TEST BANK for A Students Guide to Developmental Psychology 1st Edition Margaret Harris & Westermann

TEST BANK

TEST BANK

Chapter-1 1

John Locke, taking an empiricist point of view, famously said that a child is a(n): (A) wonder possibility (B) servant to biology (C) empty cup (D) blank slate

Answer: (D) blank slate 2

According to Gilligan (1982), an ethic of caring when making moral judgements stems from: (A) thinking of people as separate beings (B) a view of the interconnectedness of people (C) thinking of all people as having value (D) viewing others as being equal in value to oneself

Answer: (B) a view of the interconnectedness of people 3

Amoung individuals, internalising tends to: (A) increase with age (B) decrease with age (C) decrease with further education (D) increase inversely to the number of friends one has

Answer: (A) increase with age 4

Adolescent girls in the US have more similar attitudes about __________ with their friends than boys.

(A) school achievement (B) sexual behaviours (C) normative behaviours (D) social activities

Answer: (B) sexual behaviours 5

Erel and Burman (1995) found that there was a strong link between the quality of marital relationships and the quality of the relationship that these adults had with their children.

This has been referred to as the …

(A) correlational hypothesis (B) generational hypothesis (C) spillover hypothesis (D) relationship hypothesis

Answer: (C) spillover hypothesis 6

Reliance on friends is greatest during the __________ stage of adulthood.

(A) married without children

(B) parental (C) romantically uncommitted (D) expecting children Answer: (C) romantically uncommitted 7

When asked to recall a recent moral dilemna (Walker, de Vries & Trevethen, 1987), women are more likely to …

(A) recall an event involving relationships (B) recall an impersonal event (C) recall an event involving miscommunication (D) recall an event involving money

Answer: (A) recall an event involving relationships 8

Within Western society there are significant changes in relationships over the lifespan.

Which of the following is NOT typical of relationships at the age described?

(A) Same-sex friends provide the main sources of support in middle adolescence.

(B) Males experience romantic experiences as most supportive in late adolescence.

(C) Parents are seen as the most frequent providers of emotional support in middle childhood.

(D) Tension in parent–child relationships and sibling relationships peaks in late adolescence.

Answer: (D) Tension in parent–child relationships and sibling relationships peaks in late adolescence.

9

Self-disclosure studies by Buhrmester (1996), showed that by age 15 …

(A) children are more likely to reveal personal information to parents (B) children are less likely to understand their own motives (C) children are less likely to reveal personal information to parents (D) children are more likely to understand their own motives

Answer: (C) children are less likely to reveal personal information to parents 10 Tensions between parent and child peak in …

(A) middle childhood and early adolescence (B) middle and late adolescence (C) early and middle childhood (D) early and middle adolescence Answer: (D) early and middle adolescence 11 The quality of relationships in adolescence is influenced by ...

(A) the quality of friends one associates with (B) the quality of attachment relations in infancy (C) the strength of one's support group (D) the quality of family relations in middle childhood

Answer: (B) the quality of attachment relations in infancy 12 Which is most likely true of adolescent same-sex friendships?

(A) Female–female friendships are better because of the support network they provide.

(B) Male–male friendships are better because of the team work they foster.

(C) Neither male–male nor female–female friendships are conducive to developing important life skills.

(D) Both male–male and female–female friendships develop skills that are important for functioning as adults.

Answer: (D) Both male–male and female–female friendships develop skills that are important for functioning as adults.

13 Overall violent activities are consistently ________ with girls.

(A) lower (B) higher (C) nonexistent (D) more personal Answer: (A) lower 14 Male adolescents are less likely to (Benenson & Schinazi, 2004) …

(A) desire achievement (B) have negative feelings when they achieve better than their friends (C) have positive feelings when they achieve better than their friends (D) resist efforts to achieve because of their friends Answer: (B) have negative feelings when they achieve better than their friends 15 Javascript is __ and __ language (A) ssaas (B) asas (C) saa (D) sa (E) asdsa Answer: (A) ssaas (B) asas 16 Javascript is __ and __ language (A) adas (B) asdsad Answer: (A) adas (B) asdsad 17 Match the theory/theorist with the statement:

(A)

Psychosexual/ Freud

(a)

humans feel a need to be integrated into social and cultural environments

(B)

Vygotsky

(b)

culture and language are the largest influences in a child's development

(C)

Psychosocial/ Erikson

(c)

knowledge is constructed, not absorbed

(D)

Piaget

(d)

unconcious motives play a large role in life experiences

Answer: (A) Psychosexual/ Freud=> (B) Vygotsky=> (C) Psychosocial/ Erikson=> (D) Piaget=>

unconcious motives play a large role in life experiences culture and language are the largest influences in a child's development humans feel a need to be integrated into social and cultural environments knowledge is constructed, not absorbed

18 Adolescents' experience with family roles has a __________ effect on their views of family roles.

(A) moderate (B) strong (C) fairly weak (D) negligible Answer: (B) strong 19 Which is NOT true of adolescent females?

(A) They receive more support from romantic relationships than males.

(B) They report a higher number of interactions with same-sex friends.

(C) They show higher levels of self-disclosure.

(D) They give and receive more emotional support throughout each day.

Answer: (C) They show higher levels of self-disclosure.

20 In development, qualitative change occurs when a(n): (A) new change or ability emerges that was not present before (B) existing structure or ability grows in magnitude (C) existing development changes along a continuum (D) child continues along a particular developmental trajectory Answer: (A) new change or ability emerges that was not present before 21 Investigating differences in development across species is associated with the ________ perspective.

(A) Psychoanalytic (B) Cross-cultural (C) comparative (D) behaviorist

Answer: (C) comparative 22 The idea that unresolved, internal conflicts can sidetrack development comes from the ____________ perspective.

(A) psychoanalytic (B) behaviorist (C) cognitive sciene (D) cross-cultural Answer: (A) psychoanalytic 23 An observational study is one in which children are: (A) randomized to treatment and control groups (B) assigned to an experimental and an observational group (C) interviewed about what they remember from a video clip (D) watched in their natural environments and data is collected Answer: (D) watched in their natural environments and data is collected 24 Changes within a culture over time that lead to differences among your study groups are especially a problem for: (A) experimental studies (B) cross-sectional studies (C) cross-cultural perspectives (D) behaviorist perspectives Answer: (B) cross-sectional studies 25 Which of these components of language involves the ordering of language?

(A) Syntax (B) Pragmatics (C) Phonology (D) Semantics Answer: (A) Syntax 26 When do most infants start forming two-word utterances?

(A) 9 months (B) 12 months (C) 18 months (D) 24 months Answer: (C) 18 months 27 A mother brings her year-old baby into a new day care center for the first time. She puts the child down on the floor with the other infants and smiles encouragingly. The baby looks at

her mother for help, using _________, to understand how to behave in the unfamiliar situation.

(A) Egocentrism (B) Theory of Mind (C) Reversibility (D) Social referencing Answer: (D) Social referencing 28 Matilda, a 14-month-old, participates in the Strange Situation with her father. She cries and is clearly in distress when he leaves. She is delighted to see him again when he returns.

Matilda would most likely be classified as demonstrating a(n): (A) disorganized attachment (B) insecure/avoidant attachment (C) insecure/resistant attachment (D) secure attachment Answer: (D) secure attachment 29 What is a sensitive period?

(A) a time of heightened ability to learn (B) period of time under which a typical ability can be learned (C) a greater margin of time under which a specific skill can be learned (D) a time of emotional instability Answer: (A) a time of heightened ability to learn 30 Babies can better learn the name of an object if..

(A) they see the object repeatedly in the same scenario (B) the object is always alone (C) they see the object in various scenarios (D) they see the object always presented with one other object Answer: (C) they see the object in various scenarios 31 In making moral judgements, males tend to focus on _____________ (A) justice (B) responsibility (C) equity (D) caring Answer: (A) justice 32 In middle adolescence, the main source of support is perceived to come from: (A) parents (B) teachers

(C) siblings (D) friends Answer: (D) friends 33 The National Youth Survey data paint a depressing picture of the developmental precursors of violent crime. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the data from this survey?

(A) Children begin with minor aggressive acts in the early school years and progress to serious offending by the age of 17.

(B) The beginning of substance use and sexual activity add incrementally to the risk of aggressive behaviour during adolescence.

(C) Minor forms of delinquent behaviour and alcohol use typically precede more serious forms of violence.

(D) Self-reported aggressive behaviour increases between the ages of 18 and 25.

Answer: (D) Self-reported aggressive behaviour increases between the ages of 18 and 25.

34 Of the following, who has argued that men and women focus on different dimensions of moral dilemmas?

(A) Gilliberg (B) Kohlberg (C) Gilligan (D) Shweder Answer: (C) Gilligan 35 Andrews, Brown and Creasey (1990) investigated the role of parenting in links between mental disorders in mothers and daughters. Which of the following statements concerning their study is NOT correct?

(A) The mothers in the study were classified as middle class (B) Both mothers and daughters were interviewed.

(C) One depressive episode (of less than one year) in mothers was not sufficient to increase the incidence of disorders in their daughters.

(D) Early family experience was an important predictor of daughters' mental health.

Answer: (A) The mothers in the study were classified as middle class 36 cdsdsfcvdvc Answer: Feedback: dfvvgfvfvb

Chapter-2 1

Rousseau's developmental period, when a child becomes a social being who is depend on others, is called …

(A) Age of Insight (B) Age of Strength (C) Age of Reason (D) Age of Nature

Answer: (A) Age of Insight 2

In dynamic systems theory, _________ is emergent in the moment.

(A) knowledge (B) change (C) interactions (D) organisation

Answer: (A) knowledge 3

Which theory links brain development with cognitive development?

(A) Dynamic change (B) Connectionism (C) Neuroscontructivism (D) Sociocultural

Answer: (C) Neuroscontructivism 4

The constraint of a neuron's development due to interactions with other neurons is …

(A) encellment (B) embodiment (C) biology (D) embrainment

Answer: (A) encellment 5

In neuroconstructivsm, developmental disorders are different from normal development in part because …

(A) a specific region of the brain has failed (B) the constraints are different (C) brain networks are not communicating

(D) the brain cannot interact with the environment Answer: (B) the constraints are different 6

A feral child not learning to speak or read is an example of …

(A) abuse (B) Williams syndrome (C) ensocialment (D) sociocultural theory

Answer: (C) ensocialment 7

The idea that a lack of a skill or an ability could be traced to damage to a specific brain region is an example of: (A) neuroconstructivism (B) embrainment (C) modularity (D) a developmental disorder

Answer: (C) modularity 8

In regards to his stages of development, Piaget believed that …

(A) everyone progresses through them in the same order but not necessarily in the same time frame (B) individuals can vary in the order in which they progress through the stages (C) everyone progresses through the same order and in the same time frame (D) the progression through stages is dependent on the individual's interactions with society

Answer: (A) everyone progresses through them in the same order but not necessarily in the same time frame 9

Who thought that the bonding between a human mother and child was similar to imprinting in animals?

(A) Locke (B) Vgotsky (C) Bowlby (D) Piaget

Answer: (C) Bowlby 10 According to dynamic systems theory, systems organise themselves:

(A) randomly (B) based on an outside agent or plan (C) in a way that always maximises efficiency (D) based on interactions with the environment Answer: (D) based on interactions with the environment 11 In attachment theory, children wander off at around 8 months of age because …

(A) their attachment to a caretaker is not sufficiently strong yet (B) they are trying to get away from their parents (C) they feel safe inside of a zone of proximal development (D) they feel secure with their parents as a base Answer: (D) they feel secure with their parents as a base 12 According to Bowlby, from birth to 3 months, children respond: (A) cry when they see stranger's faces (B) smile at a few special faces (C) to no faces (D) to all faces the same Answer: (D) to all faces the same 13 Locke belived that children …

(A) should be nurtured to pursue their natural predispositions (B) develop in stages (C) develop mainly based on social interactions (D) should be taught self-control Answer: (D) should be taught self-control 14 Who proposed the idea of limiting education to keeping children out of danger and allowing them to pursue their interests?

(A) Piaget (B) Locke (C) Vogotsky (D) Rousseau Answer: (D) Rousseau

15 The idea the children are little adults who go through growth, not transformation, is a part of which theory?

(A) Sociocultural (B) Constructivism (C) Preformationist (D) Tabula rasa Answer: (C) Preformationist 16 Who believed that each stage of development was characterised as a qualitatively different way of thinking?

(A) Vygotsky (B) Piaget (C) Rousseau (D) Bowlby Answer: (B) Piaget 17 According to Piaget, if new knowledge is consistent with an existing schema, it is …

(A) accomodated (B) assimilated (C) equilibrated (D) schemated Answer: (B) assimilated 18 In which of Piaget's stages do children acquire symbolic and representational thought?

(A) Formal operational (B) Concrete operational (C) Preoperational (D) Sensorimotor Answer: (C) Preoperational 19 Which cognitive skill is central to Vogotsky's theory of development?

(A) Language (B) Writing (C) Maps

(D) Drawing Answer: (A) Language 20 The Zone of Proximal Development …

(A) defines a child's potential learning capacity (B) defines the difference between what the child can do unaided vs. with help (C) defines the difference between what the child has learned vs. what the child will learn (D) defines the child's mental capacity vs. ability Answer: (B) defines the difference between what the child can do unaided vs. with help 21 Javascript is __ and __ language (A) sa (B) asd (C) asd (D) adssa (E) sadas Answer: (A) sa (B) asd

Chapter-3 1

In comparing extreme premature birth children with normal birth children, you would expect the former to have …

(A) distinctive facial deformity (B) high pitched and excessive crying (C) low body weight (D) unstable heart rate

Answer: (C) low body weight 2

Which motor reflex is NOT present with human infants?

(A) Sucking (B) Standing (C) Gripping (D) Stepping

Answer: (B) Standing 3

The inability of orphans in Teheran to sit or stand securely can likely be attributed to …

(A) lack of affection (B) restriction of opportunity to practise movement (C) premature birth (D) use of cradles while carried on the backs of adults

Answer: (B) restriction of opportunity to practise movement 4

The study by Wolke and Meyer showed that ________________ may be the underlying problem of the learning difficulties experienced by preterm children.

(A) a low IQ (B) difficulty in serial processing (C) difficulty with language skills (D) difficulty in simultaneous processing

Answer: (D) difficulty in simultaneous processing 5

Contemporary belief holds that …

(A) babies experience the world 'as one great blooming, buzzing confusion' (B) babies are a 'blank slate' (C) babies are already familiar with some features of the world at birth (D) an infant's senses are fully formed at birth

Answer: (C) babies are already familiar with some features of the world at birth 6

After being able to lift their heads, babies can then normally …

(A) raise themselves on all four limbs

(B) raise themselves on their arms in hands (C) raise their head and chest (D) bottom shuffle Answer: (C) raise their head and chest 7

Longer gestations periods in various animals are correlated with …

(A) the intelligence of the offspring (B) the survival viability of the offspring (C) the size of the offspring (D) the type of offspring

Answer: (C) the size of the offspring 8

Which reaching skill is defined as being able to successfully attain a desired object?

(A) Precision reaching (B) Goal-directed reaching (C) Bi-manual reaching (D) Pre-reaching

Answer: (B) Goal-directed reaching 9

Infant symptoms of facial deformity, retarded growth, and intellectual instability are signs of …

(A) poor nutrition by the mother (B) high stress levels of the mother (C) alchohol consumption by the mother (D) illegal drug use by the mother

Answer: (A) poor nutrition by the mother 10 In Macfarlane's 1975 study, babies found their mother's milk by …

(A) tasting (B) touching (C) hearing (D) smelling Answer: (D) smelling 11 The auditory system …

(A) develops such that the cochlea forms last (B) continues gaining acuity throughout the first year after birth (C) is able to only detect the strong heartbeat and internal organs of the mother in the prenatal environment (D) develops from the inside out

Answer: (D) develops from the inside out 12 It is expected that most people have an IQ score of about …

(A) 100 (B) 82 (C) 120 (D) 50 Answer: (A) 100 13 A reduced blood supply to the foetus can be caused by …

(A) high stress levels for the mother (B) alchohol use by the mother (C) poor nutrition (D) cocaine use by the mother Answer: (D) cocaine use by the mother 14 Locomotion milestones with various infants …

(A) are accomplished in the same timeframe and in the same order (B) vary in time but are accomplished in the same order (C) vary in time and are not always done in the same order (D) are accomplished in the same time frame but vary in order Answer: (C) vary in time and are not always done in the same order 15 Intellence quotients are calculated in the following way …

(A) Mental age/100 x chronological age (B) Chronological age/mental age x 100 (C) 100/chronological age x mental age (D) Mental age/chronological age x 100 Answer: (D) Mental age/chronological age x 100 16 Newborns can only focus their vision sharply on objects …

(A) within 21 cm (B) at about 21 cm (C) they cannot visually focus until three months (D) further than 21 cm Answer: (B) at about 21 cm 17 In a study that interviewed mothers after a severe ice storm, a correlation was found between the IQs of the children and …

(A) the mother's stress level

(B) the mother's diet (C) the mother's use of illegal drugs (D) the mother's use of alchohol Answer: (A) the mother's stress level 18 Babies have been observed blinking inside the womb …

(A) when they are read to (B) when they hear a sound (C) when the mother's tummy is pressed (D) when the mother is stressed Answer: (B) when they hear a sound 19 Which would you not expect from a child who was born extremely prematurely?

(A) Higher body weight then average (B) Lower IQ than average (C) More likely to have difficulty with rhyming (D) More like to have a twin sibling Answer: (A) Higher body weight then average 20 High levels of cortisol indicate …

(A) a high stress level (B) the use of illegal drugs (C) a low stress level (D) normal prenatal development Answer: (A) a high stress level

Chapter-4 1

EEG studies that showed infants a ball which either gradually became hidden or disappeared helped establish ____________________ at an earlier age than Piaget proposed.

(A) incorrect response inhibition (B) object permanence (C) reasoning (D) symbolic representation

Answer: (B) object permanence 2

The appearance and disappearance of dolls on a stage in one study helped to argue that infants are capable of …

(A) violation-of-expectation (B) object permanence (C) habituation (D) numerosity

Answer: (D) numerosity 3

A rich interpretation of the disappearing doll study would be that …

(A) infants have the ability to recognise contour lines (B) infants have the ability to see objects such as dolls (C) infants have the ability to perceive surface area (D) infants have the ability to add and subtract precisely

Answer: (D) infants have the ability to add and subtract precisely 4

In the drawbridge study, infants …

(A) looked longer at the possible event (B) looked longer at the novel event (C) looked for the same amount of time at both events (D) looked longer at the impossible event

Answer: (D) looked longer at the impossible event 5

Four-month-old infants …

(A) recognise invidual features of an animal's body (B) recognise all of the integrated features of an animal combined (C) recognise only animal faces (D) recognise legs and the tail more than other body features in animals

Answer: (A) recognise invidual features of an animal's body 6

In the A not B task, young infants will …

(A) lose interest in searching for the object

(B) search for an object where it was just hidden, not where it was usually hidden (C) search for an object in the place it is usually hidden; not where it was just hidden (D) only search for the object if it is partially visible Answer: (C) search for an object in the place it is usually hidden; not where it was just hidden 7

The acquistion of ____________ allows integrations of knowledge across the other core domains.

(A) knowledge of physical properties of objects (B) number (C) space (D) language

Answer: (D) language 8

Infants are considered to have underdeveloped ______________.

(A) object recognition (B) perceptual abilities (C) executive functions (D) space perception

Answer: (C) executive functions 9

Replication of studies is most important for …

(A) observation (B) interpretation (C) verification (D) evaluation

Answer: (C) verification 10 The idea that young infants do not think objects exist if they cannot perceive them is called …

(A) violation-of-expectation (B) object permanence (C) object categorisation (D) constructivism Answer: (B) object permanence 11 That two-year-olds have trouble with the A not B task in a sandbox agrees most with …

(A) dynamic systems (B) constructivism (C) core knowledge (D) memory failure theory

Answer: (A) dynamic systems 12 Current evidence seems to lean towards the idea of …

(A) a gradual continuous process by which children learn to categorise (B) a process in which language development precedes object perception (C) a two-stage process of categorisation development involving two separate systems (D) a process in which categorisation development proceeds by a series of jumps and spurts Answer: (A) a gradual continuous process by which children learn to categorise 13 An interpretation of experimental results which avers that infants display symbolic representation and reasoning could be called …

(A) an 'enriched' interpretation (B) a 'symbolic' interpretation (C) a 'perceptual' interpretation (D) a 'rich' interpretation Answer: (D) a 'rich' interpretation 14 The dynamic systems view does NOT claim that …

(A) the hiding locations compete for the infant's attention (B) a stronger memory can overide a novel visual cue (C) infants will always look in the wrong spot for a hidden object if allowed to look without delay (D) the child's interaction with the task depends on several factors Answer: (C) infants will always look in the wrong spot for a hidden object if allowed to look without delay 15 According to Diamond, failure at the A not B task could be due to inability to have both object permanence and ________________________.

(A) development of executive funcion (B) inhibition of correct responses (C) inhibition of incorrect responses (D) inhibition of responses Answer: (C) inhibition of incorrect responses 16 Encountering a new breed of dog and already knowing some information about it because it is a dog is an example of …

(A) number knowledge (B) categorisation (C) knowledge of objects (D) perception Answer: (B) categorisation 17 Categorisation that develops beyond what is perceived visually is aided by:

(A) number knowledge (B) language (C) knowledge of objects (D) auditory cues Answer: (B) language 18 The idea that the act of reaching for an object was a part of the object's identity in the infant's mind was proposed by …

(A) Piaget (B) Diamond (C) Kaufman (D) Haith Answer: (A) Piaget 19 Infants seem to use the ______ of an animal as the main clue to categorise it.

(A) Face (B) Head (C) Body (D) Tail Answer: (A) Face 20 The idea infants possess some innate knowledge which helps to guide their acquisition of more knowledge is called …

(A) constructivism (B) core knowledge (C) dynamic systems (D) neuroconstructivsm Answer: (B) core knowledge

Chapter-7 1

Due to individual variation, _______________ studies are best to chart how brain development corresponds with acquired cognitive abilities.

(A) experimental (B) longitudinal (C) cross-sectional (D) observational

Answer: (B) longitudinal 2

Children usually first draw people …

(A) with a trunk (B) as a tadpole figure (C) with two arms and legs (D) with a square head

Answer: (B) as a tadpole figure 3

Developmental psychologist used to think of children's drawings as …

(A) copies from memory (B) a construction of what they observe (C) tadpole figures (D) direct translations of a scene

Answer: (D) direct translations of a scene 4

One of the first ways that children distinguish between different figures when drawing is by using …

(A) size (B) shading in (C) circles (D) detail

Answer: (A) size 5

Children draw people as tadpole figures because …

(A) they believe people have two arms sticking out of their heads (B) they have a limited schema available to draw from (C) their fine motor ability isn't developed enough to draw anything else (D) young children cannot distinguish humans from tadpoles

Answer: (B) they have a limited schema available to draw from 6

The preschool period normally lasts for ___ years.

(A) three

(B) six (C) two (D) four Answer: (D) four 7

Advances in drawing ability in the preschool years do NOT indicate …

(A) increasing cognitive ability (B) improved manual dexterity (C) accessing of more sophisticated schema (D) improved awareness of the world

Answer: (D) improved awareness of the world 8

Children's drawings of people gradually have more features and grow more …

(A) circular (B) angular (C) proportioned (D) large

Answer: (C) proportioned 9

The preschool years is NOT a key time for the deveopment of ____________ abilities.

(A) reasoning (B) motor (C) manual coordination (D) drawing

Answer: (A) reasoning 10 According to Freeman, progression in the acquisition of drawing sub-skills can reveal ___________________ in preschool children.

(A) state of emotions (B) cognitive potential (C) planning strategies (D) motor development Answer: (C) planning strategies 11 Children can usually run and easily descend staircases by …

(A) two (B) three (C) six (D) five

Answer: (D) five 12 A contributing factor to autism may be …

(A) an underdeveloped left hemisphere in the brain (B) immature development of the corpus callosum (C) starting school before the child is developmentally ready (D) an underdeveloped frontal cortex Answer: (B) immature development of the corpus callosum 13 Using PET to measure the rate of glucose metabolism has helped to explain the prolific growth of the _____________ between the ages of two and four years.

(A) frontal cortex (B) motor development (C) corpus callosum (D) brain synchronisation Answer: (A) frontal cortex 14 As children get older their heads …

(A) grow at the same rate as their bodies (B) get larger relative to their bodies (C) get smaller relative to their bodies (D) shrink Answer: (C) get smaller relative to their bodies 15 Children usually obtain a walking pattern similar to adults by ...

(A) three to four years (B) two to three years (C) one year (D) five to six years Answer: (D) five to six years 16 The development of the frontal cortex continues …

(A) until the end of the preschool period (B) into adolescence (C) into adulthood (D) until shortly past infancy Answer: (C) into adulthood 17 How many straight line, heel-off-the-floor steps can a three- to four-year-old typically make?

(A) 10

(B) 14 (C) 7 (D) 21 Answer: (C) 7 18 When given the task of jumping from one floor mat to another without stopping, children can generally perform five repetitions while landing with both feet by age …

(A) five (B) three (C) two (D) four Answer: (A) five 19 Threading beads onto a lace is …

(A) a task used to test manual dexterity in children (B) impossible for preschool children (C) only usually possible by five years of age or older (D) a fun task Answer: (A) a task used to test manual dexterity in children 20 In most countries, school begins at age …

(A) five (B) seven (C) six (D) eight Answer: (C) six

Chapter-8 1

Failing to realise that other perspectives exist is …

(A) conservation (B) egoism (C) concrete-operational thinking (D) ego-centrism

Answer: (D) ego-centrism 2

Using cans instead of disks in the Tower of Hanoi task allowed children to …

(A) use less working memory (B) not have to have fine motor control (C) not have to memorise abstract rule (D) work with more familiar objects

Answer: (C) not have to memorise abstract rule 3

Which number conservation task controls for children's expectations of adult behaviour by making the arrangement of the coins appear accidental?

(A) Three mountains (B) Hide from the policemen (C) Naughty Teddy (D) Line up the coins

Answer: (C) Naughty Teddy 4

Children on the autism spectrum have difficulties with …

(A) false beliefs (B) language (C) mathematics (D) conservation

Answer: (A) false beliefs 5

The task using a sponge painted to look like a rock helps to test children's ability to distinguish …

(A) appearance and reality (B) between objects (C) living and inanimate objects (D) different textures

Answer: (A) appearance and reality 6

The Tower of Hanoi puzzle specifically helps to demonstrate …

(A) means-ends analysis

(B) trial-and-error (C) problem solving (D) logical thinking Answer: (A) means-ends analysis 7

Which is NOT true of hill climbing?

(A) It requires less cognitive load than a means-ends analysis.

(B) It allows children to see only the next step.

(C) It allows children to keep the 'grand picture' in mind.

(D) It requires that children reason backwards from the goal.

Answer: (D) It requires that children reason backwards from the goal.

8

The use of _____________ allows people to not have to find new solutions from scratch when faced with problems in a new domain.

(A) questions (B) hill climbing (C) analogies (D) goal setting

Answer: (C) analogies 9

According to Piaget, during the pre-operational period …

(A) children only gain motor and concrete thinking skills (B) full logical thinking is obtained (C) thinking is organised into a system (D) thinking becomes more domain-general

Answer: (C) thinking is organised into a system 10 Piaget's conservation tasks are best able to distinguish between _________________ and ___________________ thinking.

(A) abstract / concrete (B) pre-operational / post-operational (C) sensori-motor / concrete operational (D) pre-operational / concrete operational Answer: (D) pre-operational / concrete operational 11 The ability to 'impute states of mind' to oneself and others is known as …

(A) theory of self (B) self-awareness (C) mental state awareness (D) theory of mind

Answer: (D) theory of mind 12 Siegal's experiment with the cockroach in milk showed that …

(A) children have poor judgement (B) children can distinguish appearance from reality (C) children have abstract thinking ability (D) children do not understand contamination Answer: (B) children can distinguish appearance from reality 13 A means-ends analysis measures the ability to …

(A) formulate intermediate steps to accomplish a goal (B) recognise the main goal of a problem (C) reason forward from the steps to the goal (D) learn abstract goals Answer: (A) formulate intermediate steps to accomplish a goal 14 One criticism of Piaget's work was …

(A) it is wrong to study your own children for psychological research (B) the task design may have been a limiting factor for the children (C) children are not as logical as Piaget proposed (D) he did not include a large enough sample size of children Answer: (B) the task design may have been a limiting factor for the children 15 Parents appropriately interpreting infant's desires is …

(A) social cognition (B) theory of mind (C) mind-mindedness (D) child awareness Answer: (C) mind-mindedness 16 Lack of joint attention may contribute to autism because …

(A) mothers will not know what their baby wants or needs (B) babies will not be able to focus on learning goals (C) the baby will not understand what the mother wants (D) shared experiences will not be possible Answer: (A) mothers will not know what their baby wants or needs 17 Understanding that water retains its volume if you pour it from a second glass back into its original glass is an example of …

(A) pre-operational thinking

(B) reversibility (C) conservation (D) liquidity Answer: (B) reversibility 18 Studies show that children typically acquire a theory of mind by age …

(A) three (B) four (C) six (D) two Answer: (B) four 19 The task involving placing dolls in a model house where other doll 'policemen' cannot see them demonstrates …

(A) that preschool children are egocentric (B) that children may be able think in other perspectives at a younger age than Piaget proposed (C) theory of mind (D) visual-spatial awareness Answer: (B) that children may be able think in other perspectives at a younger age than Piaget proposed 20 In Piaget's pre-operational period, children can focus on ________ salient problem/s at a time.

(A) multiple (B) zero (C) only two (D) only one Answer: (D) only one

Chapter-9 1

Children do better at preferential looking paradigms …

(A) with three-word sentences (B) with familiar words (C) with corresponding video (D) with complex sentences

Answer: (B) with familiar words 2

Children reared in a language-poor enviroment may be susceptible to …

(A) greater genetic susceptibility to SLI (B) mutation to the FOXP2 gene (C) language disadvantage (D) language disorder

Answer: (C) language disadvantage 3

A researcher who preferred 'nurture' over 'nature' models would most likely suscribe to __________ theories of language development.

(A) nativist (B) inside-out (C) syntactical (D) outside-in

Answer: (D) outside-in 4

Most children display a sharp increase in sentence complexity after …

(A) 12 months (B) 30 months (C) 24 months (D) 16 months

Answer: (C) 24 months 5

Children describing a sentence with nonsense words helps to demonstrate …

(A) language development (B) outside-in theories (C) syntactic bootstrapping (D) pilking

Answer: (C) syntactic bootstrapping 6

Incidence of specific language impairment is higher in …

(A) boys (B) autistic children

(C) girls (D) children with low IQ Answer: (A) boys 7

A case is said to be cormorbid when …

(A) a child has a developmental disorder (B) two or more developmental disorders are present (C) the prognosis for recovery of the disorder is doubtful (D) the developmental disorder is remediated

Answer: (B) two or more developmental disorders are present 8

Chomsky's theory of language development requires …

(A) no experience (B) much language-specific experience (C) minimal experience (D) minimal language-specific experience

Answer: (D) minimal language-specific experience 9

Inside-out theories of language development do NOT argue for …

(A) a minimised role for children's experience (B) a language faculty in the brain (C) domain-specific brain architecture (D) domain-general brain architecture

Answer: (D) domain-general brain architecture 10 That the FOXP2 gene is found in mice helps to show that …

(A) some causes of language impairments are domain-general (B) some causes of language impairment are domain-specific (C) mice have a capacity for language (D) there is a single gene for language Answer: (A) some causes of language impairments are domain-general 11 Children learn to combine words …

(A) at roughly the same age (B) at two and a half years old (C) at three years old (D) at ages which vary considerably Answer: (D) at ages which vary considerably

12 Chomsky would argue for the triggering of ______________ to explain why children from different countries learn to speak different languages.

(A) syntactic rules (B) the language centre of the brain (C) parameters (D) the 'pro-drop' Answer: (C) parameters 13 Inside-out theories emphasise: (A) learning procedures (B) innate learning (C) social and cognitive domains (D) children's experience Answer: (B) innate learning 14 In ______________ children are able to link categories like people or things via 'linking rules'.

(A) syntactic bootstrapping (B) semantic bootstrapping (C) inferrence (D) pivot schema Answer: (B) semantic bootstrapping 15 Overregularisation errors can show …

(A) awareness of morphological rules (B) a need for grammar instruction (C) underdevelopment of language centre (D) syntactic bootstrapping Answer: (A) awareness of morphological rules 16 Children do NOT develop grammar more quickly if they are …

(A) spoken to in lengthy, complex sentences (B) asked lots of questions (C) given instructions (D) spoken to about activities they are currently involved in Answer: (A) spoken to in lengthy, complex sentences 17 Adding 'ed' to make the word 'fall' past tense is an example of …

(A) semantic bootstrapping (B) pivot schema

(C) inferrence (D) an overregularisation error Answer: (D) an overregularisation error 18 In comparison with receptive language, difficulties with expressive language are _________ subject to genetic effects.

(A) less (B) more (C) equally (D) not Answer: (B) more 19 Children combining a word such as 'no' with many other words is an example of …

(A) pivot schema (B) semantic bootstrapping (C) syntactic bootstrapping (D) inference Answer: (A) pivot schema 20 Specific language impairment can be diagnosed if language ability is …

(A) one standard deviation lower than chronological age (B) two standard deviations below non-verbal IQ (C) one standard deviation lower than non-verbal IQ (D) two standard deviations below verbal IQ Answer: (C) one standard deviation lower than non-verbal IQ

Chapter-10 1

Piaget considered pretend play to be …

(A) A way of exercising newly acquired logical thought (B) Irrelevant to the cognitive development of the child (C) An immature form of thinking which eventually gives way to logical thought (D) An initial exploration of possible worlds

Answer: (C) An immature form of thinking which eventually gives way to logical thought 2

Piaget was the first person to highlight the difference between …

(A) prosocial behaviour and social problem solving (B) physical play and symbolic play (C) aggressive and non-aggressive behavior (D) self-regulation and self-inhibition

Answer: (B) physical play and symbolic play 3

Encouraging ____________ helps children to learn self-regulation.

(A) compliance (B) observation (C) rote learning (D) autonomy

Answer: (D) autonomy 4

____________ is the ability to control arousal and emotional responses.

(A) Prosocial behavior (B) Self-regulation (C) Social problem solving (D) Self-inhibition

Answer: (B) Self-regulation 5

A social goal of preventing another child's actions can lead to __________ behavior.

(A) aggressive (B) unregulated (C) non-aggressive (D) prosocial

Answer: (A) aggressive 6

At what age have Povinelli (1995), and Povinelli et al. (1997) shown that children attain the 'duplicated self', allowing them to consider two simultaneous perspectives on self (self as it is now, and self at a previous time)?

(A) Two

(B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Answer: (C) Four 7

When first developing selective trust, children can only distinguish between _____________ informants.

(A) familiar' and 'unfamiliar' (B) previously accurate' and 'did not know' (C) previously accurate' and 'previously inaccurate' (D) prevously inaccurate' and 'did not know'

Answer: (B) previously accurate' and 'did not know' 8

Between the ages of two and five …

(A) children build a relationship primarily with their parents (B) children begin to build a relationship with their siblings (C) children spend more time building relationships with other children (D) children build a relationship primarily with their mother

Answer: (C) children spend more time building relationships with other children 9

The 'duplicated self' connects …

(A) me' with 'past events' (B) actions' with 'thoughts' (C) me' with 'others' thoughts of me' (D) me now' with 'me then'

Answer: (D) me now' with 'me then' 10 ____________ is voluntary behaviour intended to help someone else.

(A) Prosocial behaviour (B) Social problem solving (C) Self-inhibition (D) Self-regulation Answer: (A) Prosocial behaviour 11 Shared pretence' is when …

(A) two or more children are imagining different worlds at the same time (B) children think they are smarter than they actually are (C) a child imagines a pretend world (D) two or more children pretend the same imaginary world

Answer: (D) two or more children pretend the same imaginary world 12 If two-year-olds see an adult pretend to pour liquid on a teddy bear's head, they are likely to …

(A) say the bear's head is dry (B) say the bear's head is wet (C) cry (D) not understand what the adult is trying to do Answer: (B) say the bear's head is wet 13 Children are NOT aided in learning social skills …

(A) by increase of gender awareness (B) by observing family members interact (C) by increasing cognitive capacity (D) by interactions with others Answer: (A) by increase of gender awareness 14 A study by Hartup and Laursen (1992) showed that …

(A) children have less conflicts with friends (B) children have more conficts with friends (C) children spend time with others with a similar style of play (D) children are more likely to be friends with those of the same gender Answer: (B) children have more conficts with friends 15 According to Harris (2006), at age three children cannot reliably choose between _____________ informant.

(A) a previously accurate or one who confesses ignorance (B) a familiar or unfamiliar (C) a previously accurate or a previously inaccurate (D) a previously accurate or an unfamiliar Answer: (C) a previously accurate or a previously inaccurate 16 Watching a video in which a child observes a sticker being placed on his or her head can help measure …

(A) awareness of others (B) aggressive behavior (C) social problem solving (D) awareness of self Answer: (D) awareness of self 17 By the age of ____, children behave differently towards friends and others who are not considered friends.

(A) three and a half (B) three (C) four and a half (D) four Answer: (A) three and a half 18 Pretend play …

(A) is primarily a cognitive activity (B) does not start until after the preschool period (C) is an important social activity (D) begins at around five years old Answer: (C) is an important social activity 19 Harris pointed out that one object, such as a brick …

(A) could be used to represent something else in pretend play (B) could be a learning tool (C) could stimulate a child's imagination (D) could represent one thing or another in pretend play Answer: (D) could represent one thing or another in pretend play 20 Children show a positive bias towards other peers who …

(A) are the same gender (B) have prosocial behavior (C) have similar interests (D) have non-aggressive behavior Answer: (A) are the same gender

Chapter-11 1

What percentage of six- to twelve-year-olds' waking time do Cole and Cole (1988) estimate is spent with peers?

(A) 10 per cent (B) 40 per cent (C) 20 per cent (D) 30 per cent

Answer: (B) 40 per cent 2

Which is NOT true of ADHD? (A) It is easy to identify.

(B) It is often comorbid with other developmental disorders.

(C) It is linked to low levels of dopamine.

(D) It is believed to be linked to epigenetic factors.

Answer: (A) It is easy to identify.

3

Ritalin acts to …

(A) increase levels of seratonin in the brain (B) increase levels of dopamine in the brain (C) decrease levels of dopamine in the brain (D) decrease levels of seratonin in the brain

Answer: (B) increase levels of dopamine in the brain 4

Before the age of seven …

(A) is the easiest time to diagnose ADHD (B) ADHD rarely occurs (C) dopamine levels are normal in children who later are diagnosed with ADHD (D) the symptoms of ADHD are difficult to spot

Answer: (D) the symptoms of ADHD are difficult to spot 5

Children with developmental coordination disorder would likely NOT have trouble with …

(A) hopping (B) writing (C) reading (D) fastening a button

Answer: (C) reading 6

In middle childhood, the majority of social free time is spent with …

(A) same gendered peers (B) parents

(C) different gendered peers (D) older children Answer: (A) same gendered peers 7

The higher cognitive demands of formal schooling …

(A) cause developmental problems in some children (B) are soley responsible for the changes in brain development that occur during the middle childhood period (C) highlight developmental problems in some children (D) are shown to be to difficult for six-year-olds

Answer: (C) highlight developmental problems in some children 8

In many societies, the onset of the middle childhood period coincides with …

(A) the beginning of formal schooling (B) how parents respond to their children (C) patterns of play (D) how much children play with their peers

Answer: (A) the beginning of formal schooling 9

During the middle childhood period, chilren grow on average ______ per year.

(A) 2 to 3 cm (B) 3 to 5 cm (C) 4 to 6 cm (D) 6 to 7 cm

Answer: (C) 4 to 6 cm 10 The genetic underpinnings of ADHD …

(A) is the fragile X gene (B) are known but treatment is still difficult (C) are not well understood at this time (D) are known and have helped in identification Answer: (C) are not well understood at this time 11 Dyscalculia is a learning disorder in _____________.

(A) mathematics (B) understanding text (C) writing (D) oral reading Answer: (A) mathematics

12 In the middle childhood years, boys are typically …

(A) better at hand-eye coordination (B) better at throwing but worse at balancing (C) better at throwing and balancing (D) faster at running Answer: (C) better at throwing and balancing 13 In the middle childhood years, girls are …

(A) better at balancing and flexibility (B) better at flexibility and hand-eye coordination (C) better at flexibility but worse at hand-eye coordination (D) faster at running Answer: (B) better at flexibility and hand-eye coordination 14 Thomas and French (1985) argue that gender differences in middle-childhood motor skills are the result of ...

(A) attitudes to physical activity (B) greater proportion of muscle tissue for boys (C) the larger size of boys (D) environmental influences Answer: (D) environmental influences 15 In a study by Chase and Dummer (1992), girls thought __________ played the biggest role in popularity for boys.

(A) appearance (B) personality (C) height (D) abilities in sports Answer: (D) abilities in sports 16 Synaptogenesis is …

(A) the forming of new neurons (B) the pruning of connections between nuerons (C) the forming of new connections between neurons (D) the specialisation of neurons Answer: (C) the forming of new connections between neurons 17 Synaptic pruning continues in the _________________ well into adolescence.

(A) prefrontal cortex (B) occipital cortex

(C) corpus callosum (D) frontal lobe Answer: (A) prefrontal cortex 18 Which is NOT true of myelination?

(A) It is a liquid/protein substance.

(B) It wraps around dendrites.

(C) It acts as insulation to increase conductivity (D) It helps the brain function more efficiently.

Answer: (B) It wraps around dendrites.

19 Difficulties in understanding text is called …

(A) developmental dyslexia (B) dysgraphia (C) text encoding syndrome (D) reading comprehension impairment Answer: (D) reading comprehension impairment 20 Boys begin to produce more testoterone ____________ the middle childhood period.

(A) before (B) during (C) due to (D) after Answer: (D) after

Chapter-12 1

According to Piaget, a __________ is an 'internalised mental action that is part of a logical system'.

(A) cognate (B) mental representation (C) logical operation (D) logical argument

Answer: (C) logical operation 2

A review by Dasen (1972) may show that culture _______________ the development of concrete operational reasoning.

(A) has a special effect on (B) plays a minimal role in (C) has an effect on (D) is detrimental to

Answer: (A) has a special effect on 3

What is 'one-to-one correspondence'?

(A) The ability to produce numbers in their canonical sequence (B) Understanding that the final number word reached is equal to the total number of items counted (C) The understanding that you must count each object only once when you count all the objects (D) Understanding that a list of items have to be counted in a certain order

Answer: (C) The understanding that you must count each object only once when you count all the objects 4

Brain scans of children with dyscalculia have shown decreased activation in ___________ tasks.

(A) numerosity comparison (B) mental addition (C) digit span (D) counting on

Answer: (A) numerosity comparison 5

______________ is the number of items that can be accurately recalled in the correct order.

(A) working memory (B) memory span (C) list recall (D) digit span

Answer: (B) memory span

6

Videotapes of five- to eight-year-old children trying to solve the balance beam problem were inspected. When weight and distance were in conflict in the balance beam problem, which of the following was observed?

(A) The preoperational children seemed to treat each side of the fulcrum as two separate piles of weights (B) The five-year-olds seemed to encode information both about weight on either side of the fulcrum, and the distance between each pile of weights and the fulcrum (C) The eight-year-olds seemed to treat each side of the fulcrum as two separate piles of weights (D) The younger and older children encoded the balance beam array in the same way

Answer: (A) The preoperational children seemed to treat each side of the fulcrum as two separate piles of weights 7

Children who are good at writing numbers are generally also good at ...

(A) reading numbers (B) adding and multiplying numbers (C) writing letters (D) decompsition and adding of numbers

Answer: (D) decompsition and adding of numbers 8

According to Hulme, Thomson, Muir and Lawrence (1984), an increase in the rate of articulation as children get older is one way to explain …

(A) increase in overall IQ (B) increase in working memory (C) increased social activity (D) increase in verbal IQ

Answer: (B) increase in working memory 9

In Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) model of working memory, the 'central executive' component …

(A) is used for holding speech-based information (B) is the mechanism for controling attention (C) holds visual spatial information (D) is a 'slave' component

Answer: (B) is the mechanism for controling attention 10 In the middle school period, Piaget would say that thinking is limited due to reliance on _______________ for support.

(A) logical operations (B) concrete objects (C) operational thought (D) pre-logical thinking Answer: (B) concrete objects

11 Consider the following problem: 'If stick A is longer than stick B, and stick B is longer than stick C, which is the longest?' This problem involves making a …

(A) transitive inference (B) hypothetical inference (C) preoperational inference (D) superordinate inference Answer: (A) transitive inference 12 Saxe (1981) found that young Oksapmin children had trouble thinking about numbers independently from …

(A) their fingers (B) each other (C) objects (D) body parts Answer: (D) body parts 13 The first addition strategy used by children is usually …

(A) math fact memory retrieval (B) counting on (C) subvocal counting (D) counting all Answer: (D) counting all 14 A child gives the following explanation in the conservation task involving liquid: 'If the water were to be poured back, the levels would be just the same as before.' What rule is this child using?

(A) Correlative rule (B) Identity rule (C) Reciprocal rule (D) Negation rule Answer: (D) Negation rule 15 A study with coloured rods by Bryant and Trabasso (1971) showed that children's difficulties with transitive inferences may be due to …

(A) concrete recognition limitations (B) reasoning limitations (C) memory limitations (D) inability to understand what is being asked of them Answer: (C) memory limitations 16 In order to know the value of '1' in a number such as '213', children must learn to understand …

(A) place value (B) cardinality (C) approximation (D) number discrimination Answer: (A) place value 17 Children's performance on the balance beam task shows that …

(A) children are not capable of reasoning until age 12 (B) children can solve difficult problems if they are presented in a concrete way (C) their ability to deal with two conflicting dimensions increases greatly from age five to nine (D) Piaget was incorrect in his thoughts about how young children can perform on abstract tasks Answer: (C) their ability to deal with two conflicting dimensions increases greatly from age five to nine 18 Navajo Indian children performing better than non-Navajo peer on a route-finding task may imply that …

(A) genetic differences are key to understanding problem-solving abilities (B) some tasks are invalid due to stereotyping (C) Navajo children have a higher native IQ (D) experience is an important factor in childrens' problem-solving abilities Answer: (D) experience is an important factor in childrens' problem-solving abilities 19 Piaget's famous problem in which the child is asked about a necklace made up of seven brown, and three white, beads is best described as being a task about measuring …

(A) colour discrimination (B) class inclusion (C) categorisation (D) seriation Answer: (B) class inclusion 20 Siegler (1976) predicted that children would use _______________ to solve the balance beam task.

(A) Logic (B) Intuition (C) One of four rules (D) Experience Answer: (C) One of four rules

Chapter-13 1

According to a study by Bradley and Bryant (1983), children learned to read most successfully when they received training in …

(A) phonological analysis (B) phonological analysis and letter–sound relations (C) word meaning (D) letter–sound relations

Answer: (B) phonological analysis and letter–sound relations 2

The 'Matthew effect' describes the phenomenon In which …

(A) reading ability at 1st grade predicts reading ability at 11th grade (B) reading a lot drives continued progress in reading ability (C) the influence of decoding on reading comprehension decreases over time (D) the correlation between reading comprehension and listening comprehension increases over time

Answer: (B) reading a lot drives continued progress in reading ability 3

According to Seymour, Aro and Erskine (2003), Italian children learn to read faster than English children because …

(A) they have a higher innate intelligence (B) high orthographic transparency (C) greater societal emphases on literacy (D) low orthographic transparency

Answer: (B) high orthographic transparency 4

Which strategy is learning to read by building up a vocabulary of sight words?

(A) alphabetic strategy (B) vocabulary strategy (C) phonetic strategy (D) logographic strategy

Answer: (D) logographic strategy 5

According to Muter et al. (2004), reading comprehension relies on …

(A) vocabulary knowledge (B) vocabulary knowledge and grammatical awareness (C) grammatical awareness and phoneme manipulation (D) letter–sound knowledge and sight word recognition

Answer: (B) vocabulary knowledge and grammatical awareness 6

Which skills best predict later reading performance (Hatcher, Hulme & Snowling, 2004)?

(A) Phoneme manipulation and syllable recognition

(B) Rhyme recognition and letter knowledge (C) Rhyme recognition and phoneme manipulation (D) Letter knowledge and phoneme manipulation Answer: (D) Letter knowledge and phoneme manipulation 7

Which is NOT an indicator of developmental dyslexia?

(A) difficulty understanding the meaning of text (B) poor phonological skills (C) difficulty with nonword repetition (D) poor spelling

Answer: (A) difficulty understanding the meaning of text 8

What two main types of reading disorders are described by Hoover and Gough (1990)?

(A) decoding and reading comprehension (B) decoding and reading accuracy (C) reading accuracy and fluency (D) fluency and reading comprehension

Answer: (A) decoding and reading comprehension 9

In an intervention study conducted by Berninger et al. (2002), children showed the most improvement in writing ability when receiving instruction in …

(A) spelling only (B) reflective discussion only (C) drawing (D) both spelling and reflective discussion

Answer: (D) both spelling and reflective discussion 10 In English, the learning of correct spelling typically …

(A) is the same as learning to read (B) is acquired more readily than reading (C) lags behind learning to read (D) is a precursor to learning to read Answer: (C) lags behind learning to read 11 The alphabetic strategy …

(A) involves recognised strings of letters that commonly go together (B) involves recognising sight words (C) involves using grapheme to phoneme rules (D) involves recitation of the letters in the correct order

Answer: (C) involves using grapheme to phoneme rules 12 Which language does NOT have high orthographic transparency for reading?

(A) Italian (B) Greek (C) English (D) Spanish Answer: (C) English 13 Which activity was NOT listed as being beneficial to help children progress in reading (Lundbert et al., 1980)?

(A) Sight word memorisation (B) Finding the initial phoneme in a word (C) Rhyme recognition (D) Syllable segmentation Answer: (A) Sight word memorisation 14 Using phonological knowledge of a word such as 'light' to make a guess about the pronunciation of a word like 'sight' is an example of a/an _________________ strategy.

(A) logographic (B) orthographic (C) alphabetic (D) letter–sound Answer: (B) orthographic 15 According to Grough, Hoover and Peterson (1996), the relationship between reading comprehension and listening comprehension __________ over time.

(A) decreases (B) stays the same (C) varies (D) increases Answer: (D) increases 16 According to Caravolas (2005), the link between phonemic skills and spelling is _____________ for languages with high and low orthographic transparency.

(A) stronger for languages with high orthographic tranparency (B) stronger for languages with low orthographic transparency (C) equally strong for languages with high and low orthographic transparency (D) equally weak for languages with high and low orthographic transparency Answer: (C) equally strong for languages with high and low orthographic transparency

17 Children start to include a vowel in every syllable in Gentry's (1982) ____________ stage of spelling.

(A) post-transitional (B) pre-phonetic (C) phonetic (D) transitional Answer: (D) transitional 18 In Gentry's (1982) pre-phonetic stage, children …

(A) begin to use some letters that reflect the sounds in words they are trying to spell (B) demonstrate no awareness between letters and sounds when spelling (C) show a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds (D) take account of English spelling patterns Answer: (A) begin to use some letters that reflect the sounds in words they are trying to spell 19 Muter (2004) found that ___________ at age five were a strong predictor of reading comprehension at age six.

(A) word reading skills (B) inference skills (C) decoding skills (D) syntactic awareness Answer: (A) word reading skills 20 Because it is used in 30 to 60 per cent of school activities, ____________ has been found to be correlated with self-esteem (Rosenblum & Livneh-Zirinski, 2008).

(A) spelling (B) reading (C) handwriting (D) mathematics Answer: (C) handwriting

Chapter-14 1

As children grow from age two to seven, the tendency to spend time with other children of the same gender __________.

(A) decreases (B) fluctuates (C) increases (D) stays constant

Answer: (C) increases 2

Relational aggression in middle childhood usually occurs against …

(A) acquaintances (B) close friends (C) perceived enemies (D) socially withdrawn peers

Answer: (B) close friends 3

Children who exhibit solitary play at age five (Rubin et al., 1995): (A) usually grow out of this behavior by age ten (B) become increasingly anxious over time (C) are often the most popular children by age ten (D) usually exhibit the same behaviour at age ten

Answer: (D) usually exhibit the same behaviour at age ten 4

Rules by society regarding when and how to display emotions are called …

(A) expression rules (B) emotion rules (C) display rules (D) societal rules

Answer: (C) display rules 5

Verbal aggression ______________ as children transition into middle childhood.

(A) stays the same (B) decreases (C) increases (D) peaks

Answer: (C) increases 6

Which of Kohlberg's levels are children usuallly at during middle childhood?

(A) preconventional (B) postconventional

(C) aconventional (D) conventional Answer: (D) conventional 7

In a paired counting task (Leman, Ahmed & Ozarow, 2005), boys ____________________ when paired with a girl.

(A) were more collaborative and positive (B) were more controlling but also more positive (C) were more collaborative but also more negative (D) were more controlling and negative

Answer: (D) were more controlling and negative 8

Which is NOT true of relational aggression?

(A) It is more common in girls than boys.

(B) It decreases over the middle childhood period.

(C) It is usuallly carried out against closest friends.

(D) It is more common in boys than girls.

Answer: (B) It decreases over the middle childhood period.

9

If posed with the question, 'Who is naughtier, John who accidentally broke fifteen cups or Henry who deliberatley broke one?', Piaget found that a seven-year-old would choose …

(A) John (B) Henry (C) neither (D) both

Answer: (A) John 10 In regards to concealing negative emotions (Davis, 1995) …

(A) girls are better (B) boys are better (C) both genders are equal (D) neither gender can accomplish this until adolescence Answer: (A) girls are better 11 ______________ is using the emotional expressions of adults as a clue to handle stressful situations.

(A) mimicing (B) emotional awareness (C) social referencing (D) conventional referencing

Answer: (C) social referencing 12 In the _____________ stage, children judge actions to be good or bad based on the intentions of the actor.

(A) conventional (B) preconventional (C) substage 2 (D) substage 1 Answer: (A) conventional 13 Which theory states that children's relationships with their parents are crucial determinants of gender development?

(A) Social learning theory (B) Psychoanalytic theory (C) Stage development theory (D) Psycho-social theory Answer: (B) Psychoanalytic theory 14 Which group was least able to mask its negative feelings (Saarni, 1984)?

(A) young boys (B) young girls (C) older boys (D) older girls Answer: (A) young boys 15 Which is NOT true of social learning theory?

(A) Sees relationships with parents as pivotal (B) Claims that children do not need to identify with parents (C) Highlights importance of differential treatment for boys and girls (D) Challenged the role of parents in gender role development Answer: (D) Challenged the role of parents in gender role development 16 Turiel (2003) found that moral development occurs along two strands, that of …

(A) context and fairness (B) morality and convention (C) individual needs and societal rights (D) convention and social determination Answer: (B) morality and convention 17 Which should NOT be judged as an immoral act?

(A) Name calling

(B) Bad table manners (C) Being unfair (D) Hurting someone Answer: (B) Bad table manners 18 Which is NOT true of the postoperational stage of moral development?

(A) Laws are seen as relative (B) Actions are judged by transcendent principles (C) Judges actions based on intentions (D) It is assumed to coincide with adolescence Answer: (C) Judges actions based on intentions 19 Physical aggression _____________ as children transition into middle childhood.

(A) increases (B) decreases (C) stays the same (D) becomes more sophisticated Answer: (B) decreases 20 At which of Damon's stages do children base judgements on 'equality'?

(A) 1st stage (early preschool) (B) 4th stage (10 to 11 years) (C) 2nd stage (late preschool) (D) 3rd stage (primary school) Answer: (D) 3rd stage (primary school)

Chapter-15 1

The prefrontal cortex …

(A) is fully mature at the beginning of adolescence (B) matures throughout adolescence (C) begins to mature after adolescence (D) reaches maturity in the middle of adolescence

Answer: (B) matures throughout adolescence 2

Which is NOT true of a protracted period of adolescence?

(A) It offers more opportunity for exploration.

(B) Early menstruation contributes to it.

(C) It is caused in part by earlier development of the PFC. (D) Educational demands contribute to it.

Answer: (C) It is caused in part by earlier development of the PFC. 3

Improvements to health and nutrition have resulted in …

(A) earlier development of the PFC (B) accelerated intellectualy maturity (C) an earlier onset of puberty (D) an excess of hormonal release in adolescence

Answer: (C) an earlier onset of puberty 4

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex was activated when adolescents viewed ____________ (Wang, Huettel & De Bellis, 2008).

(A) happy stimuli (B) sad stimuli (C) angy stimuli (D) neutral stimuli

Answer: (B) sad stimuli 5

In the US the average gap between menstruation onset and marriage for girls is: (A) 14 years (B) 12 years (C) 10 years (D) 26 years

Answer: (A) 14 years 6

_______________ is/are an important marker of the transition from childhood to adulthood.

(A) reasoning abilities

(B) romantic urges (C) cognitive control (D) marriage Answer: (D) marriage 7

Adolescents show _________ ability to focus in a distracting environment than/as adults.

(A) more (B) exactly the same (C) roughly the same (D) less

Answer: (D) less 8

Adolescents take …

(A) more risks than adults but less risks than children (B) more risks than children and adults (C) more risks than children but less risks than adults (D) less risks than adults and children

Answer: (B) more risks than children and adults 9

Coordinating neural processes to accomplish a task is known as …

(A) strategic control (B) task-oriented behavior (C) cognitive control (D) management cognition

Answer: (C) cognitive control 10 Modern Western society …

(A) has a more protracted adolesence (B) has a very short period for adolescence (C) has a typical period for adolescence when compared to most societies throughout history (D) does not have a defined period for adolescence Answer: (A) has a more protracted adolesence 11 A primary area for brain development during adolescence is in …

(A) the ACC (B) the PFF (C) the PFC (D) the MFG Answer: (C) the PFC

12 Martin et al. (2002) found a significant correlation between …

(A) smoking and sensation-seeking behavior (B) pubertal maturation and sensation-seeking behaviour (C) oestrogen receptors and pubertal maturation (D) chronological age and sensation-seeking behaviour Answer: (B) pubertal maturation and sensation-seeking behaviour 13 Imaging techniques such as fMRI …

(A) can be used less with adolescents than with children (B) are not as accurate with adolescents due to their erratic brain behaviour (C) are not used for research purposes with adolescents due to safety issues (D) can be used for research more for adolescents than with children Answer: (D) can be used for research more for adolescents than with children 14 Adolescents respond _________ to emotionally charged stimuli.

(A) randomly (B) less strongly than adults (C) more strongly than adults (D) the same as adults Answer: (C) more strongly than adults 15 What is the second paradox of adolescence proposed by Dahl?

(A) Even though adolescents are not as strong as adults, they try to act like they are.

(B) Even though adolescents are not as smart as adults they try to act like they are.

(C) Even though adolescents are stronger than children, they still sustain more injuries than them.

(D) Even though adolescents are capable of reasoning like adults, they often make rash and emotional decisions.

Answer: (D) Even though adolescents are capable of reasoning like adults, they often make rash and emotional decisions.

16 How many adolescents experience major difficulties in Western society in school or with their parents?

(A) A majority (B) All (C) None (D) A minority Answer: (D) A minority 17 The PFC is located …

(A) at the front of the brain (B) at the back of the brain

(C) at the bottom of the brain (D) in the middle of the brain Answer: (A) at the front of the brain 18 The gap between intellectual maturity and puberty has _________________ over the last 100 years.

(A) grown more wide (B) stayed relatively the same (C) grown more narrow (D) disappeared Answer: (A) grown more wide 19 The ____________ task changes the rules for sorting as it progresses.

(A) Wisconsin Card Sorting (B) Stroop (C) Wisconsin Sorting (D) Go/No-Go Answer: (A) Wisconsin Card Sorting 20 Who viewed adolescence as a time of 'heightened storm and stress'?

(A) Dahl (B) Hall (C) Piaget (D) Cohen Answer: (B) Hall

Chapter-16 1

Which key new operation is available in the formal operations stage, according to Piaget?

(A) critical analysis (B) formal reasoning (C) formal induction (D) formal deduction

Answer: (D) formal deduction 2

Children in the concrete operational stage can solve ___________ transitive interference problems.

(A) No (B) All (C) Abstract (D) Concrete

Answer: (D) Concrete 3

Which is NOT true of formal operational thought?

(A) It is Piaget's final cognitive stage.

(B) It is the stage in which transitive inferences can begin to be made.

(C) It is the stage where deductive logic is acquired.

(D) It is the stage in which the ability to consider two or more factors at a time is acquired.

Answer: (B) It is the stage in which transitive inferences can begin to be made.

4

Which book helped to establish the view that adolescence was a structurally distinct developmental period?

(A) Manual of Child Psychology (B) Handbook on Formal Operational Thinking (C) The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence (D) Your Child and You

Answer: (C) The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence 5

Shaklee's study (1988) found that when given covariant problems …

(A) college-age students were able to naturally and spontaneously use the conditional probablility rule (B) college-age students were more developmentally ready to receive training in conditional probability (C) adolescents performed significantly more poorly than college-age students before training (D) adolescents showed significant improvement after training

Answer: (B) college-age students were more developmentally ready to receive training in conditional probability 6

Baldwin referred to the final cognitive stage as …

(A) hyper-logical (B) operational (C) logical (D) post-logical Answer: (A) hyper-logical 7

Piaget makes two claims about thinking in the period after concrete operations. One of these claims is that formal operational thinking is the final stage of development. What is the other claim?

(A) Developmental changes continue through early adolescence.

(B) Developmental changes do not continue through early adolescence.

(C) Formal operational thinking is not qualitatively different from concrete operational thinking, but it is quantitatively different.

(D) The transition to formal operational thinking begins at around 13 years.

Answer: (A) Developmental changes continue through early adolescence.

8

Which of the following was NOT a study reported by Piaget and Inhelder (1955)?

(A) The mental rotation task (B) The balance beam task (C) The pendulum task (D) The communicating vessels task

Answer: (A) The mental rotation task 9

Piaget (and later Siegel) found that …

(A) The more complex relations in formal operational thinking are mastered at 13 years.

(B) Not everybody manages to master the more complex relations that form part of formal operational thinking.

(C) The more complex relations in formal operational thinking are mastered at 11 years.

(D) The balance beam task is not a good test of formal operations.

Answer: (B) Not everybody manages to master the more complex relations that form part of formal operational thinking.

10 Which is NOT a reason as to why younger children retain less information?

(A) They take longer to process information and so more of it is decayed.

(B) They are not able to organise memories due to a less developed PFC. (C) They have less efficient attention strategies.

(D) They have less efficient rehearsal strategies.

Answer: (B) They are not able to organise memories due to a less developed PFC. 11 The Go/No-Go task measures …

(A) inhibition

(B) planning (C) task switching (D) generating new solutions Answer: (A) inhibition 12 A study by Shaklee (1988) served to demonstrate that …

(A) not all adults attain the formal operations stage (B) the formal operations stage is attained universally (C) education can play a role in developing formal operational thought (D) education has little role to play in formal operational thought Answer: (C) education can play a role in developing formal operational thought 13 Filling in the last word in a sentence based on context and then remembering all of the last words is a classic test for measuring …

(A) working memory (B) short-term memory (C) attention (D) executive functions Answer: (D) executive functions 14 Children are able to coordinate information for analyses best in the …

(A) concrete operational stage (B) preoperational stage (C) formal operational stage (D) sensorimotor stage Answer: (C) formal operational stage 15 In Helwig's scenarios (1995), younger adolescents tended to …

(A) affirm equality of freedom of speech (B) affirm freedoms of speech and religion more often (C) not confirm civil liberties (D) affirm freedoms of speech and religion less often Answer: (D) affirm freedoms of speech and religion less often 16 According to Levin et al. (1991), which executive skills reached adult levels by age 12?

(A) Inhibition and task switching (B) Task switching and planning (C) Planning and generating new solutions (D) Inhibition and planning

Answer: (A) Inhibition and task switching 17 Which is NOT considered a higher order executive skill which normally needs more time to mature and develop?

(A) planning (B) retrieving and organising information (C) memory strategy (D) attentional control Answer: (D) attentional control 18 In covariation, the sum of the diagnols strategy involves …

(A) looking at the frequency in Cell A and determining if it is stronger than the other cells (B) comparing the frequencies of Cells A and B (C) comparing the number of events comfirming a positive relationship with the number disconfirming the relationship (D) comparing the frequencies of Cells C and D Answer: (C) comparing the number of events comfirming a positive relationship with the number disconfirming the relationship 19 Cognitive development …

(A) is linked to maturation that is independent of puberty (B) is linked to puberty (C) occurs sporadically (D) is completed at the same time pubertal changes are completed Answer: (B) is linked to puberty 20 Piaget proposed a totally internally coherent logical structure known as the INRC group.

What does INRC stand for?

(A) Invariant-Number-Reversible-Cooperative (B) Incorporated-Numerosity-Relative-Correlative (C) Identity-Negation-Reciprocity-Correlative (D) Individual-Numerosity-Recognition-Coordination Answer: (C) Identity-Negation-Reciprocity-Correlative

Chapter-17 1

In making moral judgements, males tend to focus on _____________ (A) justice (B) responsibility (C) equity (D) caring

Answer: (A) justice 2

Reliance on friends is greatest during the __________ stage of adulthood.

(A) married without children (B) parental (C) romantically uncommitted (D) expecting children

Answer: (C) romantically uncommitted 3

When asked to recall a recent moral dilemna (Walker, de Vries & Trevethen, 1987), women are more likely to …

(A) recall an event involving relationships (B) recall an impersonal event (C) recall an event involving miscommunication (D) recall an event involving money

Answer: (A) recall an event involving relationships 4

Within Western society there are significant changes in relationships over the lifespan.

Which of the following is NOT typical of relationships at the age described?

(A) Same-sex friends provide the main sources of support in middle adolescence.

(B) Males experience romantic experiences as most supportive in late adolescence.

(C) Parents are seen as the most frequent providers of emotional support in middle childhood.

(D) Tension in parent–child relationships and sibling relationships peaks in late adolescence.

Answer: (D) Tension in parent–child relationships and sibling relationships peaks in late adolescence.

5

Self-disclosure studies by Buhrmester (1996), showed that by age 15 …

(A) children are more likely to reveal personal information to parents (B) children are less likely to understand their own motives (C) children are less likely to reveal personal information to parents (D) children are more likely to understand their own motives

Answer: (C) children are less likely to reveal personal information to parents 6

Tensions between parent and child peak in …

(A) middle childhood and early adolescence

(B) middle and late adolescence (C) early and middle childhood (D) early and middle adolescence Answer: (D) early and middle adolescence 7

The quality of relationships in adolescence is influenced by ...

(A) the quality of friends one associates with (B) the quality of attachment relations in infancy (C) the strength of one's support group (D) the quality of family relations in middle childhood

Answer: (B) the quality of attachment relations in infancy 8

Which is most likely true of adolescent same-sex friendships?

(A) Female–female friendships are better because of the support network they provide.

(B) Male–male friendships are better because of the team work they foster.

(C) Neither male–male nor female–female friendships are conducive to developing important life skills.

(D) Both male–male and female–female friendships develop skills that are important for functioning as adults.

Answer: (D) Both male–male and female–female friendships develop skills that are important for functioning as adults.

9

Overall violent activities are consistently ________ with girls.

(A) lower (B) higher (C) nonexistent (D) more personal

Answer: (A) lower 10 Erel and Burman (1995) found that there was a strong link between the quality of marital relationships and the quality of the relationship that these adults had with their children.

This has been referred to as the …

(A) correlational hypothesis (B) generational hypothesis (C) spillover hypothesis (D) relationship hypothesis Answer: (C) spillover hypothesis 11 Adolescent girls in the US have more similar attitudes about __________ with their friends than boys.

(A) social activities (B) school achievement

(C) sexual behaviours (D) normative behaviours Answer: (C) sexual behaviours 12 In middle adolescence, the main source of support is perceived to come from: (A) parents (B) teachers (C) siblings (D) friends Answer: (D) friends 13 The National Youth Survey data paint a depressing picture of the developmental precursors of violent crime. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the data from this survey?

(A) Children begin with minor aggressive acts in the early school years and progress to serious offending by the age of 17.

(B) The beginning of substance use and sexual activity add incrementally to the risk of aggressive behaviour during adolescence.

(C) Minor forms of delinquent behaviour and alcohol use typically precede more serious forms of violence.

(D) Self-reported aggressive behaviour increases between the ages of 18 and 25.

Answer: (D) Self-reported aggressive behaviour increases between the ages of 18 and 25.

14 Of the following, who has argued that men and women focus on different dimensions of moral dilemmas?

(A) Gilliberg (B) Kohlberg (C) Gilligan (D) Shweder Answer: (C) Gilligan 15 Andrews, Brown and Creasey (1990) investigated the role of parenting in links between mental disorders in mothers and daughters. Which of the following statements concerning their study is NOT correct?

(A) The mothers in the study were classified as middle class (B) Both mothers and daughters were interviewed.

(C) One depressive episode (of less than one year) in mothers was not sufficient to increase the incidence of disorders in their daughters.

(D) Early family experience was an important predictor of daughters' mental health.

Answer: (A) The mothers in the study were classified as middle class 16 Which is NOT true of adolescent females?

(A) They receive more support from romantic relationships than males.

(B) They report a higher number of interactions with same-sex friends.

(C) They show higher levels of self-disclosure.

(D) They give and receive more emotional support throughout each day.

Answer: (C) They show higher levels of self-disclosure.

17 Adolescents' experience with family roles has a __________ effect on their views of family roles.

(A) moderate (B) strong (C) fairly weak (D) negligible Answer: (B) strong 18 According to Gilligan (1982), an ethic of caring when making moral judgements stems from: (A) thinking of people as separate beings (B) a view of the interconnectedness of people (C) thinking of all people as having value (D) viewing others as being equal in value to oneself Answer: (B) a view of the interconnectedness of people 19 Amoung individuals, internalising tends to: (A) increase with age (B) decrease with age (C) decrease with further education (D) increase inversely to the number of friends one has Answer: (A) increase with age 20 Male adolescents are less likely to (Benenson & Schinazi, 2004) …

(A) desire achievement (B) have negative feelings when they achieve better than their friends (C) have positive feelings when they achieve better than their friends (D) resist efforts to achieve because of their friends Answer: (B) have negative feelings when they achieve better than their friends