would argue that the assertion that many rapes are victimprecipitated: a) accurately describes how a majority of rapes begin. b) reflects a male‟s biased view of rape. c) is a way the feminist movement has challenged indifference to rape. d) no longer accurately describes how rapes occur.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Many men do not seem to recognize the difference between: a) consensual pre-rape intimacy and forced sex. b) victim precipitation and victim contribution. c) victim blaming and victim shaming. d) primary and secondary victimization.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22.

Which factor is part of the current culture of rape in the United States? a) The formation of anti-rape organizations such as rape crisis centers b) Laws that allow men to feel entitled to use intimate partners as a sexual commodity c) Valuing and endorsing equality among all people d) Treating women like men‟s property Answer: d

Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Influenced by the culture of rape, a man whose wife has been raped tends to a) respect or love her more than before. b) respect or love her as much as before. c) respect or love her less than before. d) punish her for having been unfaithful to him.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24.

One reason why many rapists felt they would never go to prison for rape is that they believed that a) they were too clever to get caught. b) the police would never really respond to the claim of rape. c) women were sexual objects for men to use for pleasure. d) their lawyers would be able to get a not-guilty conviction.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

What percentage of relationships in which a wife was raped end in divorce within two years after the sexual assault? a) 75 to 85 percent b) 10 to 20 percent c) 50 to 60 percent d) 5 to 10 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

26.

One of the ways in which pornography is implicated in the problem of rape is that it a) presents rape as a crime. b) tends to incite normal, typical, average men to rape. c) provides an erotic sexual outlet. d) treats women as men‘s sex objects.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

In order to win the “masculinity contest,” males tend to see females as a) worthy of deep respect. b) equal to them in social status. c) fellow participants in the contest. d) if they were objects.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. __________ is one of the ways men learn to play the “masculinity game.” a) Making up the rules as they go along b) Learning basic pointers about how to play the game c) Experiencing strong internal psychological pressures to play the game d) Having an absence of “referees” to manage the game Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

Which trait is part of the traditional masculine social role that leads to rape? a) The male should take an active part in achieving social and sexual relations with females. b) The male should share in housekeeping and in the rearing of children. c) The male should see sexuality as a form of a wider relationship with women who are the male‟s sexual equals. d) The male should exercise in order to keep in shape and have a desirable body.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

The myth that women want to be raped is: a) partly based on facts. b) a male blame-the-victim rationalization. c) no longer a widely held belief. d) no longer a part of the assumptions held by the justice system.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

The stereotypical feminine qualities conducive to becoming a victim of rape are a) softness, gentleness, and consideration. b) activity, confidence, and assertion. c) aggression, forcefulness, and violence. d) spirituality, anger, and defiance.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32.

Which statement reflects how a rape case is actually handled in court? a) The accused is presumed guilty of the crime until proven innocent. b) The accuser is presumed guilty of “asking for it” until proven innocent. c) The accuser is presumed innocent of “asking for it” until proven guilty. d) The judge prevents the defense lawyer from suggesting how “loose” a woman the accuser is.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

The act of wartime rape reflects the universally shared attitude that

a) victimized women will be unable to perform the duties asked of them by their families and country. b) women are men‟s property. c) women represent the core of a nation‟s pride and culture. d) by victimizing another culture‟s women, the women of the perpetrating army‟s nation are spared.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Explain the global perspective on wartime rape.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Wartime Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

In many areas of the world, long after wartime fighting and their consequent rape by foreign solders, women a) disavow their culture of origin for failing to keep them safe. b) come together to form support groups and heal in the wake of tragedy. c) tend to be regarded as irreparably damaged property. d) tend to be regarded as brave survivors deserving of respect.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.4 Explain the global perspective on wartime rape.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Wartime Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

Which problem do some psychologists propose can lead men to become rapists? a) Threats created by the existence of sexual equality b) The culture of rape c) Being raised in a sexually permissive community d) Feelings of sexual inadequacy Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

The psychological theories of rape discussed in the present context, although not indicative of the many psychological theories available, _____________. a) explain about one-half of all acts of rape. b) are superior to sociogenic theories of rape. c) can explain only a few unusual cases of rape. d) have no relationship to the rape problem.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

According to a study undertaken by Duncan Chappel and his associates in 1971, over 50 years ago, which kinds of sexual environments might most hurt a man‟s failures to win sexual favors? a) A religious environment b) An alcoholic environment c) A permissive environment d) A restrictive environment Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Feminist theory proposes that rape is caused by sexual inequality because rape is a) an expression of men‟s dominance over women. b) the result of relative sexual frustration. c) the result of a culture of violence. d) the result of a man being afraid to admit his same-sex sexual orientation.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

In her analysis of tribal societies, Peggy Sanday found that rape-prone societies are marked by a) interpersonal violence. b) male dominance. c) sexual separation. d) a high overall crime rate.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

40.

According to leading masculinities scholars, some men who utilize sexual violence a) are acting from a feeling of low power and seek to assert their masculinity to other men. b) are acting from a feeling of dominance and seek to assert their masculinity to women. c) are acting from a feeling of low power and seek to assert their masculinity to both men and women. d) are acting from a feeling of dominance and seek to assert their masculinity to friends.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

The experience of a man being raped by another man in prison is generally considered to be a) relatively common. b) relatively rare. c) essentially a myth. d) completely unavoidable.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42.

Why is the prison rape rate as high as it is? a) Prison rape is newsworthy, and likely to make national headlines. b) Rape is encouraged by the prison staff as a means of increasing funding and increasing hiring. c) The rapists go completely unpunished. d) Boredom and the monotony of daily routines become overwhelming.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43.

The strongest motivation for rape in prison appears to be a) having a same-sex sexual orientation.

b) relief of sexual deprivation. c) the need to avoid boredom and alienation. d) the drive for power.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

One of the outcomes of same-sex rape is that the male victim a) experiences less trauma than the average female victim. b) experiences trauma for fewer years than a female victim might. c) feels a loss of masculinity. d) experiences a sense of femininity.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45.

Some men can be raped by some women because rape is basically a) an expression of sexual desire. b) an expression of power. c) a crime of opportunity. d) deviant.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46. Child sexual abuse is considered a form of rape because a) the victims are under the control and supervision of their parents. b) the victims are too young to give their consent. c) it is the same as raping a woman. d) most adults who engage in these activities have deep-seated psychological disturbances.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47.

Child sexual abusers are likely to a) be strangers to their victims. b) be their victim‟s relatives or neighbors. c) be dangerously violent to their victims. d) prefer acts of sexual intercourse.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48.

According to the social profile of child sexual abusers, which trait is more likely associated with a child sexual abuser rather than with a rapist? a) Aggressiveness b) Youthfulness c) Gentleness d) Having a way with adult women Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 49.

Which statement about pedophile priests is true? a) Almost half of all priests have been involved in molesting children. b) The majority of people who enter the priesthood do so because of the lax prosecution of child sexual abuse. c) The cause of child molesting among priests is their celibate, sexless life. d) The large majority of priests, both straight and gay, keep their vows of celibacy and lead productive lives.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50.

One reason why church leaders failed to dismiss offending priests from their jobs is a) a lack of trust in the verifiability of children‟s testimonies.

b) a belief that the behavior was not sinful. c) a fear that women and married men would have to become priests. d) the church‟s culture of secrecy and forgiveness.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Interracial rapes are more common today than they were in previous decades.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2.

Most rapists choose strangers as their victims.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Most rapes are committed on impulse.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Most rapists do not randomly, compulsively, or explosively assault their victims; instead, they do some planning before they strike.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Statistically, Black people commit the highest percentage of rapes of females.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Women who project confidence without appearing too aggressive are less likely to be targeted by potential rapists.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7.

The majority of rapes of females involve only verbal coercion and nonphysical aggression, Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8.

Sociologists argue that participation in a gang rape fulfills a social need rather than sexual desire.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Acquaintance rape victims are often correct in assuming that they will be blamed for the man‘s behavior.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10.

The idea of victim-precipitated rape is more a male‟s biased view rather than an accurate description of the crime.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Sexual assault victims who self-blame often do not accept the fact that they are victims of a violent crime Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12.

Most rape victims go through an acute phase of disorganization and then resume a fairly normal life.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Almost all rape victims express their feelings inwardly and rarely display anger or seek revenge against their attackers.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Many rape victims feel that involvement with the police and courts is worse than that of the rape itself.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Despite rape shield laws enacted solely to protect the victim, there are so many loopholes that many defense lawyers can get around them by subtly revealing the rape survivor‟s sexual history.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Even societies that condemn rape as a serious crime have a culture of rape.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

One sign of the culture of rape is that when a man‟s wife has been raped, he tends to feel as if she is less lovable than before.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

The objectification of women plays a role in explaining why men commit rape.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19.

The relative sexual frustration of males is much higher in sexually restrictive environments.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

When a conquering army destroys or confiscates the conquered population‟s property, it is also common that they rape the women as if they were part of that property.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.4 Explain the global perspective on wartime rape.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Wartime Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Most rapists, particularly those who are not in prison, are not psychologically disturbed.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

From the feminist perspective, rape is primarily an expression of men‟s dominance over women.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Male peer support theory argues that one of the most powerful influences on male aggression toward women is the emotional and practical support that they receive from their peers.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

The primary motive for rape in prison is to relieve one‟s sexual deprivation.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

It is impossible for a woman to rape a man: such a case of rape has not been known to take place except in the movies or some men‟s fantasies.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Most convicted rapists admit that they are guilty of their crimes and express sorrow for what they did.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

Various data seem to suggest that child sexual abusers fail to meet the cultural standards of masculinity.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28.

Most child sexual abusers admit their guilt, whereas most rapists refuse to do so.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

The main cause of pedophile priests is their celibate, sexless life imposed by the church.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Two reasons why the church failed to report pedophile priests was its culture of secrecy and its culture of forgiveness.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 1. ___________ rape is common because it is conceptualized as an extension of the conventional pattern of male sexual behavior.

Answer: Acquaintance Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

National statistics on the racial background of people who rape females indicate that the highest percentage of offenders are ____________ Americans.

Answer: White Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

The perpetrators of gang rape tend to be in the ____________ age range.

Answer: adolescent Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

The biased, male- centered view that a rape victim agreed to sexual relations but retracted before the actual act or did not resist strongly enough is called _______________.

Answer: victim-precipitated rape Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

When defense attorneys play on the misogynist views of jurors, attempting to sneak in some negative information about a rape victim‟s sexual history or reputation in order to discredit her, the victim may experience a kind of _____________ as a result.

Answer: psychological rape Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

One expression of the U.S. culture of rape is when women are treated as men‟s __________.

Answer: property Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7. ___________ theory proposes that because rape serves to preserve male dominance, men are likely to assault women.

Answer: Feminist Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. ________ theory argues that one of the most powerful influences on male aggression toward women is the emotional and practical support that they receive from their peers.

Answer: Male peer support Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The sexual orientation of the majority of male same-sex rapists is ____________.

Answer: heterosexual Learning Objective: 5.6 Summarize social factors associated with the rape of men.

Topic: Men as Victims Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Most child sexual abusers typically are __________ with their victims.

Answer: acquainted Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Essay Questions 1.

Describe and compare some of the patterns of sexual assault in U.S. society. How do these patterns reflect forces such as social class and gender?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary as they choose to emphasize some patterns more than others; however, responses should draw from and expand on patterns that sociologists have identified: • Rapes are mostly intraracial, though interracial rapes are more common currently than previously.

• Young women between the ages of 16 and 20 are most vulnerable to rape.

• Most stranger rapists plan their assault rather than acting impulsively.

• Gang rape involves mostly young men pressuring each other to prove their masculinity by raping the same woman.

• More common than stranger rape, acquaintance and date rape are extensions of men‘s socially accepted aggressive sexual behavior.

• Campus rape is relatively prevalent because of the influence of a rape-prone culture.

• The myth of victim-precipitated rape in effect blames the rape survivor for having asked to be raped.

Learning Objective: 5.1 Describe the major social patterns associates with rape.

Topic: Patterns of Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

What are some consequences of rape for victims and for society? Why does this kind of assault have such a deep impact on victims? How is society overall hurt by the widespread occurrence of sexual assaults?

Sample Answer: There are many individual reactions to sexual assault. At one extreme are the survivors who, at least publicly, show a lack of deep concern. At the opposite extreme are the survivors who are so traumatized that they sink into deep depression, attempt to commit suicide, or actually kill themselves. In between these two extremes are the great majority who initially experience shock, disbelief, anger, anxiety, or depression, along with nightmares and often sexual problems, but eventually more or less pull themselves out of it. These feelings of anxiety and guilt often result because police and the courts tend to hold them partly responsible for the rape, resulting in a kind of ―psychological rape‖ for some survivors. There have been legal reforms to treat rape survivors better, but survivors are too often made to feel that they have somehow ―asked for it.‖ Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify factors that affect a rape survivor‘s responses to rape.

Topic: Consequences of Rape

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3.

What is meant by the “culture of rape”? How does the culture work, and what are its consequences?

Sample Answer: A culture of rape is composed of the prevailing male attitudes toward women as well as the traditional ideas of appropriate sex roles. In such a culture, women are treated as if they were men‘s property; women are used as objects to enable men to prove their masculinity; women are believed to have a secret desire to be raped; and girls are taught to play a feminine, submissive role. All these factors jointly encourage men to rape, according to the sociological view.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Outline social factors that perpetuate rape culture.

Topic: The Culture of Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Compare the psychological and sociological views of why men rape. Are these men abnormal or driven by society? Which view seems to provide the best explanation?

Sample Answer: There are several theories, both psychological and sociological in origin, that been advanced to explain why men rape women: 

In the broadest sense of the term, ―psychological theory‖ attributes rape to a psychological problem, such as the offender‘s feelings of sexual inadequacy.



Sociological theory traces the source of rape to a sexually permissive culture that intensifies a man‘s feeling of rejection by women and thus increases his sexual frustration.



Feminist theory proposes that because rape serves to preserve male dominance in a sexually unequal society, men are likely to assault women.



Male Peer Support Theory argues that men develop proabuse attitudes and behaviors as a result of the encouragement and support of other males.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Compare theories on why men rape women.

Topic: Why Men Rape Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5.

Choose either the topic of same-sex rape or child sexual abuse, and describe and discuss this special type of sexual assault. What patterns exist and what causes them?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary, depending on the topics and subtopics they choose to address (e.g., child sexual abuse in general, versus the problems associated with the priesthood, versus prison rape of men by men, versus non-prison rape of men by men, and so on).

However, essays should correctly summarize the patterns , details, and theories associated with the topic at hand.

Learning Objective: 5.7 Describe the social profile of child molesters.

Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER SIX

Family Violence Multiple Choice Questions 1. Outside of the police and the military, some researchers have claimed that American society‟s most violent institution is a) sports. b) schools. c) the family. d) the economy.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths about Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Which important reason helps to explain why sociologists have a difficult time studying family violence? a) The family is the most cherished and intimate social institution in our lives. b) Too few people today belong to formal families.

c) The great diversity of family life makes studying family violence too difficult. d) The family is too private to study sociologically.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths about Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Which observation is true in regard to family violence? a) Family violence only occurs in people living in lower socioeconomic conditions. b) Family violence and love cannot happen together. c) Alcohol and drugs are involved in almost all cases of family violence. d) The majority of child abuse victims do not grow up to abuse their own children.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths about Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. In cases that involve drugs and alcohol, the real reason for spouse abuse is not the substance abuse but rather a) media influence. b) cultural and political climate. c) economic downturn. d) personal problems.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths about Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

If reported figures are accurate, more than __________ children in the U.S. are sexually or physically abused, or physically neglected each year. a) 10 million b) 22 million c) 40 million d) 83 million Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths about Family Violence

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. The extent of family violence varies from one report to another because sociologists a) are unskilled in data analysis. b) use poor research methods. c) utilize different definitions of family violence. d) aren‟t sure which questions to ask of victims.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.2 Outline the extent of family violence in U.S. society.

Topic: The Extent of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. The real extent of family violence may be much higher than the reported figures because a) people are generally reluctant to reveal their family problems to researchers. b) the percentage of people experiencing abuse is so low, in the 2- to 4-percent range. c) the definition of “violence” is limited only to physical abuse resulting in hospitalization. d) every state‟s legislature in the U.S. has adopted a different definition of “violent offense.”

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.2 Outline the extent of family violence in U.S. society.

Topic: The Extent of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. Family violence a) is a common, serious social problem. b) is a less common, yet no less serious, social problem. c) used to be extremely common but now has been all but eradicated. d) is a growing problem.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.2 Outline the extent of family violence in U.S. society.

Topic: The Extent of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. The most prevalent form of forced sex is a) the rape of a woman by her intimate partner.

b) the rape of a woman by a stranger. c) same-sex rapes occurring in college fraternities. d) rapes occurring along during the commission of another felony.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Which factor is involved in most marital rapes? a) Money or the lack of it b) Drugs or alcohol c) Physical violence or threats of it d) Addiction to pornography

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Which statement about marital rape is true? a) Most marital rape involves vaginal penetration. b) Forced anal intercourse occurs more often than forced vaginal intercourse. c) Most marital rape begins as an exploration of kinky sex acts, such as bondage. d) Marital rape virtually never occurs after a woman has given birth to a child.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Which factor is a cause of marital rape? a) First marriage later in life, such as people in their 40s b) The husband‟s belief that he is entitled to any kind of sex with his wife c) Geographic location; Midwestern states report higher rates of this offense d) Improper behavior on the part of the victim

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

People who stay married to sexually abusive spouses a) usually seek a counselor for help coping with their relationship. b) usually avoid sex or develop a negative attitude toward sex. c) strive to integrate themselves into the community so they can maximize time spent outside the home. d) focus all their energy on caring for their children.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Which statement about marital rape is true? a) It is not a form of family violence. b) It is considered a crime in most states. c) It rarely causes harm to victims. d) Many victims blame themselves for the rape.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

One serious consequence of marital rape is a) self-blame and guilt by the victim. b) the furthering of the norms of matriarchy. c) the culture‟s condemnation of marital rape. d) the sensitive involvement of the police.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

According to a definition of spouse abuse that includes both violent and nonviolent acts, _______________. a) about 10 percent of all married persons in the United States assault their spouses b) about one-third of all U.S. couples assault their spouses c) the problem of spouse abuse largely disappears d) males are much more likely to be seen as victims of spouse abuse

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

After committing the violence, most abusive men a) do not admit guilt. b) freely admit guilt. c) undergo counseling. d) go to jail.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Abusive spouses try to rationalize their violent acts by a) blaming themselves for provoking the offense. b) enlisting friends to provide an alibi. c) attributing the violence to some problem beyond their control. d) stating they do not remember carrying out the assault.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

Feelings of depression, anxiety, and helplessness such as those experienced by U.S. soldiers who served in combat and victims of physical injury are called a) stress-induced psychosis. b) posttraumatic stress disorder. c) poststress adaptation syndrome. d) situational depression.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Which experience is a symptom of battered woman syndrome? a) heightened self-esteem b) reporting episodes of violence to law enforcement c) Passively submitting to more violence d) Feeling trapped

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Which consideration explains why most of the women who continue to live with abusive husbands do not leave that situation? a) They are pressured to stay by religious and other groups to which they belong. b) They are waiting for the right moment to seek revenge against their husbands. c) They fear their husbands will retaliate. d) They fear leaving will harm their prospects for employment.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

According to the feminist perspective, a major cause of spousal abuse is a) poor economic and social conditions. b) the sexist, patriarchal nature of society. c) some men‟s lack of self-esteem. d) men‟s greater access to the means of violence such as guns.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Men who have lost control of their lives due to poverty, unemployment, drug abuse, or alcoholism are _______________. a) more likely to become abusive husbands b) less likely to become abusive husbands c) just as abusive as men who have control over their lives d) usually too depressed about life to act in a violent way Answer: a

Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 24.

Which observation regarding incest is true? a) Biological fathers are much more likely than to stepfathers commit incest. b) Incestuous fathers are more isolated from others outside of the home. c) There are substantial, documented difference in incest rates across racial and ethnic groups. d) Young victims of incest usually forget about the past and lead normal sexual lives as adults.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Children who have been abused a) are unlikely to experience emotional problems later in life. b) may or may not experience continual problems, based on the individual. c) are likely to experience social and psychological problems later in life. d) have a very high likelihood of becoming child abusers themselves.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Researchers have estimated that __________ of 17-year-old American girls have experienced sexual abuse or assault by an adult perpetrator. a) 1.9 b) 5.1 c) 11.2 d) 26.6 Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

27.

In recent years, virtually all researchers have found that sexual abuse of children by ____________ is the most common occurrence of this type of offense. a) neighbors b) siblings c) stepfathers d) biological fathers Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Sibling sexual abuse tends to be characterized by a) older brothers abusing younger sisters through coercion. b)older sisters abusing younger sisters by using force. c) early onset, high frequency, high intensity, and extended duration. d) late onset (during the teenage years), brief duration, and haphazard frequency.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

About __________ children are severely physically abused every year. a) 100,000 b) 500,000 c) 3 million d) 5 million

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30.

When considering child abuse, epidemiologists argue that the greatest abuse is among children aged ___________, although other researchers suggest that children _________ are at higher risk. a) 8 to 12; aged 11 to 15 b) 12 to 14; under the age of 5 c) 3 to 4; over the age of 11 d) 6 to 8; aged 9 to 13

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31.

Why are large numbers of children abused in the Unites States? a) Many parents past experiences of being abused themselves as a child. b) The widespread acceptance of spouse abuse extends to abusing other family members. c) Many abusive parents have a lack of education and parenting skills. d) The social stigma of physical punishment to discipline children leads many parents to enact other forms of abuse.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Child abusers see abusive behavior as good and proper because they a) have been exposed to much violence on TV and in the movies. b) are among the group of people who accept the correctness of physical punishment. c) have experienced child abuse themselves. d) have no moral guidance or sense of empathy.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Which behavior represents a form of problematic interaction between an abusive parent and their child? a) lack of appropriate parental role models. b) an intolerance for any form of excuses. c) social approval of physical punishment. d) unrealistic expectations for a child.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

Female genital mutilation typically occurs because of ____________. a) a cultural belief that genital mutilation makes women more desirable b) high social value placed on conformity and obedience c) an inner need to be unique and distinctive d) a need to counter the practice of male circumcision

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

The practice of female genital mutilation ___________. a) is often called female castration b) usually is performed by ritual leaders, or respected women in the community c) is relatively accepted today in most Western cultures d) is vehemently resisted by the targets of the mutilation

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

One factor that supports female genital mutilation in many cultures is a) the definition of “pain” in cultures that practice female genital mutilation. b) the overwhelming presence of matriarchal structures that validate women. c) the social and psychological benefits the practice provides the participant. d) the high social value of virginity and marriageability that are supported by genital mutilation.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

Statistically, older adults are more likely to be abused if they live ___________ compared to other locations. a) in group homes b) alone c) with relatives d) in nursing homes

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Which statement about people who abuse older adults is true? a) The abusers are also likely to abuse their own children. b) They see abusing older adults as some twisted form of “revenge” for some unstated offense. c) They are largely male. d) They feel stressed by the need to care for both children and an aging parent.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

The many people who are squeezed between raising children of their own and taking care of parents are called a) the sandwiched generation. b) the lost generation. c) the stressed generation. d) boomerang parents.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

According to data collected 40 years ago from older adults living in Boston, __________ of those adults were more likely to become abusers of those adults. a) daughters b) spouses c) institutional caregivers d) social workers Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

Compared to the others, which pattern is part of the social profile of family abusers? a) They tend to be younger husbands and parents. b) They are members of the middle class. c) More likely they are women rather than men. d) They live relatively stress-free lives.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the social profiles of family abusers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Family Abusers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42.

Marjo experienced family violence as he was growing up. According to social learning theory, he is a) more likely not to get married and have children. b) more likely to experience stressful family relationships. c) less likely to engage in family violence as an adult. d) more likely to engage in family violence as an adult.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the social profiles of family abusers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Family Abusers Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 43.

Patriarchy is much less influential in the United States than it is in less-affluent countries due to a) feminists‟ five-decades-long push for gender equality. b) the more egalitarian mindset of the Millennial generation. c) a series of increasingly strict legal reforms. d) the higher rate of educational attainment in the United States.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.8 Explain varying levels of family violence around the globe.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

According to exchange theory, which outcome would be a reward of engaging in family violence? a) Enjoyment of power and control over the victim b) Intense guilt over the hurting of a family member

c) Fear of getting arrested d) Enjoyment of higher status and respect in the eyes of the larger community Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 45. ___________ is one way U.S. society has attempted to protect women from marital rape and abuse. a) The passage of new laws b) Establishing counseling programs for the non-abused family members of abusers c) Severely punishing men who sexually or physically abuse their wives d) Giving direct financial restitution to victims of abuse Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46.

Although mandatory arrest laws have sent a message to abusive people that the society does not approve of their actions, a) in practice these mandatory arrests are rarely carried out by police officers. b) there is thus far little evidence that arrest is very effective in reducing violence in cases of spouse abuse. c) these mandatory arrests rarely lead to a conviction of any kind. d) evidence suggests that spouse abuse has in fact risen since mandatory arrests were implemented.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47.

Which criticism applies of protective services efforts for children? a) They pay more staff and utilize more resources to investigate complaints of child abuse than are warranted by the incidence of abuse. b) They rarely identify patterns of abuse. c) They leave a child with an abusive parent while nonetheless providing the family with social support. d) They give the benefit of the doubt, and take the word of, abusive parents that nothing is amiss.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48.

The two types of services that seem most useful to older adults who have been abused are medical services and a) extra funds for food and shelter. b) social services. c) legal services. d) marital counseling.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49.

Critics of mandatory reporting laws for abuse of older adults argue that these laws ____________. a) demean older adults by treating them like children b) are not worded strongly enough c) should not be enacted at a national level d) make it easy for family members to get away with abusing older adults Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50.

The criminal justice system a) does nothing to protect women, with efforts focused more on protecting children from physical abuse or neglect. b) does not punish abusers of older adults to the same extent it punishes cases of incest. c) requires some abusers to go to counseling, which in turn may have a paradoxical effect of the future occurrence of abuse. d) only incarcerates male abusers, while female abusers of older adults or children tend to receive monetary fines or house arrest.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to

family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1. One myth about family violence is that violence and love cannot happen together.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. There is a relationship between family violence and poverty.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Poverty is a contributing factor to family violence.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Drugs and alcohol are the major causes of most family violence.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Many abused wives leave their husbands.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.2 Outline the extent of family violence in U.S. society.

Topic: The Extent of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

6. Compared to other forms of abuse, child abuse and neglect is the category with the highest reported incidence.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.2 Outline the extent of family violence in U.S. society.

Topic: The Extent of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. The majority of marital rapes involve vaginal penetration.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

A cause of marital rape is the man‘s attempt to use rape as a form of control over the spouse.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Most spousal offenders assume that they are entitled to have sex with their partners whether the spouses want to or not.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Abused wives who are financially independent have a greater propensity to leave their abusive husbands, compared to those who are financially dependent.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Of the people who are involved in spouse abuse, men are overwhelmingly more likely to severely assault female partners than the other way around.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. Researchers and pollsters have generally agreed on what causes spousal abuse and how such abuse is interpreted by women and men.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Most husbands feel genuine remorse after they have assaulted their wives.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

According to feminist theories, a major cause of spousal abuse is the inability of men to empathize with the female experience.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Children who have been in an incestuous situation experience a strong sense of shame and guilt, anxiety and depression, and social isolation.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Biological fathers are much more likely than stepfathers to sexually abuse their children.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Stepfathers are more likely to sexually abuse their children compared to stepmothers.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Child abuse reports rose sharply between the 1990s and 2010 before stabilizing and slowly beginning to drop.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

The acceptance of the popular view of physical punishment as proper for disciplining children is one cause of child abuse.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Adult unemployment is a contributing factor to child abuse.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21.

The interaction style between a parent and child rarely has a real impact on child abuse.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

In the family, physical abuse of children is far more common than sexual abuse.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.8 Explain varying levels of family

violence around the globe.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23.

Most family abusers are well integrated into the community and commit their abuse in secret.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.8 Explain varying levels of family violence around the globe.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22.

Potential neglect refers to the important needs of an older person that are not being addressed.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Most older persons who experience abuse live alone.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

When caregivers have problems with money or stress they are more likely to become abusers of older adults.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Financial problems and stress are precursors to caregivers abusing older adults.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

Compared with nonabusers, family abusers are more likely to be under age 30 and to be lower-class.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the social profiles of family abusers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Family Abusers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27.

The definition of child abuse varies according to cultures.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.8 Explain varying levels of family violence around the globe.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

According to the stress theory of family violence, almost all families that experience intense stress will experience violence.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

Exchange theory proposes that family violence is learned from personal experience or the social environment.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

An offender may get more reward than punishment for abusing a family member, which can then contribute to maintaining a pattern of abuse.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

Virtually all states have laws against marital rape, and the laws are strictly enforced.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to

family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

U.S. society‟s major method of protecting children from abuse is a mandatory reporting law to government agencies that investigate complaints and help children.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-In- the-Blank Questions 1.

The notion that alcohol and drugs are involved in most acts of violence in the family is one of the __________ surrounding family violence.

Answer: myths Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Wally was pontificating to no one in particular. “Most abused children grow up to become ___________. It‟s a cycle of violence, man! Previous behavior predicts future behavior!” “You…know…that‟s just a myth, right?” calmly replied his friend Paolo.

Answer: abusive parents Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3.

Child abuse occurs in approximately ____________ percent of reported cases, by most conservative estimates.

Answer: 14 Learning Objective: 6.2 Outline the extent of family violence in U.S. society.

Topic: The Extent of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4.

The three causes prevalent in cases of marital rape by male partners are _________, punishment, and control.

Answer: entitlement

Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5.

Women who are economically __________ have a higher propensity to leave their abusive partners.

Answer: independent Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Men who physically abuse their wives often attempt to rationalize their violent act by blaming the __________.

Answer: victim Learning Objective: 6.4 Analyze the causes of behaviors associated with spouse abuse.

Topic: Spouse Beating Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

There is a wide consensus that there is no significant difference in rates of incestuous fathers and other men among social classes and _______ groups.

Answer: racial or ethnic Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

The popular view that __________ is a proper way of disciplining children is one cause of child abuse.

Answer: physical punishment Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Middle-aged people squeezed between raising children of their own and taking care of their parents are sometimes called the ___________ generation.

Answer: sandwiched Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. At home, _________ are more likely than _________ to inflict serious injury on their victims.

Answer: men; women Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. In many parts of the world, the tradition of _________continues to exert a powerful influence on the enactment of family violence.

Answer: patriarchy Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. __________ theory is based on the principle of benefit and cost when explaining family violence.

Answer: Exchange Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. According to __________ theory people are likely to engage in family violence if they have been exposed to violence.

Answer: social learning Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. __________ is a kind of government agency found in all states that has the responsibility to receive and investigate reports of child abuse.

Answer: Child Protective Services Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Choose a myth regarding family violence and state both the misperception and reality related to it. Why do you think the myth originated and was perpetuated?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary based on the myth they choose; however, the response should draw from the realities and misperceptions related to these topics:    

Family violence is more prevalent among people living in lower socioeconomic conditions.

Violence and love cannot co-occur.

Mist abused children grow to be abusive parents themselves.

Alcohol and drugs are involved in most family violence.

Learning Objective: 6.1 Differentiate myths from realities of family violence.

Topic: Myths About Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

Choose marital rape or child sexual abuse, and discuss the risk factors associated with the kind of abuse you chose. That is, which factors seem to promote that type of sexual abuse?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on the topics they choose and the level of detail they provide.

However, at a basic level, the facts and conclusions should be accurate, and the response should demonstrate some degree of analysis.

Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain the social factors associated with marital rape.

Topic: Marital Rape Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Analyze some of the factors present in cultures that support the practice of female genital mutilation. What are some reasons for the widespread continuation of this practice?

Sample Answer: Female genital mutilation involves cutting off some of the female genitalia such as the clitoris, its foreskin, or the labia. Although it is banned in many

countries, the United Nations reports that it continues to be practiced in certain communities around the world, including not only Africa and parts of Asia and the Middle East, but also in South America, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and Western Europe. The genital mutilation is usually performed on girls aged 4 to 14. Most of the performers are ―ritual leaders,‖ well-respected older adult women in the community who are specially designated for the task. Female genital mutilation has been blamed on patriarchy, with the argument that in societies where the mutilation is a common practice, men dominate women in virtually all aspects of social life. However, There are other, more specific reasons why the practice takes place only in some patriarchal societies. First, there is the cultural belief that genital mutilation makes women more desirable. A second reason in some cultures for the mutilation is the high social value of virginity and marriageability. A third reason is the reward of social and psychological benefits. The ritual of female circumcision helps the woman become accepted among her peers as well as the entire community of women.

Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the social factors related to child abuse.

Topic: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Discuss the problem of elder abuse. What are some of the causes and consequences of this type of family violence? How will the dramatic increase in the number of older adults in the future shape the problem of elder abuse?

Sample Answer: Given the enormous stress associated with caring for an aging or incapacitated parent, we may expect that caregiving daughters are more likely than their noncaregiving peers to abuse parents. Of course, the majority of stressed caregivers do not abuse the people in their care. Abusers of older adults are distinguishable for having severe personal problems, including alcoholism, drug addiction, unemployment, antisocial behavior, arrest records, or emotional instability. In addition, abusers are generally beset with money problems or financially dependent on the older adults they care for. In short, abuse of older adults arises from problems that plague caregivers: stress, severe personal problems, and financial difficulty and dependence. As these problems get worse, we might expect or predict that this type of abuse would also increase.

Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify risk factors for elder abuse.

Topic: Elder Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5.

Why is family violence more prevalent among people from lower income brackets? Discuss the variables that contribute to family violence among the people who are in this income category.

Sample Answer: Family violence cuts across all income levels, but it occurs more often among people who earn lower incomes. It also takes place more frequently among individuals without a college education. This may be because, compared to people in other socioeconomic groups, people who earn lower incomes have less ability, resources, or opportunities to demonstrate personal power outside the home. But in their own homes, they find themselves in a position of dominance as men over their partners or as mothers over their children. Thus, men who earn lower incomes are more likely to abuse their female partners and women living in the same conditions to abuse their children.

Learning Objective: 6.9 Compare theories on family violence.

Topic: Theories of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6.

Use concepts from the chapter to propose ways of reforming protective services for children. How could sociological concepts of deviance help government agencies better understand the causes of child abuse and develop more effective ways of preventing it?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on which elements from the overall chapter are discussed.

Students should propose creative and correct solutions based on sociological theory.

Learning Objective: 6.10 Evaluate social responses to family violence protections in the United States Topic: Social Responses to Family Violence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER SEVEN

Suicide and Self-Injury Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Each year, about __________ Americans commit suicide. a) 57,000 b) 48,000 c) 72,000 d) 106,000 Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2.

The majority of depressed Americans do not kill themselves; those who do commit suicide do so because they have been under the influence of a) suicidal models they have been exposed to. b) certain social forces in their lives. c) drugs and alcohol. d) their failing health.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

People who threaten suicide a) usually attempt suicide, but unsuccessfully. b) often would rather live than die. c) usually commit suicide. d) are socially functional.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

If someone wanted to attempt suicide, but was not sure they wanted to die, which method would be the LEAST favored? a) Wrist cutting b) Swallowing large amounts of sleeping pills c) Gas poisoning in a car d) Hanging or shooting Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5.

In the last two decades, the gender difference in suicide attempts has a) widened substantially. b) increased substantially. c) narrowed significantly. d) remained about the same.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6.

In which way do suicide attempters differ from suicide committers? a) Attempters are more likely to be men than women. b) Attempters use different methods but with more lethality. c) Attempters are much fewer in number than committers. d) Attempters are more likely to be young than old.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

Renaldo murdered his partner in a fit of rage. After the homicide, he sobbed uncontrollably when faced with the reality of what he‟d done, prayed for salvation, immediately called his mother and expressed great remorse, then shot himself in the head, killing himself instantly. Renaldo‟s actions are an example of a) felony suicide. b) atonement suicide.

c) double suicide. d) vindictive suicide.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8.

Researchers can discern several types of suicidal feelings from reading notes left by people who successfully completed suicide, and from reports given by suicide attempters. For example, one common theme is a) rarely addressing any survivors, such as friends and family b) feeling hopeful about the prospect of an afterlife c) feeling vindictive toward their survivors or themselves d) feeling a sense of immortality Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Some people who commit suicide become __________ toward the world they leave behind, by bequeathing in their final note property and money to charities, or leaving what remains of their bodies to medical schools. a) vengeful b) magnanimous c) apologetic d) atonement Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

In recent years, the most popular means of suicide has been by a) hanging. b) firearm. c) wrist cutting. d) injecting poison.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of

suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

In general, people who engage in the practice of cutting are a) a unified deviant group. b) all suicidal at some point. c) gun enthusiasts and collectors. d) difficult to situate in a specific category of deviance.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12.

People who engage in the practice of cutting belong to a unique category of deviance in which they are free to engage in their deviance on their own, yet it is not necessary that they remain isolated from other like-minded deviants. This is an example of what Joel Best and Dave Luckenbill called __________ . a) individual b) communal c) loner d) identical Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

How do people who engage in the practice of cutting most commonly utilize the Internet? a) To publicize their cutting rituals as broadly as possible b) As a means of disengaging from self-injury c) To ridicule others who engage in self-harm d) As a platform for advocacy of self-harmer‟s rights Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Some scholars are starting to focus on body modification a) as a response to market changes and demands in a capitalist system. b) as a means of ”getting back” to some perceived abstract notion of “them.” c) as a precursor to violent suicide completion. d) as a type of classic art, such as opera or ballet.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Official statistics on suicide rates are judged by sociologists to be unreliable because a) officials in different countries, states, and local areas use the same procedures to determine what constitutes a suicide attempt versus a suicide completion. b) intermittent underreporting leads to distortions in data when it comes to comparing which groups are more likely to commit suicide. c) suicide victims or their relatives may conceal evidence that the deaths were selfinflicted. d) most successful suicides are really natural or accidental deaths.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain the social factors involved in body injury.

Topic: Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

In the past, most researchers attributed the positive correlation between urbanization and suicide to a) the city‟s homogeneous population. b) the slower pace of life in urban neighborhoods. c) conflicting social norms. d) economic inequality.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain the social factors involved in body injury.

Topic: Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Generally, White males commit suicide a) at the same rate as Black males.

b) more than twice as often as Black males. c) four times less often than Black males. d) mostly in the summer, especially late July.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain the social factors involved in body injury.

Topic: Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

A strong religious identity and degree of religious conservatism is associated with a(n) _______ suicide rate. a) higher b) extremely high c) lower d) unaffected Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

Compared to the others, which group statistically has the highest suicide rates? a) Divorced persons b) Married persons c) Widows d) Single parents with children Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Which statement regarding suicide is FALSE? a) Older adults have a higher suicide rate than young people. b) White people have a higher suicide rate than Black people. c) Women have a higher suicide rate than men. d) Residents in sparsely populated states have higher suicide rates than residents in densely populated states.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends

associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Which statement about the relationship between economic conditions and suicide is TRUE? a) Suicide rates are higher in affluent societies than in societies with a high poverty rate. b) Suicide rates are about the same from society to society, regardless of affluence or poverty. c) Black Americans (whose poverty rate is relatively higher) are more likely to kill themselves than are White Americans(who have a lower poverty rate). d) Black Americans and White Americans have about the same rate of suicide.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

Compared to the others, which group statistically has the LOWEST suicide rate? a) Married women with children b) Single women c) Single men with children d) Married men with no children Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 23.

Which statement about the suicide bombers who attacked the United States on 9/11/2001 is TRUE? a) They were all later diagnosed as psychotic and irrational. b) They were from poor families and were paid to commit suicide. c) They were less educated compared to other people from their respective countries. d) They came from relatively well-off, middle-class families.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.5 Describe the social profile of suicide bombers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24.

Over the last 40 years, adolescent suicides have a) increased dramatically. b) decreased dramatically. c) remained about the same. d) not increased as much as suicides among older adults.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25.

The high rise in youthful suicide over the last 40 years has resulted from a) a decline in social integration and regulation in teen life. b) the worsening of the nation‟s economy. c) a dramatic increase in publicity about suicide. d) a substantial increase in school pressure.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

The potential increased risk of suicide in a college setting tends to be associated with a) suburban campus settings. b) great pressure to achieve. c) community colleges. d) an upward trend in a student‟s academic grades.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

College students in the United States have higher suicide rates than their noncollege peers because they a) are exposed to deviant ideologies, which sometimes support suicide. b) experience substantial peer group influence. c) use too much drugs and alcohol. d) are single and experience much stress.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

At what point is an inmate‟s stay at prison most likely to result in suicide? a) After several years of a long sentence b) After denial of a parole c) When transferred from a local jail to a state prison d) During the initial phase of imprisonment Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

One of the reasons why recently diagnosed, less-sick, HIV-infected patients are more suicidal than those dying of AIDS-related illnesses is a) that HIV is more stigmatizing than AIDS. b) the sudden transformation from being a totally healthy person to a seriously ill person. c) that HIV is much more painful than AIDS. d) the higher cost associated with living with HIV. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Celia Fayte was the lead singer of a very popular extreme-metal band, Putrid Rhino Corpse. For months she had been intimating in interviews that “something big is going to happen….something really wild, man, something really FAR OUT!” During a concert at the Omaha Community Dinner Theatre, Celia horrified the audience and her bandmates by committing suicide right on the stage, in the middle of their version of The Green Manalishi (With the Two-Prong Crown). How would this widely-publicized suicide by a well-known person likely affect the nation‟s suicide rates? a) They would go up. b) They would stay the same. c) They would decline. d) They would either go up or down depending on the geographic region.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 31.

Sociologists have documented that the greater the air time given to country music, the higher the suicide rate among White people, due to ___________. a) the relative boredom surrounding country music, which upsets its listeners b) the presence of religious themes in country music c) the lonely lifestyles of the urban residents who listen to country music d) the themes of country music, many of which are suicide-related Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Sociologists have reported a positive correlation between suicide rates among White people and the air time of _________ music. a) hardcore punk b) country c) rockabilly d) doom metal Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Some countries with developing economies, such as China, have high suicide rates because they a) also have widespread poverty. b) practice forms of ritual suicide. c) experience rapid social change. d) have few formal religious institutions.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

Suicide rates depend significantly on a) biological predispositions.

b) psychological problems. c) how society responds to suicide. d) individual predispositions.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

In Western societies currently, higher suicide rates are due in part to a) increasingly permissive attitudes toward suicide. b) increasing criminal penalties against suicide. c) a growing intolerance toward state-assisted suicides. d) a decline in religious beliefs.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

Which reaction is most typical of a suicide victim‟s family and friends? a) Glee b) Resolve c) Depression d) Guilt Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

The Patient Self-Determination Act passed by Congress requires hospitals to a) take every possible measure to prevent suicide among their patients. b) inform patients of their right to control their treatment through living wills. c) arrest any physicians who provide any suicide assistance. d) instruct physicians to remove life support, regardless of the patient‟s wishes.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Physicians in the Netherlands can carry out euthanasia when a) it is requested by the patient. b) the patient has demonstrated mental incompetence. c) it has been reviewed and approved by a panel of government officials. d) the patient has a disease that is inconvenient for daily living.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

Oregon‟s assisted suicide law has been gaining support throughout the United States because of growing recognition of a patient‟s a) pain tolerance. b) loss of quality of life. c) own medical judgment. d) preference for lower-priced healthcare alternatives.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

In the last 40 years, during which the number of suicide prevention centers in the United States has increased tremendously, the suicide rate has a) decreased substantially. b) not declined substantially. c) risen dramatically. d) increased faster among older people than young people.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

Suicide prevention centers cannot substantially reduce suicide rates because a) suicide is basically a psychological problem. b) they cannot deal effectively with some individual types of suicide attempters. c) suicide is basically a sociological problem. d) they rely too much on a social work perspective to guide their work.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42.

Psychiatric theories of suicide, in the broadest of senses, assume that suicide is caused by a) a defect in the person. b) poor food and environmental pollution. c) genetic factors. d) major social problems.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43.

Emile Durkheim theorized in the 1800s that there were two major forces shaping suicide: social integration and social ____________. a) strain b) inequality c) regulation d) change Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

The type of suicide that unmarried people are more likely than married ones to commit is called __________ suicide, according to Emile Durkheim. a) egoistic b) coerced c) altruistic d) anomic Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45.

In his musings about suicide, Emile Durkheim concluded that a) the individual act of suicide has few to no social implications. b) people with greater connections with society are unlikely to commit suicide. c) too much social collectivism can lead to suicide. d) there were 8 main categories or types of suicides.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46.

The type of suicide that enslaved people are more likely than non-enslaved people to commit is called __________ suicide, according to Emile Durkheim‟s ideas from the late 1800s. a) egoistic b) fatalistic c) anomic d) voluntary Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47.

According to Andrew Henry and James Short‟s theory, presented almost 70 years ago, factors that promote suicide include __________ ones. a) environmental b) religious c) economic d) cultural.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48.

Phenomenological theories of suicide a) deal with the causation of suicide. b) are based heavily on official suicide statistics. c) deal with the popular meaning of suicide.

d) are based on biological conceptions of human behavior.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49.

According to sociologist Jack Douglas, writing more than 50 years ago, the specific meanings of suicide to individuals help to a) obstruct the suicidal process. b) facilitate the suicidal process. c) change the suicide-prone person‟s mind. d) create enormous guilt feelings in the suicide-prone person.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50.

According to Jerry Jacobs‟s theory of the suicidal process, proposed more than 50 years ago, suicide victims overcome prohibitions against suicide through a series of events. What is the first stage of this process? a) Praying to God for forgiveness b) Believing that death is the only way to solve a personal problem c) Finding themselves faced with unexpected and unsolvable problems d) Feeling isolated and therefore free to act on one‟s own, thereby overcoming the prohibition against suicide Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Since the 1960s, the gender difference in suicide attempts has narrowed significantly. .

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Compared with suicide threateners, suicide attempters are more ambiguous in expressing their suicidal feelings.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Compared with suicide threateners, suicide attempters are more detailed in expressing their suicidal thoughts and feelings.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

One reason suicide attempters give for their suicidal behavior is a surrealistic view of reality.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

All cutters eventually attempt suicide.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Cutters fall into the “loner” category of deviance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

Loner deviants commit deviant acts with only one or two other people, with minimal training, assistance, or support from other so-called deviants who perform similar or identical acts.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

The Internet has helped to de-stigmatize cutting.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain the social factors involved in body injury.

Topic: Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The meanings assigned to some body modifications that are tied to deep cultural roots remains relatively intact over time, whereas more fleeting meanings are noted for alterations within modern societies.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain the social factors involved in body injury.

Topic: Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Recent research has suggested that practicing Christians have a higher suicide rate than nominal Christians.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. In most societies, males are much more likely to kill themselves than are females.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

12.

Emile Durkheim argued in the 1800s that the extent of group integration and regulation influences suicide rates.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

In general, widowed persons have the highest rates of suicide, followed by people who are single or divorced.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14.

The suicide bombers who attacked the United States on 9/11/2001 came from poor families and were paid to commit suicide.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.5 Describe the social profile of suicide bombers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

More than 106,000 college students in the U.S. attempt suicide each year.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Well-publicized suicides committed by famous people can lead to a temporary reduction in suicide rates.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

White people who routinely listen to country music have higher suicide rates compared to people who listen to other genres of music.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Greater air time of heavy metal music, especially sludge metal or speedcore, tends to lead to greater suicide rates among the general populace.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. Every year, Americans are far more likely to kill themselves than are people in the world at large.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Industrialized societies that enjoy greater income equality, such as Finland, Denmark, and Switzerland, generally have higher suicide rates than do countries with less equality, such as the United States, Britain, and Australia.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Assisted-suicide laws are sometimes referred to as ―Death with Dignity Acts‖ Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Despite the tremendous increase in the number of suicide prevention centers in the United States over the last 40 years, the suicide rate has not declined significantly.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Sociological theories of suicide, as opposed to psychiatric ones, assume that the causes of suicide reside within rather that outside of the individual.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

According to Emile Durkheim, people with too much individualism commit altruistic suicide.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Andrew Henry and James Short‟s theory of suicide contains the concept of external restraint, which is similar to Emile Durkheim‟s idea of “social regulation.”

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

To phenomenological sociologists, official suicide statistics are considered seriously unreliable.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

Jerry Jacobs, writing more than 50 years ago, speculated that suicide is defined by our society as “a violation of the sacred, God-given trust of life.”

Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 1.

Suicide __________ are explicit in communicating their suicidal intention to others.

Answer: threateners Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. ____________ generally refers to the act of harming one‘s own body on purpose, without trying to kill oneself.

Answer: Nonsuicidal self-injury or self-harm Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. __________ noted that “the best way of proving to one‟s self and to others that one is a member of a certain group is to place a distinctive mark on the body.”

Answer: Emile Durkheim Learning Objective: 7.3 Explain the social factors involved in body injury.

Topic: Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.________ of the younger age groups have the highest suicide rate of all racial groups.

Answer: Native Americans Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5.

Among relationship statuses, people who are ________ are most immune to suicide.

Answer: married couples Learning Objective: 7.4 Assess demographic trends associated with suicide.

Topic: Groups with Higher Suicide Rates

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6.

Suicide bombers represent what Emile Durkheim would have termed ___________ suicides.

Answer: altruistic Learning Objective: 7.5 Describe the profile of suicide bombers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. ________ as a life crisis has gotten worse over the last 40 years, leading to a huge rise in the numbers of suicide.

Answer: Adolescence Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Publicized suicide of a celebrity tends to lead to a(n) __________ in suicide rates.

Answer: increase Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The frequent radio broadcast of __________ tends to promote suicide by reinforcing the suicidal moods of listeners.

Answer: country music Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

The key distinction of “suicide-by-cop” is that the officer is assisting without foreknowledge or ________.

Answer: consent Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

________ was the first state in the U.S. to make assisted suicide legal.

Answer: Oregon Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12.

According to the Durkheimian model on suicide, kamikaze pilots commit __________ suicide.

Answer: altruistic Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Sociologists generally believe that the causes of suicide reside within the __________ to which the individual belongs.

Answer: group Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

The phenomenological approach to suicide is non-etiological and focuses instead on the __________ of suicide to attempters and committers.

Answer: meaning Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Sociologists would argue that suicide is more of a sociological problem than a psychological problem. Create an argument agreeing or disagreeing with this statement.

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on the position they adopt and the evidence they use to defend that position.

Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

2.

Compare suicide attempters and persons who successfully commit suicide. How are attempters and committers the same or different in terms of motive, communication, weapon chosen, and other factors?

Sample Answer: Suicide threateners are explicit in communicating their suicidal intention to others. Suicide attempters are less explicit with their suicidal messages but more likely to actually try to end their lives. Suicide committers may have threatened or attempted suicide or neither in the past. They also may feel depressed, apologetic, vindictive toward others, angry with themselves, magnanimous, or surrealistic just before they die.

Learning Objective: 7.1 Differentiate the approaches of suicidal individuals.

Topic: Varieties of Suicidal Experiences Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Analyze why individuals choose to harm or mutilate themselves. In your response, discuss the factors that have led to the de-stigmatization of cutting and other body markings.

Sample Answer: ―Nonsuicidal self-injury‖ refers to practices such as intentional bone-breaking, branding, burning, cutting, pricking, scratching, hair pulling, and skin picking. People have multiple reasons for engaging in self- injury, including depression, past sexual abuse, fitting in and/or standing out, cathartic release, expressing emotional turmoil and other forms of dissatisfaction (anger, grief) to others, peer pressure, identity crises, narcissism, self-loathing, to feel euphoric, and to experience a form of self-nurturing as wounds literally heal. Self-injury practices are more frequent among adolescent and young adult women, though self-injury by teenage boys and young adult males has continued to increase since the mid-1990s. Some sociologists have argued to standardize and adopt the term ―self-injury,‖ as opposed to other common names for these practices, such as ―body modification,‖ and ―selfmutilation,‖ expressing the belief that the other terms for these patterns of behavior are too judgmental, less applicable, and too closely tied to widely held notions of extreme violence or even ―evil.‖ The term ―self-injury‖ is also said to resonate more strongly with the actual practitioners of these activities.

Learning Objective: 7.2 Characterize the practice of selfinjury.

Topic: Self-Injurers Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Choose and discuss several social factors that seem to increase the suicide rate.

What are those factors, and why do they seem to increase the rate of suicide?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on the factors they choose, but they should draw from this group: age, feelings of stress, military aftermath, imprisonment, serious health concerns, racial and ethnic patterns, and exposure to suicidal models.

Learning Objective: 7.6 Analyze social influences on suicide.

Topic: Situational Factors in Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

5.

What is the global pattern of suicide? List and analyze the various social influences on suicide. How do they vary from culture to culture?

Sample Answer: Developed societies have higher suicide rates than less developed ones, but some fast-developing counties in Asia now have higher rates. In the West, high suicide rates are associated with greater equality and freedom, and suicide tends to occur more in the spring and the beginning of the week. Some social influences include age, feelings of stress, military aftermath, imprisonment, serious health concerns, racial and ethnic patterns, and exposure to suicidal models.

Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe the factors influencing global patterns of suicide.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6.

How does society respond to suicide? Describe the ways in which society has reacted to suicide and how effective these reactions may or may not be in accomplishing their intentions.

Sample Answer: First, we should recognize that ―society,‖ being an abstraction, doesn‘t really respond to anything.

Social structures that are in place in a given cultural context make the people within those structures respond in different ways. For example, responses by people to suicide were punitive in the past, but have become more sympathetic recently. Consequently, suicide tends to generate feelings of guilt and even symptoms of physical and mental illness in the survivors of a close relative‘s completed suicide.

Sympathy toward suicides has generated two different social responses. One involves advocating the right to die with dignity, especially when diagnosed with a terminal illness or unrelievable pain. This has ushered in a variety of new laws in the form of Death with Dignity Acts. The other involves preventing suicide either by generally supporting the right to preserve the sanctity of life or by specifically helping suicide-prone individuals to avoid killing themselves.

Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

State and defend your position on an individual‟s right to die. Can people make this choice? If so, under what circumstances? Why do some people oppose this right?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on the position they adopt, the evidence they marshal in its favor, and the clarity of arguments and counter-arguments presented.

Learning Objective: 7.8 Evaluate social responses to suicide.

Topic: Social Responses to Suicide Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8.

Contrast psychiatric theories and Durkheimian explanations of suicide. How do they differ? What assumptions do these theorists make about human behavior in general?

Sample Answer: In the broadest of senses, psychiatric theories generally assume that there is something wrong with the person who commits suicide, whereas sociological theories assume that there is nothing wrong with that person. Some psychiatrists theorize that the symptoms of the mental illness that causes suicide include mental depression, morbid anxiety, intense hopelessness, deep frustration, and a traumatic experience during early childhood. The psychologist (not psychiatrist) Tommy Joiner

has proposed a testable model of suicidology. In contrast, the musings of Emile Durkheim during the late 1800s led him to conclude that social integration and social regulation were key forces related to suicidal behavior. Low and high levels of each factor presumably predict different types of suicide, such as egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. Some sociological studies conducted 40 to 70 years ago seem to bear out these distinctions.

Learning Objective: 7.9 Compare sociological theories of suicide.

Topic: Sociological Theories of Suicide Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER EIGHT

Mental Disorder Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Many people who experience symptoms of a psychological disorder do not seek treatment, often for many years or perhaps never. This is due to the lingering __________ surrounding mental illness. a) unreality b) diagnostic inconsistencies c) aftereffects d) stigma Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Which statement about psychological disorders is TRUE? a) Disorders are a relatively rare form of deviance. b) Mental illness is biological in origin. c) Virtually all of us can be said to have been mentally disordered at one time or another. d) About one-half of the global population exhibit symptoms that could be categorized as a mental disorder.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

What has been called “the common cold of mental illness” by one sociologist? a) Hallucinations b) Paranoia c) Delusional thinking d) Mild depression Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4.

Which myth about mental illness remains common in current society? a) Most persons are more likely to experience depression during the summer months. b) People who have been diagnosed with a psychological disorder usually are “faking it.” c) There is no clear distinction between being “mentally ill” and “mentally healthy.” d) Mental illness is hopeless, and mostly incurable.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Most people experience depression during the __________ months, presumably because people spend less time with their loved ones compared to other seasons of the year. a) winter b) spring c) summer d) fall Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

The public treats all forms of mental distress as a serious mental disorder because a) all mental disorders are severe. b) every person has experienced a serious mental disorder at some time in their lives. c) there is a stigma attached to mental disorder. d) the public is very knowledgeable about the varieties mental disorders.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions

about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7.

According to sociologists who subscribe to a much older, outdated classification system, mental disorder is divided into two main categories: organic disorders and __________ disorders. a) dysfunctional b) functional c) self-injurious d) abnormal Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Compared to the others, which experience would likely be a potential cause of an organic psychological disorder? a) Brain injuries b) Childhood sexual abuse c) Stressful living conditions d) Parental rejection Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

According to one older approach to the classification of disorders, if a psychological disorder cannot be classified as psychotic or neurotic, as the remaining option would be a(n) __________ disorder. a) psychotic b) personality c) neurotic d) organic Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Psychotic disorders would include specific diagnoses such as __________. a) anxiety reaction

b) schizophrenia c) obsessive-compulsive behaviors d) antisocial personality disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

The most common type of psychosis is a) manic-depressive behavior. b) obsessive-compulsive behavior. c) anxiety reaction. d) schizophrenia.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

If a person experiences swings between two opposite extremes of mood, they might be diagnosed with a) an organic disorder. b) bipolar disorder. c) acrophobia. d) schizophrenia.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. ___________ is an example of a neurosis, according to sociologists. a) Obsessive-compulsive behavior b) Psychopathy c) Schizophrenia d) Bipolar disorder Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Ashok has a lifelong fear of caterpillars, dating back to an experience during childhood when his brothers restrained him in a sleeping bag with several caterpillars inside. Ashok recognizes the origin of his fear, and also recognizes that his fear is very real to him, even now! Ashok would be diagnosed as having ___________. a) hysteria b) a personality disorder c) an obsession d) a phobia Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 15.

According to sociologists, the most prominent feature of a personality disorder is ___________, although this feature is characteristic of only some of the 10 personality disorders that receive a formal diagnosis. a) a blatant disregard for society‟s rules b) feelings of sadness, dejection, and self-deprecation c) phobias and other fears d) thinking and talking in unconventional, illogical, or ambiguous ways Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Compared to the others, which person would most likely be diagnosed with a personality disorder? a) Rollo, who is a politician who habitually lies, rigs elections, and threatens subordinates b) Mitch, who experiences chronic severe headaches c) Gretel, who has an acute fear of heights d) Bitsy, who is a very anxious person, even though she doesn‟t know why Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 17.

Psychiatrists have criticized the traditional classification system of mental disorders because its classification is a) largely inaccurate. b) too broadly and ambiguously defined. c) substantially reliable but not valid. d) unrelated to research findings.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

One reason why sociologists assume the DSM–5–TR classification scheme falls short is that a) it is too comprehensive. b) is focused on symptoms and not on causes of problems. c) is too focused on the social causes of mental disorders. d) encourages the view that psychological disorders are largely inherited.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

Although the DSM–5–TR can be reliable for describing symptoms of mental illness, it does not necessarily a) help psychiatrists understand psychological disorders. b) follow established ethical guidelines. c) explain how disorders differ from each other in terms of their causes. d) provide a trustworthy analysis.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Dr. Sardonicus is a sociologist who studies psychological disorders in a lowincome urban neighborhood. He discovered that many people moving into the neighborhood had clear symptoms of mental illness, and that other residents, when they could, moved to a better neighborhood. Her observations would support the __________ explanation of the relationship between socioeconomic standing and mental illness. a) social causation b) organic c) social drift d) biomedical Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

21.

Compared with women, men are less likely to be diagnosed with a) paranoia. b) anxiety attacks. c) antisocial personality. d) drug abuse disorder.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

Compared to the others, which group is the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a psychological disorder? a) Teenagers b) Young adults c) The middle-aged d) Older adults Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Which factor has contributed to the diagnosis of increased depression among young people in recent decades? a) A shortage of psychiatric services b) Of the “smothering” effect of parental love and affection c) Decreases in the experience of generalized social stress d) Reduced social resources for dealing with social stress Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

Which observation is true in regard to race and mental illness? a) Members of underrepresented groups are consistently shown to experience higher rates of psychiatric distress. b) Members of underrepresented groups are consistently shown to experience lower rates of psychiatric distress. c) Members of underrepresented groups generally experience the same rates of psychiatric problems as White people. d) Research is mixed on the effect that being a member of an underrepresented group has on the diagnosis of psychological disorders.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Many sociologists assume that the urban environment is likely to induce mental problems through a) overwhelmingly dirty air and water. b) too many rules, leading to overly restrictive lifestyles. c) support for acting-out disorders. d) an abundance of physical and social stresses.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

According to sociologists, __________ are one way that cultural forces can shape mental disorder. a) the variety of available diagnoses b) cultural values, such as individualism, c) the capacity of some cultures to create ways of life where no symptoms of mental disorders exist d) the variability from mental health professional to mental health professional in accurate diagnoses Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 27.

In Latin America, some people are tormented by the pathological fear that their souls have left their bodies, a disorder that reflects a) a strong cultural endorsement of witchcraft. b) a strong cultural belief in religion. c) a strong cultural value placed on mental soundness. d) a strong cultural condemnation of sinful thoughts.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

How many veterans who exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) seek treatment? a) Less than half b) About 60 percent c) More than half d) About 85 percent Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29.

In 1793, Phillippe Pinel developed a new way of treating mentally disordered people that urged them to have hope and confidence in themselves. He called his approach a) social work. b) psychotherapy. c) moral treatment. d) mental hygiene.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Highly educated young people are _________ relatively uneducated old people to see people who exhibit signs of mental illness as dangerous, dirty, unpredictable, or worthless. a) as likely as b) more likely than c) much less likely than d) extremely less likely than Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

One consequence of the stereotypes that people hold about the nature of mental illness is that someone with ordinary emotional problems a) is more likely to resort to drugs. b) receives swift and effective treatment from professionals. c) gets stigmatized as a “moral leper.” d) does not seek help because it is too expensive.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

In order for a person to undergo involuntary hospitalization for an indefinite period, the person must first be a) convicted of a crime. b) charged with a crime. c) arrested for a suspected crime. d) judged by the court-appointed psychiatrist as dangerous to themselves or others.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Because of the closing of many state-run mental health facilities, most of the court-appointed patients in these institutions a) are released to halfway houses. b) are confined in prisons. c) are released to family. d) are released into society, pending that they participate in ongoing mandatory counseling.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

According to the _______, a person who has been accused of a crime is not guilty if they are mentally ill, because the crime is considered the “product” of their mental illness. a) Rule of Thumb b) M‟Naghten Rule c) Durham Rule d) Goffman Rule Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

35.

A mental hospital is a _______ where patients are cut off from greater society and lead an enclosed, regimented life. a) retreat b) total institution c) prison d) mental health center Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

Compared to the others, which condition is associated with “hospitalitis,” which patients tend to develop in mental institutions? a) A deep sense of religiosity b) A strong desire to murder hospital staff c) A pervasive experience of thirst d) A deterioration of social skills Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

The nonprofessional but effective method of treatment provided by friends and family within the context of a community mental health center is called a) network therapy. b) informal psychotherapy. c) drug therapy. d) family therapy.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Network therapy tends to be an effective form of therapy because __________. a) network therapy relies on genuine compassion and empathy b) other therapies emphasize self-help to treat an illness c) traditional psychiatrists are too informal in their approach to treatment, especially for diagnoses of major depression d) it has been in use for decades longer than traditional psychiatry, and thus is more advanced Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental

disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

Evidence that supports the medical model of mental illness includes a) the study of identical and fraternal twins. b) the effectiveness of “talk therapy,” such as traditional psychoanalysis. c) advances in sociocultural theories of mental illness. d) the ability of medications to eliminate the cause of mental illness.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

Genetic predisposition to a psychological disorder cannot by itself cause the disorder, because it may have to be triggered by a) a severe trauma, such as a blow to the head. b) a chemical imbalance. c) a psychosocial force. d) the misuse of an antipsychotic or antianxiety medication.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

Dr. Matsumoto is a psychiatrist who works with patients and searches for the cause of their disorders in some unresolved conflict from childhood. Dr. Matsumoto endorses __________ theory. a) behavioral b) psychoanalytic c) labeling d) biomedical Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 42.

According to social stress theory, if persons do not have _____________, stress might lead to the onset of serious mental disorders. a) resolved personality conflicts b) a strong biological and genetic make-up

c) coping resources such as social support and self-esteem d) coping resources such as a strong personality structure and rigid self-discipline Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43.

Writing over 60 years ago, Thomas Szasz speculated that mental illness actually is a) a problem in living. b) neurosis and psychosis. c) a problem in role playing. d) a type of supersanity.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

According to sociologist Thomas Scheff, writing during the 1960s, most mental illness is a) the cause of labeling. b) a type of moral disorder. c) “residual rule breaking.” d) genetic in its origin.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45.

The British psychiatrist R. D. Laing thought that mental illness was a) a label. b) a form of supersanity. c) a psychoanalytic phenomenon. d) a biomedical problem.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

46.

According to Sigmund Freud‟s theory of psychoanalysis, mental illnesses are the result of conflicts between a) “supersanity” and “labeling.” b) social drift and social causation c) the id and the superego. d) repression and regression.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47.

R.D. Laing mused that people who would be diagnosed with a psychological disorder are __________, attuned to themselves and not concerned with what other people think. a) outer-oriented b) “social drifters” c) “social causers” d) inner-oriented Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48.

R.D. Laing sponsored a(n) ____________ in which people who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, for example, received no medication, minimal psychiatric supervision, and were allowed to roam about, mulling their deeply disturbed inner worlds. a) assisted living facility b) halfway house c) prison outreach program d) unconventional hospital Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49.

Sociologist Thomas Scheff thought that “mental illness” was __________. a) genetically caused b) an ambiguous label c) a form of “supersanity” d) caused by maladaptive family interactions Answer: b

Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50.

Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz somehow reasoned that labeling behavior as a mental illness a) masks as well as distorts the true nature of the behavior by implying that it is similar to physical disease. b) is an empirically untestable concept. c) is equivalent to identifying the cause of the disorder, which, in Szasz‟s view, is almost always low self-esteem. d) reflects the superego‟s inability to control the wanton desires of the ego.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Virtually everyone can be said to be severely mentally disturbed at one time or another.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Despite the advances made in the mental health fields, people nonetheless attach stigmas to mental disorders.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Only a small percentage of the population of the United States would be diagnosed with some form of a psychological disorder.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Most people who have been diagnosed with a psychological disorder, whether they are hospitalized or not, are extremely disturbed.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Favorable portrayals, on television programs and movies, of people who have been diagnosed with a psychological disorder, have led to a dramatic reduction in the public‟s negative attitude toward people who have mental disorders.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

The majority of psychological disorders are not severe or bizarre; most are problems of daily living, such as depression, anxiety, or substance use.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

In the traditional classification system, mental illness is divided into two broad types: personality disorders and functional disorders.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Psychosis is characterized by a loss of touch with reality; neurosis is characterized by an inability to face reality.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

9.

People who have been diagnosed with some form of psychosis exhibit a break from reality.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

The most prominent feature of sociopathic or character disorders is a blatant disregard for society‟s rules.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

One prominent feature of some types of personality disorder is blatant disregard for society‟s rules.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Personality disorder is the general category for all sorts of mental disorders that aren‟t diagnosed as either psychotic or neurotic.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

What currently is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a mental illness may not be defined in the same way in the future.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

One criticism that sociologists have of the DSM–5–TR diagnostic system is that it defines too many ordinary problems as mental disorders.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Social causation and social drift are two terms describing the same theory that attempts to explain how socioeconomic standing and psychological disorders are related.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Depression and anxiety are more common among females than among males.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Some research has suggested that Black Americans are more likely to show paranoid disorders, whereas White Americans tend to have depressive symptoms.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Teenagers more than others become overwhelmed with certain stressful events and lack social resources to deal with these problems.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not classified as a diagnosable psychological disorder.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social

factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

The definition of mental illness is relative and is contingent on the social norms of the society in question.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

What is considered to be a mental disorder in one society may not necessarily be considered in the same way in another society.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

The symptoms and types of mental disorder are remarkably similar in cultures around the world.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

At various times in the past, people who today would be diagnosed with a psychological disorder have been seen as being possessed by an evil spirit.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

The Durham Rule, which says that a criminal act could be regarded as the product of mental illness, has not won the general support of the psychiatric profession.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

The combination of staff incompetence and patient dehumanization often found in psychiatric institutions, especially decades ago, have led to poor care for the mentally ill.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Network therapy in community health centers seems to do a better job of treating some types of mental disorders than professional psychiatrists, because it utilizes genuine compassion and empathy.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

According to the psychosocial model, most psychological disorders can be traced to genetic or biological defects in the individual.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Social stress can contribute to the onset of mental illness if a person‟s coping resources are inadequate.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

According to many advocates of the labeling perspective, mental illness is a myth.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

30.

One criticism of labeling theory is that it ignores the fact that mentally disturbed behavior is real.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1.

There is no clear ___________ between being “mentally ill” versus “mentally healthy.”

Answer: dividing line/division/distinction Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Persons who think and talk in unconventional, illogical, or ambiguous ways and express emotions inappropriately are often diagnosed with __________.

Answer: schizophrenia Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

The traditional global diagnosis of ________ is more serious than the traditional diagnosis of neurosis..

Answer: Psychosis Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Compulsive liars, con artists, and hustlers would be an example of one diagnosis of a __________ disorder; in this case, sociopathy.

Answer: personality Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

According to the social __________ explanation, the heavy concentration of psychological disorders among people living in lower-income neighborhoods results partly from the downward movement of people who have been diagnosed with a psychological disorder into those neighborhoods.

Answer: drift Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

According to sociologists, there are only three types of depression: mild, major, and ________.

Answer: situational Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. ________ are more likely than members of other racial or ethnic groups, such as White Americans, to exhibit paranoid disorders such as anger expressed outwardly toward others.

Answer: Black Americans and/or Puerto Rican Americans Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. __________ is an example of a mental disorder that is common in Latin American countries but relatively unheard of in the United States.

Answer: Susto Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. __________ refers to the court system‟s ability to hospitalize a person who has been diagnosed with a serious psychological disorder against their will for an indefinite period.

Answer: Involuntary commitment Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

There have been two major rules for establishing an insanity defense within the legal system: the Durham Rule and __________.

Answer: the M‘Naghten Rule Learning Objective: 8.5 Evaluate social responses to mental disorders.

Topic: Societal Responses to Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11.

A nonprofessional method of treatment provided by family and friends that has proven highly effective in reintegrating deinstitutionalized patients into daily life is called __________ therapy.

Answer: network Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12.

According to Sigmund Freud‟s theory of psychoanalysis, mental illness is the result of the conflict between the id and the __________.

Answer: superego Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

In recent years, the __________ has attracted the attention of sociologists as a model that explores the role of life crises on an individual‟s mental health.

Answer: social stress theory Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

According to the __________ perspective, mental disorder is not a sickness but a category imposed by others on some disturbing behavior.

Answer: labeling Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Essay Questions 1.

State and discuss one or two myths of mental disorders. That is, what are some beliefs about the mentally ill, and why are they myths?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on the myths they select, although they should draw from this pool: • People with mental illness are extremely weird.

• Mental disorder is hopeless, mostly incurable.

• A sharp difference exists between ―mentally ill‖ and ―mentally healthy.‖ • People with mental illness are mostly crazed and violent.

• People are likely to be depressed during the coldness of winter.

• Antidepressant drugs can directly cure depression.

• Autistic spectrum disorder has become an epidemic.

Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify common misconceptions about mental illness.

Topic: Popular Beliefs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2.

Identify and describe the traditional classifications of mental disorders. What are these types characterized by? Which is the most debilitating?

Sample Answer: There are two broad types of disorders: organic and functional. An organic disorder is physically caused, whereas a functional disorder is psychologically and socially caused. Functional disorders are further divided into three types: psychosis, neurosis, and personality disorder, although the term ―neurosis‖ hasn‘t been used as a diagnosis since 1980, when the American Psychiatric Association removed it from the DSM. Psychosis is the most debilitating, neurosis is less so, and personality disorder is the least, unless that personality disorder happens to be sociopathy, schizoid personality disorder, or any of the other eight that can severely disrupt a person‘s life, given that, by definition, they are an enduring characteristic of an individual. Active psychosis is characterized by a break with reality, neurosis (now likely to be diagnosed as one of several anxiety disorders) by being constantly fearful or worried, and personality disorder by being self-absorbed, antisocial, or a nonconformist. Each of these three types

of functional disorder is further divided into various subtypes, such as bipolar disorder, agoraphobia, obsessivecompulsive disorder, or dissociative identity disorder.

Over 300 disorders are listed in the DSM–5–TR and defined as having a set of symptoms, which psychiatrists can consult to diagnose which mental disorder their client is experiencing.

Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Discuss the effectiveness of the DSM–5–TR in diagnosing mental disorders. What are its strengths and weaknesses?

Sample Answer: The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has identified over 300 mental disorders. These can be found in the APA‘s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the fifth, revised edition published in 2022 is commonly referred to as the DSM–5–TR. Sociologists would assume that the scientific value of the DSM–5–TR falls short. With the exception of a section on risk and prognostic factors, one problem is that the diagnostic manual is primarily descriptive: It describes mental disorders with lists of symptoms but does not explain how the disorders differ from one another in terms of their causes. Moreover, sociologists would argue that the DSM–5– TR also arbitrarily defines disorders in terms of a specific number of symptoms. The focus on symptoms encourages psychiatrists to eliminate the symptoms rather than the cause of the problem. The DSM also has been criticized by sociologists for promoting the medical view of mental disorder as a biologically caused disease, something that psychiatrists (but not necessarily psychologists) might endorse. On the bright side, the DSM does at least provide some degree of standardization, so that different diagnosing professionals working in concert with one another can rely on the same diagnostic criteria.

By using this method of diagnosing mental disorders in a manner similar to how physicians diagnose physical diseases, psychiatrists can dispense with the timeconsuming psychoanalysis required by the traditional classification system, which really wouldn‘t have been used as a serious method of diagnosis any time during the past 50 or so years.

Learning Objective: 8.2 Differentiate between the types of

mental disorders.

Topic: Types of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Discuss the relationship between race, gender, or class, and rates of mental disorder. Why do some people in the category you chose experience higher or lower rates?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on their choices: race, class, or gender, and the specific disorder or category of disorder they select.

Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

5.

Discuss the increase in diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the United States. What are the reasons behind this? Address the type of symptoms associated with PTSD and types of treatment available.

Sample Answer: The diagnosis of PTSD rose steadily in the first 15 years of the 21st century, as the Iraq and Afghanistan wars dragged on. Close to 20 percent of U.S. military service members on combat tours returned home with some symptoms of PTSD. Posttraumatic stress disorder also occurs among victims of sexual assault. Although the most commonly described onset of PTSD came after child sexual abuse and assault, it also can occur after adult assaults in a wide variety of circumstances, such as life during wartime, or being the recipient of a violent assault or horrific automobile accident. People who have been diagnosed with PTSD as the result of a sexual assault experience flashbacks and intrusive thoughts, nightmares, insomnia, and hypervigilance. Sociologists would identify reasons such as self-blame or lack of trust (in cases of sexual abuse) as causes of PTSD. Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the influence of social factors on mental disorders.

Topic: Social Factors in Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

6.

Discuss some of the ways that cultural factors shape the rates, types, and symptoms of mental disorder. That is, why do mental problems reveal different symptoms and rates in different places around the world?

Sample Answer: The incidence of mental disorder is generally higher in modern industrial societies such as the United States and France than in traditional agricultural societies such as China and Nigeria. According to sociologists, a major reason is the culture of individualism and competitiveness that often characterizes modern societies, where individuals with personal problems usually have to fend for themselves, doing without the relatives and friends who are more readily available to offer support in group-oriented, traditional societies. The United States, being arguably the world‘s most individualistic and competitive society, has the world‘s highest incidence of mental disorder. Nonetheless, some types of mental disorder appear in certain societies but never or rarely in others. In Latin America, some people are tormented by susto, the pathological fear that their souls have left their bodies. In Malaysia, some people experience latah, known in the West as hyperstartle syndrome, which makes the victim scream, swear, or gesture for a prolonged period when startled by something like a loud noise or a snake. These mental disorders are unheard of in the United States. Sociologists would assume that these abnormal behaviors reflect in an exaggerated and distorted way the cultures in which they occur. Susto, for example, apparently reflects the widespread and profound belief in religion in Latin America.

Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain global mental health demographics.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalytic theory in explaining mental disorders. Should sociologists continue to cling to a 100-year-old perspective that has largely been abandoned among psychologists?

Sample Answer: Presented by Sigmund Freud more than a century ago, psychoanalytic theory traces mental disorder to some unresolved psychic or emotional conflict in a person. To Freud, conflict is inevitable within the personality of every human being. This is because personality, according to Freud, is made up of three conflicting parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. Given the time period of its origination, psychoanalytic theory

proposed a comprehensive account of human mental functioning, making it much more like a philosophy than any kind of science. Freud did point scientists toward the idea of a level of consciousness operating outside of normal conscious experience, which has turned out to be a cornerstone of many theories of cognition and motivation.

Other psychoanalytic concepts, such as regression, the Oedipal complex, psychosexual stages of development, or dream analysis, have fared less well, largely because psychoanalytic theory is not empirically testable. It is difficult, if not impossible, to operationally define and measure the key concepts of the theory.

Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

State and defend your perspective on mental disorder. Is it biological in origin, caused by social stress, or a myth perpetuated by the psychiatric community? Why? Is there a more balanced view to adopt?

Sample Answer: Student responses will vary depending on the position they adopt and the evidence they use to support that position. A reasonable answer would be that some disorders (such as schizophrenia, depression, obsessivecompulsive disorder, or autistic spectrum disorder) clearly have a strong biological component, whereas other diagnoses (phobias, fetishes) have a strong learning or environmental basis, although many—and perhaps most—disorders represent an interaction between biology and the social environment.

Learning Objective: 8.6 Compare sociological models of mental illness.

Topic: Perspectives on Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER NINE

Heterosexual Deviance Multiple Choice Questions

1.

Women who make enormous sums of money selling sex to men are sociologically categorized as a) clever entrepreneurs. b) feminist pioneers. c) heterosexual deviants. d) members of an exploited group.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

In the judgment of most members of U.S. society, a) all premarital sex is seen as deviant. b) teenage sex is seen as deviant. c) teenage sex is considered normal. d) only sex by people under the age of 14 is considered deviant.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Currently, teenagers are __________than their peers of two or three decades ago to be sexually active. a) somewhat more likely b) less likely c) much more likely d) unlikely to be different Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4.

Teenage boys with high self-esteem generally a) abstain from having sex. b) engage in sex. c) are indifferent toward sex. d) fear having sex.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Teenage girls with high self-esteem generally a) engage in sex. b) abstain from sex. c) are ambivalent toward sex. d) fear having sex for the first time.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Schools should _________, according to the primary conservative position on sex education. a) not be involved in any kind of sex education b) teach both abstinence from sex and contraception c) teach about contraception only d) teach only abstinence from sex Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7.

Surveys indicate that many teens engage in __________ as a way of maintaining their “technical virginity.” a) mutual masturbation b) anal sex c) solo masturbation d) oral sex Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8.

Approximately __________ percent of adult American men have reported having at least one affair. a) 75 b) 40 c) 25 d) 19 Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors

influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9.

One of the myths surrounding extramarital affairs is a) “An overwhelming majority of Americans disapprove of extramarital sex.” b) “People have affairs because they are oversexed.” c) “Marital sex is no more gratifying than extramarital sex.” d) “Women and men are equally likely to have an affair.”

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10.

Among the Kofyar of Nigeria, a woman who is unhappy with her husband but does not want to divorce may take an extra lover who lives openly with her in her husband‟s house. This is an example of a) legal adultery. b) illegal adultery. c) legitimate adultery. d) deviant adultery.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Which statement about adultery in other cultures is TRUE? a) Adultery in other cultures, by definition, involves sexual intercourse. b) The form of adultery in other countries strongly resembles the U.S. patterns. c) Adultery is considered deviant in all cultures. d) In some cultures, certain adulteries are legitimate.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Compared to the others, which person is statistically most likely to engage in extramarital sex? a) Titus, who is a 42-year-old man b) Assunta, who earns $312,000 a year in the high-tech field c) Aubrey, who never engaged in sex prior to marriage

d) Rufus, who is devoutly religious Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Men participate in adultery more than women because of a) a widespread belief that men should prove their masculinity. b) an evolutionary need to create children. c) the male role in all cultures that permits adultery. d) the belief of women that men should be permitted to wander.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

For women, the major significance of an affair is a) sex. b) love. c) money. d) excitement.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

After an affair, most often the husband and wife a) divorce. b) do whatever they can to save their marriage. c) react violently to the adulterer‟s behavior. d) involve the extramarital partner in their sex life.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Statistically, swingers are a) somewhat conservative. b) Black people from lower socioeconomic conditions. c) aged 50 to 65.

d) ashamed of their sexual behaviors.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the social profile of swingers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Swingers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17.

Although pornography is considered deviant, and much of it is illegal, it is a) widely used. b) only popular with a few people. c) a subject in which only a few sociologists or other scientists are interested. d) always changing.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Herschel believes that pornography is dangerous to communal values such as marriage and the family; therefore, Herschel would agree with the __________ view of pornography. a) liberal b) feminist c) radical d) conservative Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19.

Which aspect of pornography is considered most damaging, according to the feminist perspective? a) Its emphasis on sexual gratification and permissiveness b) Its undermining of monogamous relationships by producing sexual arousal outside the marital relationship c) Its direct and indirect link to violence and discrimination d) Its social benefit, such as helping consumers to shed sexual inhibitions Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

The __________ view of pornography emphasizes its harmless impact on society. a) liberal b) conservative c) radical d) feminist Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

The majority of customers, do not stay on the phone long enough to accumulate a hefty charge. Sociologist Amy Flowers identified these people as _________. a) quick-sex callers b) psychos c) lovelorn callers d) “Lusty Louies” Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.5 Characterize typical phone sex callers.

Topic: Phone Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

If a caller to a phone sex operator sounds attractive and is able to arouse the operator‟s personal or sexual interest, he is a ______ type of caller. a) likable b) sexually possessive c) quick-sex d) psycho Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.5 Characterize typical phone sex callers.

Topic: Phone Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Which statement about nude dancers is true? a) They generally make low wages. b) Most of their customers are middle-class, married men. c) Most of them find their work empowering. d) Most of them publicly identify themselves as nude dancers.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.6 Explain the social reasons people get involved in nude dancing.

Topic: Nude Dancing

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

Which definition of sexual harassment was accepted by the Supreme Court in 1993? a) Any conduct leading to severe psychological injury b) Any conduct that involves actual sexual contact in the workplace c) Casual lewd remarks made in a public place d) Any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.7 Outline social trends in sexual harassment.

Topic: Sexual Harassment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Sociologists propose that sexual harassment a) is no longer a serious problem in American society. b) reflects men‟s attempt to preserve their traditional dominance over women. c) is a problem that affects as many men as it does women. d) is more of a legal than a social problem.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.7 Outline social trends in sexual harassment.

Topic: Sexual Harassment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. __________ refers to the exchange of sex for money. a) Dating b) Prostitution c) Robbery d) Pansexuality Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

All of these opinions are popular myths about sex work, EXCEPT that a) women become sex workers because they are nymphomaniacs. b) all sex workers are sexually frigid. c) it is a relatively recent business. d) most sex workers are involved with drugs.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work

Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Which statement about sex workers is TRUE? a) The different types of sex workers are part of a highly stratified occupation. b) The type of sex workers who make the most money are streetwalkers. c) Most girls who are abused become sex workers during their teens. d) Most sex workers make a very good living.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29.

Compared with most other types of sex workers, a street seller is a) more attractive. b) more educated. c) less often arrested by the police. d) less able to charge her customers high fees.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30.

In the world of sex workers, a “baby pro” is a) a sex worker who typically is only 8 to 12 years old. b) a woman who has had four or more abortions as a consequence of her sex work. c) a male adolescent street seller. d) a married woman with children, who engages in sex worker as a supplemental source of income.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

In many parts of the world, ___________ is one of the main motivations behind children and adolescents becoming sex workers. a) poverty b) an absence of law enforcement c) prestige d) cultural tradition Answer: a

Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Unlike other sex workers, escorts a) are routinely explicit in discussing their fees with clients. b) seem to adhere to a professional code of ethics. c) wear fantasy and other provocative clothing. d) can give orders to their clients.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Roberta Perkins‟s study of sex workers in Australia, conducted over 30 years ago, discovered these facts about most sex workers, EXCEPT that they a) resemble conventional women in desiring marriage and traditional family life. b) have the same level of education as the general population. c) have past family and social relations that do not differ from those of average women. d) have been sexually assaulted as children.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

Which reason is the most common for explaining why women enter sex work? a) Basic personal, social-psychological, and sexual difficulties b) Economic problems like unemployment and the need to support a family c) Addiction to drugs, especially methamphetamine d) Extreme poverty and low self-esteem Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

To support their professional self-image, a number of sex workers claim that the services of a prostitute provide all of these benefits EXCEPT for a) preventing rape and other sex crimes. b) saving marriages. c) introducing women to a highly skilled profession.

d) providing the same services as social workers and psychiatrists.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

A madam is a person who a) solicits customers for a sex worker in return for a share of the proceeds. b) simply lives off the earnings of one or more sex workers. c) is considered the “lowest of the low” by lower-class Black people. d) is ranked much lower than street sellers in the prostitute subculture.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

Madams run their brothels in about the same way as legitimate businesspeople run theirs, except that a) they engage in far more exploitative practices toward their employees. b) they operate on a business model that seeks to hustle customers out of their money. c) they must deal with problems arising from the illegal nature of their trade. d) they must deal with problems arising from the unreliable nature of their employees.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Pimp is to __________ as madam is to __________ in the subculture of prostitution. a) escorts; street sellers b) street seller; brothel c) brothel; escorts d) “higher class”; “lower class” Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

A man who __________ is an example of a compulsive john. a) likes to beat up prostitutes

b) wants to make friends with every prostitute c) wants to make friends with one special prostitute d) cannot keep away from prostitutes, from whom he wants sex only Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

All of these arguments are conservative rationales against prostitution EXCEPT a) prostitution often subjects innocent citizens to offensive public solicitation. b) prostitution lures young girls into the trade with the promise of lucrative work. c) prostitution is destructive to public morals, which enforcement of the laws helps to preserve. d) prostitution spreads HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. The legal strategy of _________ endorses the perspective that selling sex and buying sex should both be legal, but it should remain illegal to pimp, run a brothel, or publicly solicit. a) legalization b) abolitionism c) decriminalization d) prohibitionism Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.10 Relate poverty to global sex work.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42.

Sex workers in __________ are more likely to have been forced into their trade compared to sex workers from other regions. a) Canada and Australia b) Asia and Latin America c) Nebraska and Idaho d) Italy and Lithuania Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.10 Relate poverty to global sex work.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

Fifty years ago, sociologist Kingsley Davis asserted that prostitution exists because a) the economic system demands it. b) genders are separate and unequal. c) the moral system encourages it. d) the police try to suppress it.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

The popular belief that a woman can earn a lot of money as a sex worker is one of the __________ factors that cause women to enter prostitution. a) predisposing b) ideological c) attracting d) precipitating Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45.

The feminist theory of prostitution promotes each of these principles, EXCEPT that a) the moral system creates a need for prostitution. b) the patriarchal system encourages prostitution by creating demand and supply for it. c) prostitution reinforces patriarchy by subordinating women. d) prostitution should become a legitimate women‟s profession.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Most Americans consider teenage sex to be unacceptable.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Currently, teens are slightly less sexually active compared to a couple of decades ago.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Girls with high self-esteem are less likely to have sex compared to their lower self-esteem counterparts.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Teens who have pledged abstinence are more likely to use contraception after they begin having sex.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.1 Describe social conflicts about teen sex in the United States.

Topic: Teen Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5.

One misconception about extramarital sex is that people who have affairs are oversexed.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

People who engage in extramarital affairs do not enjoy sex as much on average as those who remain faithful to their partners.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

In some cultures, adultery may take both legitimate and illegitimate forms.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

The definition of adultery is relative across cultures.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The groups that are more likely to have an affair include women, devoutly religious people, and lower-income persons.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Swingers tend to not be tied to traditional institutions of social control.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the social profile of swingers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Swingers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Swinging improves marital relations, because it enhances feelings of intimacy and “connection” to the anonymous sex partner that then get transferred to the marital partner.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the social profile of swingers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Swingers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

The pornography industry‟s fantastic growth stemmed mostly from the entry of pornographic videos into mainstream society.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13.

According to the conservative view, pornography is merely erotic and harmless material that should not be controlled by the government.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Evidence has been found by a variety of researchers that here is a direct link between pornographic images and aggressive attitudes toward women.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Viewing nonviolent pornography seems to be harmless, whereas viewing violent pornography seems to be harmful.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16.

Phone sex and nude dancing are similar in that both occupations are selling sexual fantasies.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.5 Characterize typical phone sex callers.

Topic: Phone Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Most customers of topless bars are middle-class, white-collar workers.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.6 Explain the social reasons people get involved in nude dancing.

Topic: Nude Dancing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

18.

Working-class men are the biggest patrons of topless bars, bikini, bars, and lingerie shows.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.6 Explain the social reasons people get involved in nude dancing.

Topic: Nude Dancing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19.

Most nude dancers find their work degrading.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.6 Explain the social reasons people get involved in nude dancing.

Topic: Nude Dancing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Sexual harassment is any conduct that makes the workplace environment so hostile or abusive to a reasonable person that the victim finds it harder to perform their job.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.7 Outline social trends in sexual harassment.

Topic: Sexual Harassment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Less than 40 percent of all working women experience actual sexual harassment.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.7 Outline social trends in sexual harassment.

Topic: Sexual Harassment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22.

Prostitution is the exchange of sex for money.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23.

Representing the largest number of sex workers, street sellers rank relatively high in the status system of prostitution.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex

work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

An escort is especially skilled at making her commercial transactions appear noncommercial.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. More than other types of sex workers, brothel house workers are often abused by customers, pimps, and even police.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Most sex workers enter the trade out of economic necessity.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. Sex workers have about the same level of education as the general population of women.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Fame and glamor are the most important reason for going into the sex business.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

According to sociologist Roberta Perkins, sex workers differ from conventional women in that they do not desire marriage and traditional family life.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Recent studies have shown that unemployment and poverty are not social factors that can lead women to prostitution.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

A number of sex workers see themselves as basically honest and many members of respectable society as dishonest.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

COYOTE is a group advocating for the arrest of sex workers in order to protect the larger community.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33.

“Trick or treat” is another term for “escort service.”

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

A pimp may have anywhere from 1 to 20 women, which is referred to as a “stable,” but most pimps have around 5 to 7 women working for them.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. The goal of most successful pimps is to use psychological and emotional manipulation and punishment to make the prostitute so emotionally entangled with their pimp that they cannot see themselves being controlled and abused by him.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36.

The majority of the prostitute‟s customers are what Harold Greenwald called “occasional johns” when writing on the subject over 50 years ago.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

Sex workers in Portugal and Switzerland are more likely to have been forced into their occupation compared to other regions.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.10 Relate poverty to global sex work.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

According to Kingsley Davis‟s functional theory, proposed over 50 years ago, prostitution exists to protect the moral order.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Social-psychological theories describe precipitating factors for sex work as struggling with parental ―promiscuity,‖ parental neglect, child abuse, or other

traumatic events Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. According to oppression theory, prostitution is a negative social phenomenon characterized by the domination of women by men.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1.

Marriages or relationships where both parties consent to extramarital sex are known as __________.

Answer: ―open relationships‖ Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Married couples who exchange partners for sex are generally known as __________.

Answer: swingers Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the social profile of swingers.

Topic: A Social Profile of Swingers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

According to the __________ position on pornography, pornography is harmful to women, because it promotes violence and discrimination against them.

Answer: feminist Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

According to the Supreme Court, any conduct that makes the workplace so hostile or abusive that an employee finds it hard to perform a job is characterized as __________.

Answer: sexual harassment Learning Objective: 9.7 Outline social trends in sexual harassment.

Topic: Sexual Harassment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Sex workers who solicit customers in cars or on the street are known as ___________.

Answer: street sellers Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. ___________ is a general term that can be applied to prostitutes, strippers, nude dancers, or pornography models.

Answer: Sex work Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

A __________ is a place where prostitutes meet their customers and share their earnings with an operator or overseer of the business.

Answer: brothel Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. __________ have the highest status among sex workers.

Answer: Escorts Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The __________ perspective argues that prostitution is a by-product of the patriarchal system.

Answer: feminist Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Aside from prostitutes, three other kinds of people are involved in the sex trade.

They are the madam, the pimp, and __________.

Answer: the customer Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11.

Research has shown that men who have slept with different women are more likely than monogamous men to become a __________, in the parlance of the sex trade.

Answer: john Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12.

Men who do not want the emotional entanglements, obligations, or interpersonal conflict of a serious relationship might go to a prostitute for __________ sex.

Answer: untangled Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. __________, who bear the brunt of law enforcement against prostitution, are periodically arrested.

Answer: Street sellers Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14.

Around the world, more governments increasingly have been __________ prostitution.

Answer: legalizing Learning Objective: 9.10 Relate poverty to global sex work.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Due to __________ after the collapse of the Soviet Union, many unemployed women in Russia and Eastern Europe drifted into Western Europe and other prosperous countries to sell sex.

Answer: poor economic conditions Learning Objective: 9.10 Relate poverty to global sex work.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. ___________ theory suggests that prostitution exists because it is encouraged by society‟s moral system and preserves the sexual morality of respectable women.

Answer: Functionalist Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

According to social-psychological theory, ___________ factors are those exemplified by unpleasant experiences.

Answer: predisposing Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

According to social-psychological theory, ___________ factors are those exemplified by social situations such as unemployment or being a runaway.

Answer: precipitating Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. __________theory sees prostitution as a potentially positive social experience.

Answer: Empowerment Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. __________theory is more sensitive to the complexities of prostitution, emphasizing both the positive and negative characteristics of the sex trade.

Answer: Polymorphous Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Essay Questions 1.

Describe some of the myths of extramarital sex. What are some of the cultural variations and social factors that come into play in regard to extramarital affairs?

Sample Answer: Many men seem to believe in the myth that extramarital intercourse is far more satisfying than marital sex. But the data show otherwise. Perhaps because extramarital copulation is mostly carried out in secrecy and frequently charged with tension and guilt, the experience can be far from gratifying. In general, researchers have found that extramarital sex is no more gratifying than marital sex. Another myth about extramarital sex may be equally popular with both men and women: ―People have affairs because they are oversexed.‖ Adultery is socially approved in some societies but not others. Legitimate adultery varies in form from one culture to another, and so does illegitimate adultery. The groups that are more likely to have an affair include men, the less religious, and lower-income persons.

Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain how social factors influence extramarital sex.

Topic: Extramarital Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

State and defend your position on pornography. Is pornography destructive to the family and society, socially useful material, or harmful to women? Why? Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the position adopted, but should include an expanded discussion of the Evidence that the erotic, nonviolent type of pornography is generally harmless, whereas the violent type is harmful.

Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Describe and discuss the Supreme Court‟s 1993 definition of sexual harassment.

What is that definition, and why does it represent an important change? Why do some people, especially conservative men, fear this new definition?

Sample Answer: According to the U.S. Supreme Court, sexual harassment is any conduct that makes the workplace environment so hostile that the victim finds it harder to perform their job. An apparent cause of sexual harassment is the threat posed by women to male dominance, which may explain why sexual harassment often occurs in traditionally male-dominated occupations. It may also help to explain why some men, especially conservative men who may be used to being in dominant social roles, might object to this new, expanded definition.

Learning Objective: 9.7 Outline social trends in sexual harassment.

Topic: Sexual Harassment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Prostitution destroys the moral fiber of society. Write a response agreeing or disagreeing with this statement.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary, depending on which fiber of morality is tugged. In general, replies should show evidence of thoughtful consideration of the arguments both in favor of and against prostitution.

Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5.

Pornography saves loveless marriages. Write a response agreeing or disagreeing with this statement .

Sample Answer: Answers will vary, depending on which aspects of lovelessness and pornography are examined. In general, replies should show evidence of thoughtful

consideration of the arguments both in favor of and against using pornography.

Learning Objective: 9.4 Analyze the conflicting findings on the effects of pornography.

Topic: Pornography Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 6.

Analyze why most Americans oppose the legalization of prostitution. What are some of the arguments conservatives give in support of a prostitution ban?

Sample Answer: The campaign to legalize prostitution in the United States has been opposed by many women‘s groups, conservative groups, and others who are concerned that prostitution is harmful to both society at large and the specific women involved. Over the years, conservatives have developed multiple rationales for the continued attempt at enforcement, positing that prostitution is responsible for the following: 1. bringing about mugging, robbery, or assault 2. providing a breeding ground for organized crime activities 3. helping to spread the AIDS virus and other sexually transmitted diseases 4. subjecting innocent citizens to offensive public solicitation 5. being destructive to public morals, which enforcement of the laws helps to preserve Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

Compare and contrast the roles of pimps and madams.

Sample Answer: The general public uses the term madam to refer to the owner or manager of a brothel; brothel owners themselves call one another ―landlady.‖ Most are former sex workers with a great deal of experience ―in the life‖ behind them. They run their establishments in about the same way as legitimate businesspeople run theirs, except that they must deal with problems arising from the illegal nature of their trade.

Although a madam and a pimp do roughly the same thing, a pimp is most often a man, and his relationship to and

treatment of the working women may be very different. Given the male-oriented gaze of the industry, the popular images throughout the United States of pimps and madams follow stereotyped gender role differences. When people use the term ―pimp‖ they commonly have in mind a coercive, abusive, exploiting, Black man driving a Lincoln Continental, and possibly one stereotypically dressed in fur collars, carrying a silver tipped cane, and perhaps with a gold front tooth. Madams, who do the exact same job, are seen in a more female stereotype as a hardworking White woman who works out of a brothel. They tend to be seen as women who mentor and nurture their employees, regardless of the reality of their personality or working methods.

There may be a class difference, with the pimp working with street sellers and the madam working with house-based women. The pimp, then, is not what many dictionaries say he is—―a panderer, a procurer, or a man who solicits customers for a prostitute in return for a share of the proceeds.‖ Rather, he is simply a man who lives off the proceeds of one or more sex workers.

Learning Objective: 9.8 Analyze the social history of sex work Topic: The World of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

How does prostitution vary from one culture to another? Compare and contrast two or three countries and the ways in which prostitution is practiced, highlighting the key factor behind its prevalence or non-prevalence.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the countries chosen, but responses should reflect variations between, for example, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and possibly the United States.

Learning Objective: 9.10 Relate poverty to global sex work.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Prostitution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 9.

Compare and contrast the functionalist and social-psychological perspectives on prostitution. What does each theory say about the causes of prostitution? Which view seems correct?

Sample Answer: Functionalist theory explains why prostitution as a social institution exists despite efforts to eradicate it. Social-psychological theory explains why

some individual women are more likely than others to become sex workers. Functionalists focus on sexual morality (as a general concept) and prostitution‘s function of strengthening sexual morality. Social-psychological theory focuses on different types of explanations for entering the sex trade, such as predisposing, attracting, and precipitating factors.

Learning Objective: 9.11 Compare sociological theories of sex work.

Topic: Theories of Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 10.

The legalization of prostitution is destructive to any society. Write a response agreeing or disagreeing with this statement.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary based on the level of perceived destruction, but should focus on presenting reasonable, cogent arguments for the position adopted.

Learning Objective: 9.9 Summarize the cases for and against legalizing prostitution.

Topic: Societal Reaction to Prostitution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER TEN Gay People and Other Targets of Stigma Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Something a person has or does that others see as bad in some way is the definition of a) a phobia. b) an obsession. c) a falsehood. d) a stigma.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Compared to the others, which person has an unjustifiable stigma? a) An obese person b) A murderer c) A rapist d) A child abuser Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Gerard was convicted for the murder of a child, and served 20 years in prison.

Upon his release, no community wanted him in their environment. Protests were arranged, threats were made, and finally Gerard had to live in a mobile home in a small desert community in another state. Gerard was the target of ___________ stigma. a) unjustifiable b) binary c) justifiable d) haphazard Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 4.

Which myth persists regarding gay men? a) They are typically effeminate. b) They have about as much sex as heterosexuals. c) They hold positions of power in society. d) They comprise less than 1 percent of the population.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Which statement about the differences between sexual orientations is TRUE? a) People are either completely gay or completely straight. b) If a person commits one or two same-sex sexual acts, that qualifies the person as being gay or lesbian. c) The difference between sexual orientation is actually a matter of degree.

d) Sexual orientation is strongly related to feelings of masculinity.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Alfred Kinsey rejected the idea that a) a person is either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual. b) the human mind invents categories about sexuality and tries to force all persons into those categories. c) a person can have a wide variety of forms of sexual experience. d) human experience, including sexual experience, is a continuum and varies in many ways.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. __________ is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity differs from what they were assigned at birth. a) Binary b) Transgender c) Bisexual d) Cisgender Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8.

The greater promiscuity often seen among gay men has to do with their a) steadfast rejection of females. b) sexual orientation. c) male gender role. d) hormone levels.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Which event produced a significant shift from sexual promiscuity to monogamy among gay men? a) The AIDS crisis of the early 1980s b) The outlawing of same-sex sexual behavior in many states c) The closing of bathhouses, men‟s rooms, and gay bars d) The realization by many gay men that their lifestyle is sinful in the eyes of God Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

In which way do committed male couples differ from heterosexual couples? a) They have a greater sensitivity to power imbalances. b) They are far more likely to be sexually exclusive. c) They adopt roles of “husband” and “wife” from traditional society. d) They tend to shun marital roles.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Lesbian women are like heterosexual women, in that lesbian women a) accept traditional gender roles. b) have been socialized to be less interested in casual sex and more interested in relationships and love. c) typically identify their sexual orientation at a very young age, often around age 7 or 8. d) are generally indifferent to the prospect of raising children.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Writing more than 40 years ago, sociologist Richard Troiden proposed four stages whereby gay men acquire their sexual identity: sensitization, dissociation, coming out, and a) acceptance.

b) public affirmation. c) desensitization. d) commitment.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Tony was about 17 when he realized that he wasn‟t very interested in women.

Instead, he was attracted to and wanted to have sex with men but hoped he would grow away from these feelings in time. He was in the __________ stage of acquiring a gay identity, according to sociologist Richard Troiden. a) sensitization b) dissociation c) coming out d) commitment Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 14.

Research has documented that children raised by gay parents a) are much more likely to develop a same-sex orientation themselves. b) are no more likely than children with heterosexual parents to develop a same-sex sexual orientation. c) rarely have any problems accepting their parents or being accepted by friends. d) usually have psychological and school problems.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Today, if gay and lesbian couples fall in love, increasingly they will a) get married. b) continue to date other people. c) finally initiate sexual relations. d) become domestic partners.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

When it comes to their political orientations, most gay men and lesbians tend to lean toward the ___________ Party. a) Republican b) Democratic c) Peace and Freedom d) Socialist Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Which statement about sexual orientation and religion is TRUE? a) Many religions consider a same-sex sexual orientation to be a sin. b) Gay men and lesbians rarely attend religious services because they are almost always discriminated against. c) Gay men and lesbians agree that their sexual orientation is a sin, but they feel they can‟t do much about it. d) Few, if any, pastors are willing to perform marriages involving same-sex partners.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Most sociologists who study sexual orientation are __________, believing that sexual orientation is a real phenomenon that can be objectively explained. a) symbolic interactionists b) Marxists c) social constructionists d) positivists Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

Genetic theories of sexual orientation often focus on a) sibling patterns, enlisting the study of both identical and fraternal twins. b) patterns of brain activity across a broad sample of people. c) blood disorders or other teratogens that affect prenatal development. d) isolating a single “sex gene” responsible for determining a person‟s sexual orientation.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

With the publication of the DSM–5–TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision) in 2022, the American Psychiatric Association a) included a diagnostic category of sexual orientation disturbance. b) regarded sexual orientation as a religious, rather than psychiatric, concern. c) removed all diagnostic references based on sexual orientation. d) advocated the practice of conversion therapy to cure people of an unwanted sexual orientation.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Numerous studies of average gay and lesbian individuals who are not psychiatric patients have found them to have a) deep-seated difficulties relating to their parents and other family members. b) a strong masculine gender identity. c) similar parent–child relationships to heterosexual individuals. d) conflicted parenting tendencies when raising their own children.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

According to social constructionists, which overall statement about the origins of sexual orientation is true? a) Genetic and other biological factors determine sexual orientation. b) The social environment determines sexual orientation. c) Sexual orientation is simply a label that some persons place on others. d) Competent scientists know what determines sexual orientation.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 23.

Trades, or males who often go to public restrooms for impersonal sex, a) define themselves as gay. b) see themselves as straight and masculine. c) have otherwise normal levels of sex with their wives or girlfriends. d) typically are from the upper-middle socioeconomic class.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

A __________is an example of the situational type of homosexual behavior. a) male prostitute hustling on the street b) call boy working for a gay escort service c) married woman who has sex with a girlfriend twice a week d) prison inmate wanting to not be murdered Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

According to popular belief, bisexual individuals a) are unique members of society with a third kind of sexual orientation. b) represent a legitimate and healthy sexual identity. c) are basically straight people with a taste for exotic adventure. d) experienced some kind of significant childhood trauma.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Sociologists consider homophobia and __________ to be synonymous terms. a) interactionism b) racialism c) heterosexism d) discrimination Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

One reason why the reproductive norm is an illogical basis for opposing same-sex sexual orientation is that a) almost all couples routinely engage in sex for pleasure, rather than for procreation. b) this norm was promoted by feminist sociologists. c) few people, especially in the United States, are currently having sexual relations of any kind. d) sexuality and reproduction are two entirely unrelated, different matters.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. If homophobia involves denying sexual minorities the same civil rights enjoyed by the sexual majority, then most Americans a) demonstrate clear signs of homophobia. b) report that they would actively organize demonstrations supporting attempts to deny those rights. c) do not appear to be homophobic. d) reject that discrimination verbally, but support it in their voting patterns.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related

to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

Shermy is a 50-year-old high school graduate and a Republican who hangs out with his friends after work. Statistically, Shermy is likely to a) have gay men as friends. b) have few opinions about sexual orientation. c) show signs of being homophobic. d) support gay rights legislation.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 30.

All of these social and psychological problems are experienced by most gay men and lesbians, EXCEPT that same-sex couples a) are denied health insurance and other benefits enjoyed by straight people. b) are legally forced to remain hidden, keeping their sexual orientation to themselves. c) may develop constant feelings of tension, self-hatred, and depression. d) can experience conflict over their self-identities.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

AIDS among people with a same-sex orientation has substantially declined because of a) a decline in overall drug use in the LGBTQ community. b) increases in safer sex practices. c) abstaining from sex. d) an increase in the acceptance of bisexuality as a sexual orientation.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

In the 1980s, the homophobic society blamed the emergence of AIDS on

a) religious intervention. b) promiscuity among gay men. c) a lack of knowledge regarding on safe sex practices. d) the recent push for gay rights.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

The majority of new AIDS cases today appear among a) older gay men. b) transgender people. c) lesbians. d) intravenous drug users.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. The fact that ___________ has led the general public has become less condemnatory toward gay individuals and more sympathetic toward people living with AIDS. a) many hundreds of gay men and lesbians have joined the fight against the disease, and thus have gained respect from the general public b) 7 out of 10 Americans personally know someone who is living with AIDS c) many heterosexual individuals, including children and babies, have been afflicted with AIDS d) most politicians, especially Republican leaders, have endorsed same-sex sexual orientations Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

Which location was the site of a significant event in the development of the gay rights movement during the late 1960s? a) Peg‟s Place, a bar San Francisco b) Sara‟s Café, a restaurant in Detroit c) The Stonewall Inn, a bar New York

d) The Stud, a bathhouse in San Francisco Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36.

Which events have led the gay rights movement to shift into a high gear during the early 1990s? a) The publication of the Kinsey report that documented that a large number of people are gay b) The aftermath of the AIDS battle during the 1980s c) The outbreak of a new wave of anti-gay prejudice and discrimination d) Actions by then-President Clinton and others in support of the gay rights movement Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

All of these outcomes are the result of the gay power movement of the 1970s EXCEPT a) 40 of the 50 states legalized consensual sex between same-sex adults. b) a number of court decisions upheld gay people‟s right to teach in the public school system. c) the American Psychiatric Association stopped including same-sex orientation as a psychiatric disorder. d) a number of large corporations announced their willingness to hire gay men and lesbians.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Which statement about homophobia from a global perspective is true? a) The United States exhibits less homophobia than any other country in the world. b) The United States has more homophobia than any other country in the world. c) Countries such as Russia and Zimbabwe have strong and sometimes violent traditions of homophobia. d) Gay men and lesbians are treated equally in most countries of the world.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.6 Outline the problems created by homophobia in other countries.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

People who are _________ are born having both female and male characteristics in their genetic and physical attributes. a) intersex b) cisgender c) transgender d) bisexual Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.6 Outline the problems created by homophobia in other countries.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homophobia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. __________ are heterosexual individuals who engage in this practice to obtain erotic gratification. a) Transgender people b) Intersexuals c) Bisexuals d) Cross-dressers Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

Which statement reveals a biased view of people who are living with a disability by “normal” people? a) A person‟s disability is the totality of who they are. b) People with disabilities often have unusual sensory powers that other people lack. c) People living with a disability should receive extra consideration from businesses and the government. d) “Disabled” and “stigmatized” should not be used in the same sense.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It 42.

Which outcome is one of the consequences of the stigma put on overweight and obesity? a) A huge industry of selling diet books and exercise programs b) A belief that obesity is genetic and not deserving of stigma c) A massive movement toward losing weight, making obesity a problem for only a few persons d) A change in the norms of beauty from slimness to fatness Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. In developing countries, wealthier people are __________ to be overweight or obese. a) less likely than poorer people b) generally unlikely c) more likely than poorer people d) expected Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

Many people who get tattoos select designs that conform to conventional aesthetics and commit themselves to a conventional lifestyle. The reason for these behaviors is to a) show to others that they are somehow disreputable. b) express their desire for freedom from a middle-class way of life. c) de-stigmatize the tattoos and maintain a middle-class status. d) have tattoos that others will see as “cooler” than others.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

45.

According to sociologist Katherine Irwin, who interviewed a very small handful of people getting tattoos over 20 years ago, “condemning the condemner” of tattoos means a) having a negative, antagonistic attitude toward the critic. b) tattoos should be reserved for special occasions, such as the birth of a baby or to commemorate someone‟s premature death. c) getting tattoos that purposely will be viewed as offensive by most people in society at large. d) cursing critics publically while agreeing with them privately.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts True/False Questions 1.

Gay men and lesbians, obese people, and people with tattoos are examples of populations that experience unjustifiable stigmas.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2.

Gay men are generally effeminate.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Lesbians generally display stereotypically masculine characteristics.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4.

Homosexuality continues to be included in the DSM–5–TR as a form of psychopathology by the American Psychological Association.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5.

The majority of gay men are sexually hyperactive and have sex all of the time.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

The famous sex researcher, Alfred Kinsey, concluded that gay and straight made up two very distinct populations.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7.

About 3 percent of Americans have a gay or lesbian self-identity.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8.

Most gay men are involved in long-term relationships characterized by power equality between partners.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Lesbians generally are more interested in finding lovers than making friends.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Lesbians generally are more interested in making friends than finding lovers.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

The first stage of acquiring a gay identity is “coming out,” according to sociologist Rick Troiden.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Practically all parents are upset when they find out that their child is gay.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Many parents conceal the sexual orientation of their gay child due to society‟s stigma on gay people.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Children raised by gay parents have a greater propensity to develop a same-sex orientation themselves, compared to children raised by straight couples.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Lesbians and gay men are generally better educated than straight people, possibly due to an overallotment of time toward reading and studying as a result of ostracism.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Gay men and lesbians generally lean toward the Republican Party in their political affiliations.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Because many religions condemn same-sex practices, gay men and lesbians do not typically associate themselves with a major faith or denomination at the same rate as straight people.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Based on their understanding of biology and genetics, many sociologists assume that gay men and lesbians may be born with a biological predisposition that makes them more likely to develop a same-sex orientation.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

According to sociological theories of sexual orientation, biological predispositions often shows up via cross-gender behavior in children.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20.

Both trades and street-hustlers have strong commitments to homosexual activities.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

21.

The word homophobia originally referred only to the mistrust of same-sex individuals.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22.

Most Americans support the proposition that a sexual minority should have fewer rights than the sexual majority.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23.

Most individuals who are homophobic are less educated and more racially prejudiced compared to people who are not homophobic.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24.

Most gay men and lesbians adjust to homophobia without personal or social problems.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

The growth of the AIDS epidemic led to the revitalization of the gay rights movement in the early 1990s.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26.

As a result of the gay power movement of the 1970s, every state in the union legalized consensual sex between same-sex adults during the 1980s.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27.

A transgender person is someone with a bisexual orientation.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Cross-dressers have a same-sex sexual orientation.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

Most disabled people do not pay attention to their disability.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

For most people who are living with a disability, the totality of their self-identity is in their disability.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

Many obese people internalize their stigma, agreeing with others that they are to blame for their obesity.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

Most people who get tattooed do so because they feel they do not have to contend with traditional aversions to deviancy.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Often, people who get tattoos will utilize conventional motivations to justify the desire for tattoos.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. __________ is something a person has or does that others see as bad in some way.

Answer: Stigma Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

One myth is that gay men are __________, whereas lesbian women are _____________.

Answer: effeminate; manly or masculine Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Compared with male heterosexuals, gay men are more likely to be __________.

Answer: sexually active Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

The term __________ is used to refer to gay people who publicly identify themselves as gay.

Answer: come out Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Practically all parents are __________ when they find out their son or daughter is gay.

Answer: upset Learning Objective: 10.2 Describe the social factors associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Gay people who are religious do not regard their own sexuality as __________.

Answer: sinful Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

The __________ perspective traces the development of same-sex orientation to cross-gender socialization during childhood.

Answer: sociological Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Men whose sexual feelings and experiences are predominantly heterosexual and only incidentally gay are often called __________.

Answer: trades Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. __________ exchange same-sex favors for money, largely due to desperate financial circumstances.

Answer: Street hustlers Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. __________ are persons whose social profile includes less education, more conservatism, and more negative attitudes toward racial and ethnic groups.

Answer: Homophobes Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Homophobia grew more intense and gross insensitivity toward AIDS victims became common as AIDS first emerged during the decade of the__________.

Answer: 1980s Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

The problems created by homophobia are __________ serious in less affluent societies.

Answer: more Learning Objective: 10.6 Outline the problems created by homophobia in other countries.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Homophobia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. The __________ community is composed of people whose biological sex does not match their gender identity.

Answer: Transgender Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

One characteristic of stigma is the __________ of disabled people as helpless, weak, and dependent.

Answer: stereotype Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Many college students and young professionals have been getting __________ somewhere on their bodies in order to gain freedom from their conservative, middle-class life styles.

Answer: tattoos Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Describe and analyze some of the myths that surround same-sex sexual orientation. What are the myths, and why do they exist?

Sample Answer: Many myths surround people with a same-sex orientation. One myth is that gay men are effeminate, whereas lesbian women are manly. Other myths hold that gay men often molest young children, or that gay and lesbian individuals are restricted to either the active or passive role, are mentally ill, have an unsatisfactory sex life, and are obsessed with sex.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify myths about sexual and gender minorities.

Topic: Myths About Sexual and Gender Minorities Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

What are some of the characteristics of gay men and lesbians? Describe some of the social factors associated with these characteristics. How are they similar or dissimilar from their straight counterparts?

Sample Answer: Although gay men are more likely than heterosexual men to be sexually active, the majority of gay men are involved in long-term relationships characterized by power equality between partners. Lesbian women resemble heterosexual women in having been socialized to desire long-term relationships, in having a comfortable relationship with heterosexual people, and in having the desire to be mothers. When compared with heterosexual women, lesbian women are less likely to play traditional gender roles and less aware of their sexual orientation during adolescence.

Learning Objective: 10.2

Describe the social factors

associated with sexual minorities.

Topic: Gay Men and Lesbian Women Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

A person‟s sexual orientation is primarily a matter of biological disposition.

Agree or disagree with this statement.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the position adopted, but should reflect a general understanding of the arguments, and especially the evidence, in support of or critical of biological explanations.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

What is homophobia? Describe the social profile of homophobes and discuss their impact on the LGBTQ community.

Sample Answer: Homophobia no longer refers only to the fear of same-sex orientation; now it refers more broadly to antigay prejudice and discrimination. It is also referred to as ―heterosexism,‖ comparable to racism and sexism, because sexual minorities encounter racism and prejudice for their same-sex orientation on par with what racial minorities and women experience for their skin color and gender. As a group, homophobes are distinguishable from others for being less educated, poorer, more conservative, and more negative toward racial or ethnic minorities.

Homophobia creates some social and psychological problems for gay men and lesbian women, but they manage to live relatively ―normal,‖ happy lives. Over the past three decades, the general public has become less condemnatory toward the LGBTQ+ community.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5.

Discuss some of the steps and changes through which people progress as they develop a gay identity. What seem to be the stages, according to sociologists, and what is the result?

Sample Answer: Sociologist Richard Troiden presented an

analysis of how most of the gay men he studied came to acquire their gay identity. The identity acquisition involved going through four stages of experience. In the first stage, sensitization, the gay men felt that they were different from their peers. In the second stage, dissociation, the gay men, at about 17 years of age, began to feel that they might be gay but refused to define themselves as such. In the third stage, coming out, the gay men, roughly at age 19, regarded their sexual feelings as definitely gay, got involved in the gay subculture, and redefined gayness as a positive and viable lifestyle. In the final stage, commitment, the men, now mature adults, are committed to their sexual orientation as a way of life.

They insist that they are happy being gay, that they would not change even if given the opportunity, and that they cannot see any benefit in choosing heterosexuality.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 6.

Compare and contrast the biological and sociological theories of homosexuality.

What does each theory propose, and how do the explanations differ?

Sample Answer: According to biological theories, as interpreted by sociologists, same-sex orientation can be traced to hormones, genes, and the brain. Recent genetic research findings have revealed that no single ―gay gene‖ exists, as would be predicted by virtually all biologists.

Instead, several genes, in concert with a variety of social factors, customs, traditions, and the environment, provide a better explanation of sexual orientation. Sociologists who hold the essentialist view of deviant behavior attribute the development of same-sex orientation to crossgender socialization in childhood, but sociologists who embrace the constructionist view are more interested in studying homophobic reactions to gay and lesbian individuals.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Relate sociological, biological, and psychiatric explanations for same-sex orientation.

Topic: Theories of Homosexuality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

Contrast the different motivations a person might have for engaging in same-sex practices.

Sample Answer: To begin with, some people might engage in same-sex practices because they have a same-sex orientation; gay men and lesbians would, by definition, engage in same-sex practices. Beyond that, however, sociologists discuss other circumstances under which this behavior might be seen. For example, trades are males who identify as predominately heterosexual, but who actively seek out opportunities for limited, anonymous, same-sex experiences. Street hustlers are similar to trades, except they exchange same-sex favors for money, largely due to desperate financial circumstances. Situationals can be either males or females, most typically who identify as primarily heterosexual, but who engage in same-sex practices when opportunities are presented (e.g., in prisons, military or camp barracks). Someone identifies as bisexual if they have a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Describe social factors associated with sexually fluid practices.

Topic: Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

Discuss the progress and direction of the gay rights movement. What are some key events of that movement, what has it accomplished, and what challenges does it still face?

Sample Answer: Most gay organizations were initially service-oriented, counseling gay people in trouble or providing them with recreational activities. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, gay advocacy grew more militant, aiming to end antigay discriminations in all aspects of life. This brought some victories for the sexual minority, which cooled the militancy. Because the outbreak of the AIDS crisis led to greater homophobia in the 1980s, some gay activists have become militant again. Today, the majority of gay-rights activists are far from militant.

Most have remained moderate, engaging in anti-homophobic activities much like any conventional interest group. The LGBTQ+ community has become an important, powerful political force. They can now count on an increasing number of political and social leaders.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Explain the social factors related to homophobia.

Topic: Homophobia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 9.

Do you have one or more tattoos, or are you contemplating getting one or more tattoos at some point in the future? If so, discuss how sociologist Katherine Irwin‟s opinions about legitimizing tattooing apply to your individual outlook. If you do not have or want tattoos on your body, discuss how someone with tattoos might apply each of the legitimizing strategies.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the respondent‘s circumstances, but should include a discussion of Irwin‘s conjectures: condemning the condemner, using conventional motivations, committing oneself to a conventional life, and conforming to conventional aesthetics.

Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 10.

Discuss the special problems of stigma faced by people who are living with physical disabilities. Which biases and stereotypes do they face, and how does the stigma imputed to disabilities affect the lives of disabled people?

Sample Answer: People who are living with disabilities face stigma. Contrary to what many people consider common sense suggests, they are not totally or mostly defined by their disabilities because they play many roles that have nothing to do with having disabilities. Disability stigmatization has these characteristics: (1) It comes from powerful people; (2) it involves stereotyping people with disabilities as helpless; and (3) it is expressed through ―normal‖ people‘s behavior.

Learning Objective: 10.7 Analyze the consequences of stigma on other vulnerable groups.

Topic: Other Victims of Social Stigma Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER ELEVEN

Internet Deviance

Multiple Choice Questions 1.

The Internet has been called the “wild frontier of deviance” because a) Internet deviance involves many violent acts. b) Internet deviance can be carried out with relative impunity. c) the existence of the Internet itself is somewhat deviant. d) so much imaginative deviance is taking place.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

If consumers are sent bogus e-mails that appear to come from legitimate banks or e-commerce sites in order to gain personal information, they are victims of ________. a) hacking b) plucking c) phishing d) pilfering Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3.

Cyberdeviance can be split into two broad types; disrupting a computer network as a target, and a) using the computer as a tool to commit deviant acts. b) using the computer to keep records of deviance. c) creating a method of hacking. d) creating a computer network to commit deviance.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

A Trojan is a) a Serbian military strategy. b) a hacker code. c) a name for spyware. d) a key logger

Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Most identify theft is committed by a) Eastern European countries. b) organization or corporate insiders. c) bright teenagers. d) cyber-pornographers.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

All of these practices facilitate identity theft if they are not implemented, EXCEPT for a) using key logging monitoring programs. b) maintaining personnel security. c) installing a firewall. d) using hard-to-guess passwords.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7.

Which statement about Internet gambling is true? a) Internet gamblers bet about $20 million a year. b) Internet gambling is generally legal in the United States. c) Internet gambling is illegal throughout the world. d) Internet gambling legalization is an unresolved issue in the United States.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Revenue earned by the Internet gambling industry hovers in the area of _________ billion dollars in recent years. a) 8 b) 16 c) 57 d) 81 Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9.

One reason why the United States cannot stop Internet gambling is because of a) the lack of law enforcement. b) the lack of laws. c) too many compulsive Internet gamblers. d) organized crime involvement.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Legalizing Internet gambling would a) end organized crime involvement in Internet gambling. b) largely end Internet gambling. c) produce needed tax revenue. d) make Internet gambling a local and not a national problem.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Experts warn that if Internet gambling were legal, compulsive gamblers would probably a) get more help. b) gamble less. c) go bankrupt. d) break the law.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Internet gambling seems to be convenient, solitary, and anonymous, features that also make it ____________. a) addictive b) deviant c) profitable d) legal Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Compared to the others, which outcome is the most common result of cybersex? a) Finding a partner offline b) Masturbation c) Depression d) Better sex Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

All of the following are reasons for people to take part in cybersex, EXCEPT for a) maintaining anonymity. b) its ease and convenience. c) resolving marital problems. d) having strong sexual fantasies.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Cyberporn has become a big business because a) men gain a better sexual experience than face-to-face sexual experiences.

b) a greater number of men in the United States have become deviant. c) organized crime is more involved. d) customers can view pornography in the privacy of their homes.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 16.

Compared to the others, which person is statistically most likely to exhibit the characteristics of a cyberporn surfer? a) Dee Dee, who is a 15-year-old teenage boy b) Joey, who is an older married White man c) Johnny, who is an unmarried Black man in his early 30s d) Tommy, who is a retired Asian American man in his 60s Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Statistically, most viewers of child pornography online are a) lower-income Hispanic men in their 50s. b) middle class, White men in their 30s and 40s. c) a mix of middle-class women and men, generally married. d) Black males between the ages of 17 and 35.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

Some people who visit child pornography sites can be considered a) innocent Internet users who happened to bookmark such websites by mistake. b) pedophiles, because they are sexually attracted to young children and have discomfort with adult women. c) normal Internet users. d) harmless visitors who are curious about exploring a variety of sexual content.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19.

Felipe engaged in an online affair, but when he was caught by his wife, he insisted it was not an affair. Felipe was likely to use many reasons to deny guilt, EXCEPT that a) no real sex took place. b) it was merely fun. c) it only involved a relationship to a machine. d) no one was hurt by the affair.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20.

Most people consider online affairs to be just as real as offline affairs because a) they involve the deviant use of a computer. b) all fantasies about sex turn into reality. c) a physical sexual act usually takes place. d) they can lead to marital discord and divorce.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Online infidelity is very appealing for a variety of reasons, EXCEPT that it a) is anonymous. b) allows finding partners all over the world. c) leads to real-life liaisons about 30 percent of the time. d) is a form of escapism.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

All of these observations are true about expressing hate online, EXCEPT that the deviants a) usually follow up their expression of hate with actual discrimination.

b) use the Internet to express their personal hatred toward a minority group. c) can begin cyberstalking the victims. d) usually choose to hate someone they know.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

The repeated harassment of others through the Internet is called ________. a) cyberterrorism b) a hate crime c) cyberstalking d) discrimination Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

The key factor that allows people to express their hateful feelings and beliefs online is a) the number of computers publicly available. b) anonymity. c) personal freedom. d) fuzzy definitions of prejudice.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

The Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center a) track prejudice online and promote tolerance. b) offer filtering programs to protect children‟s online activity. c) enforce hate crime laws. d) promote Internet freedom of speech.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

The anonymity of the Internet discourages discrimination because it a) discourages prejudice against minorities through education. b) hides the group-identifying cues of potential victims‟ gender and ethnicity. c) hides the deviants who promote hate. d) receives minority protections from the U.S. government.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

Cyberstalking is sometimes more disturbing and dangerous than traditional stalking because a) e-mail messages can be meaner than in-person communication. b) cyberstalkers have greater access to a target‟s personal data. c) most cyberstalkers are recent immigrants from other countries. d) e-mail contacts usually lead to personal confrontation.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Cyberstalking is characterized by several features, EXCEPT that cyberstalkers a) can harass people anywhere in the world. b) can cause people serious emotional and physical harms through the spread of rumors online. c) usually cyberstalk persons they know. d) usually make themselves known to the persons they are tormenting.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 29.

All of these activities are examples of using the computer as a tool to commit a deviant act, EXCEPT a) cyberporn. b) stalking.

c) identity theft. d) cyberterrorism Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Compared to the others, which type of hacking is the most well-known? a) Casually exploring government networks b) Planting viruses c) Changing user names and passwords d) Manipulation of web pages Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31.

Compared to the others, which form of hacking has the fewest implications for the greater society at large? a) Planting a worm in a computer network b) Knocking out a phone network c) Hacking a celebrity‟s cellphone and posting stored photos online d) Stealing money through identity theft Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 32.

To many sociologists, hackers strongly resemble a) career criminals. b) cyberterrorists. c) identity thieves. d) juvenile delinquents.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Hackers tend to a) be males. b) come from warm, loving families. c) have deviant personalities. d) be loners, shunned by others with similar interests.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

Which activity would be an example of cyberterrorism? a) Flying an airplane into a skyscraper in a major city b) Suicide bombers boarding a train in central Europe c) The disruption of a nation‟s air traffic control system d) Giving an impassioned speech at a local mosque Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) is a sector belonging to which institution? a) The National Institute of Justice b) The United States National Guard c) The CIA d) The FBI Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36.

Although it remains an area of heightened concern, which reason explains why no terrorist has launched a cyberattack on the United States? a) The United States has good defenses against such an attack. b) Cyberterrorists have lost interest in attacking the United States. c) Cyberterrorists do not possess specialized knowledge of the U.S. computer infrastructure.

d) Cyberterrorists are more interested in identity theft to raise money for offline terrorist acts.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

TOR servers are used to access information on the a) dark web. b) deep web. c) Central Operating Bureau (COB) web. d) torweb.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38.

The free exchange website Pirate Bay has ties to which organization? a) The Catholic Church b) The Federal Trade Commission c) The Missionary Church of Kopimism d) The Omega Concern Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

A global perspective on cyberdeviance reveals that cyberdeviance is a) mostly confined to the United States. b) truly global and borderless. c) largely shaped by the global economy. d) mostly the result of offline deviance in other places in the world.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

40.

The most common type of cyberdeviance is ________. a) terrorism b) pornography c) viruses d) child pornography and offline exploitation Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

INTERPOL data indicate that __________ was the leading form of cyber threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. a) AI deep fakes b) fake news c) phishing d) ransomware Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42.

Two factors that have led to the tremendous rise of cyberdeviance is the phenomenal increase in the use of computers and a) an increased desire for deviant activities such as pornography. b) organized crime. c) lack of law enforcement. d) fewer opportunities for offline deviance.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts True/False Questions 1.

Law enforcement agencies have not successfully caught and convicted any online identity thieves.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

The reason the Internet is the new, wild frontier of deviance today is because Internet deviants are more educated and clever than deviants in previous generations.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Internet gambling is totally illegal in the United States.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Trojan horses are a type of spyware program that allow identity thieves to monitor a computer user‟s key strokes.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Internet gambling is legal in a handful of states in the United States, despite limitations.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

One benefit from the legalization of Internet gambling would be the ability to more carefully regulate the industry.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

7.

Two reasons why many people enjoy cybersex are because it is anonymous and can lead to real sex.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

Most people visiting Internet pornography sites are sex-crazed teenagers.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The majority of people who visit Internet pornography sites are married White males.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Married people excuse their online affairs by saying it is a relationship with an object and not a real person.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Almost all Internet affairs result in the actual meeting and sex with the online partner.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12.

Many people use the Internet as a tool for expressing their hate of others.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

The anonymity of the Internet leads to greater discrimination against members of minority groups.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Traditional stalking is generally more dangerous than cyberstalking.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Cyberstalking generally is more disturbing and dangerous than traditional stalking.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Cyberstalking is almost always directed toward people the stalker knows and does not like.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

A serious type of cyberdeviance involves targeting a computer network through hacking and cyberterrorism.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

18.

Almost all hackers are interested in cracking and damaging computer networks, and to otherwise show off their skills.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

Hacktivism involves accessing computer systems and files, by illegal means, for various political and socially conscientious purposes.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Cyberterrorists could bring the United States to its knees by disrupting or disabling its infrastructure.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

The main reason why the United States has not experienced a cyberattack is because terrorists have lost interest in doing so.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

Cyberspace is truly global and borderless.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Cyberagression is similar to cyberbullying, but the negative online interaction is repeated over a much longer term.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

The most widespread form of cyberdeviance around the world is pornography.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

The two factors that explain why cyberdeviance‟s meteoric rise is the phenomenal increase in computer use and the lack of law enforcement.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1.

Two forms of cyberdeviance are using a computer as a __________ to commit acts of deviance and disrupting a computer network as a target.

Answer: tool Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. __________ programs copy a computer user‟s keystrokes and send the information to the offender.

Answer: Keylogging Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Most Americans who engage in Internet gambling do so by visiting otherwise legal __________ gaming websites.

Answer: foreign Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

One common reason why people participate in cybersex is the relative __________ of finding sex partners.

Answer: ease and convenience Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. ___________ is popular because customers can view materials in the privacy of their homes.

Answer: Cyberporn Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. __________ people in the general public consider online affairs to be just as real as offline affairs.

Answer: Most Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

One disturbing use of the Internet is expressing __________ toward people of color.

Answer: hate or prejudice Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. _____________ is using the Internet or e-mails to repeatedly harass or threaten another person.

Answer: Cyberstalking Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

9. __________ is a scam that involves a caller pretending to have knowledge of an abduction of a family member.

Answer: Virtual kidnapping Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Although often conducted for malicious purposes, __________ may also be relatively innocent and harmless, such as breaking into computer systems only for the challenge and then notifying system administrators how the break-in is done so that they can improve their network security.

Answer: hacking Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. __________ involves accessing computer systems and files, by illegal means, for various political and socially conscientious purposes.

Answer: Hacktivism Learning Objective: 11.4 Analyze the social factors associated with hacker cyberdeviance.

Topic: Cracking the Code Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

A ______ could bring a country to its knees by disrupting or disabling its infrastructure.

Answer: cyberattack Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Describe online identity theft and its characteristics. Who carries out these crimes?

Sample Answer: Online identity theft can be carried out by hacking into the databases of business companies, by sending customers bogus e-mails that appear to come from legitimate companies, or by secretly planting keylogging

programs into the victim‘s computer. Most of these identity thefts are inside jobs, carried out by people such as employees within a large corporation.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

Describe your personal experiences with identity theft. Have you been a victim?

What steps have you taken to protect your identity? Describe some of the challenges faced when avoiding and convicting instances of identity theft.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the respondent‘s personal experiences, but should include some depth of analysis when considering possible protections and next steps for prevention.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3.

Discuss the downsides of legalizing Internet gambling. Would legalization lead to more problems, or would it allow for more regulation of this industry?

Sample Answer: 1. If all Internet gambling were legal, it would throw the door wide open for minors to gamble. It is already extremely difficult to prevent minors from gambling online.

Keeping Internet gambling illegal could at least discourage minors from gambling.

2. Online gambling can easily bankrupt compulsive gamblers because the gamblers can gamble at any time continuously, until they are broke.

3. The potential for fraud associated with casinos and bookmaking operations in cyberspace is much greater than in the physical world. This is particularly true of online casinos and bookmakers that operate in foreign countries where effective regulation and law enforcement is minimal or absent.

4. There is potential for the involvement of organized crime in online gambling, as organized crime syndicates are

attracted to the revenue generated by gambling.

5. Finally, it is much easier for criminals to launder their ill-gotten money through online casinos than through banks—online casinos are subjected to less scrutiny and regulation than are banks.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 4.

What kind of people are likely to gamble online? Analyze the social factors associated with this kind of cyberdeviance.

Sample Answer: Online gamblers are likely to have gambled at land-based casinos, be relatively young, inclined to try new things, well educated, willing to bank online, and financially stable. Internet gambling can be very addictive because it is highly convenient, enjoyable, solitary, easily accessible from just about anywhere, and anonymous.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize money-related cyberdeviance.

Topic: Seeking Easy Money Online Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5.

What are some of the reasons people engage in cybersex with strangers they meet on the Internet?

Sample Answer: The appeal of cybersex includes being anonymous, the ease and convenience of finding online sex partners, being able to share sexual fantasies, the easy availability of online partners for masturbation, and having real sex with partners that one has met online.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 6.

Describe the social profile of cyberporn surfers. How is the profile of the average cyberporn user compare to that of people who consume Internet child pornography?

Sample Answer: Cyberporn surfers are mostly over age 30, married, White, and middle-class men who tend to access

cyberporn during work hours. They have weak ties to religion and suffer from a lack of marital happiness.

Consumers of Internet child pornography have about the same demographic backgrounds as porn surfers in general, but they can also be pedophiles who like to use the pornographic images for masturbation and collection.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7.

Compare cyberaffairs to actual marital infidelity. Are online affairs innocent fantasies or actual betrayals of a marriage? How so?

Sample Answer: Most of the general public finds online affairs to be as harmful as traditional cheating. Research indicates that online infidelity has the same serious impact on marriage as does a traditional affair. The reasons people participate in online affairs are the increased anonymity of cyber-communication, the convenience of finding partners, and the escapism provided from a stressful life into the fantasy world of being desired by many sex partners. Some people may take the view that online affairs are not really marital infidelity, so they are basically harmless. In fact, to some people, an online affair is not a case of infidelity for the following reasons: • It is ―just a friendship.‖ • It is merely flirtation or fun.

• It involves a relationship with an object (the computer), not a real human being.

• It involves two people who have never met in person and do not ever intend to meet.

• It can‘t be infidelity because no physical sex takes place.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe the social elements of online sexual practices.

Topic: Searching Cyberspace for Sex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

Cyberstalking is more harmful than traditional stalking. Discuss the validity of this statement.

Sample Answer: Because they have greater access to a victim‘s personal data, cyberstalkers can disrupt a

victim‘s personal and professional life to a greater extent than an actual prowler lurking in the dark. Online stalkers are similar to offline, traditional stalkers in that most are males stalking victims who are females, and most are older persons victimizing younger ones.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Relate the Internet to bullying behaviors.

Topic: Expressing Hate Online Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 9.

Contrast the material found on the surface web, the deep web, and the dark web.

If “information should be free” as some hacktivists would have it, should there be any regulations about what can or cannot be posted and accessed online?

Sample Answer: Opinions will differ regarding the control of and access to information, but comparisons across different ―webs‖ should include these points: When the majority of average people refer to the ―Internet,‖ they are actually referring to the World Wide Web. This publicly accessible information and content, however, constitutes only a small percentage of what is stored across all the interconnected computer networks that make up the Internet.

Search engines barely scratch the surface of what the entire Internet holds. For that reason, this percentage is often referred to as the surface web. The harder-to-reach material below the surface web is often termed the deep web. It holds many personal files and other important, password-protected data that is hidden from conventional web browsers and search engines. Within the deep web, some sections may be described as the dark web due to the illegal activity they facilitate and the privacy that this activity demands. These and other databases can be anonymously accessed, however, using Tor, a network that requires special software to gain access and encrypts and then bounces content around on a variety of foreign computers, until it may be impossible to find out where it originated. Thus, it is mainly used for secret activities, such as those of governments or the military. It also serves as a great place for criminals to host drug sales, pirated media, and illegal pornography.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Explain the global rise in cyberdeviance.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER TWELVE

Drug Use Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Which statement about drug use is correct? a) Drug abusers only ingest illegal drugs. b) There is virtually no distinction between a legal and an illegal drug. c) Contrary to popular belief, legal drugs may in some ways be more dangerous than illegal ones. d) All drugs have the potential to become addictive.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Every year ________kill at least 60 times as many Americans as do all the illegal drugs combined. a) cocaine and heroin b) LSD and Ecstasy c) alcohol and tobacco d) amphetamines and ketamine Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3. _________ is regarded as a legal drug. a) LSD b) Alcohol c) Heroin d) Cocaine Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4. _________ is regarded as a legal drug. a) PCP b) Tobacco c) Cocaine d) LSD Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Which statement about drug use is true? a) Societal reaction to various drugs reflects the temper of the time and place. b) Almost all people who use drugs are compulsive users. c) Drug abuse is an all-or-none proposition. d) Any drug can be physiologically addictive.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Empirical evidence suggests that most people who use illicit drugs to get high a) do so moderately. b) go on to deeper uses of drugs. c) experience problems in their personal lives. d) should be considered social deviants.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

Which substance is an example of a depressant? a) Cocaine b) Heroin c) Crack d) LSD Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal

drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

The effects of stimulant drugs include __________. a) a sense of calmness and relaxation b) a sense of drowsiness c) feelings of excitement, confidence, and euphoria d) feelings of anxiety and despair Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Psychedelic drugs __________. a) are derived from the opium poppy, which relieves pain and produces euphoria b) speed up activity in the central nervous system c) disrupt normal thought processes d) slow down activity in the central nervous system Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

The purity of a drug is also known as its __________ . a) dosage b) categorization c) administration d) potency Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Compared to the others, which drug does not fit neatly into a major category? a) Heroin b) Morphine c) Nicotine

d) Marijuana Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Sociologists generally assume that if some marijuana smokers later use heroin or cocaine, the cause usually lies in their a) initial light use of marijuana. b) being labeled as a marijuana user. c) heavy and habitual use of marijuana. d) involvement with friends who use heroin or cocaine.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

The euphoric feeling associated with heroin use a) is caused by the drug itself. b) depends on the purity of the drug. c) is the result of learning how to achieve the desired feelings. d) comes from the setting in which the drug is used.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

According to Alfred Lindesmith‟s views, published close to 60 years ago, addiction develops from the addict‟s __________ association of an unpleasant experience with discontinued use of the drug. a) cognitive b) behavioral c) physical d) emotional Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 15.

According to drug expert Alfred Lindesmith, writing in 1968, heroin addicts continue to use the drug in order to a) continue enjoying the euphoria. b) relieve or avoid withdrawal distress. c) forget the wretchedness of their lives. d) maximize their working capacity.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

D‟Andre injects heroin directly into his veins, to achieve the quickest and most intense high from the drug. D‟Andre is ___________ heroin. a) hot-knifing b) side-tracking c) mainlining d) flash-flooding Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 17.

Since the 1960s, cocaine has become a) broadly used across racial and socioeconomic groups. b) the most common drug taken by Black Americans living in the inner city. c) the substance of choice for blue-collar White people. d) a symbol of wealth or status, mostly used by affluent White people.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18.

Compared to the others, which drug is most strongly connected to higher status? a) Psychedelics b) Marijuana c) Cocaine

d) Heroin Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

All of these statements about cocaine are true EXCEPT a) few of the many people who try cocaine do not develop an addiction. b) cocaine is both physically and psychologically addictive. c) crack, the cheapest form of cocaine, is even more addictive than plain cocaine. d) it takes only six to ten weeks to develop a crack addiction.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

The phrase “lighting a fire in the brain” has been used to describe the effect of a(n) __________ overdose. a) heroin b) LSD c) cocaine d) marijuana Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

The reason cocaine is psychologically addictive is due to the a) physical addiction of the drug. b) high status coming from the use of cocaine. c) high quality of pleasure the user gains from it. d) moral weakness of the user.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22. __________ is street slang for methamphetamine. a) Cat Valium b) Speed c) Mrs. Wilson d) Hobby Horse Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

Which are the drug experiences of those persons who are long-term users of methamphetamine? a) Suppression of appetite b) Burst of energy c) Depression and paranoia d) Hallucinations Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. __________ is a kind of drug originally used for severe insomnia and often combined with alcohol to produce a quick high. a) LSD b) Speed c) Crack d) Roofies Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

“I‟m going to the rave tonight, and I‟ll be sure to bring my friend Molly,” Dunstan said with a wink and a grin. Dunstan is likely referring to using __________ while at the underground gathering. a)alcohol b) baby laxative c) PCP

d) Ecstasy Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 26.

Compared to the others, which country has the highest rate of drug use? a) Thailand b) Burma c) Colombia d) United States Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

In 2013, the third wave of opiate abuse began, especially tied to the use of __________. a) heroin b) mescaline c) barbiturates d) fentanyl Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

Most recently, the greatest increases in deaths due to heroin have been seen among _________ Americans. a) Native b) White c) Black d) Asian Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

Research has shown that since 1992, illegal drug use has generally a) skyrocketed. b) risen significantly. c) leveled off. d) declined steadily.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30.

Why have rates of drug use among teenagers been rising? a) The increased stress load on teenagers to succeed academically b) The high prevalence of White adolescents smoking marijuana c) The dropping prices of cocaine d) The rising popularity of prescription drug abuse Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

Which statement about AIDS and drugs is true? a) AIDS was initially spread through the subculture of gay heroin addicts. b) Addicts legally cannot get clean needles, either in the U.S. or most other countries. c) Addicts continue to share needles despite the risk of contracting the AIDS virus. d) The spread of the AIDS virus has virtually stopped among intravenous drug users.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Intravenous drug users continue to use unsafe needles and put themselves at risk of contracting the AIDS virus because a) poor living conditions make addicts seek social status through bravado and courage. b) there are no methods of getting clean needles, because drug use is illegal. c) almost all intravenous drug users have been so for at least 12 years, according to government data. d) drug addiction is so painful that addicts prefer to die by contracting AIDS.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

According to drug enslavement theory, a) people are forced to become drug addicts. b) the high cost of drugs forces addicts into a life of crime. c) individuals commit crimes before they become drug users. d) both drug users and criminals are part of a general deviance syndrome.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

If you believe that people who are likely to get involved in one form of deviant activity are also likely to get involved in other forms of deviance, you believe in the __________ theory a) drug enslavement b) cultural transmission c) power d) general deviance syndrome Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

According to Elliott Currie‟s economic deprivation theory, proposed 30 years ago, people living below the poverty line turn to drugs to a) escape poverty. b) make money. c) fulfill the need for status. d) achieve social mobility.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

Which substance has been referred to as “the poor person‟s drug?” a) Crack cocaine b) Marijuana c) Heroin d) OxyContin Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 37.

Morty lives in a poor, inner city neighborhood and does not see much hope for his life. He begins to hang out with a group of friends who use drugs. Which drug would they most likely give to Morty? a) Meth b) Cocaine c) Heroin d) Opium Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 38.

According to Howard Becker, writing 60 years ago, a person has to go through a three-step process to learn to become a marijuana user. These steps include learning to a) locate the drug. b) sell the drug. c) recognize the drug effects. d) grow the drug.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe the stages of becoming a drug user.

Topic: Becoming a Drug User Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

Which statement about the social profile of illegal drug users is true? a) Women are more likely than men to use hard drugs such as heroin, PCP, or ketamine. b) Young people are more likely than older ones to use drugs. c) Parental and peer influences seem to have little impact on drug users.

d) College drug users are more likely to have majored in the humanities.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.5 Characterize illegal drug users.

Topic: A Social Profile of Illegal Drug Users Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

Which theory proposes that drug addiction is the result of the negative effects of a substance when it is removed, rather than any positive effects had while using? a) Social psychological theory b) Cognitive association theory c) Economic deprivation theory d) Social strain theory Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how drug addiction happens.

Topic: What Causes Illegal Drug use?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41.

All of these social factors promote drug use, EXCEPT for a) the existence of a legal drug culture. b) having friends who use drugs. c) a cognitive association between relieving pain and drug use. d) a lack of attachment to family or school.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how drug addiction happens.

Topic: What Causes Illegal Drug use?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. The Marihuana Tax Act passed by Congress in 1937 was, in effect, an anti__________ law. a) Chinese b) Black c) American d) Hispanic Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

The punitive strategy to end drug use has failed in part because a) the demand for illegal drugs remains strong. b) corruption among police agencies is rampant. c) the invention of new drugs continues. d) programs such as DARE have largely failed.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44.

People who oppose the legalization of drugs argue that if drugs are legalized, a) drug use and addiction will skyrocket. b) more middle-class persons will become drug addicts. c) many police officers and prison guards would become unemployed. d) the government would have major problems distributing drugs.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 45.

Which statement most accurately describes the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. project in preventing drug abuse among children? a) It is very effective for all children. b) It is totally ineffective for all children. c) It reinforces some children‟s existing antidrug attitudes. d) It is especially helpful for children already at risk for using drugs.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 46.

All of these strategies are types of drug treatment programs, EXCEPT a) drug maintenance therapy. b) drug aversion therapy. c) drug prevention programs. d) therapeutic communities.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 47.

Physicians and pharmaceutical companies indirectly helped create the abuse of the prescription drug OxyContin by a) claiming that it had unprecedented properties for eliminating pain. b) making the drug expensive and difficult to get. c) sometimes abusing the drug themselves. d) responding to urgent and prevalent complaints to better deal with patients‟ pain.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.8 Assess the state of prescription drug abuse.

Topic: Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. a) 18 b) 16 c) 14 d) 12

Most adult smokers in the U.S. started before the age of __________.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the worldwide pattern of smoking.

Topic: Smoking Cigarettes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49.

The prevalence of smoking is __________among people with less than 12 years of education compared to people with more than 16 years of education. a) about the same b) half as much c) three times higher d) twice as much Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the worldwide pattern of smoking.

Topic: Smoking Cigarettes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

50.

Statistically, we would expect to find that the prevalence of smoking is higher in _________ than in the other countries here, due to the efforts of tobacco companies to expand their markets. a) the United States b) China c) Denmark d) Canada Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the worldwide pattern of smoking.

Topic: Smoking Cigarettes Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts True/False Questions 1.

Prescription drug abuse among teens has increased over the last decade.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Most drug users are typically abusers, who are addicted, compulsive, or heavy users.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

Marijuana is the most widely used (often) illegal drug in the United States.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Marijuana use can by itself easily lead to experimenting with harder, more addictive drugs.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

The effects of marijuana are much more harmful than those of cocaine.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Heroin is the most widely used drug among wealthy people.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

Heroin has become the drug of choice of increasing numbers of working-class, suburban and rural White addicts Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

According to 1960s author Alfred Lindesmith, the critical experience in someone becoming fixated as a heroin addict is not the euphoria produced by the drug but the relief of withdrawal symptoms.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

As long as heroin addicts do not neglect other aspects of their lives, they can remain as healthy as nonusers.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Before 1900, cocaine could be found in many soft drinks such as Coca-Cola.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. At least 90 percent of the coca plants in the world are grown on the mountains of Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

The most powerful type of cocaine addiction is physical, not psychological.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

“Meth” is considered a safe drug, in that it has few long-term effects on behavior.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

One problem with taking the drug Ecstasy is that it causes the body to overheat, leading to dehydration or brain damage.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

More than 50 percent of young American adults (aged 18 to 25) use drugs regularly.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Knowing the connection between unclean needles and AIDS does not necessarily cause intravenous drug users to practice safe needle use.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

According to general deviance syndrome theory, drug use is highly correlated with crime because addiction forces people to steal money for drugs.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

There is a strong connection between higher status and marijuana: the higher the status, the more likely the use of marijuana Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

The use of marijuana is popular among people in the higher income strata.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Heroin is the most addictive drug because of its intense chemical properties alone.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe the stages of becoming a drug user.

Topic: Becoming a Drug User Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

According to Howard Becker, before a person can fully experience a drug, the person must first go through a learning process.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe the stages of becoming a drug user.

Topic: Becoming a Drug User Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

Most drug users are males.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.5 Characterize illegal drug users.

Topic: A Social Profile of Illegal Drug Users Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

According to economic deprivation theory, the reason why people living below the poverty line turn to drugs is the need for status.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how drug addiction happens.

Topic: What Causes Illegal Drug use?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

According to cognitive association theory, people who are intellectually impaired and young children usually are immune to addiction.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how drug addiction happens.

Topic: What Causes Illegal Drug use?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25.

According to social-psychological theory, almost all illegal drug use can be traced to psychological problems such as poor self-concept and low self-esteem.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how drug addiction happens.

Topic: What Causes Illegal Drug use?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Historically, the criminalization of each drug hinged on racial slander against an underrepresented group.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

27.

Since the 1960s, professional athletes, movie stars, celebrities, business executives, and the like have turned marijuana into a status drug.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

As a result of Portugal‟s legalization of private use of heroin, overdose deaths and AIDS infections have risen.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

Researchers have found that DARE is an effective program for curbing illicit drug use among young people.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. Two drug treatment programs are aversion therapy and therapeutic communities.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

One reason why OxyContin and other painkillers were easily abused was because physicians, who were prodded to prescribe more painkillers, did not have much experience dealing with such drugs.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.8 Assess the state of prescription drug abuse.

Topic: Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Compared with illegal drugs, legal drugs are far more prevalent but, over time, much less dangerous.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: 12.8 Assess the state of prescription drug abuse.

Topic: Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

Persons who smoke do so because they are addicted and do not receive any benefits from the behavior.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the worldwide pattern of smoking.

Topic: Smoking Cigarettes Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

When it comes to smoking cigarettes, the gender gap is far greater in developing countries.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the worldwide pattern of smoking.

Topic: Smoking Cigarettes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Today smoking is more common in poor countries due to the lack of laws that discourage tobacco use.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the worldwide pattern of smoking.

Topic: Smoking Cigarettes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 1.

In reality, __________ drugs often are more dangerous than illegal drugs.

Answer: legal Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Both __________ and morphine are analgesics (painkillers) and have been used as such.

Answer: heroin Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

The “champagne of drugs” or “caviar among drugs” is __________.

Answer: cocaine Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Because it was extremely expensive as well as difficult to obtain in the past, __________ was never as popular as cocaine.

Answer: methamphetamine Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

When it comes to age, most illegal drug users are relatively __________.

Answer: young Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

The higher a person‟s social status, the more likely the use of __________.

Answer: marijuana Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

According to Howard Becker, the first step in the process of learning to become a marijuana user is learning the __________ to get high.

Answer: technique Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe the stages of becoming a drug user.

Topic: Becoming a Drug User Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

According to economic __________ theory, drugs fulfill a need for status that is unavailable among the poor.

Answer: deprivation

Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe the stages of becoming a drug user.

Topic: Becoming a Drug User Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The two approaches of the __________ are punitive, or using law to stop the supply of drugs; and supportive, or using drug treatment to reduce the demand for drugs.

Answer: War on Drugs Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Current law enforcement against drugs continues the historical pattern of drug laws against __________.

Answer: communities of color Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

The skyrocketing abuse of __________ seems to have gotten its fuel from the medical establishment and the pharmaceutical industry.

Answer: OxyContin Learning Objective: 12.8 Assess the state of prescription drug abuse.

Topic: Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Discuss the difference between legal drugs and illegal drugs. Why do some drugs that are harmful remain legal while others that are less harmful become illegal? What is the impact of this classification system?

Sample Answer: Illegal drugs are not as widely used and dangerous as some legal drugs. Societal reaction to drugs varies with time and place. Moreover, illegal drugs are for the most part used moderately rather than uncontrollably. A complex array of factors―sociological, legal, historical, physical, psychological―leads some drugs to be considered ―legal‖ and others to be considered ―illicit‖ based on the tenor of the times. For example, alcohol is a legal drug, except when it wasn‘t, during Prohibition. LSD was legal

for a time, as was cocaine, until their classifications changed. Caffeine is a legal stimulant whereas speed is not. Marijuana has increasingly received legal status to varying degrees, both in the U.S. and around the world. So, clearly concluding ―good drug!/bad drug!‖ often can be an exercise in frustration.

Learning Objective: 12.1 Critique assumptions on legal versus illegal drugs.

Topic: Drug Use in Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

Compare and contrast two different illegal drugs based on their effect, cost, illegality, and most frequent user. That is, based on the two drugs you choose, how are they similar and how do they differ?

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the drugs chosen, but should demonstrate a solid understanding of the basic actions and effects of the drugs. For example, ―depressants make you sleepy‖ and ―stimulants make you feel peppy!‖ are not sufficient responses.

Learning Objective: 12.2 Determine the effects of illegal drugs.

Topic: Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and History Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3.

Describe some of the social dimensions of drug use. That is, how does the use of drugs relate to crime, socioeconomic status, and other aspects of society?

Sample Answer: The United States has the highest rate of drug use in the world, but many of the drug problems are confined to lower socioeconomic classes. Although the opioid epidemic has affected both White and Black communities, and the greatest increases in deaths have occurred in Black communities, most of the public concern is focused on deaths in rural White and suburban White communities. Among heroin addicts, intravenous drug users are reluctant to take precautions against HIV by avoiding the sharing of needles. The reasons for such reluctance include an overwhelming need for immediate drug experience, the user‘s risk-taking lifestyle, and the bleakness and emptiness of life resulting from grinding poverty. There is debate over whether drug use can actually cause crime; the answer is ―yes‖ according to drug enslavement theory, but ―no‖ according to general deviance syndrome theory. Users of marijuana and powder cocaine are more likely to be

relatively affluent, while users of heroin and crack cocaine are more likely to be relatively poor. Users of meth and roofies seem to be largely working- class and young. Ecstasy users are mostly students and young professionals.

Learning Objective: 12.3 Analyze the social dimensions of drug use in the United States.

Topic: Social Dimensions of Drug use Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Has the War on Drugs been a success or a failure? Propose other solutions to our country‟s drug problem.

Sample Answer: The war on drugs consists of two basic strategies: One is punitive, involving the use of law enforcement to stop the supply of drugs and punish drug sellers and users; the other strategy is supportive, involving the use of drug prevention or education to reduce the demand for drugs and the use of treatment to help those who are addicted to drugs. Whether these efforts have been successful or not depends on the metrics used and the people funding and interpreting the results. For example, DARE programs generally show low levels of effectiveness in meeting their goals, yet continue to be funded by agencies that have committed to this approach. After spending $40 billion per year on enforcing anti-drug laws, the U.S. has a record number of overdose deaths each year and an untold number of wrecked and ruined lives, suggesting that existing strategies do not work. Nonetheless, many hardline lawmakers insist that punitive strategies, rather than prevention, rehabilitation, education, or legalization, are the appropriate approach to a complex problem.

Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5.

The legalization of illegal drugs will only lead to the proliferation of drug use.

Agree or disagree with this statement.

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the position adopted, but should demonstrate a cogent understanding of the factors involved.

Learning Objective: 12.7 Compare the strategies to

remediate drug use.

Topic: The War on Drugs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 6.

Choose either OxyContin or cigarette smoking and discuss the special conditions surrounding either of these legal drugs. That is, why has the misuse of pain killers become a problem, or why does a destructive drug like nicotine continue as a legal and advertised substance?

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the topic selected, but should demonstrate a solid understanding of the conditions surrounding the attainment, use, and misuse of the substance under consideration.

Learning Objective: 12.8 Assess the state of prescription drug abuse.

Topic: Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

Drinking and Alcoholism Multiple Choice Questions 1. Compared to the others, which group of people has experienced a great increase in problem drinking in recent years? a) Women b) College students c) Unemployed people d) Older adults Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the nature and forms of alcoholism in the United States.

Topic: What Are Alcoholism and Alcohol Use Disorder?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2. The medical community has adopted the term _________ in an attempt to better define typical and atypical consumption of alcohol. a) liquid-related substance abuse syndrome b) alcohol use disorder c) alcoholism

d) problem drinking Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the nature and forms of alcoholism in the United States.

Topic: What Are Alcoholism and Alcohol Use Disorder?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. The __________ refers to a trend toward turning deviant behavior into a personality disorder that is in need of medical intervention and commonly drug therapy. a) separation of thought and behavior b) medicalization of deviance c) symbolism of social ills d) stigmatizing of normality Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the nature and forms of alcoholism in the United States.

Topic: What Are Alcoholism and Alcohol Use Disorder?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. About _________ percent of Americans over the age of 18 have drunk alcoholic beverages such as liquor, wine, or beer. a) 55 b) 68 c) 85 d) 93 Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the nature and forms of alcoholism in the United States.

Topic: What Are Alcoholism and Alcohol Use Disorder?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Consumption of alcohol has _________ among adolescents in recent years. a) risen sharply b) declined c) risen steadily d) leveled off Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the nature and forms of alcoholism in the United States.

Topic: What Are Alcoholism and Alcohol Use Disorder?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Which effect does alcohol have on sexual performance? a) Drinking enhances overall sexual performance. b) Drinking especially helps middle-age men sustain an erection. c) Drinking makes a person feel less inhibited sexually. d) Sex becomes more exciting after several drinks.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. The popular belief that drinking causes immoral behavior a) leads many people away from drinking. b) affects older adults only. c) tends to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. d) causes people to drink red wine only.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. According to some researchers, which statement about the long-term effects of drinking is TRUE? a) Moderate drinkers live longer than complete abstainers. b) Heavy drinkers live longer than light drinkers. c) Abstainers are the healthiest persons because they do not drink at all. d) Even light drinkers can develop dangerous alcoholrelated diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver and cardiomyopathy.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. All of these diseases are caused by heavy drinking, EXCEPT for

a) cirrhosis of the liver. b) cardiomyopathy. c) malnutrition. d) alcoholic personality.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Which social consequence results from alcohol abuse? a) Higher death rates b) Cardiomyopathy c) A loss of sexual performance d) Higher rates of criminal offenses Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Taken as a whole, alcohol is implicated in approximately __________ of all violent crimes, such as intimate partner violence, aggravated assault, murder, or sexual assault. a) one-tenth b) one-quarter c) one-half d) one-eighth Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. Men are __________ times likely to become alcoholics compared to women. a) two b) three c) four d) five Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Which statement about drinking and gender is true? a) Drinking is characteristically a female activity. b) Drinking and drunkenness are more socially acceptable for males than for females. c) More college women today are experiencing drinking problems. d) Although women drink more than men, they are far less likely to get into trouble from drinking.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Compared to the others, which ethnic group in the United States has the highest rate of alcoholism? a) Dutch Americans b) Irish Americans c) Black Americans d) Italian Americans Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Irish culture a) accepts heavy drinking as normal. b) denounces heavy drinking, but cannot do much about heavy drinking. c) is no longer an important influence on the behavior of Irish people. d) is not as important as the Catholic Church in controlling drinking behavior.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16. Italian and Chinese Americans a) drink a lot, and therefore have one of the highest rates of alcoholism. b) have one of the lowest rates of alcoholism. c) compete with Irish Americans for the heaviest drinking. d) use drinking as a means to drown their sorrows and problems of life.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. Which characteristic is prominent in Chinese drinking culture? a) Drinking only on weekends b) Drinking heavily during the afternoon c) Looking at drunkenness with contempt d) Considering drunkenness as funny or comical Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. In which ethnic group do persons begin the practice of moderate drinking in childhood but view getting drunk as foreign to their culture? a) Chinese b) Southern Pentecostal c) Jewish d) Irish Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. What drinking pattern would be more typical of people occupying higher socioeconomic levels? a) Drinking as a part of deeply rooted cultural practices b) Drinking to avoid the pain of family breakdown c) Drinking as a way of exploiting women

d) Drinking as a facilitator of social interaction Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Compared to the others, the region that has the lowest alcohol consumption in the United States is the a) Midwestern states. b) Pacific Coast states. c) Middle Atlantic states. d) Southern states.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Southerners who drink a) tend to come from South Carolina. b) have higher rates of drunkenness and alcohol-related problems than drinkers in other areas. c) have higher rates of consumption than their counterparts in Eastern states. d) are likely to be liberal in their religious beliefs.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Which statement about the definition of alcoholism is true? a) There is no universally accepted definition of alcoholism. b) Alcoholics can be identified based on genetic patterns. c) Alcoholism is a clearly defined and understood disease. d) Alcoholism involves a lack of willpower or weak moral fiber.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming

an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Sara goes to a bar after work several nights a week to seek relief from job tensions. She is in the __________ stage of becoming an alcoholic. a) first, pre-alcoholic b) second, crucial c) middle, crucial d) final, chronic Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 24. The major characteristic of the final, chronic stage of alcoholism is when a person a) must have at least one drink every day. b) stays intoxicated continuously for days. c) begins to have blackouts after several drinks. d) hides drinking from others.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Psychological addiction is characteristic of the _________ stage of alcoholism. a) first b) second c) third d) fourth Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. How did the raising of the drinking age from 18 to 21

in the United States lead to more problems with drinking? a) Students learned to drink more excessively from their professors and other role models. b) Drinking took place more in the open, leading to more binge drinking. c) Students grew angry at the new law and began to drink heavily in defiance. d) Drinking was driven underground, where it could more easily lead to binge drinking.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.7 Describe the characteristics of college binge drinkers.

Topic: College Students and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. All these factors lie behind college binge drinking, EXCEPT for a) social pressure to get drunk and fit in. b) the stress from having to work hard for good grades. c) the presence of music and TV shows that support binge drinking. d) the adoption of a party-centered lifestyle.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.7 Describe the characteristics of college binge drinkers.

Topic: College Students and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. One reason why more women drink today is a) their heavy drinking has come out of the closet. b) their increased power and freedom. c) their adoption of moderate drinking norms. d) their falling under the influence of male drinkers.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.8 Differentiate the characteristics of alcoholism for men and women.

Topic: Women and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. Emily is an alcoholic. Her experiences are different from those of male alcoholics because she a) receives less serious treatment by doctors and therapists.

b) drinks more often on the job. c) comes from a family with little history of alcoholism. d) became an alcoholic before her husband developed a drinking problem.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.8 Differentiate the characteristics of alcoholism for men and women.

Topic: Women and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 30. One problem with saying that alcoholism is related to nutritional deficiencies, metabolic dysfunctions, or malfunctions of the central nervous system is that researchers often cannot determine whether these problems are a) the cause or the effect of alcohol. b) physically or psychologically caused. c) the result of social factors. d) actually problems to begin with.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. Which consideration is one of the recent biological and genetic discoveries that might link alcoholism to preexisting genetic factors? a) The flushing response is universally present among alcoholics. b) Persons with the Hn6s gene might be more vulnerable to alcoholism. c) If an identical twin is alcoholic, the chances of the other identical twin becoming alcoholic are relatively high. d) If a fraternal twin is alcoholic, the chances of the other fraternal twin becoming alcoholic are significantly higher.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32. Demetrius had a serious drinking problem and visited a psychologist for several months. The psychologist discovered that Demetrius had an unfilled need for dependency that alcohol helped to cover. From an outdated psychiatric perspective, Demetrius a) does not have a support group to help him with drinking problems. b) experiences chronic alcoholic depression. c) belongs to an ethnic group that encourages drinking to solve problems. d) has an ―alcoholic personality.‖ Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 33. According to psychologist David McClelland, the need for __________ is the driving force behind alcoholism. a) dependency b) sex c) respect d) power Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. According to social-psychological theory, the unique factor that turns individuals into alcoholics is the fit between vulnerable personality traits and a) certain drinking-group values and activities. b) the need for power. c) genetic predispositions. d) a breakdown in early religious training.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

35. When an individual with a vulnerable drinking personality joins a drinking group, that group‘s beliefs support more drinking; these beliefs include ___________. a) drinking as a sign of masculine prowess b) drinking as a sign of helplessness c) drinking should not get out of hand d) the importance of drinking as a religious ritual Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36. According to sociologist Robert Bales, several factors work together to produce high rates of alcoholism, including __________. a) psychological vulnerability to alcoholism b) a culturally induced attitude toward drinking as a way of relieving inner tensions c) providing suitable substitute means other than drinking for resolving inner tensions d) a culturally induced attitude toward drinking as a way of celebrating happy occasions Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. In coping with culturally induced stress, Jews are likely to turn to eating and Muslims to strong coffee or hashish instead of drinking. This is because they a) lack experience with using alcohol to deal with stress. b) have been provided with culturally approved alternatives to the use of alcohol. c) have no genetic predispositions toward drinking in their culture. d) adhere to religions that prohibit all forms of drinking.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

38. The Prohibition Movement of the 1920s originated mostly from a) religious beliefs about the evils of alcohol. b) a reform movement for helping people in the urban working class. c) an attempt to control relatively powerless members of society. d) reform ideas brought to America by Irish and German immigrants.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. __________ is a legal effort undertaken to control or ban drinking. a) The establishment of Alcoholics Anonymous b) Establishing a federal minimum price for selling beer and wine c) MADD‘s and SADD‘s attempts to change the drunk driver‘s law d) Raising the property tax rate among vineyards Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40. Roylston has a serious drinking problem but has not violated public drunkenness laws. Currently, where might he go to receive psychological counseling and therapy? a) the local jail b) Alcoholics Anonymous c) a church, mosque, or synagogue d) a community-based alcohol treatment center Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

41. Which element is part of the treatment program of Alcoholics Anonymous? a) Requiring members to admit that they are alcoholics and powerless over liquor b) Encouraging members to develop a rugged individualistic approach to drinking c) Encouraging members to maintain a moderate drinking pattern d) Urging members to seek psychotherapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. Many researchers have a view toward alcoholism that is somewhat different from Alcoholics Anonymous, such as the perspective that a) alcoholics need to depend on a support group to stay away from alcohol. b) alcoholics can never really be cured of the disease of drinking. c) seeing alcoholism as bad behavior that can be changed. d) an extensive use of drugs can take the place of alcohol to deal with stress.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1. One myth about alcohol use is that most alcoholics are homeless and ―skid-row bums,‖ as some people might use the term.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.2 Identify the misconceptions about alcohol abuse.

Topic: Myths about Alcohol Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2. Alcohol reduces a drinker‘s sensorimotor skill but not moral competence.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. The same amount of alcohol has the same intoxicating effect on people of different sizes and weights.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Although men consume more alcohol than women, women are more likely to become alcoholic.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Drinkers are more likely to be males, young, and liberal Protestants.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Perhaps because of their drinking culture, Irish Americans manage to have a relatively low rate of alcoholism.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Though Italian Americans start drinking at a very young age, they have one of the lowest rates of alcohol problems.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. There are proportionally more problem drinkers and alcoholics from the lower socioeconomic classes than from other socioeconomic groups.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Residents of cities and suburbs are about as likely as those of rural areas and small towns to drink.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Throughout the world, wine and beer have, over the last quarter century, become much more popular, while liquor has gotten less so.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. In countries where the prevalence of drinking is high, the gender difference in drinking is relatively small.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.5 Describe the prevalent global patterns of alcohol use.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Drinking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. In E.M. Jellinek‘s opinion, the prospective alcoholic begins as a social drinker.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming

an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Persons who are in the psychologically addicted state of alcoholism cannot stop drinking even if they are determined to do so.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. One result of raising the drinking age from 18 to 21 in the United States was to move drinking underground, where it could lead to binge drinking.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.7 Describe the characteristics of college binge drinkers.

Topic: College Students and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. One reason more women drink today is because of more depression and frustration over their unequal status in American society.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.8 Differentiate the characteristics of alcoholism for men and women.

Topic: Women and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Some reasons that physicians have regarded alcoholism as a disease are based on nutritional deficiencies and genetic factors.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. William and Joan McCord, writing more than 60 years ago, considered the need for dependency to be the key factor in the development of alcoholism.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. According to sociologists, alcoholism develops from a social situation where psychologically vulnerable persons are pressured by drinking companions to drink heavily.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. Sociologists argue that, although culture can shape drinking patterns, alcoholism is due to personal problems and deficits.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Prohibition refers to the constitutional amendment that prohibited the sale of alcohol in the 1920s and early 1930s and failed to achieve its goal.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Moving the drinking age to 21 has decreased car crashes and saved thousands of lives.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Psychiatrists and psychologists have been far more effective in treating alcoholism than have organized groups of alcoholics and ex-alcoholics themselves.

Answer: False

Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. The largest and most successful organization for helping alcoholics is Alcoholics Anonymous, or AA. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Some researchers argue that alcoholics can maintain a moderate, controlled pattern of drinking.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Aversion therapy calls for the use of electric shock or nausea-inducing drugs designed to condition an alcoholic to feel sick at the very odor of liquor.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. _______ drinking is defined as consuming four to five or more drinks at one sitting and is a problem on college campuses.

Answer: Binge Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the nature and forms of alcoholism in the United States.

Topic: What Are Alcoholism and Alcohol Use Disorder?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. One important consequence of drinking is __________, such as public drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and

vagrancy.

Answer: crime Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Compared with White Americans as a broad group, __________ are less likely to drink but significantly more likely to become alcoholics.

Answer: Black Americans Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. In the United States, __________ Americans have one of the highest rate of alcoholism.

Answer: Irish Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Some professionals use the label alcoholism because they consider it a disease, whereas others call it __________ because they see it as a behavior.

Answer: problem drinking Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. The increased power and freedom __________ enjoy has led to more drinking by them today.

Answer: women Learning Objective: 13.8 Differentiate the characteristics of alcoholism for men and women.

Topic: Women and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. __________ is useful in explaining why some individuals become alcoholics but others do not.

Answer: Social-psychological theory

Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. According to the social-psychological approach to understanding alcoholism, psychologically vulnerable individuals and their drinking __________ come together to generate a force that causes them to become alcoholics.

Answer: peers Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. The temperance movement eventually culminated in the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment, popularly known as __________.

Answer: Prohibition Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. The largest and most successful organization for helping alcoholics is __________.

Answer: Alcoholics Anonymous Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Essay Questions 1. What are some of the myths regarding alcohol abuse? What effect does alcohol have both mentally and physically?

Sample Answer: Popular misconceptions surrounding the use and abuse of alcohol include these ideas: alcoholics are mostly unhoused people; mixing different kinds of drinks accelerates intoxication; drinking black coffee or pouring cold water on the head can get rid of drunkenness; drinking only beer cannot make a person an alcoholic; and sex becomes more exciting after several drinks.

Learning Objective: 13.2 Identify the misconceptions about alcohol abuse.

Topic: Myths about Alcohol Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2. Summarize and comment on the social consequences of alcohol. What are those consequences, and why are they so severe?

Sample Answer: Although moderate drinking can bring social benefits, such as sociability and hospitality or relaxation and recreation with others, excessive use of alcohol helps bring about a number of negative social consequences. One is a relatively high rate of automobile accidents, the leading cause of death among young people in the United States. More than half of each year‘s automobile deaths and injuries can be traced to excessive drinking, although the number of deaths and injuries from drinking has been decreasing dramatically over the past decade. Another consequence is a high rate of criminal offenses. Offenses directly related to drinking include public drunkenness, driving while intoxicated, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and violation of liquor laws. Such offenses result in so many arrests that they put a severe strain on the operation of the criminal justice system. Heavy drinking further plays a significant part, albeit indirectly, in the commission of more serious, violent crimes, such as homicide, aggravated assault, and forcible rape.

Learning Objective: 13.3 Explain how alcohol impacts a user.

Topic: What Alcohol Does to Its Users Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 3. What are some of the social factors of drinking? Which groups are more likely to use or abuse alcohol, and why?

Sample Answer: Social factors related to drinking include sex, gender, age, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, socioeconomic status and regional location. People who are more likely to drink are White people, males, young adults, liberal Protestants and Catholics, higher-status persons, and residents of the East and West regions of the U.S. However, people who are more likely to end up as alcoholics are lower-status persons, and Black, Hispanic, Irish, and Native Americans.

Learning Objective: 13.4 Relate social factors to alcohol use.

Topic: Social Factors in Drinking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4. How do some people become alcoholics? What are the stages through which a drinker progresses, and which one is the most crucial?

Sample Answer: According to E. Morton Jellinek, a physiologist who died more than 60 years ago, there are four stages of alcoholism. A person first begins as a social drinker, then becomes psychologically and physically addicted, and finally hits bottom with total dependence on alcohol. Physical dependence is the most crucial stage, in terms of not easily turning back, because having become physically addicted in the sense of having chills, shakes, and other withdrawal distresses when not drinking, alcoholics could not stop drinking even if they wanted to, because they have lost control over drinking.

Learning Objective: 13.6 Summarize the stages of becoming an alcoholic.

Topic: Becoming an Alcoholic Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5.

List some of the reasons why binge drinking commonly occurs on college campuses. What are the most common social characteristics of college binge drinkers?

Sample Answer: Binge drinkers are likely to be, among other things, White males, relatively young traditional full-time students, athletes and fraternity members, and inclined to engage in risky activities. A cause of binge drinking is lack of opportunities to learn responsible, moderate drinking because of the drinking-age law.

Learning Objective: 13.7 Describe the characteristics of college binge drinkers.

Topic: College Students and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6. Analyze either female alcoholism or college binge drinking. In what ways does your choice represent a unique pattern of drinking problems? What are the causes of female or college alcohol abuse?

Sample Answer: Responses will vary depending on the topic selected, but should indicate a clear understanding of the factors involved.

Learning Objective: 13.8 Differentiate the characteristics of alcoholism for men and women.

Topic: Women and Alcohol Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7. Compare and contrast the genetic and social explanations of alcoholism. How does each approach locate the cause of the problem? Which one seems more convincing?

Sample Answer: According to the biological approach, alcoholism is brought on by some problem inside the body such as a nutritional deficiency, a defective gene, or a lack of flushing response. According to one classic sociological theory, alcoholism develops from a social situation in which psychologically vulnerable individuals are pressured by drinking companions to drink heavily.

According to another sociological theory, a culture causes alcoholism by producing acute inner tensions in people, encouraging people to view drinking as useful for relieving tensions, and failing to provide suitable substitutes for alcohol in reducing stress.

Learning Objective: 13.9 Evaluate the theories explaining the cause of alcoholism.

Topic: What Causes Alcoholism?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8. Why did Prohibition fail?

Sample Answer: Prohibition reflected an attempt to control powerless segments of society, but failed to eradicate drunkenness. In postcolonial America, the temperance movement first emerged as an attempt on the part of the wealthy aristocracy to control the new upsurge of democracy among the masses, who happened to engage in some drinking.

Later, the emergent, dominant middle classes (independent farmers, small- business owners, and self-employed professionals) used the temperance movement to stir up prejudice and discrimination against Irish and German immigrants, Catholics and Jews, and the urban lower classes. The middle classes felt that their puritanical values of hard work were threatened by the ―ne‘er-do-well, unambitious, and irreligious‖ immigrants and lower-income Americans who traditionally drank. By Prohibition‘s onset,

a new, more powerful group (salaried professionals, whitecollar workers, and managerial employees) had begun to emerge from within the middle class. Unlike the old middle class, who advocated total abstinence from drinking, the new one supported moderate use of alcohol, which contributed to the demise of Prohibition.

Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 9. Evaluate some of the strategies used to control alcohol abuse. What are the approaches, and how have they worked?

Sample Answer: Two main approaches to controlling alcohol are the legal and the therapeutic approach. Legal approaches included Prohibition (which failed), ―sin taxes‖ (which met considerable opposition), and lobbying groups, who have had at least some success in raising public awareness of alcohol-related issues. Therapeutic approaches are sometimes used to control alcohol abuse. They include treating public drunkenness as a disease rather than a crime, providing treatment at community centers, and offering social support through groups organized by alcoholics themselves, of which the largest and most successful is Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).

Learning Objective: 13.10 Compare the legal and therapeutic measures of restricting alcohol.

Topic: Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

Privileged Deviance Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Deviance committed by relatively wealthy and powerful people is called ______. a) organized crime b) white-collar crime

c) privileged deviance d) normal deviance Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Based on Edwin Sutherland‟s definition, two things characterize white-collar crime; that it is occupationally related, and it is a(n) a) opportunist crime. b) crime requiring considerable planning. c) act of a relatively respectable, upper-class person. d) act committed by middle- and working-class persons.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

In Edwin Sutherland‟s view, white-collar criminals are exemplified by a) factory workers. b) muggers. c) Mafia enforcers. d) business executives.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

The heart of white-collar deviance is a) how the act is executed. b) the color of the deviant‟s collar. c) the relative seriousness of the act. d) its relationship to street crimes.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

The two types of white-collar deviance are white-collar occupational deviance and __________ deviance. a) street-based b) government c) corporate d) individual Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

According to sociologists David Ermann and Richard Lundman, the most obvious and important reason for corporations‟ tendency to be criminally negligent about their employees‟ health and safety is a) profit maximization. b) the nature of the corporate structure. c) the federal government‟s lack of earnest efforts to deter the deviant acts. d) the skillfulness of corporate criminals.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.2 Outline the different types of corporate deviance.

Topic: Corporate Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

Selling dangerous foods and unsafe products are two examples of deviance against a) employees. b) the government. c) the environment. d) customers.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.2 Outline the different types of corporate deviance.

Topic: Corporate Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

One of the fraudulent practices that led to the savings and loan (S&L) failures during the 1980s was a) the manipulation of stocks by corporate investors.

b) spreading money across multiple offshore accounts. c) collective embezzlement by S&L owners. d) bribes received by banking officials.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

One major reason for fraudulent activities in the insurance industry that was not present in the banking industry was a) the involvement of organized crime. b) even more inadequate government regulation. c) even more criminal participation in managing the companies. d) the unsettled nature of the insurance industry.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

The statement “Carlsberg: Probably the best beer in the world” is an example of a) a corporate deviance. b) a deviance against customers. c) legal advertising. d) consumer fraud.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11.

D‟Andre is the president of a large but struggling corporation. In order to ensure profits, he secretly contacts several of his competitors and gets them all to agree to charge the same prices for their products. This practice is an example of __________. a) a fraud b) an antitrust violation c) phony assets d) deceptive but not illegal practice Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt

corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12.

Most of the tax evasion methods employed by corporations are a) legal. b) detected and prosecuted. c) the consequence of government harassment. d) not economically significant.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

Much tax evasion by corporations is a) not illegal. b) detected and prosecuted. c) the consequence of government harassment. d) not economically significant.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Which statement about deviance against the government is true? a) The Internal Revenue Service is reluctant to investigate corporations for illegal evasion of taxes. b) Consumer loyalty to a brand leaves most corporations invulnerable to legal prosecution. c) Most corporations are honest and only rarely commit this type of white-collar deviance. d). Government controls make it almost impossible for a corporate entity to commit a deviant act against the government.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

15.

The major reason why most corporations dump their wastes onto the land and into the air and water is because they a) see all the other corporations doing the same thing. b) do not believe that their wastes actually harm the land. c) have little commitment to the environment. d) find it too costly to develop ecologically safer alternatives.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

The program designed to clean up serious areas of environmental pollution is popularly referred to as the a) EPA program. b) Superfund. c) Big Vacuum. d) Environmental Trust Fund.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Moving corporate headquarters to avoid taxes, stacking the board of directors, and giving campaign contributions to candidates of both parties are some of the practices that corporate executives do that are a) illegal. b) legal. c) harmful to corporations. d) helpful to consumers.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

18.

According to the FBI, employee theft is a) the fastest growing crime in the United States. b) conducted by organized gangs of employees connected to organized crime syndicates. c) actually encouraged by owners of businesses.

d) a minor problem compared to robbery and mugging.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

The proportion of the nation‟s entire work force that has committed employee theft is __________ percent. a) 10 b) 30 c) 75 d) 90 Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

One reason why some employees steal from their employers is ___________ . a) feeling underpaid b) being old enough to earn extra compensation c) feeling giddy after a promotion d) perceiving the stealing as ”wealth redistribution” Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

Which statement about embezzlement is TRUE? a) Low-level managers who embezzle funds do the most damage to a business. b) Most embezzlers join companies with the explicit intent of stealing. c) Most embezzlers have links to organized deviance. d) Most embezzlers are in middle management positions.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

The third and final stage through which an otherwise honest employee becomes an embezzler is a) becoming aware of an opportunity for stealing. b) developing what they perceive to be an unshareable financial problem. c) rationalizing away the criminal nature of their act. d) violating the company‟s stated values and norms.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

If a broker buys or sells stocks based on confidential information, it is called a) fraud. b) insider trading. c) a violation of the security law. d) churning.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

All of these tactics are ways for physicians to take part in white-collar deviance, EXCEPT for a) fee splitting. b) unnecessary surgery. c) outright quackery. d) fraudulently claiming payment for services.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

The most common deviance practiced by lawyers is a) overcharging clients. b) accounting abuses. c) fee-splitting. d) fraudulent advertising.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

Which statement summarizes a unique aspect of white-collar deviance? a) It requires the extensive use of an organization to commit deviance. b) It involves profiting at another‟s expense. c) It involves the unwitting cooperation of the victim. d) It reflects society‟s strong acceptance of high-level thievery.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

Which statement about white-collar deviance is TRUE? a) Most white-collar criminals have a criminal self-image. b) Most victims of white-collar deviance know they are being victimized. c) The government is heavily involved in passing laws against white-collar deviance. d) Little effort is made to catch white-collar criminals, and when caught, they seldom go to jail.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

It is doubtful that the government can wage an all-out war on white-collar deviance because a) such criminals are too powerful, influential, or respectable. b) the government is too busy arresting drug offenders. c) jurors will sympathize too much with the white-collar defendants. d) not enough laws exist to pursue a rigorous war on this deviance.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

The fear of loss that drives much white-collar deviance is a) a psychological abnormality. b) derived from a culture of competition. c) the result of a culture that condemns greed. d) becoming less and less influential.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

30.

Deviance is more likely to occur if a) opportunities exist for carrying it out. b) an individual‟s peers are also engaged in deviance. c) an individual is making less money than their immediate peers. d) strain is high in an individual‟s life.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

White-collar deviance among corporations or their personnel exists because of strong criminal motivation and a) a tendency toward violence. b) severe social strain caused by America‟s social structure. c) weak social controls. d) poor socialization experiences and negative self-images.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

One reason why there is weaker control experienced by white-collar deviants is that they a) fear they will lose their power or position. b) highly moral individuals. c) public opinion on their side. d) have great power to avoid governmental action.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

All these common activities are exhibited by official deviants, EXCEPT for a) political corruption. b) election improprieties. c) official violence. d) spying for the government.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

All of these tactics are ways that elected officials commit deviant acts to maintain power, EXCEPT for a) personal use of campaign funds. b) abusing the “frank.” c) soliciting corporate contributions. d) flouting campaign finance laws.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

Personal use of campaign funds and political corruption are ways government officials abuse power to a) gain money for personal use. b) maintain power over others. c) flaunt their arrogance. d) defeat other candidates.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

36.

Which activity is a type of election impropriety? a) Abusing the frank b) Political theft c) Receiving contributions in return for favors d) Government violence Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37.

The killing of people by their government is called _____. a) regicide b) patricide c) contracide d) democide Answer: d Learning Objective: 14.8 Characterize official corruption from a global standpoint.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Official Corruption Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

38.

The most common form of official violence is a) police brutality against citizens. b) the exposure of average citizens to dangerous chemicals. c) strictly enforcing the tax laws. d) the adding of experimental birth control liquids into the rations of military personnel.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 14.8 Characterize official corruption from a global standpoint.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Official Corruption Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

Political insiders call attempts to neutralize deviance a) types of power abuse. b) lies and distortions. c) the ritual of wiggle. d) the delabeling of actions.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.9 Describe neutralization techniques

used by government officials.

Topic: Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

When President Reagan stated again and again that he did not know of the diversion of funds to Nicaraguan rebels, he was involved in which technique of neutralization? a) Simply ignoring the deviance b) Promising an investigation c) Accusing the accuser d) Denying the obvious Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.9 Describe neutralization techniques used by government officials.

Topic: Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 41.

According to David Ermann and Richard Lundman, official deviance can be traced to three different sources, including a) a sense of moral responsibility within the ranks of a large organization b) organizational leaders‟ ability to foresee a harmful result, leading to intentional deviance c) a superabundance of ambiguous laws, leading to opportunity for deviance d) the elite‟s intention to commit a harmful act against some people Answer: c Learning Objective: 14.10 Summarize the causes of governmental deviance.

Topic: Causes of Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42.

The complexity of laws regulating political corruption often leads to __________ deviance. a) official b) unintentional c) political d) white-collar Answer: b Learning Objective: 14.10 Summarize the causes of governmental deviance.

Topic: Causes of Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

True/False Questions 1.

Corporations and personnel with high positions in a corporation have higher status and prestige, and therefore a greater opportunity to commit deviance.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

White-collar deviance is deviance committed by white-collar workers in the course of the offender‟s occupation, for personal or corporate gain.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

3.

The two types of white-collar deviance are corporate deviance and occupational deviance.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

The most obvious reason for corporations‟ tendency to be criminally negligent about their employees‟ health and safety is concern with profit maximization.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.2 Outline the different types of corporate deviance.

Topic: Corporate Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

When obtaining compliance regarding corporate deviance, threats and penalties are more commonly used than negotiation and persuasion.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.2 Outline the different types of corporate deviance.

Topic: Corporate Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

6.

The profit motive underlies the manufacturing and selling of unsafe products.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

Following the Savings & Loan scandal of the 1980s, the government has declared a war on white-collar criminals by prosecuting most of them.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

False claims made through advertisements are illegal.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

Occupational deviance includes employee theft, embezzlement, and tax and securities violations.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

The complexity and ambiguity of the tax laws have led to greater proliferation tax evasion.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Tax evasion is so prevalent because of the complexity of the tax laws.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Most of the illegal activities engaged in by U.S. companies abroad involve selling unsafe products to underdeveloped countries.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

The Superfund program created for the Environmental Protection Agency has rarely been used aggressively to stop pollution.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Excessive, sky-high compensation for top executives tends to reduce instances of illegal business practices.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

Most employee thieves are people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds who complain about low wages.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Many workers who steal from their employers do so to keep their jobs interesting and challenging.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

Embezzlers usually define their stealing as merely borrowing the money, for they insist they will pay it back soon.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

The opportunities for overcharging clients as a lawyer have much to do with the intangible nature of legal work.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

After they are convicted, white-collar criminals usually see their deviance as deviance, and see themselves as criminals.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

In most white-collar deviance, the victim unwittingly makes the offense possible because of ignorance or carelessness.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

U.S. government officials are distinguishable by their remarkable lack of interest in pursuing money while in office.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

If their illegal acts are uncovered, government officials rarely admit their guilt.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

The United States commits democide to a much smaller extent than many other nations.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 14.8 Characterize official corruption from a global standpoint.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Official Corruption Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

The phrase “the ritual of wiggle” has been used to refer to the sly way in which government crime is typically committed.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.9 Describe neutralization techniques used by government officials.

Topic: Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Public officials will usually admit when wrongdoing has occurred when faced with overwhelming evidence of their deviance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 14.10 Summarize the causes of governmental deviance.

Topic: Causes of Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. __________ deviance refers to both criminal and noncriminal forms of economic deviance carried out by high-status people as part of their occupations.

Answer: White-collar Learning Objective: 14.1 Compare white-collar and bluecollar deviance.

Topic: What Is White-Collar Deviance?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

Most corporate deviance against the government involves __________.

Answer: tax evasion Learning Objective: 14.2 Outline the different types of corporate deviance.

Topic: Corporate Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

U.S. corporations are much __________ likely to use payoffs to do business abroad, which is otherwise an extremely common practice in the global economy.

Answer: less Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Kenneth Lay of Enron and Scott Sullivan of WorldCom are two examples of corporate __________.

Answer: criminals Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5.

Tax and securities violations and embezzlement are two examples of white-collar deviance committed as part of one‟s __________.

Answer: occupation Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

Legal lawlessness is widespread, marked mostly by the practice of __________. clients.

Answer: overcharging Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7.

One characteristic of white-collar criminals is that they see themselves as respectable persons, maintaining a noncriminal __________.

Answer: self-image Learning Objective: 14.5 Distinguish white-collar deviance from common crime.

Topic: What Makes White-Collar Deviance Unique?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Some evidence suggests that __________ and greed have much to do with deviant activities in the white-collar world.

Answer: fear Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 9.

The most common form of official corruption is probably the abuse of the __________.

Answer: frank Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Police brutality and forcing Native Americans off their lands are two examples of __________ violence.

Answer: official Learning Objective: 14.9 Describe neutralization techniques used by government officials.

Topic: Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Choose and analyze one type of deviant corporate behavior. What are some of the deviant activities that corporations undertake, and what are their causes and costs?

Sample Answer: Responses will vary depending on the type of deviance selected, but should demonstrate a clear understanding of the causes and consequences of the deviant act.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Outline the different types of corporate deviance.

Topic: Corporate Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

Describe the social profile of a corrupt corporate executive, or corporate crook, and give an example of a real-world case of illegal corporate business activities.

Sample Answer: Corrupt corporate crooks typically are top corporate executives charged with fraud and other illegal business activities. They may be more highly paid than their already highly paid peers who are not criminals.

Their sky-high salary may cause them to feel that they are above the law, but their illegal business practices are not much different from the legal practices that result from too much deregulation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Describe the tactics of corrupt corporate executives.

Topic: How Corporate Crooks Operate Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Compare and contrast two types of white-collar occupational deviance. What do persons in these occupations do? How are their deviances similar or different in causes, opportunities, and consequences?

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the occupations chosen, but should reflect the tactics used by physicians, lawyers, or accountants.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Prospective embezzlers usually go through a social-psychological process that consists of three phases. Identify and discuss those phases.

Sample Answer: According to a classic explanation by sociologist Donald Cressey, prospective embezzlers usually go through a social-psychological process that consists of three phases.

1. They encounter what they perceive to be an unshareable financial problem. They are too embarrassed to share this problem with their spouses, friends, or other people who are ordinarily available for help in financial matters. The reasons include being heavily in debt from gambling, having an expensive affair, or simply feeling too much pride to ask others for help.

2. The individuals become aware of an opportunity for secretly solving the financial problem. The opportunity is typically embedded in the very position of trust that they hold by virtue of their respectable occupation.

3. In the final, most crucial phase, they rationalize away the criminal nature of embezzlement, defining the act as merely getting a temporary loan rather than as committing a theft. They expect to return the money later.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Explain the different types of white-collar occupational deviance.

Topic: Occupational Deviance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

5.

Discuss some of the reasons why white-collar deviance is unique. That is, what are some features of this type of deviance that are not found among other types of deviance?

Sample Answer: White-collar deviance is distinguishable for its rational execution of the offense, as well as for the offender‘s respectable self-image, the victims‘ unwitting cooperation, and society‘s relative indifference toward the offense. All of these factors are common to white-collar deviance, but not necessarily found in other forms of deviant activity.

Learning Objective: 14.5 Distinguish white-collar deviance from common crime.

Topic: What Makes White-Collar Deviance Unique?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6.

List and explain three causes of white-collar deviance.

Sample Answer: Generally, the causes of white-collar deviance are stronger deviant motivation, greater deviant opportunity, and weaker social control. Strong deviant motivation involves the fear of loss and greed for gain.

Greater deviant opportunity inheres in a higher position in a company or in the more powerful corporation. Weaker social control comes from less stringent law enforcement against white-collar deviance compared to other forms of deviance.

Learning Objective: 14.6 Analyze the reasons for engaging in white-collar deviance.

Topic: Causes of White-Collar Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

7.

Describe and analyze one type of governmental deviance. What is this type of deviance committed by a government or governmental official, and what is its cause?

Sample Answer: Responses will vary based on the type of deviance selected, but should reflect political corruption, election improprieties, police brutality, abusing the frank, mismanagement of public funds, receiving kickbacks, and the like.

Learning Objective: 14.7 Explain the types of governmental deviance.

Topic: Governmental Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 8.

Characterize official corruption from a global standpoint by describing the nature and causes of corruption around the world.

Sample Answer: Corruption is a common practice all over the world, but it is more prevalent in developing countries, where it is considered normal. Corruption hurts poorer citizens more than wealthier citizens, and usually slows a nation‘s economic growth. As might be expected, causes of corruption include poverty, having a large population, and a lack of democracy.

Learning Objective: 14.8 Characterize official corruption from a global standpoint.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Official Corruption Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 9.

List and describe several techniques official deviants use to avoid responsibility for their actions. What are some techniques, and how do they work?

Sample Answer: Government officials try to neutralize their deviance, or make it appear as if they had done nothing wrong. This neutralization takes the form of denying the obvious, ignoring the deviance, accusing the accuser, promising to take action, justifying the deviance, and other similar neutralization strategies.

Learning Objective: 14.9 Describe neutralization techniques used by government officials.

Topic: Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

Underprivileged Deviance Multiple Choice Questions 1.

All of these attributes are characteristic of underprivileged deviance EXCEPT that it is a) always highly profitable. b) usually committed by people who are living below the poverty line and powerless. c) more liable to be punished severely. d) widely seen as disreputable.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. ____________ is the primary motivation for most robbers. a) Fame b) Money c) Thrills d) Power Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3.

As a property crime, robbery a) entails the use of violence against the victim. b) is basically similar to murder or rape. c) is a relatively rational, calculated act. d) requires little decision making.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

Most robbers are primarily interested in a) fame. b) money. c) thrills. d) power.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

When robbers consider the selection of a target, they consider how lucrative an establishment is and a) the personality of the potential victim. b) the fame gained from the robbery. c) the risk of arrest. d) who to frame for the job.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

The use of actual violence is more likely in a(n) __________ robbery. a) armed b) unarmed c) profitable d) nighttime Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7.

Most robberies take place a) in the robber‟s workplace. b) in Nebraska. c) in banks. d) outdoors.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated

with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

In his study of robbery 50 years ago, John Conklin argued that a) robbers commit their crimes as an alternative to murder. b) relative deprivation was the basis for increased robbery rates by lower-income Black people. c) most robbers would prefer to use a gun to neutralize any opposition to their crimes. d) a sense of absolute deprivation fueled most robbery attempts.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

There are many reasons why a weapon can help robbers accomplish their goal efficiently, EXCEPT a) enhancing the robbers‟ sense of manhood. b) creating a buffer zone between the offender and the victim. c) intimidating the victim. d) helping ensure an escape.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

Bank robberies are a) the most common type of robbery. b) not very common, but are rising steadily. c) relatively rare. d) virtually nonexistent.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Which statement about the patterns of robbery is true? a) Robbery occurs most frequently in the cold winter months. b) Most robberies take place in small rural communities.

c) Most robberies result in large amounts of stolen money. d) Most robbers today are unarmed.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Today, most robbery is likely to be a) intraracial. b) interracial. c) unarmed. d) the robbery of a bank.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13.

An opportunist robber a) is probably the least common type of robber. b) shows deep commitment to robbery. c) frequently plans and commits robbery. d) usually mugs or shoplifts.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Compared to the others, which type of robber is most likely to get caught? a) addict robbers b) alcoholic robbers c) professional robbers d) opportunist robbers Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

15.

The majority of robberies are a) carefully planned and executed. b) unsuccessful. c) entirely unplanned. d) over-planned but unsuccessful.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 16.

Which characteristic applies to a professional robber? a) a profound sense of guilt b) a disrespect for authority c) a tendency to see their crime as an honest enterprise d) frequent arguing and conflict in their families Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Apprehension is most likely to happen to __________, even though they are also least likely to engage in robbery in the first place. a) addict robbers b) alcoholic robbers c) professional robbers d) opportunist robbers Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

In Johnny Conklin‟s view, the robbers of today a) are very much like the robbers of the 1930s. b) tend to commit robbery more as a crime of passion. c) are likely to commit robbery out of a sense of relative deprivation. d) find the risks of crime much greater than before.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated

with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

According to Leroy Gould, writing more than 50 years ago, robbery rates tend to increase during times of a) economic abundance. b) economic depression. c) absolute deprivation. d) cutbacks in police and government services.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Even with a massive drop, __________ continues to account for a significant proportion of all property lost to crime. a) shoplifting b) bank robbery c) mugging d) auto theft Answer: d Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21.

What has become a major concern with auto thefts since the 1990s? a) the use of violence during a carjacking b) joyriding c) stealing a car to commit another crime d) the number of auto thieves arrested Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

There are several reasons for the upsurge in auto thefts, EXCEPT for a) inadequate law enforcement. b) a desire to use violence against wealthy people.

c) abundant opportunities for stealing cars. d) increased profitability of stolen cars.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

The carjacking type of auto theft has increased because of a) thrill seeking. b) a greater need among the youth for respect from their peers. c) the increased sophistication of car security devices. d) racial friction between perpetrator and victim.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

What time is a burglary most likely to occur? a) 10–11 p.m. b) 4–5 a.m. c) 5–7 p.m. d) 9–11 a.m.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 15.3 Identify the causes of burglary.

Topic: Burglary Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25.

To ensure the house they break into is empty, most burglars will use a variety of tricks, such as _____________. a) checking the water meter b) leaving a card in the door c) dismantling the telephone lines on a targeted city block d) posing as a priest or rabbi Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.3 Identify the causes of burglary.

Topic: Burglary Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

The primary motivation for burglary is

a) subsistence needs. b) the thrill of entering a home. c) expressive needs. d) to demonstrate technical skills.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.3 Identify the causes of burglary.

Topic: Burglary Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

The opportunity for committing burglary largely stems from a) the increased desperation of burglars. b) the frequent absence of capable guardians. c) the naive trust of many homeowners who leave their doors open. d) television, which teaches burglary ideology and skills.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.3 Identify the causes of burglary.

Topic: Burglary Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

To avoid frightening away their patrons, store owners euphemistically refer to shoplifting as a) burglary. b) shrinkage. c) wealth redistribution. d) “informal charity.”

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29.

About __________ percent of American stores‟ total merchandise is shoplifted. a) 1.4 b) 5.8 c) 12.6 d) 23.9 Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

30.

The social profile of shoplifters includes a) being professionals or boosters. b) usually being older. c) usually being men. d) likely being an immigrant.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31.

Teenagers have several motivations to shoplift, EXCEPT for a) real economic needs for food and shelter. b) a sense of thrill. c) a need for acceptance by peers. d) rationalizing the theft as not serious.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32.

Participants in organized crime in the United States are a) engaged in truly deviant behavior. b) almost as numerous as participants in organized crime activities in Russia. c) trying to achieve the American dream. d) largely repressed by the FBI and the police.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 33.

The two basic characteristics of organized crime are a well-defined hierarchy of positions and a) the routine use of violence. b) taking unusual risks to make money. c) a strict code of conduct. d)proficiency with sophisticated weapons.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34.

Which element is part of organized crime‟s code of conduct? a) Loyalty to other members of the group b) A willingness to act in extreme ways c) Membership in the Roman Catholic religion d) Sophisticated dress and life-style Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35.

Compared to the others, which criminal activity is most typical of organized crime groups other than those of Italian Americans? a) Specialization in one or two forms of economic deviance b) Street crimes, including the sale of drugs c) Corporate crimes, such as price fixing d) Political crime, such as illegal wiretaps Answer: a Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 36.

Taking over businesses and hiring professional arsonists to burn buildings and their contents, and operating a recording company to make counterfeit CDs and LP albums, are examples of the organized crime activity of a) labor racketeering. b) corruption of public officials. c) organized theft. d) infiltrating legitimate business.

Answer: d Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

37.

The history of ethnic succession in organized crime suggests that an ethnic gang has to go through several stages before it can attain supremacy, such as a) common street criminals getting together to extort or otherwise victimize residents of their own neighborhood. b) the intervention and sponsorship of one group by another, more successful ethnic organized crime group. c) committing first burglary, then robbery, then shoplifting, then arson. d) proving their loyalty to the cause by executing a family member in public.

Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38.

Black American, Asian, and Hispanic gangs seem to be stuck in the __________ stage of ethnic succession in organized crime. a) first b) second c) third d) fourth Answer: b Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39.

The main reason why it is impossible to stamp out organized crime is because a) they have corrupted the police too extensively. b) government laws are too weak. c) the public will always create a demand for vices. d) there will always be immigrants who are willing to engage in illegal activities.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.6 Characterize U.S. government efforts to combat organized crime.

Topic: The War on Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40.

The Yakuza are an organized crime family based in a) Côte d‟Ivoire. b) Switzerland. c) Japan. d) South Korea.

Answer: c Learning Objective: 15.7 Compare organized crime in various countries and in the United States.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. Organized crime in _________ is more pervasive, influential, or powerful than in the United States. a) Sweden b) Spain c) the Philippines d) Russia Answer: d Learning Objective: 15.7 Compare organized crime in various countries and in the United States.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts True/False Questions 1.

Most sociologists consider robbery to be more of a violent crime than a property crime.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2.

Most robbers express their need for money as their primary motive for committing the crime.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

The need for money is the primary motivation for robbers.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4.

Violence is more likely to occur in unarmed robbery.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Robberies tend to occur more often in the rural areas than in urban settings.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6.

Actual violence is more likely to occur in armed robbery than in unarmed robbery.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7.

John Conklin noted that, 50 years ago, most robbers use firearms to create a buffer zone between them and their victims and to help ensure escape.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

The addict robber characteristically resorts to physical violence when committing a robbery.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

The type of robbers who get arrested most often are alcoholic robbers.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10.

The professional robber is committed to the crime of robbery, but it is seldom profitable because it carries too much risk.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11.

Professional robbers are as likely as amateur robbers to commit the crime on the spur of the moment.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12.

Most professional robbers consider their work legitimate.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Like robbers, burglars confront their victims.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14.

Most robberies are well planned and organized.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15.

According to relative deprivation theory of robbery, robbery is caused by feelings of frustration from failing to realize heightened expectations in the lower classes.

Answer: True

Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16.

Leroy Gould‟s theory of robbery, published over 50 years ago, tried to explain the high rates of property crime in times of economic scarcity and the low rates in times of abundance.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17.

Many experts seem to agree that improved interpersonal relations accounted for some of the drop in crimes such as theft, robbery, and burglary.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18.

One reason why so many opportunities for stealing a car exist is because of inadequate law-enforcement.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19.

Few burglars carefully check on whether a house is empty, because such attempts would alert residents and the police to the planning of a burglary.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.3 Identify the causes of burglary.

Topic: Burglary Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20.

Snitches are professional criminals who shoplift for profit.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

21.

Many young shoplifters commit the offense not because of real economic need but because of desire to buy designer clothes.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22.

Most traditional organized crime groups are informal, egalitarian, and somewhat volatile.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23.

The Mafia usually targets three kinds of officials: law enforcers, politicians, and pharmaceutical executives.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24.

Prohibition ushered in a new era of organized crime in the early 1900s.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Organized crime is unique to contemporary American society: it could not be found in any other society.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.6 Characterize U.S. government efforts to combat organized crime.

Topic: The War on Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26.

The rise of organized crime is tied to its function as an avenue for ambitious members of the lower classes, especially immigrants living below the poverty line.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.6 Characterize U.S. government

efforts to combat organized crime.

Topic: The War on Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27.

Despite successes, the government will never be able to stamp out organized crime.

Answer: True Learning Objective: 15.6 Characterize U.S. government efforts to combat organized crime.

Topic: The War on Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28.

The Yakuza are the many organized crime groups in Japan that have been outlawed by the government.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 15.7 Compare organized crime in various countries and in the United States.

Topic: A Global Perspective on Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1.

Robbery is simultaneously both a(n) __________ and a violent crime.

Answer: property Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2.

There is more violence involved in __________ compared to armed robberies.

Answer: unarmed Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3.

The number of __________ robbers has increased over the last several decades whereas the number of __________ peers has shrunk.

Answer: amateurs; professional Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. _______________ robbers consider their work as a legitimate profession.

Answer: Professional Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5.

Compared to other types, an __________ robber is the most likely to get caught, but least likely to commit a robbery in the first place.

Answer: alcoholic Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6.

The overwhelming majority of __________ do not involve any violence against the victim because the crime takes place when the owner is not around.

Answer: auto thefts Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. _____________ is the word commercial stores use to refer to goods that have been shoplifted.

Answer: shrinkage Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

The illegal goods and services sold by the Mafia include illicit gambling, loan sharking, and __________.

Answer: narcotics Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9.

With the rapid development of __________, organized crime does not have to be located in any specific area or control any geographic space.

Answer: technology

Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. _____________ succession refers to the movement of recent immigrant groups into organized crime activity.

Answer: Ethnic Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions 1.

Compare robbery as a property crime to robbery as a violent crime. Is robbery more of an attempt to gain money or a form of violence? Why? Sample Answer: As a property crime, robbery is a rational act, which involves making rational decisions about the execution of a robbery. As a violent crime, robbery is carried out with actual or potential violence against the victim. Unarmed or strong-arm robbery often involves actual violence, whereas armed robbery often involves potential violence. It‘s difficult to determine which ―form‖ robbery takes, unless the robber is questioned as to the motives behind the act. Even then, they might represent a combination of violence (―I wanted to show them who‘s boss!‖) and property crime (―I wanted some nice stuff.‖).

Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 2.

Compare and contrast professional robbery and one of the forms of amateur robbery. How are they the same and different in terms of motive, planning, value of stolen items, and success?

Sample Answer: Answers will vary depending on the type of amateur robbery discussed, but should focus on elements of professionalism versus spontaneity or opportunity, ultimate motives for the different types of robbery, and the success rate (as measured by profitability or likelihood of getting caught).

Learning Objective: 15.1 Explain the elements associated with robbery.

Topic: Robbery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 3.

Analyze some of the reasons why auto theft and carjacking have increased so dramatically. What has pushed these types of robbery to new heights? How might this type of property crime be better controlled?

Sample Answer: The causes of auto theft include inadequate law enforcement against car theft, the profitability of stolen cars and auto parts, and insurance fraud. The increased sophistication of cars‘ security devices is an additional factor behind the upsurge in carjacking.

Breaking into an unoccupied car is likely to set off alarms or systems that disable the automobile, whereas forcibly dragging a motorist out of a running car, often with the threat of extreme violence, may be quicker and more efficient.

Learning Objective: 15.2 Contextualize crime related to auto theft and carjacking.

Topic: Auto Theft and Carjacking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 4.

Describe the motivations and factors that must come into play for burglary to occur.

Sample Answer: The motivations underlying burglary include the offender‘s expressive needs for maintaining a fast life, partying, and using drugs and alcohol, and the deviant opportunity provided by the frequent absence of capable guardians against burglary. One of the factors that comes into play when burglarizing is that burglars try to avoid confrontations with victims by breaking into empty houses, which explains why most burglaries occur during the day when people are at work, rather than during the night.

Learning Objective: 15.3 Identify the causes of burglary.

Topic: Burglary Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 5.

Analyze the ways in which American society encourages the crime of shoplifting.

That is, how do commercial establishments, malls, and other places seem to encourage this type of theft? Why is this so?

Sample Answer: Causes of shoplifting include economic motivations such as living below the poverty line and trying to be frugal, and social-psychological motivations such as the desires for thrills, social acceptance, and rationalizations. In a very real sense, American society encourages shoplifting because of these motivations. For example, the ―American dream‖ is to constantly get ahead, to earn more, and to have more than other people. That feeds into being frugal (i.e., getting something for free, rather than paying for it, is a sensible way to have more than others and to get ahead) and also why people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds shoplift. The United States values sensationalism, in its television shows, celebrity antics, and constant one-upping on social media. The search for thrills or some kind of notoriety among peers resulting from shoplifting fits that overall pattern. We are also a nation of ―Who, me?!‖ citizens, swift to deflect blame for any perceived shortcomings. As such, the rationalizations underlying shoplifting make sense to the shoplifter.

Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the motivations of shoplifting.

Topic: Shoplifting Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 6.

Why are the Italian Americans more powerful than Black Americans and Asian Americans in the context of organized crime in the United States?

Sample Answer: Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the most powerful crime groups were Irish, Jewish, and Italian. Organized crime was first dominated by the Irish, then by the Jews, and finally, beginning in the 1930s, by the Italians. Although most ethnic crime groups specialize in drug trafficking or only a few crimes, the Italian American Mafia gets involved in many diverse deviances that include selling illegal goods and services, engaging in large-scale thefts and racketeering, corrupting public officials, and infiltrating legitimate businesses. As such, they wield greater power than other ethnic organized crime groups having a more narrow criminal focus.

Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the types of organized crimes.

Topic: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

7.

What are some of the ways in which the United States has dealt with organized crime? Have they been effective in their pursuits or not?

Sample Answer: Since the early 1980s, the federal government has consolidated its various law enforcement efforts—with impressive results—toward putting organized crime out of business. Numerous mobsters, and their bosses, have been successfully prosecuted and incarcerated. The total demise of organized crime is doubtful, however, because the criminals tend to become more careful in concealing their activities and identities, and perhaps most important, the basic social causes of organized crime continue to exist.

Learning Objective: 15.6 Characterize U.S. government efforts to combat organized crime.

Topic: The War on Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know