CYBERSECURITY 2019

CYBER

SECURITY &

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Cyber Solvers Wanted Outsmart Malicious Attacks Deepfake Videos Blur Realities

MAY 2019

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CYBER

SECURITY TECHNOLOGY

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EXPOSED Ever-increasing data breaches are a fact of digital life DETECTING DEEPFAKES Researchers are developing new tools for preventing, exposing fraudulent media

10 LEADING THE WAY

NAVIGATION TOOLS Click on this icon to explore video information about a topic.

4 CYBERsecurity

16 Tap these icons for more information about a topic.

WHITE-HAT HEROES Ethical hackers root out system vulnerabilities to make corporations stronger

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BIG DATA DRIVERS Three techniques to push the envelope on burgeoning industry

24

SOPHISTICATED SPAM Preventing ransomware attacks should become high corporate priority

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Contents MAY 2019

EDUCATION & CAREERS

28 32

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WANTED: MORE PROBLEM SOLVERS Cybersecurity programs seek students who excel in critical thinking OPEN DOORS Cyber careers boast high salaries, ample job openings

PROTECTION

38 42

CARD SHARKS Gas station skimmers force law enforcement, technology to catch up FIGHTING FRAUD Protect yourself from cybercriminals

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Exposed Data breaches are a fact of digital life, and they seem to be intensifying

B

illions of people were affected by data breaches and cyberattacks in 2018 — 765 million in the months of April, May and June alone, according to global digital security firm Positive

8 CYBERsecurity

Technologies.

Cyberattacks increased 32 percent in the first three months of the year and 47 percent during the April-June period, compared to the same periods in 2017, according to the firm.

Breaches and cyberattacks continue to escalate, affecting more and more consumers, “and it’s not like it’s slowing down,” says Gary Davis, chief consumer security evangelist for McAfee.

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BY M I K E SN I D ER

TECHNOLOGY

Sign of the times Top 10 reported breaches as of May 19, when they were reported and the number of users affected:

MySpace May 2016

360

million

MyFitnessPal March 2018

150

Yahoo!

October 2017

3

million

Equifax September 2017

145.5

million

billion eBay May 2014

145

million

Target November 2013

110

Marriott November 2018

500

million

Yahoo!

September 2016

500

million

million

LinkedIn May 2016

100

million

Quora December 2018

100

million

9

TECHNOLOGY

Defeating Deepfakes Researchers developing new tools to prevent, expose fraudulent media

S

ometimes, the internet gets weird. One of its strangest moments, for instance, took place in January, when a video surfaced of actress Jennifer Lawrence answering questions from reporters at a 2016 awards ceremony. It’s her body. It’s her voice. The face, however, belongs to actor Steve Buscemi, whose countenance is seamlessly superimposed on hers.

The video drew myriad reactions on social media, with some calling it “disturbing,” including

10 CYBERsecurity 10 CYBERsecurity

Buscemi himself. And it is, experts agree, but not because it’s creepy or quirky. Rather, because agitators could use similar videos — called deepfakes — to cause mayhem among consumers, businesses and governments.

The threat is growing.

But fortunately, so are solutions.

DEEPFAKES EXPLAINED In both name and notion, deepfakes combine “fake news” with “deep learning” — a type of artificial intelligence (AI).

“A deepfake is a completely fabricated video that looks very, very real,” says Craig Stack, founder and chief operating officer of Truepic, a photo and video verification platform. “It used to be that talented visual effects artists were needed to manipulate videos. …

Now, this can be done quickly and cheaply by AI software.”

Instead of innocuous clips showcasing bizarre celebrity mashups, realistic videos could depict moral authorities in lascivious situations, >

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TECHNOLOGY

When Seeing Isn’t Believing

Three ways to scrutinize possible deepfake videos

world leaders in treasonous scenarios, military figures making provocative declarations, consumers endorsing dangerous products, fraudsters fabricating evidence for insurance claims or business executives reporting false financial results. Suddenly, deepfakes go from amusing to alarming.

DISRUPTING DECEIT Researchers are taking a two-pronged approach to neutralizing the deepfake threat. The first is detection.

That’s the purview of Matt Turek, program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), whose four-year Media Forensics (MediFor) program is developing 12 CYBERsecurity 12 CYBERsecurity

automated technology that exposes fraudulent media. MediFor seeks to identify deepfakes by analyzing three types of information: digital, physical and semantic.

On a digital level, it’s analyzing pixels: inconsistencies that can indicate when images come from different sources.

On a physical level, it’s examining the physics; in deepfakes, for example, facial shadows may be inconsistent with light sources. And on a semantic level, it’s comparing media to external data like the weather — if a video takes place outdoors, for example, one can verify whether it was hot or cold when the footage was shot, then analyze skin properties for >

1. ANALYZING BLINK PATTERNS Because deepfake software often uses still images as inputs, subjects rarely blink.

2. STUDYING FACIAL ORIENTATION If faces don’t move in sync with the heads to which they’re attached, the video is likely fake.

3. LOOKING AT RESOLUTION To make realistic images, deepfake software must resize the facial images it uses as inputs, which leaves behind artifacts evident to detection software.

“I think it will take a compound of multiple methods to detect deepfake videos,” Lyu says. “Any single detection method potentially could be evaded by using countermeasures, but to beat all these detection methods together is much more difficult.”

— M AT T A L D E RT O N

TRUEPIC; GETTY IMAGES

The Truepic app uses controlled capture technology to verify time, date, location and pixelation of images and video. For example, on this image from Kolkata, India, all authentication steps have been verified, indicating to viewers that the image has not been altered.

Siwei Lyu, an associate professor of computer science at the University at Albany, State University of New York, has developed three means for exposing deepfakes:

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TECHNOLOGY

14 CYBERsecurity 14 CYBERsecurity

ing insurance claims, and news organizations — can quickly and easily verify the resulting media.

“Deepfake detection is important, but not an ultimate solution to the problem,” Stack says. “We ultimately see deepfake detection as an ongoing ‘arms race’ … without any real end. Until videos can be verified the instant they are captured, post-capture detection will only be a temporary measure.”

Siwei Lyu, an associate professor of computer science at the University at Albany, State University of New York, is also working on prevention. By adding imperceptible noise to images, he thinks he can

disrupt the face-detection algorithms that deepfake software rely on, thereby “breaking” them.

WHAT NOW? Because neither prevention nor detection is ready to scale across the entire internet, how can individuals and businesses protect themselves? For now, the best antidotes are education and vigilance.

“Society as a whole should focus more on media literacy to educate … on the differences between authentic and deceptive content,” Stack says. “If we are better educated from the onset, the utility of deepfakes and deceptive content is limited.” l

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consistency with recorded temperatures.

“We’re building an approach to combine information across all levels to produce a single integrity score for a media asset,” Turek explains. “That integrity score gives us a way to rate what the likelihood is that an image has been manipulated.”

The second approach to fighting deepfakes is prevention. Truepic, for example, has created technology that authenticates images and videos at their point of origin by imprinting them with metadata and storing copies on an immutable blockchain. Users — including singles on dating apps, consumers fil-

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LEADING THE WAY

Hacker Heroes

Cyber experts spot potential security breaches in systems to strengthen corporations

C

orporations are increasingly turning to ethical hackers to increase security and keep malicious attackers out of their systems, servers, networks and software.

Also called penetration testing or white hat hacking, this critical practice seeks out vulnerabilities that the companies’ own developers may have missed.

“People who build software think differently from hackers. They think about making a system that works, a system that is useful. A hacker is trying to see through the cracks,” says Jason Haddix, vice president of researcher growth at

16 CYBERsecurity 16 CYBERsecurity

Bugcrowd, a crowdsourced security platform that organizes “bug bounties” — programs in which companies pay to have their systems probed by ethical hackers for potential flaws.

Each bug bounty has a defined reward range. Bugcrowd’s Vulnerability Rating Taxonomy is used to evaluate the criticality and business impact of each bug submitted by the Crowd.

Once the customer accepts it,

the hacker is awarded the bounty, which Bugcrowd manages.

The bounty goes up with the severity of the security flaw.

Haddix says his firm has paid tens of thousands of dollars for a single bug, although the average reward is typically a few hundred dollars.

Here’s how five companies are using ethical hacking:

GM General Motors has leveraged the help of security firm HackerOne to engage with the hacker community. It’s devoting “significant sums of money” to reward bug bounty participants — outside researchers who aug-

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B Y A DAM S TON E

Put to the Test Companies improve their security by hiring ethical hackers to find weaknesses.

Here’s how Bugcrowd works: Bugcrowd’s ethical hackers pressure test a company’s products to spot potential vulnerabilities.

Hackers report vulnerabilities through Bugcrowd’s platform.

Bugcrowd verifies the vulnerability is valid and shares with the company to fix the issue.

GETTY IMAGES; ILLUSTRATION: DEBRA MOORE

The ethical hacker receives Bugcrowd points and a monetary reward based on the vulnerability reported.

ment the carmaker’s internal team of security pros, says Jeff Massimilla, GM’s vice president of global cybersecurity.

The company has invited hackers to seek out flaws in its onboard entertainment systems, and it is looking at expanding ethical hacking into assembly plants and other areas. “It is so important because these people come with a different perspective. They take a different approach to security,” Massimilla says. “We’ve learned

a lot about our environment through this. More importantly, we’ve developed relationships with people who can help us to continue to improve.”

HP Printers and peripherals can be the weak link in a company’s security — they’re connected to the internet, but may get overlooked when systems are configured. That’s why HP uses Bugcrowd bug bounties to test its devices

for potential weak spots.

“We get access to highly trained ethical hackers, people with hard-to-find technical skills,” says Shivaun Albright, chief technologist of print security at HP. “We are catching potential vulnerabilities before they are found by unethical hackers who might exploit them. We are preventing negative media and protecting our brand.”

The big advantage to ethical hacking is that it enables HP > 17 17

LEADING THE WAY

DASH When founders at digital currency startup Dash wanted to ensure their digital cash product was secure, they turned to Bugcrowd, with a bug bounty program that gives them access to difficult-to-find talent.

The program has yielded tangible results. “In one case, we learned of a method by which an attacker could bypass an important security feature on an Android phone wallet,” says Jim Bursch, who manages the program for Dash. “There was never a report of this attack used on an actual user, so by learning of the vulner18 CYBERsecurity 18 CYBERsecurity

ability from a hacker, we were able to implement a fix that eliminated the vulnerability before it affected a user.”

KEEPER SECURITY When you’re in the password management and security business you can’t afford mistakes.

Keeper Security’s product is intended to safeguard users’ online credentials, so the company must ensure its code is solid.

To aid in this endeavor, the firm uses bug bounties as a way to bring fresh eyes to the challenge.

“It is great to have an outsider look it over, especially people who are specifically skilled at looking for vulnerabilities. It allows us to find potential issues much earlier in the process,” says chief technology officer and co-founder Craig Lurey.

By having hackers try to break the product, Keeper creates a business differentiator for itself. “When it comes to se-

curity, a large customer won’t just take your word for it. They want third-party validation,” Lurey says. Ethical hacking helps reassure customers that systems are indeed sound.

GRAMMARLY Online grammar-checking service Grammarly launched a public bug bounty program in partnership with HackerOne in late 2018. “At Grammarly, we view security as the most critical feature,” says Joe Xavier, vice president of engineering.

“While we have a team of engineers who obsess about user and data security, we believe that we’ll have an even more secure product by engaging with thousands of security researchers who are experts at their craft,” he says. “We want our users to know that any data they share with us while using our products remain safe and protected.” l

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to see its products in a new light. “I can do security reviews on a product, but I won’t be thinking like a hacker: Where can I break into this? Where are the weaknesses?” Albright says.

“Part of doing these bug bounties is having those discussions.”

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LEADING THE WAY

Big Data Drivers

Three techniques that are solving cybersecurity challenges

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very minute data is created. By 2020, 1.7 MB of data will be generated per second for every person on Earth, according to Domo’s latest Data Never Sleeps report.

For cybersecurity purposes, companies need to collect, organize and analyze massive amounts of data to see whether their traffic looks “clean,” whether a connected device needs a security update or whether malware has infected their networks.

Here’s where big data analytics comes into play: cybersecu-

rity solutions help organizations store, centralize and organize their data to have better visibility. Big data is also driving advancements in the fields of machine learning, data science and artificial intelligence (AI).

Here’s how three companies are leveraging big data:

FROM DEFENSE TO POST-BREACH ANALYSIS Trustwave relies on big data to identify and mitigate potential damage if hackers are targeting a company or have successfully breached a network.

“(Big data) gives you the capability to ID potential attacks or breaches, pulling information via machine learning, data analytics, real-time analysis and even postmortem analysis, providing a significant upgrade and control of your environment,” says Chris Schueler, SVP of managed security services at Trustwave.

For example, if your organization is sending out denial-of-service alerts because your system was compromised by a botnet, big data allows you to see that massive amounts of traffic are coming from your organization >

GETTY IMAGES; TRUSTWAVE

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20 CYBERsecurity

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LEADING THE WAY

and targeting a single website.

Trustwave recently opened their Spiderlabs Fusion Center, an advanced command center that provides training and education across a variety of cybersecurity disciplines.

IBM Security understands that big data analysis doesn’t always make up for a shortstaffed security department.

Given how much data is available to any given company, it’s challenging to properly parse out what is important and take the appropriate action, whether that’s implementing a new device management process or introducing a new endpoint security solution.

“The No. 1 threat in security for (organizations) today is complexity. Products are often deployed in silos, while organizations and teams are limited by the absence of collaboration masses of data,” says Koos Lodewijkx, vice president and chief information security officer at IBM. Lodewijkx points to AI and IBM’s QRadar Advisor with Watson as its response to this challenge. In addition to centralizing the data from a disparate number of sources, QRadar Advisor helps security practitioners analyze vast amounts of data created by an organization.

Watson’s AI then uses external threat feeds and data to help analysts identify the threat or take the appropriate action.

22 CYBERsecurity

PREPARING FOR INFLUX OF BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIES Although machine learning and AI are getting a lot of attention, Cloudera is also focused on additional cutting-edge technologies.

“New high-speed 5G networks, connected autonomous vehicles and new technologies mean the volume of data available to security staff is growing exponentially,” says Arun Murthy, chief product officer at Cloudera.

This requires communication efforts across the entire cybersecurity community so that new defenses, processes and tech-

nologies can emerge. “Defense is a team game in security, and an open community using the best tools and all the data available to them is the key to success,” says Murthy.

Cloudera’s Enterprise Data Cloud incorporates information from multiple devices and networks in a single enterprise and uses a shared view of metadata, tracking, governance and security information based on their Shared Data Experience to defend against vulnerabilities resulting from these new technologies. l

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LEADING THE WAY

“Flat” networks are the perfect environment for ransomware to spread, giving unimpeded access across a company.

Sophisticated Spam Preventing ransomware attacks should be high corporate priority B Y E LLEN CHAN G

24 CYBERsecurity

Affected users were greeted with an ominous message that their files were encrypted and payment ranging from $300 to $600 in Bitcoin was required to restore access.

The hack caused massive and costly disruption to the U.K.’s National Health Service. The National Audit Office’s report stated that one-third of NHS hospital trusts were disrupted, and thousands of appointments and surgeries were canceled.

Emergency centers in five areas had to divert patients to other health care centers. More than 200,000 people in 150 countries were affected. The attack spread

from the U.K. to the U.S. and stretched as far as China and Russia.

Although the attack was halted by a malware researcher in the U.K., new versions surfaced quickly.

A PERFECT ENVIRONMENT Ransomware spreads rapidly because it self-replicates, exploiting vulnerabilities in networks and endpoints, says Justine Bone, CEO of MedSec. “If a network is too ‘flat,’ or easy to connect from machine to machine, then it’s a perfect environment for a worm to spread,” Bone says. “The network allows

THEHACKERNEWS.COM

O

ne of the most destructive cyberattacks started May 12, 2017, on a computer in Europe.

An email was opened, a compressed file unzipped, and the WannaCry ransomware attack began to spread — quickly and deftly. Using EternalBlue, a cyberspying tool that was likely stolen from the National Security Agency and leaked online, a cryptoworm infected Microsoft Windows operating systems that hadn’t installed a security patch issued two months prior.

Without needing permission from users, a malicious code used file sharing to spread.

Every

14 seconds

a new organization will fall victim to ransomware in 2019, according to CyberSecurity Ventures. By 2021, that number will reach every 11 seconds.

$133 thousand

GETTY IMAGES; ILLUSTRATION: HAYLEIGH CORKEY

was the median cost to address damage after a ransomware attack in 2017, according to a survey by British security company Sophos. Ransomware remains lucrative because it’s relatively inexpensive and easy to deploy.

for unimpeded access from computer to computer.”

For many industries, especially health care, preventing ransomware attacks remains a high priority because of the threat to patient safety and privacy. The destructive power is immense — many networks are connected to devices and machinery such as MRIs and incubators, Bone notes. These medical devices can be infected with ransomware just like computers, and could malfunction or become inoperable — “putting people’s lives in danger,” Bone notes.

“The WannaCry attack was an early warning sign of the dan-

gers for connected equipment,” she says. “Hospitals are vulnerable as they are already struggling with basic cybersecurity issues.”

PLAN ON BEING HACKED “It only takes an email getting through a filter and being opened by a single user to infect an entire organization through the network,” says Debra Geister, a consultant who advises institutions on fraud prevention like malware and other attacks at NICE Actimize.

Backing up data offline and not merely the critical database, is also significant, adds Na-

than Wenzler, senior director of cybersecurity at Moss Adams.

Testing backups beforehand is just as important because they are worthless if the data cannot be restored correctly, he adds.

“Having good backups means you can just wipe a compromised system and restore it without any data loss — and without paying the ransom.”

Bone says companies should undertake a full audit of their networks to learn how exposed they are, and what, if any, measures are in place to mitigate damage: “It may seem counterintuitive, but as a business you should plan on being hacked >

25

LEADING THE WAY

Government 28 (1.41%) Energy 51 (2.56%) Retail 54 (2.71%) Services 66 (3.31%) Technology 90 (4.51%)

Health Care 122 (6.12%)

Manufacturing 352 (17.65%)

No one is immune

— only by doing so can you protect yourself against significant damage.”

She also recommends isolating sensitive networks and devices from the main network and creating impediments to a lateral infection by malware.

“Failure to anticipate this type of event is a critical mistake.”

GETTING THE VICTIM TO PAY Paying the ransom is sometimes best, especially if it costs less than the combined value of the comprised data or system

26 CYBERsecurity

Education 535 (26.83%) Finance & Insurance 696 (34.9%)

and recovery costs, Wenzler says. “There are a lot of ethical and emotional reasons to want to fight against this sort of criminal activity, but ultimately, this is a business-risk decision.

If the cost to recover is too high, then it may pose less risk to the organization to take a chance on the attacker upholding their end of the arrangement.”

Cryptocurrencies are still a popular payment method, but altcoins such as Ripple and Monero are gaining traction because they are cheaper to trade and have faster transaction

speeds, notes Jason Glassberg, co-founder of Casaba Security.

He adds that payout amounts have stayed in the $10,000 to $50,000 range, and that criminals tend to target smaller- and medium-sized companies that have less meticulous backup plans and are more likely to pay.

Cybercriminals are eager to get a return on their investment and many will negotiate, says Carlos Perez, head of research and development at TrustedSec. “It’s all about getting the victim to pay — one way or another.” l

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Ransomware affects all industries. Vectra collected data from multiple companies in nine sectors between January 2018 and February 2019. The figure connected to the industry indicates the number of times that ransomware behaviors were detected. During this time, Vectra collected data on 42,782,279 devices and workloads. On these devices and workloads, Vectra flagged 47,449,530 network events that were condensed to 1,584,516 detections.

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Wanted: Problem Solvers Cybersecurity programs seek students who look at the world analytically B Y CARI SH ANE

O

ne of the most important skills for cyber success is the ability to think critically.

If you “have the kind of brain that enjoys being tickled by puzzles,” then cyber could be for you, says Mandy Galante, program director of SANS CyberStart, a project designed to entice students to cybersecurity.

These critical thinkers are at an advantage: By 2021, it’s estimated that there will be a global cyber jobs deficit of 3.5 million. The demand for such experts has led to an increase in the number of higher-education degrees in cybersecurity. These public colleges and universities offer exceptional concentrations and degree programs:

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

28 CYBERsecurity

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

Recognized as a CAE-CD, OSU’s management information systems degree, earned through the Department of Management Science and Information Systems in the Spears School of Business, is a STEM-focused technical major. Students can also learn practical applications through the school’s Information Security and Assurance Club, which focuses on evolving threats and mitigation techniques.

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The Bachelor of Applied Science with an emphasis in Cyber Operations has an engineering track or a defense and forensics track. The degree has led to the school’s designation as a Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense (CAE-CD), a program created by the National Security Agency and the Department of Homeland Security to recognize schools that offer rigorous information security programs. The school has also been named a Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Operations (CAECO), an additional NSA-sponsored designation. Jason Denno, who directs the cyber operations program at UA, says graduates “are not going to be looking for work. Work is going to be looking for them.”

Photo credit

Jason Villafranca of RRMM

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270 The number of U.S. colleges designated as Centers of Academic Excellence in cyber defense.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA OMAHA

Offered through the College of Information Science & Technology, UNO’s B.S. in cybersecurity features a special track in cyber operations, earning CAE-CO status. NULLify, a student-run cybersecurity group, hosts hackathons every year with cash prizes. “It’s more important than ever that we have a committed workforce dedicated to protecting assets against cyber attacks,” says Abhishek Parakh, associate professor and undergraduate cybersecurity program committee chair.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

This public research university and CAE-CD center offers B.S. degrees in both computer science and electrical and computer engineering that require a cybersecurity research project and a summer internship within a government organization. In addition, through its Information Trust Institute, the school offers the CyberCorps Scholarship for Service, a merit scholarship funded by the National Science Foundation.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT

UCONN is the only school in the state to be recognized as a CAE-CD center. “Security needs to be an integral part of computer science culture,” says Laurent Michel, associate department head of computer science who helped to create the cybersecurity curriculum. This summer, the school plans to open its first cybersecurity lab. The Altschuler Cybersecurity Lab will offer hands-on classes to undergraduate and graduate students.

TOWSON UNIVERSITY

The first university in Maryland to offer a cyber degree program, TU’s Jess & Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics started one of the first B.S. degrees in computer science with a track in computer security. The school also holds a CAE-CO and CAE-CD center designation. Additionally, Towson is one of the first schools in the country to earn a cybersecurity accreditation from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, effective through 2024.

30 CYBERsecurity

GETTY IMAGES; TOWSON UNIVERSITY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES; UCONN SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING; UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT OMAHA; UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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Open Doors

Cyber careers boast high salaries, ample job openings B Y C ARI S HAN E

A

s cybercriminals grow more creative, cyber defenders are evolving to combat new threats.

And there’s good news for job seekers: By 2021, there will be 3.5 million cybersecurity positions available globally, according to Cybersecurity Ventures. Cyber careers, ranging from private sector jobs in health care, retail, manufacturing and financial services to national security and government jobs, boast

starting salaries up to $100,000. Here’s a look at five cool cyber jobs:

UNCOVERING MYSTERIES Sometimes referred to as the “detective” of the cyber world, a digital forensic analyst searches computers, mobile devices and networks for evidence in the wake of an incident.

That could be a targeted hack, a major corporate breach, a missing child or act of terrorism, explains Heather Mahalik,

director of forensics at ManTech CARD. A forensic analyst gets, “the thrill of the hunt,” Mahalik says.

“It’s CSI for cyber geeks.” Often cases require forensic analysts to work in a team, while other times they work alone. Mahalik says that a degree in forensic science, computer science or electrical engineering is helpful but not required.

Mahalik describes what she does as diving into electronic data to

uncover a truth. “In this line of work the answer may not be what we assumed when we approached the case.

Maybe the person you are investigating was innocent. Maybe malware did it. Maybe you are looking at the wrong suspect. We never know what to expect.”

TESTING SYSTEMS A vulnerability assessor, or a vulnerability assessment analyst, looks for security weaknesses >

Help Wanted According to CyberSeek, there were 313,735 online job listings for cybersecurity-related positions from September 2017 through August 2018.

up from about 200,000 in 2015.

32 CYBERsecurity

GETTY IMAGES

More than 300,000 cyber jobs are currently available

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Why email validation is worth your attention Businesses thrive when they communicate successfully to their existing and target clients. Whether you’re sending transactional messages or use email as a marketing medium, email validation helps you to: • avoid bots and connect with humans • eliminate fraud and phishing • ensure your transactional emails reach the intended recipient • boost your deliverability and make the most of your marketing campaigns “Maintaining good email hygiene is paramount for businesses today. When your data is outdated or tainted by fake contacts, it undermines your entire communication protocol. Not only are you emailing nonexistent email addresses, but you’re preventing genuine human leads from receiving your emails. This is where ZeroBounce makes a real difference, as an essential extension service for companies that send any type of email communication,” explains ZeroBounce founder and CEO Liviu Tanase.

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EDUCATION & CAREERS

CRACKING CODES

With multiple titles — signals analyst, message decoder, data decoder and encryption expert — a cryptographer is also unofficially known as the “sheriff of the cyber world” or the “white knight of data.”

Cryptographers develop ways to hide information in plain sight, and then they figure out how to crack other

34 CYBERsecurity

MAKING STRIDES Women represent 20 percent of the global cybersecurity workforce, according to Cybersecurity Ventures.

cryptographers’ codes and uncover what was hidden.

“Code makers create a computer program that translates messages into gibberish and a second program that translates it back to English,” says Alan Paller, founder and research director at the SANS Institute. “This way, the message remains secret to everyone but the intended receiver who has an

‘unlock key.’ ” On the flip side, the code breaker gathers thousands of messages that all look like gibberish and figures out how each letter is being encrypted. “The code breaker teases out the encryption technique, and ultimately, if successful, can decode every message as it is being sent,” says Paller.

Those with a bachelor’s degree in mathematics, computer

science or computer engineering can often get a job as a cryptographer right out of college, according to cyberdegrees.org.

BUILDING NETWORKS Requiring a trifecta of talent — creative skills, technical skills and business savvy — a security architect needs to understand all sides of a business so that they can design >

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and flaws in a client’s IT networks and websites.

Casey Bourbonnais, an information security engineer with ManTech, says a vulnerability assessor, “tells you: ‘Hey, that door on the side of your house might be unlocked! You might want to go check it.’”

To become a vulnerability assessor, cyberdegrees.org recommends a bachelor’s in computer science, IT or cybersecurity. But Bourbonnais says, “As an employer, I am looking at the candidates’ raw technical abilities and personality, not the degree they hold.” He says it’s important to be able to think analytically, be methodical, have good written and verbal communication skills and be able to adapt quickly.

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CYBERSECURITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND This map by CyberSeek shows the number of cybersecurity job openings across the U.S.

Total job opening 172 - 811 812 - 1,342 1,343 - 2,032 2,033 - 3,322 3,323 -7,722 7,723 - 12,813 12,814 - 36,602

a network security infrastructure that is responsive to vulnerabilities, threats and regulations.

“You get to design the solution, end-to-end, and not just around the perimeter of the network,” says Ed Skoudis, director of team-based training and cyber ranges at SANS. A security architect designs systems for an organization to prevent malware, hacker and denial-of-service attacks and continually audits the system for vulnerabilities.

36 CYBERsecurity

“The architect has a role in ensuring everything is planned with multiple layers of defense,” says Skoudis.

Cyberdegrees.org recommends a bachelor’s degree in computer science or cybersecurity or a master’s degree in IT. Skoudis adds that those considering a career as a security architect should expect to consistently supplement their education with additional training and certifications: “It is vital because the field is constantly changing.”

ANALYZING THREATS Risk management specialists are like “the bomb-squad,” identifying security land mines and mitigating impact on the enterprise. They also act like a conscience, too, says David Hoelzer, chief of operations for Enclave Forensics Corporation.

“We all know that all systems should be patched and up-todate, but we also know that we have that unpatchable legacy system that we’ve been saying we need to replace for

years,” says Hoelzer.

“It’s a bit like getting ourselves to the gym.

We know we should do it, but it’s way easier to just lie around on the couch.” A risk management specialist works within these organizations to recommend ways to control, combat and avoid risks.

Cyberdegrees.org notes that because this position is highly technical, a bachelor’s or a master’s degree in computer science, information systems or cybersecurity is typically required. l

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PROTECTION

An Arizona state employee shows how credit card skimmers are designed to fool.

Card Sharks Gas station skimmers force law enforcement, technology to step up their game

O

ne of the most common places to have your credit card information stolen might be one of the least expected: the gas station, according to cybersecurity expert and author Adam Levin.

Over the past year, law enforcement officials removed more than 1,200 credit card skimmers — devices that thieves insert into readers to cull financial information —

38 CYBER CYBERsecurity

from gas pumps in Florida, according to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

These clandestine instruments are often attached to gas pumps or ATMs and “skim” the magnetic strips on cards swiped at these locations. Sometimes they come with a camera that’ll capture you punching in your PIN. Why gas stations? “The closer the credit card reader is to the

cashier, the more difficult it is for the thieves to install a skimmer,” notes Levin, author of Swiped: How to Protect Yourself in a World Full of Scammers, Phishers, and Identity Thieves.

He also points out that not only are gas station attendants not standing watch at each card reader, the readers on gas pumps are accessible 24-7. “So they can do it in the middle of the night.” >

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Once inserted into a payment terminal, the Skim Reaper detects when more than one card reader has been installed.

ner app, available for Android phones, which was developed

by Nathan Seidle, founder of SparkFun. In 2017, state law enforcement officials contacted Seidle for help after an uptick in gas pump skimmer activity. He was presented with three skimming devices pulled from local

SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle reverseengineered these skimming devices to design his Skimmer Scanner app.

gas pump card readers, which used Bluetooth technology to transmit credit card information. Seidle reverse-engineered the skimmers to create a program that scans for their unique Bluetooth frequency when you open the phone app, giving consumers the confidence to pay at

the pump — or notify authorities if they detect a skimmer.

Unlike the skimmers detected by the Skim Reaper, the Skimmer Scanner is designed for devices that have been placed in the wiring behind the card reader, not on the exterior. Thieves must break into the pump to install these, Seidle explains.

“Detectives told us there’s like three gas pump manufacturers in North America, and they all use the same key. So the criminal buys one key on the dark web and then they have access to all the pumps.”

Skimmer thieves will adapt to these anti-skimming devices, new locks and any other interventions. As a general precaution, Levin recommends using pumps closest to the gas station clerk, as thieves are less likely to manipulate card readers directly in their line of sight.

“Or you can just go inside and pay the cashier so you don’t have to worry. ... Cybersecurity is ultimately a matter of weighing security versus convenience.” l

KELLY MALONEY/GAINSVILLE POLICE DEPARTMENT; PATRICK TRAYNOR; SPARKFUN; GETTY IMAGES

The problem is exacerbated by a regulatory loophole. Several years ago, a law was passed that shifted liability for fraud from credit card companies to retailers, with the hope that merchants would then be incentivized to invest in more secure technology, like chip readers.

Most retailers became subject to the new law in October 2015, but an exception was made that exempts gas stations from compliance until 2020. That’s why you’re more likely to find an old-fashioned swipe reader at a gas station than perhaps a supermarket. Thieves have taken note, but so has law enforcement — and technology experts.

After having his credit card information stolen three times in six years, Patrick Traynor, a computer engineering professor at the University of Florida, was fed up. He began working on a tool to detect gas pump skimmers and, after a bit of collaboration with the NYPD and local police jurisdictions in Florida, devised the Skim Reaper: a credit card-shaped instrument that instantly detects the presence of a skimmer when inserted into a reader. The technology will soon be available to law enforcement agencies across the country.

“I got tired of being ripped off,” says Traynor. “So I decided to try and figure out how it was happening and build a tool to help fight back.”

While the Skim Reaper is designed for law enforcement and businesses, consumers also have tools at their disposal, such as the Skimmer Scan-

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Fighting Fraud

Five ways to protect yourself from cybercriminals B Y TA N IS HA A. S YKE S

C

ybercriminals will steal an estimated 33 billion records by 2023, according to Juniper Research. More than half of data breaches globally will occur in the U.S. Here are five ways to protect your digital assets:

A common mistake is using the same password for each account. “Once a hacker figures out your easy password, then they can access all of your accounts,” says Mark Moss, a market analyst in California, who uses LastPass, a free web browser plug-in that creates and manages his passwords. Moss advises creating passwords with at least eight characters, uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, symbols and special characters.

2

ENABLE TWO-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION (2FA)

Usernames and passwords are easy bait for cybercriminals. “Add another layer of security to an online investment portal by enabling 2FA in your account’s privacy or security

settings,” says Frances Dewing, CEO of Rubica.

42 CYBERsecurity 42 CYBERsecurity

3

FREEZE YOUR CREDIT

A security freeze prevents lenders from accessing your credit reports.

“A fraudster trying to open an account in your name should be promptly rejected because the lender will be unable to verify the borrower’s creditworthiness,” explains Taylor Jessee, a CPA in Richmond, Va. “This is a highly effective precaution, and it’s free and easy to do.” To place a security credit freeze on your files, contact Equifax, TransUnion and Experian.

4

USE BIOMETRICS FOR ADDED SECURITY

“Biometrics utilize your unique physical or behavioral characteristics to grant access to your most secured files,” says Daniel Hill, president of Hill Wealth Strategies, suggesting clients use fingerprinting, vocal vibration or retina scan to gain access to accounts.

5

SEEK OUT FRAUD PROTECTION

Ask each entity you have accounts with about extra security. “Consumers can passwordprotect bank accounts so that an individual can’t go into a branch and conduct transactions without it,” says Eva Velasquez, president and CEO of Identity Theft Resource Center.

GETTY IMAGES

1

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