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Test Bank to accompany

The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Eighth Edition Geoffrey M. Cooper

Chapter 1: An Overview of Cells and Cell Research TEST FILE QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. RNA is believed to have been the original genetic system because it can a. form a stable double helix with a complementary nucleic acid strand. b. catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides into another RNA strand. c. form ribosomes. d. transfer amino acids to ribosomes. Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how the first cell originated. 2. The initial importance of membrane-enclosing, self-replicating RNA molecules and associated proteins was that they a. maintained these molecules as a unit capable of reproduction and evolution. b. provided sites for proteins to function. c. transported materials in and out of the compartment. d. kept other molecules out of the compartment. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how the first cell originated. 3. Stanley Miller applied electric sparks to a reducing atmosphere of methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen, and the resulting products showed that under these conditions, a. amino acids can form. b. nucleotides can form. c. amino acids can polymerize into polypeptides. d. nucleotides can polymerize into nucleic acids. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism.

4. Which energy-producing process is thought to have come first during cellular evolution? a. Photosynthesis b. Glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation d. Proteolysis Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism. 5. At the time life arose on Earth, Earth’s atmosphere contained abundant amounts of all of the following except a. H2. b. N2. c. O2. d. H2S. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism. 6. Organisms that evolved the ability to use H2O as a donor of electrons and hydrogen for the photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to organic compounds radically changed Earth by producing a. sugar. b. cellulose. c. H2. d. O2. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism. 7. The feature that most clearly distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes is the presence of _______ in eukaryotic cells. a. ribosomes b. oxidative phosphorylation c. RNA molecules d. a nucleus Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 8. Cytoplasmic organelles are

a. absent in prokaryotic cells and present in eukaryotic cells. b. present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. c. present in prokaryotic cells and absent in eukaryotic cells. d. absent in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 9. The eukaryotic nucleus contains _______ DNA molecule(s). a. a single linear b. a single circular c. multiple linear d. multiple circular Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 10. The bacterial genome is located in a portion of the cell called the a. nucleus. b. nucleolus. c. mesosome. d. nucleoid. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 11. Eukaryotic cell nuclei contain genes that are a. primarily of bacterial origin. b. primarily of archaebacterial origin. c. partly archaebacterial and partly bacterial in origin. d. all of eukaryotic origin. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 12. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated in eukaryotic cells via a process called a. phagocytosis. b. endosymbiosis. c. endocytosis. d. exocytosis. Answer: b

Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 13. Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in that they a. have their own DNA. b. have their own ribosomes. c. reproduce by simple division into two. d. All of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 14. Which of the following is a colonial organism closely related to the evolutionary precursors of present-day plants? a. Paramecium b. Dictyostelium discoideum c. Volvox d. Arabidopsis thaliana Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 15. The human body is composed of more than _______ different types of cells. a. 100 b. 200 c. 400 d. 2,000 Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 16. E. coli is a useful model system for molecular biology studies because a. it has a small genome. b. it reproduces rapidly. c. mutants can easily be isolated from culture dishes. d. All of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain the advantages of E. coli for studying basic concepts of molecular biology. 17. A yeast cell divides in culture about every a. 20 minutes. b. 40 minutes. c. 2 hours. d. 12 hours. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Contrast yeast with E. coli as a model system. 18. How many genes does the haploid yeast nuclear genome contain? a. 1,000 b. 6,000 c. 10,000 d. 20,000 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Contrast yeast with E. coli as a model system. 19. The adult nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans consists of _______ somatic cells. a. 95 b. 959 c. 1,500 d. 9,590 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 20. The simplicity and clarity of Caenorhabditis elegans allowed researchers to a. trace the developmental lineages of all cells in the adult. b. identify the genes involved in differentiation of each cell type. c. observe the process of fertilization better than had been possible in the past. d. follow the process by which cell aggregation forms a multicellular organism. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development.

21. Drosophila melanogaster was an organism of choice for the study of a. the process of fertilization. b. the process of cell aggregation to form a multicellular organism. c. the process of development. d. mammalian genetics. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 22. Studies on which model organism led to the initial discovery of important mechanisms controlling the development of the animal body plan? a. Mice b. Drosophila melanogaster c. Xenopus laevis d. Yeast Answer: b Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 23. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism for studying the molecular biology of a. plants. b. fungi. c. fruit flies. d. vertebrates. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 24. Which fish is proving to be a useful model organism for the study of vertebrate development? a. Zebrafish b. Goldfish c. Salmon d. Guppy Answer: a Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development.

25. Cultures grown from cells of a dissociated tissue are called a. primary cell cultures. b. transformed cell lines. c. normal cell lines. d. secondary cell cultures. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 26. Most laboratories make use of cultured cells to study human disease. What makes these cultured cells such useful models? a. Cells only function when they are not organized into tissues. b. Cells cultured in the lab behave exactly the same as cells in the human body. c. Cells are very inexpensive to grow. d. They provide a continuous and uniform source of new cells. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 27. Viruses are useful model systems for studying a. tooth development. b. cell signaling. c. DNA replication. d. regulation of cell cycle control. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how viruses can be used to study cell biology. 28. The light microscope was used to observe the cellular structure of cork by _______, who named the chambers “cells.” a. Schleiden and Schwann b. Hooke c. Virchow d. Leeuwenhoek Answer: b Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the uses and limitations of the light microscope. 29. The diffraction limited resolution of a standard light microscope is determined by which equation? a. R = 0.61λNA b. R = 0.61NA / λ

c. R = 0.61λ / NA d. R = 0.61 / λNA Answer: c Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the uses and limitations of the light microscope. 30. The diffraction limited resolving power of a standard light microscope is approximately a. 0.2 mm. b. 0.2 μm. c. 0.2 nm. d. 2 Å. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the uses and limitations of the light microscope. 31. Living cells are commonly visualized by means of _______ microscopy. a. phase-contrast b. bright-field c. fluorescence d. electron Answer: a Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the uses and limitations of the light microscope. 32. Fluorescent-labeled antibodies are used on cells primarily to locate a specific a. DNA sequence. b. RNA sequence. c. protein. d. carbohydrate. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how fluorescence microscopy is used to visualize specific proteins. 33. A common use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is to a. label antibodies. b. visualize proteins in living cells. c. photobleach other fluorescent proteins. d. label DNA sequences. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Describe how GFP can be used to study proteins in living cells. 34. Which of the following experimental approaches would be useful for studying protein–protein interactions within a cell? a. Differential interference-contrast microscopy b. Differential centrifugation c. Fluorescence pulse field gel electrophoresis (FPFGE) d. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) Answer: d Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Describe how GFP can be used to study proteins in living cells. 35. In fluorescence photobleaching experiments, recovery time is defined as the amount of time it takes the bleached area to regain its fluorescence. The recovery time for a cell with fluorescently labeled membrane proteins is a. longer than the recovery time for a cell with fluorescently labeled lipids because lipids diffuse faster than proteins. b. shorter than the recovery time for a cell with fluorescently labeled lipids because proteins diffuse faster than lipids. c. equal to the recovery time for a cell with fluorescently labeled lipids because proteins and lipids diffuse at the same rate. d. shorter than the recovery time for a cell with fluorescently labeled lipids because lipids diffuse faster than proteins. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing Learning Objective: Describe how GFP can be used to study proteins in living cells. 36. Super-resolution light microscopes extend the resolution limits of light microscopy to a. 0.2 to 0.5 mm. b. 0.2 to 0.5 μm. c. 20 to 100 nm. d. 20 to 100 Å. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain super-resolution microscopy. 37. Electron microscopes have a resolution advantage over light microscopes because a. electron microscopes allow the viewer to examine living cells. b. electron microscope lenses have a larger numerical aperture. c. electron microscopes are easier to use. d. the wavelength of electrons is shorter than that of light. Answer: d

Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 38. Specific proteins can be localized in the transmission electron microscope by use of a. positive staining. b. negative staining. c. fluorescent-labeled antibodies. d. gold-labeled antibodies. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 39. The method by which cell components are separated by centrifugation at progressively higher speeds is called _______ centrifugation. a. differential b. velocity c. density-gradient d. equilibrium Answer: a Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize procedures for isolation of subcellular organelles. 40. Which of the following cell components will be concentrated in the first pellet produced by differential centrifugation? a. Mitochondria b. Nuclei c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. The cytosol Answer: b Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize procedures for isolation of subcellular organelles.

Fill in the Blank 1. It is generally believed that Earth’s original cell enclosed a self-replicating _______ molecule. Answer: RNA Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how the first cell originated.

2. RNA, unlike DNA, is capable of _______ a number of different chemical reactions. Answer: catalyzing Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism. 3. The common source of electrons in the conversion of CO 2 into organic molecules in photosynthesis is _______. Answer: water Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism. 4. The two major groups of prokaryotic cells are the _______ and the _______, which diverged early in evolution. Answer: archaebacteria; bacteria Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 5. The DNA in a bacterium is located in a region termed the _______. Answer: nucleoid Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 6. The cell lineage that eventually became the plants acquired _______before acquiring _______. Answer: mitochondria; chloroplasts Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 7. The amoeba _______ exists as a unicellular organism in abundant nutrient conditions and forms multicellular fruiting bodies in starvation conditions. Answer: Dictyostelium discoideum (slime mold) Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 8. _______ cells cover the surface of internal organs in the body, such as the intestine. Answer: Epithelial Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 9. Short generation time is one of the major factors that support using yeast or _______ for many fundamental molecular genetics experiments. Answer: E. coli Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Contrast yeast with E. coli as a model system. 10. Model systems serve as simplified examples in which the properties and development of cells can be examined easily. For mammals, a common model system is _______, and _______ is a common model for plants. Answer: mice; Arabidopsis thaliana Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 11. Model systems such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and zebrafish are especially useful for studying problems in cell differentiation and developmental biology because, in contrast to single cells such as E. coli and yeast, they are _______ systems. Answer: multicellular (organismic) Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 12. _______ cells, the most commonly used cell line, were derived from a biopsy of a tumor carried by Henrietta Lacks. Answer: HeLa Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 13. Viruses have proven to be useful tools with which to explore the properties of cells and complex processes such as cancer because viruses are dependent on _______ processes for much of their replication and metabolism. Answer: host cell Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how viruses can be used to study cell biology. 14. _______ is a light microscope technique for studying the interaction of proteins.

Answer: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fraction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how fluorescence microscopy is used to visualize specific proteins. 15. In the _______ microscope, imaging is restricted to a single focal plane by the use of an aperture pinhole to reject out of focus light; whereas in the _______ microscope, the same outcome is achieved through the use of light wavelengths such that excitation of the fluorescent dye requires the simultaneous absorption of two or more photons. Answer: confocal; multiphoton excitation Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fraction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how fluorescence microscopy is used to visualize specific proteins. 16. In transmission electron microscopy, objects are imaged by their differences in _______ density. Answer: electron Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fraction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy.

True/False 1. Similarities in basic metabolic mechanisms indicate that all present-day cells on Earth descended from a single primordial ancestor. Answer: T Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how the first cell originated. 2. Most of the genes of the bacterial symbionts that evolved into mitochondria are now found in the nucleus. Answer: T Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how the first cell originated. 3. Eukaryotes contain a mixture of genes from eubacteria and archaebacteria. Answer: T

Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Explain how the first cell originated. 4. Photosynthesis first evolved in the green algae. Answer: F Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Describe the major steps in evolution of metabolism. 5. Compared to humans, E. coli has about a thousand times less DNA. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Cells as Experimental Models Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 6. Higher plants and higher animals are similar in that they contain about the same number of different cell types. Answer: F Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 7. Epithelial cells form sheets that cover the surface of the animal body and line internal organs. Answer: T Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 8. In good culture conditions, E. coli typically divides every two hours. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 9. Yeasts are simple eukaryotes. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development.

10. Caenorhabditis elegans is an important organism for the study of plant development. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 11. Studies on Arabidopsis thaliana have indicated that the mechanisms that control development in plants are completely different from those that control development in animals. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 12. The frog Xenopus laevis is useful for studying early development because its eggs are small and clear. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 13. Xenopus laevis, an amphibian vertebrate, is useful for developmental studies because when its eggs are fertilized, the embryos develop outside its body. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 14. A single somatic animal cell in culture is capable of forming an entire animal. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 15. Normal human fibroblasts can be grown only for 50–100 doublings in culture, after which they stop growing and die. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture.

16. Immortal cell lines are cells that can continue to proliferate in culture for an indefinite number of generations. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 17. A single immortalized fibroblast in culture is capable of forming an entire human. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 18. With appropriate stimulation, mammalian stem cells in culture can give rise to individual mammalian cell types and hence may provide a source of patient-specific replacement cells. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 19. Viruses are complexes of nucleic acid and protein that can replicate on their own. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how viruses can be used to study cell biology. 20. Viruses can have either RNA or DNA for their genetic material. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how viruses can be used to study cell biology. 21. Synthesis of DNA from RNA was first observed using retroviruses. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how viruses can be used to study cell biology. 22. Robert Hooke first coined the term “cell” following his observation, with a light microscope, of the pattern of cell walls in cork. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize the uses and limitations of the light microscope.

23. Because the wavelength of electrons is 100,000 times shorter than the wavelength of visible light, the resolution of the electron microscope is 100,000 times better than the resolution of the light microscope. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 24. Scanning electron microscopy is usually used for a three-dimensional view of the surface of cells. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 25. Freeze fracture splits lipid bilayers and allows examination of the distribution of proteins that span the bilayer. Answer: T Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 26. All implementations of the light microscope are absolutely limited in their resolution by the diffraction properties of the illuminating light. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 27. In velocity centrifugation, a suspension is layered on top of a sucrose density gradient and centrifuged until the density of the particles matches the density of the sucrose solution. Answer: F Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Summarize procedures for isolation of subcellular organelles.

Short Answer 1. List three significant differences that distinguish prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells. Answer: Any three of these four answers are correct: (1) Prokaryotes have no nucleus, whereas eukaryotes have a nucleus or nuclear envelope; (2) prokaryotes have small circular DNA molecules, whereas eukaryotes have large linear DNA molecules; (3)

prokaryotes have no organelles, whereas eukaryotes do; (4) prokaryotes have small cells compared to eukaryotes. Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Illustrate the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 2. The formation of a phospholipid bilayer membrane around a set of macromolecules was an important step in the origin and early evolution of life. What two advantages of such a system are thought to have allowed the first cells to grow and evolve? Answer: (1) The membrane forms a barrier between the interior of the cell and its environment, and (2) it allows a cell to grow and evolve as a unit, instead of existing as isolated molecules. Textbook Reference: The Origin and Evolution of Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Outline the evolution of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. 3. Which technique would be best for studying whether cells from different tissues of the body have different nutritional requirements? Answer: Use of primary animal cell culture (since established cell lines are already adapted to the medium in which they are grown) Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 4. Which approach provides a good model for studying the effect of a gene on the development of mammals? Answer: Use of genetically engineered mice in which a mutant gene has replaced the wild type gene Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 5. Why is plant cell culture important to agriculture? Answer: New genes can be introduced into plant cells in culture, and then individual genetically engineered cells can be grown into entire plants with new characteristics. Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the simple models for studying plant and animal development. 6. Embryonic stem cells are important because they have the potential to do what? Answer: Differentiate into all the cell types present in an adult Textbook Reference: Experimental Models in Cell Biology

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Learning Objective: Summarize the principles of animal cell culture. 7. Studies of certain viruses have led to the discovery that DNA can be synthesized from an RNA template. What are these viruses called? Answer: Retroviruses Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology Experimental Models in Cell Biology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering Learning Objective: Explain how viruses can be used to study cell biology. 8. What technique would be best for initial examinations of the molecular arrangement of actin subunits in actin filaments? Answer: Negative staining and transmission electron microscopy Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 9. What technique would reveal the morphological pattern of proteins that span the plasma membrane of red blood cells? Answer: Freeze fracture and transmission electron microscopy Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 10. What technique would be best for observing the detailed structure of the surface of single-celled eukaryotes like Paramecium? Answer: Scanning electron microscopy Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Compare electron microscopy and light microscopy. 11. What technique would be best for separating rough endoplasmic reticulum derived membrane vesicles from smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane vesicles? Answer: Equilibrium centrifugation Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize procedures for isolation of subcellular organelles. 12. Arrange the following in the order they will sediment out as centrifugal speed increases from low to high during differential centrifugation. Lysosomes Microsomes Nuclei Ribosomes (free cytosolic) Answer: Nuclei, lysosomes, microsomes, ribosomes Textbook Reference: Tools of Cell Biology: Microscopy and Subcellular Fractionation

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Learning Objective: Summarize procedures for isolation of subcellular organelles.

TEST BANK for The Cell: A Molecular Approach 8th Edition by Cooper