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THE THIRD PLACE BY KIANA WARD

TABLE OF CONTENT THE HISTORIAN............................4-17 THE DETECTIVE.........................18-29 THE THEIF..................................30-35 THE PROPOSED.......................36-57 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................59

RAZAGHIT, T 2020, “Maps of Sydney show how the city changed in 250 years since

THE HISTORIAN

1800s

1900s

1950s

Traditional Shops

Market Stalls

Fixed Shops

THE BRITISH HIGH STREET EVOLUTION Traditional Shops - The high street started with traditional shops which were the butcher, the baker and the green grosser. At the time the majority of food was produced by the population or bartered for livestock and other services. These traditional shops grew in demand for other services such as dressmaking, cobbling, hairdressing and other popular needs. The Markets - This developed into market places that provide an easy and convenient location for sellers and buyers to shop for perishable local goods. The market stalls sell goods at prices that were haggled and did not need a fixed shop to thrive. Fixed Shops- The market stalls that had a growing business developed into fixed shops that offered personal service, convenience and home deliveries. The growth of chain retailers expanded the high street. With these new fixed shops the high street became a destination for experience, well-being, food and beverages.

1800s - 1900s

THE HIGH STREET

1900s - 1950s

1950s -1970s

EVOLUTION

1970s - 2000s

Year 1770

Year 1802

RAZAGHIT, T 2020, “Maps of Sydney show how the city changed in 250 years since colonisation”

Year 1822

SYDNEY EVOLUTION Sydney’s streets started by following the lay of the land compared to other states such as Adelaide and Melbourne that were planned in grid systems. Sydney’s first streets followed the local Aboriginal peoples pathways and other cuts through bush. In 1810 Lachlan Macquarie arrived in the colony, he had interest in town planning and wanted to reshape the state of the roads. From 1810 to 1821 he had the leading role to develop Sydney’s town planning. Many of the streets were named after himself and reflected loyalty to the empire with various british officials names. He tried to stop duplication of naming of streets and had 60 names changed in 1875. In the 1850s during the gold rush, large amounts of immigrant miners poured into Sydney, growing the population from 39,000 to 200,000 in 20 years. This drove the need for infrastructure to support the growing population.

Year 1858

Year 1873

RAZAGHIT, T 2020, “Maps of Sydney show how the city changed in 250 years since colonisation”

Year 1894

SYDNEY EVOLUTION The first tramway opened between the Old Sydney Railway Station in Redfern and Circular Quay along Pitt Street though it was short lived after closing down in 1866 due to complaints made about damages it caused. In 1879 Tramways returned and with the success of this new line, this led to the development of many tramlines. In the 1890s high streets became lined with traders and storekeepers which included many businesses such as butchers, produce merchants, greengrocers, dress makers, boot markers and more. From 1898 tramways started to become electrified and were converted by 1910.

Year 1934

Year 1948

RAZAGHIT, T 2020, “Maps of Sydney show how the city changed in 250 years since colonisation”

Year 1988

SYDNEY EVOLUTION In 1901, Sydney streets were narrow because of the age of the city in the early 20th century. Streets then became wider due to flattening as some streets were deemed to be slums, and were removed. These slums began to be cleared in The Rocks, which were the roughest part of Sydney. In 1923, major landmarks were being built such as Sydney Harbor Bridge construction, at the time it was built it was the longest single span steel arch bridge in the world. Post World War 2, the construction of high density in the inner city for housing started to take place. It transitioned from being about the high street to the development of housing, apartments and increasing construction volume, changing the city’s form.

Year 2000

Year 2017

RAZAGHIT, T 2020, “Maps of Sydney show how the city changed in 250 years since colonisation”

Year 2020

SYDNEY EVOLUTION In the 2000s Sydney became highly congested with new infrastructure, roads, and housing for the population that continues to grow. Streets have changed road usage for vehicles instead of the people. Transport is found to be more difficult with many people wanting an easier approach for traveling around. In 2019 Sydney’s first driverless metro line was created, reaching 13 stations. With the limitations in new road structure the city has turned towards new metro and train services to create a better environment.

THE DETECTIVE

URBAN HEAT In cities, urban heat is rising due to factors including buildings, roads and other infrastructures absorbing the sun’s heat. Plant transpiration, water evaporation and water penetration also affect how the cities’ heat can be higher than rural areas. Our cities are mostly made from darker materials such as concrete, absorbing more radiation which tends to heat up faster. Technologies that can reduce urban heat are reflective surfaces, solar panels, green roofs, permeable surfaces, green parking lots, urban trees, water incorporation into landscape and rainwater harvesting. These technologies can be implemented into urban design to create a cooler city and create comfort to the community.

POPULATION DENSITY Population density shows how an urban area such as a city functions. This also shows that traffic will tend to be highly congested, parking availability is slower and when cities have high density, it also tends to be more walkable and with greater transport options available. By mapping density, it gives a better understanding of people’s activities, patterns and urban vibrancy. With the growth of population, the change from traffic congestion, separate living and work space, and the use of land will drive urban planning. This map shows how the population of Waverley is growing over time as well as the current high density this LGA faces. This data set can be used to inform decisions around new infrastructure.

TREE CANPOY Tree canopy is an important data set to map, as they make cities liveable and healthy for people to live in. The tree canopy provides shade and cooling to the people, the city and mitigating the urban heat island effect. Urban heat islands are a problem within three places in waverley LGA and will need tree canopies apart from urban green to help reduce the temperature in the summer. This correlates to the map with a low percentage in three areas of tree canopy. With the trees absorbing the sunlight, this minimizes the absorption by the surrounding buildings. This will be important to embed into future designs in the next phase.

TRANSPORT Public transport in urban areas continues to grow with the need to travel to and from places. Public transport contributes to a healthier environment with the transportation of more than one individual in a vehicle. This also improves air quality with the reduction of motor vehicles exhaust emission. Waverly has a high rate of walking, cycling and public transport compared to the rest of Sydney. Bus routes are analyzed to keep up to date with transport connections that are maintained and continue to keep up with demands. By viewing these public transport routes, the concept development for “Hall Street, Bondi” can propose a street without transport access or highlight only for public transport access.

CRIME Crime is mapped to identify areas with high crime rate and how to prevent crime in the built environment. These two maps show crime in dwellings and retail stores of LGA. Over the past 5 years there has been a decline in crime though waverley still has a high rate. Poor design and management in urban areas can increase the crime rates and make communities feel unsafe in an area. With a well looked after streetscape, crime tends to drop because the community will be proud and want to maintain the quality of the street, park or suburb. To improve crime rates and a safer environment design principles include surveillance, accessibility, sightlines, activity and maintenance which can be implemented into future design.

Ebdy, H 2018, “Density Diversity Map of Mumbai”

THE THIEF

Hancock, JG 2016, “Illustrated Guide to Jane Jacobs,”

JANE JACOBS Jane Jacobs was a journalist, author, theorist and activist who influenced urban design. Her book “Eyes on the street” has inspired the conceptual approach for assessment 1, the thief component. She wrote about how urban neighborhoods were safer with eyes on the street and how the community played a part of this narrative. Natural surveillance influences Jane’s idea, for residents to move safely within the street and promote a sense of community. This conceptual idea looks at surveillance, accessibility, sightlines and activity within the site and removing obstruction of view such as buildings. Base of the terrarium ecosystem, this creates a new type of community, open space and safe environment.

Kelly, (m.d.), “A World Within Vivavoce”

Virginia 2018, “Make a Terrarium”

THE PROPOSED

THE SITE The brief for “the third space” aims to challenge the typologies, programs, and functions in our urban environment. The site is located within Waverley council LGA, Bondi Beach. This site has been chosen to be upgraded as a part of the ‘streets as shared spaces’ grant within DPE. Waverley council is facing high density within the LGA with limitations for the community to access the third space. The third space can be seen as a connection to others, community anchor, encouraging social interactions. The site has been chosen from the mapping component for collecting different data sets for waverley LGA. The overlay of these maps shows a repeating alignment from each data set. These align maps were urban heat, transport, urban greening, tree canopy coverage and lack of open space. Hall Street, Bondi Beach has been chosen for the final site to propose a new design for the streetscape, providing to the community needs. Over the course of 20 years, there are three design phases that occur over time located as pockets in the site. These are located at the intersections that meet Hall Street and the final phase in Bondi Park.

PHASE 1

Jaques Avenue meets Hall Street

Google Earth 2022, Google Earth Street View, Hall Street Bondi Beach.

Chambers Avenue meets Hall Street

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

Consett Avenue meets Hall Street

Bondi Park meets Campbell Parade

OUR PLAN We have partnered with Waverley council to provide a new cycle route. The new Bondi cycle loop starts on Campbell Parade, making your way along the coastline, completing the loop on Hall Street, Bondi. Hall Street is the final destination with cafes, fitbit stations, cycle stores and pit stops as you cycle through a car free street. This new loop is easy to start your journey with the new Bondi train station and bike hub. The cycle loop is 15km long and takes approximately one hour to complete.

BENEFITS OF CYCLING Health - Cycling improves your health, fitness and well-being. Cycling can also help to decrease your chances from suffering from health problems. Environment - Riding a bike for transport instead of driving the car will reduce your carbon footprint and create less noise and air pollution. Time - Cycling is often quicker than a car in the city, especially for short trips. By cycling, you are saving time and are on the go. Have fun - Cycling is not just for transport but also to have fun enjoying the ride! You can ride with friends, family or be apart of a cycle group for a weekly ride.

Site Plan: Jaques Avenue meets Hall Street

FIVE YEAR PLAN Our five year plan involves the development of Hall Street to be changed to a one way street by cycle lanes on both sides of the road. This still allows cars to travel towards Campbell Parade and provides a parking lane. The cycle lanes will be separated from the vehicle lane and pedestrians with a vegetation buffer zone for safety. This 5 year plan will also include fix it stations and pit stop area on each intersection that meets Hall Street. As cyclists finish their cycle loop around Bondi they will have facilities to rest and fix any maintenance needed for their bikes.

PHASE 1

Fix it station

Cycle lane

Pit stop area

Site Plan: Jaques Avenue meets Hall Street

TEN YEAR PLAN Over our 10 year plan Hall Street will develop further with only cycle lanes making it a car free street. This new transport system will cater for road, recreational and delivery cyclists to travel down hall street. The cycle street will be color coded for these three user groups and will also be accessible for emergency vehicles. The Intersections that meet Hall Street will expand the sidewalk to provide open spaces for the community. This will include proposed children’s cycle space and a new cycle repair shop located at the current location of the post office which is being removed currently.

PHASE 2

Childerns cycle loop

Cycle lanes

Cycle store and pit stop area

Section: Train station and bike hub at Bondi park

TWENTY YEAR PLAN Our 20 year plan will propose a new underground train station and bike hub for the community. The station provides bike elevators on both sides of the station for easy access for cyclists. This will provide the community with easy transport to start their adventure of the Bondi cycle loop. This will also cater to the rest of Bondi residents for easier transport instead of traveling to Bondi Junction to start their transport trip.

PHASE 3

Bondi station entry from Campbell Parade

Bondi Park meets Campbell Parade

Bondi station entry from Bondi park

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ebdy, H 2018, “Density Diversity Map of Mumbai,” The kind of data we mine will determine the kind of city we live in, accessed June 2, 2022, from <https://www.urbz.net/articles/kind-datawe-mine-will-determine-kind-city-we-live>. Google Earth 2022, Google Earth, Hall Street Bondi Beach, accessed June 2, 2022, from https://earth.google.com/web/@-33.89065015,151.27532179,18.11092522a,210.12839393d,35 y,184.57381552h,0t,0r Hancock, JG 2016, “Illustrated Guide to Jane Jacobs,” accessed June 2, 2022, from <https:// jamesgulliverhancock.com/illustration/>. Kelly “A World Within Vivavoce,” accessed June 2, 2022, from <https://www.vivavoce-designs. com/about>. RAZAGHI, T 2020, “Maps of Sydney show how the city changed in 250 years since colonization,” Domain, accessed June 2, 2022, from <https://www.domain.com.au/news/maps-of-sydneyshow-how-the-city-changed-over-250-years-since-colonisation-982745/>. Virginia 2018, “Make a Terrarium,” Library, accessed June 2, 2022, from <https://www.librarypoint.org/blogs/post/terrariums/>.