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TEST BANK for Counseling Research Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods 3rd Edition by Carl Sheperis, Scott Young, Harry Daniels Chapter 1-18

Chapter 1 Test Item File

Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Third Edition Carl J. Sheperis Texas A&M University-San Antonio

J. Scott Young University of North Carolina, Greensboro

M. Harry Daniels University of Florida

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Contemporary Issues in Counseling Research

Learning Outcome Quizzes

Application Exercise

Test Items

Test Answer Key

Chapter 1: Contemporary Issues in Counseling Research Chapter 1 Learning Outcome Quizzes Learning Objective 1.1 Understand the importance of research in advancing the counseling profession, including the use of research to inform counseling practice. [Q1] have forced counselors to examine their interventions and outcomes within the various types of therapy settings and to demonstrate that their therapeutic work provides benefits to clients. 1. Lack of jobs 2. Changes in funding sources [correct] 3. Recession 4. Burnout [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Lack of jobs has nothing to do with counselors examining their interventions and outcomes. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Due to changes in funding sources, counselors have been examining their interventions and outcomes within therapy settings. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] The recession has not impacted the examination of intervention and outcomes. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Burnout is not a cause of examination of intervention and outcomes in counselors. 1 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

[Q2] As a part of the scientist practitioner model, which of these is one of three roles delegated to a practicing counselor? 1. Engage in therapy 2. Take a research course 3. Provide theory interventions 4. Producer of new data [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] In the SP model, counseling practitioners are not focused on just their clinical skills. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] In the SP model, counseling practitioners do not simply take a course but actively engage in research. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] In the SP model, counseling practitioners are not focused on theoretical interventions but the research and evaluation aspect of them. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] In the SP model, counseling practitioners are encouraged to be active producers of new data. [Q3] Suzie engaged in the following activities last semester. Which of these activities is an example of utilizing the scientific method? 1. Suzie gathered and analyzed data from teachers in the district to answer a question about their attitudes regarding new high-stakes testing policies. [correct] 2. Suzie learned about problem-based learning by going to the library, reading about this topic, and writing a summary. 3. Suzie wrote an item for a newsletter describing her personal opinion about the value of parental involvement in school based on 10 years of working in the area. 4. Suzie described a new program that was implemented at her school to help parents become more involved. [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] Suzie has followed the scientific method by recognizing a problem (new high-stakes testing policies), gathering data, and analyzing to address the research problem. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Reviewing the literature in an area is an important practice, but in this example she did not engage in scientific inquiry following her review of the literature. 2 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

[Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Opinions are important, but they are not included in the scientific process. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] While Suzie did a service by describing a new program, she did not engage in any sort of data collection or analysis. [Q4] Emmanuel has completed the introduction to research and ethics part of developing research competency. What would be the next step? 1. Qualitative designs 2. Conducting research 3. Data analysis and reporting results 4. Literature [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Qualitative designs is the sixth step in developing research competency. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Conducting research is the ninth step in developing research competency. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Data analysis and reporting results is the eighth step in developing research competency. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Literature is the third step after introduction to research and ethics in developing research competency. Learning Objective 1.2 Determine the foundational elements of research including the development of research questions and procedures for sampling. [Q1] Stefan has just completed a literature review and identified his research question. What is the next step in his research process? 1. Data collection 2. Data Analysis 3. Determining methodology 4. Hypothesis [correct] 3 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

[Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Data collection is at a later stage of the research process. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Data analysis is at a later stage of the research process. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Determining methodology is at a later stage of the research process. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Determining a hypothesis would be the next step after generating a research question. [Q2] The specifics of research procedures are dictated by: 1. The research questions involved in the study. [correct] 2. The preference of the researcher. 3. The abilities of the researcher. 4. Previous research. [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] Different research questions will require different approaches to research. The questions and included variables should be the factors that dictate the research procedures. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] While a researcher may prefer a particular method, this should not be the driving factor in determining procedures. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] While a researcher may be strong in one or more areas, this should not influence the procedures for any particular study. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] The methods used in previous and similar research are important, but they should not limit the possibilities for future research. [Q3] Professor Garcia is developing a new kindergarten curriculum. She approaches a private school and asks them to implement the program in one class for one year. The class is randomly selected, and data are collected from another class to compare. Professor Garcia is conducting: 1. Survey research. 2. Narrative research. 4 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3. Experimental research [correct] 4. Correlational research. [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Professor Garcia is not using a survey to obtain information. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Narrative research is a qualitative methodology, and this is not the type of research Professor Garcia is conducting in this example. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] She is comparing variables in two classes randomly assigned to the experiment and control condition. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Correlational research looks at the relationship between variables. This is not the type of research Professor Garcia is conducting in this example. [Q4] Neha has collected research data through a survey from 52 participants. What would n=52 mean? 1. Mean 2. Standard Deviation 3. Population 4. Sample size [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Mean is the average of two or more numbers and would not be the correct choice here. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Population is the entire group that qualifies for participants in your study. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Sample size is the number of individuals that actually engaged in the study. Learning Objective 1.3 Explore the application of research to practice. [Q1] 5 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

In counseling, research.

behavior is one of the primary applications of

1. Ignoring 2. Improving [correct] 3. Isolating 4. Explaining [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Ignoring behaviors is not one of the primary applications of research. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Improving behavior is the primary application of research. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Isolating behaviors is not one of the primary applications of research. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Explaining behaviors is not one of the primary applications of research. [Q2] The procedure most aligned with a researcher using quantitative methods involves: 1. Studying a large number of participants as a detached, objective observer. [correct] 2. Studying an interesting phenomenon in the context in which it naturally occurs. 3. Communicating the results of the study in a loosely structured report that uses informal language to engage the reader. 4. Using a research design that changes as narrative data are collected and analyzed. [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] The degree of interaction with participants is usually low for quantitative research, and the researcher seeks a larger number of participants. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Since there would be little control of the variables in this situation and the sample size may be particularly small, this is not the general ideal setting for quantitative methods. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] The results of quantitative studies are typically quite detailed and sometimes use language specific to the approach. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Quantitative research methods do not typically shift as data are collected and analyzed. [Q3] 6 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Of the following research goals, the one that most likely uses mixed methods research involves: 1. Conducting interviews with participants after completing an instrument to assess instructional approaches to explain the results. [correct] 2. Comparing numeric test results across groups to understand the effects of a particular instructional approach. 3. Exploring teachers’ use of formative quizzes within three second-language classrooms. 4. Describing the relation between students’ math attitudes and their math achievement. [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] This study involves a quantitative instrument of instructional approaches followed by qualitative interviews to explain the results of the instrument. The integration of qualitative and quantitative data is a key characteristic of mixed methods research. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] This comparison would only utilize quantitative methods. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] While this topic could certainly be explored using mixed methods research, more information is needed. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This relationship is likely best explored using quantitative methods. [Q4] Qualitative research is characterized by: 1. The desire not to make general conclusions. 2. A sample of participants large enough to provide meaningful data. 3. The attempt to study things as they exist naturally. [correct] 4. The view of a stable, uniform world. [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Qualitative researchers do not attempt to make claims of generalization, but they do attempt to research in such a way that their results may be transferable. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Typically, qualitative research uses a smaller sample size than quantitative research. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Qualitative researchers do not control or manipulate the environment they are studying. 7 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

[Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Qualitative research attempts to add to the understanding of a setting, place, or situation and thus recognizes that our understanding shifts as new knowledge is ascertained. Qualitative researchers also generally recognize that individuals often construct their own understandings, thus many ways of understanding exist. [Q5] Which of the following relies heavily on statistical procedures? 1. Quantitative research [correct] 2. Qualitative research 3. Action research 4. Mixed methods research [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] Quantitative research relies on statistical procedures and the associated assumptions. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Qualitative research requires an organized and thorough analysis process, but this does not include a statistical analysis. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Action research may incorporate statistics as a part of the research process, but this is not required. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Mixed methods research incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data analysis.

Chapter-1 Application Exercise Application Exercise 1.1 Learning Objective 1.2 Determine the foundational elements of research including the development of research questions and procedures for sampling. [Q1] Let’s explore a popular counseling journal: The Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision (https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/jcps/). Pick two articles from this journal and determine if the articles are conceptual, quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. What information helped you reach that conclusion? [Q1 Model Response] (response may vary.) 8 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Once you identify an article from this journal, consider reading the abstract of the article to determine whether the study was conceptual, quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. Alternatively, you could go to the methodology section to determine the type of research study. [Q2] A study is conducted to explore the relationship between exercise and academic performance in high school students. The researchers select two groups of students: Group A participates in regular physical activity programs, while Group B does not engage in structured exercise. The researchers collect data on the students’ academic grades over a semester and examine whether there is a significant difference in academic performance between the two groups. Research Question: Does regular participation in physical activity programs have a positive impact on the academic performance of high school students? What would be the hypothesis of this study? [Q2 Model Response] Hypothesis: The researchers hypothesize that high school students who participate in regular physical activity programs (Group A) will demonstrate higher academic performance compared to those who do not engage in structured exercise (Group B). [Q3] As a counseling professional, you are interested in conducting research to explore the experiences of L GBTQ+ youth in school settings. Come up with three research questions to help with your study. Keeping in mind that all research questions are designed to interrogate a hypothesis, identify the hypothesis for each of the research questions you developed. [Q3 Model Response] (Responses may vary.) Three research questions to explore the experiences of LGBTQ+ youth in school settings and their hypothesis could be: Research Question 1: How do LGBTQ+ youth perceive their sense of safety and inclusivity within school environments, and what factors contribute to these perceptions? Hypothesis 1: LGBTQ+ youth who feel a greater sense of safety and inclusivity in school environments will have higher levels of well-being and academic engagement. Additionally, factors such as supportive school policies, accepting peers, and inclusive curricula will positively contribute to LGBTQ+ students' perceptions of safety and inclusivity. 9 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Research Question 2: What are the challenges and barriers that LGBT Q+ youth face in school settings, and how do these impact their mental health and overall well-being? Hypothesis 2: LGBTQ+ youth who encounter more challenges and barriers in school settings related to discrimination, bullying, and lack of support will experience poorer mental health outcomes and overall well-being. Additionally, experiences of stigma and social isolation will be negatively correlated with their mental health. Research Question 3: What types of support systems and interventions are most effective in promoting the well-being and resilience of LGBTQ+ youth in school environments, and how do these contribute to their academic success and social integration? Hypothesis 3: LGBTQ+ youth who have access to effective support systems and interventions in schools, such as LGBT Q+ support groups, inclusive counseling services, and antibullying initiatives, will show higher levels of well-being and resilience. Moreover, academic success and social integration will be positively associated with the availability and utilization of these support systems and interventions. Application Exercise 1.2 Learning Objective 1.3 Explore the application of research to practice. [Q1] Provide some specific examples of how counselors can engage in research and utilize it in their practice. [Q1 Model Response] (Response may vary.) 

A counselor who works with children with A DHD might conduct a study to see if a new intervention is more effective than the current standard of care.



A counselor who works with survivors of trauma might read research on the effects of trauma and how to best help survivors.



A counselor who works in a school might use data to track the progress of students who are receiving counseling services.

If you do not have current clients, consider the following case: Malik is a 29-year-old male who was recently laid off and has been having a difficult time finding a new job. He reports having disruptions in his sleep—often staying up for hours in bed while being unable to control his thoughts and worrying about his future. You determine that Malik is experiencing some symptoms of anxiety. How would you use the elements of scientist practitioner model to develop a plan of action? [Q2 Model Response] (Response may vary.) The SP model is a valuable tool for counselors because it provides a systematic approach to integrating research and practice. By using the elements of the SP model, counselors can develop evidence-based treatment plans that are tailored to the individual needs of their clients. The SP model is a flexible approach that can be adapted to the needs of individual clients. It is a valuable tool for counselors who want to provide their clients with the most effective treatment possible. To use the elements of the SP model to develop a plan of action for a client, first identify the presenting issue. In this case, let's say the client is struggling with anxiety. Use the following steps to develop a plan of action: 1. Conduct a thorough assessment. This would involve gathering information about the client's anxiety symptoms, their history, and their current functioning. Also, consider the use of standardized measures to assess the severity of the client's presenting issue. For anxiety, you could use assessments like G AD-9. 2. Review the research literature. Review the research literature on presenting issue to identify effective treatment interventions. Look for research on the use of data-based problem solving in counseling. 3. Develop a treatment plan. The treatment plan would be based on the research literature and assessment of the client. It would include specific goals, interventions, and a timeline for evaluation. 4. Implement the treatment: Implement the treatment plan and monitor the client's progress. Collect data to track the client's progress and to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. 5. Evaluate the treatment plan. Evaluate the treatment plan at regular intervals to determine whether it is meeting the client's needs. Use the data to make adjustments to the plan as needed.

Chapter 1 Test Items Multiple Choice Questions 1) Concerns related to counseling research include ALL BUT WHICH of the following? 11 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

a) As a profession, counselors are paying increasing attention to the efficacy of practice b) Counseling journals sponsored by ACA divisions are lacking in manuscript submissions c) Changes in funding requirements make research necessary d) Managed care requires counselors to examine treatment practices 2) The Scientist-Practitioner model a) focuses on the objective assessment of data only. b) focuses on the subjective experience of counseling only. c) provides direction for developing evidenced based treatment practices. d) None of the above are true regarding the Scientist-Practitioner model. 3) The Scientist-Practitioner model was formulated as a way to a) integrate research and therapy. b) redefine the helping professions. c) increase PhDs in counseling. d) integrate qualitative and quantitative practices. 4) A best practice approach to counseling a) includes methods clearly outlined in the ACA Code of Ethics. b) requires advanced training in research and statistics. c) integrates clinical experience and empirically validated treatment approaches. d) is a myth, no one can achieve best practice. 5) The Scientist-Practitioner model proposes three roles for the practicing counselor. They include ALL BUT WHICH of the following? a) Producers of new data b) Manuscript authors or co-authors c) Consumers of research d) Evaluators of effective therapy 6) Something that has influenced the need for a Scientist Practitioner approach to counseling is a) the practice of counseling has become increasingly time-limited. b) data does not exist to substantiate any current counseling approaches. c) counselors must take the market from psychologists in order to survive as a profession. 12 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

d) previous research in the field has largely been poorly conducted and is not considered currently valid. 7) A systematic investigation which involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in a sequential manner in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon of interest is also known as a) statistics. b) analysis. c) research. d) methodology. 8) Counselors primarily conduct research in order to a) inform practice. b) become published authors. c) benefit clients. d) a & b. e) a & c. 9) Guiding the direction of the research, which of the following defines the relationship between what you want to know and how you intend to discover this knowledge through research? a) Hypothesis b) Research question c) Variables of interest d) Research design 10) An inference or speculation that is indicative of the researcher’s best estimation of the projected results of the research is the a) hypothesis. b) research question. c) variables of interest. d) research design. 11) Which of the following defines characteristics with more than one attribute or value that can be observed or manipulated? a) Hypothesis b) Research question c) Variables of interest d) Research design 13 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

12) Researchers wishing to study categorical variables would use which research design? a) Quantitative b) Qualitative c) Phenomenological d) Narrative 13) When a researcher is interested in linking or making an association between two or more phenomena, the design that should be used is a) descriptive. b) experimental. c) relational. d) phenomenological. 14) Researchers wishing to study characteristics of a particular group of people need to consider a) sample size. b) total population. c) generalizability. d) All of the above. e) a & c only. 15) Characteristics of quality research include ALL BUT WHICH of the following? a) A focus on a small slice of a large problem b) Being limited in scope c) Broad research questions in order to maximize generalizability d) Clearly defined research problem 16) Which of the following is true regarding research questions? a) It is a statement of the problem and its significance. b) They can be in declarative or question form. c) It must be specific in focus and intention. d) All of the above are true regarding research questions. 17) Which of the following is true regarding the hypothesis? a) It is a tentative or potential answer to the proposed research questions. b) It can be formulated before or after data collection. c) It can be in declarative or question form. 14 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

d) All of the above are true regarding the hypothesis. 18) Research designs that include selecting participants from identified subgroups within the total population employ a) systemic sampling. b) stratified sampling. c) random sampling. d) convenience sampling. 19) ALL BUT WHICH are true regarding sample size? a) Realistically, the larger the sample the greater the generalizability. b) Trade-off occurs between the most desirable size and the most practical size. c) There are absolute minimum numbers that must be met for a study to be valid. d) Subject availability and cost factors are legitimate considerations. 20) One of the primary applications of counseling research is a) controlling cognitive distortions. b) improving weight loss. c) smoking cessation. d) improving/controlling behavior.

13. c 14. d 15. c 16. d 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. d

Chapter 2 Test Item File

Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Third Edition Carl J. Sheperis Texas A&M University-San Antonio

J. Scott Young University of North Carolina, Greensboro

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