Banking: Walter Leaf

The following additions have been made to the Library since the last issue of " The Peterite " :— B. IV. 21B. Rugger Practice and Tactics : Macdonald and Idwal Rees. D. VI. 26. Sailing all Seas in the `Idle Hour ' : Dwight Long. G. VII. 25B. A Rustic Moralist : W. R. Inge. C. Present Discontents : W. R. Inge. 46. Round about the Crooked Steeple : Evans. 47. The Babbitt Warren: Joad. H. I. 19. The Life-Boat and its work: Sir J. C. Lamb.

X. 1. Principles of Economics : A. Marshall. 2. Banking: Walter Leaf. K. IV. 7B. The Age of Drake : Williamson.

VIII. 7. The Commonwealth of God : Lionel Curtis. H. VI. 20B. History of Wellesley's Rifles : Lt.-Col. F. H. James (presented by H. A. Butler, 0.P.) . H. I. 20. British Public School War Memorials : Kernot. E. VIII. 51A.B. Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament (2 vols.) * 52. Cruden's Concordance of the Bible.* 53. Concordance of the New Testament : Bruder.* * Presented by F. C. McClellam, C.B.E. (O.P.), from the library of the late Rev. J. M. McClellam (O.P.).

HOUSE NOTES.

CLIFTON RISE.

We feel sure that all Risites can look back upon last term as one of great success. Our greatest achievements have been accomplished on the river, where, amidst wild enthusiasm from onlookers carrying and wearing a weird assortment of black and white mascots, both First and Second Division Rise crews, with no byes in their favour, have won, and, in the case of the First Division, by very good margins. Thus a new record is created in the history of the Rise, for on no previous occasion have they had possession of both boating cups in one year. On the other hand we should like to congratulate School House on the wonderful show they put up against us in the final of the Second Division rowing, and also express our deepest sympathies with G. E. Shepherd and J. H. T. Hunter, who were unable to row owing to illness. 8

In the Inter-House Hockey we reached the final after an exciting replay with School House, which we managed to win by the odd goal in five. The final against Temple was played in the pouring rain, and one felt, while watching the match, that the sight of water was much to irresistible to some of our boaters. We should like to take this opportunity of congratulating Temple House on their victory, and also on their success in the Cross-Country, although we should like to mention that a Risite came in first in the latter event for the first time in five years.

The Model Railway Club is a very flourishing affair in the Rise these days, and improvements introduced last term include the floodlighting of the track, the construction of a model of York station and the building of a four track engine shed and cross-over.

We are also glad to report that the health record of the Rise was extremely good last term, and this fact is even more creditable when one considers the weather.

We congratulate T. F. Cameron, G. P. G. Stephenson and F. F. Steele on being awarded their School Hockey Caps, and also H. L. Taylor, F. F. Steele and D. Cole on the award of their House Colours.

TEMPLE HOUSE.

As we look back on the past term we have every reason to be satisfied.

We retained the Cross-Country Plate by a large margin, and incidentally created a new record by being the first House to win it for three successive years. As at least five members of the House, who came in the first ten, will be here next year, we have every chance of winning it again.

In the Hockey, in accordance with the new ruling, we received a bye into the final, in which we defeated the Rise in the pouring rain by four goals to one. This was much to be expected, for eight of the team have played for the 1st XI, five of whom were regular members. Incidentally we congratulate R. C. Lynch, J. T. Brockbank, P. A. Andrew, L. W. Bennett and H. C. Belchamber on being awarded their Hockey Colours, and Lynch his Cap.

We congratulate the Rise on winning back both the rowing trophies, and the House on beating us in the final of the 2nd XI hockey matches.

We congratulate the following new House Colours this term C. Belchamber (Running and Hockey), J. G. Holt (Running), and J. Denison (Hockey). 9

SCHOOL HOUSE.

Our first and most pleasant task in these notes is to wish the Headmaster every possible happiness in his new role as a married man.

Last term we met with varied success. Temple House beat us in the Inter-House Hockey, 3-2, after a very close and exciting match. We succeeded in beating Temple in the Junior Hockey. Our marked lack of success in the Boating world was very largely due to the enforced absence, through illness, of two of our best oars. As was expected, we beat the Rise fairly easily in the final of the Inter-House Squash.

Temple House proved much too strong for us in the Athletics, but we just beat the Rise for second place, for which small measure of success all members of the House were to be congratulated, and not merely a few individual performers.

We congratulate H. A. Milburn, P. R. G. Graham and J. S. Garnham on obtaining their Hockey Colours, and we rejoice to see that the sale of Highway Codes has produced a half-size billiards table in Room H.

Finally, we close by hoping for some real summer weather next term, and for such success as we have enjoyed to continue to grow.

THE DEBATING SOCIETY.

Meeting held on February 25th, 1938.

At this meeting the chair was taken by C. M. Robson, who opened the proceedings by calling upon Mr. Le Tocq to propose the motion " That Great Britain should adopt conscription forthwith." He stated that a period of one year's service would help in no small way to build up a reserve of men with an adequate knowledge of military warfare. For the older people he suggested that A.R.P. training would act as a good substitute for conscription. He concluded by saying that the next war would come as a series of quick and heavy blows, and would leave no time for the adequate training of men in the arts of modern warfare. It was, therefore, necessary that conscription should be adopted immediately.

J. H. Butler, opposing the motion, said that conscription gave no exercise to the brain and was purely for the training of the body in a physical sense. He went on to say 10

that German soldiers were not renowned as good fighters, whereas the British Army, although it had many times been underrated, always managed to come out on top.

I. D. C. Morison, seconding the motion, stated that conscription, if introduced, would save the country from the throes of unemployment. He went on to contradict the Honourable Opposer's statement that conscription involved only a physical training, and said that both physical and mental work were important parts of the curriculum. He concluded by saying that the average Englishman would never do anything voluntarily, and therefore the National Service scheme that had just been introduced would never be a real success.

J. B. Shillitoe, seconding the opposer, stated that most of the next war would be fought in the air, and, therefore, a pure military training would be valueless. He went on to stress the importance of the O.T.C. and its value in the training of future British officers.

The debate was then thrown open to the House, and many speeches were made. Mr. J. S. Cooper, speaking against the motion, said that a military training did not encourage the use of initiative, which was a valuable asset in the time of war.

A vote was then taken, and the motion was defeated by 13 votes to 8.

THE SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

President: THE HEADMASTER. Vice-Presidents: A. W. PING, Esq., W. N. CORKHILL, Esq. E. S. JEFFS, Esq., K. G. CHILMAN, Esq., D. K. Crews, Esq. Treasurer: A. W. PING, Esq. Honorary Secretary: J. M. RUCKLIDGE. House Representatives: Temple House: P. A. ANDREW. Clifton Rise: T. F. CAMERON. School House: G. E. SHEPHERD. St. Olave's: K. G. CHILMAN, Esq.

For the earlier part of the term the Society has been practically dormant, only two meetings being held. The

first was a lecture on the Southampton Docks, by kind permission of the Southern Railway, and was given in

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connection with the Saturday Society, so an account will be found elsewhere in this issue. The second was held on the 18th March. At this meeting Mr. Ping gave a lecture on British Birds. First he shewed some slides depicting seabirds, he then continued with a series of inland birds, and finished with the woodlands. The slides were a beautiful collection, and the photographer had obviously spent hours in taking some of the pictures. It was a pity that there was such a poor attendance (nine members), the slides themselves were worthy of a far larger audience.

On this occasion, the other members of the Society who did not attend the lecture were preparing for the exhibition under the direction of Messrs. Corkhill, Jeffs and Crews.

For the rest of the term, every minute has been spent in getting ready for the exhibition, which was held on Saturday, April 1st.

THE SCIENCE EXHIBITION.

The triennial exhibition, after being postponed for three years, was held on Saturday, April 1st. It was open from 2-30-4-0 and 7-30-9-30 p.m.

The number of visitors in the afternoon was not as large as was expected, but there was a considerable increase in the evening, when we were pleased to see a large number of Old Peterites. However, we were agreeably surprised to find that the photo-electric cell had registered a total of over fifteen hundred visitors.

The exhibition proved to be an immense success, and this alone was ample reward for all those who had given so much of their spare time in its preparation. Quite a number of the exhibits were entirely original, while other old favourites were none the less interesting for their revival.

At intervals, during the afternoon and evening, short lectures and demonstrations were given.

The first was by R. M. S. Parker on Food. He explained in detail what was the food value of proteins, fats, hydrocarbonates and water, and concluded with a word about the importance of vitamins in the diet.

Mr. Corkhill did some very entertaining experiments with liquid air. Before a mystified audience, he immersed in the liquid such things as a grape, a tomato, a sausage, and even a rubber ball, which, after a short time, became so 12

brittle that they could be broken into pieces with a blow from a hammer. He also soaked a cigarette and some cotton wool in the liquid, which, on ignition, gave a display similar to that of a small firework; the reason being that the greater amount of oxygen present provided easier combustion.

E. N. Dickinson gave a lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, on Bournes. His first duty was to explain the meaning of the word, which to most people was unknown. He said that they were streams which only flowed occasionally, and were filled by water rising beneath them.

The other demonstrations were some high voltage experiments by Mr. Jeffs, ably assisted by F. F. Steele. He showed the various effects produced by passing a current through tubes, from which the air had been evacuated in varying degrees. Finally, an X-ray bulb was shown, and afterwards, members of the audience were invited to examine their hands behind the screen.

The exhibition itself was divided into the following sections :—Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Geography, and we append their reports.

PHYSICS.

The following Experiments were shown in the Physics Section :- Experiments to illustrate the Electromagnetic

Spectrum were arranged by G. E. Shepherd and

K. Greenwood. The Whimshurst Machine underwent complete repair in the hands of J. H. T. Hunter and R. Earle, and was demonstrated by Hunter assisted by D. L.

Pryer. The Selenium Cell, with the Electric Sign and

Counter attached was designed and set up entirely by

J. B. Shillitoe. The experiments with Colour were arranged and demonstrated by P. A. Andrew. The Phonodeik was set up and demonstrated by

G. W. Vero and W. B. Smyth. The experiment to show the efficiency of an

Electric Motor was arranged and demonstrated by J. E.

England and A. Battrick. The experiment to find the Horse-Power of a

Model Steam Engine was arranged and demonstrated by W. H. Ping and J. E. England. 13

The experiment to show Stationary Waves in a

String was arranged by J. Inglis.

The Luminous Cascade was set up entirely by J. H.

Motum and A. S. Clephan. The Optical Interference Fringes were produced by

F. F. Steele. The Tantalising Coin experiment was conducted by

I. D. C. Morison and J. G. Holt. The experiments on Pressure and the Production of Fogs were set up and demonstrated by R. H. Hanson and D. Cole. The Obstinate Ring experiment was set up and demonstrated by W. R. Child. The Mysterious Tap was arranged entirely by

D. Anderson. The Electro-Magnet was set up and demonstrated by R. L. Miller and J. D. Croasdale. Lines of Magnetic Force were shown by M. J.

Dunn, K. A. Warren and A. M. Claybourn. Vacuum Tubes for the High Voltage experiments were largely arranged by F. F. Steele, who proved to be an able assistant in these demonstrations. Much of the wooden apparatus was excellently constructed to order by G. Emmel, Esq.

Botanic exhibits were shown in Room F. The freshly gathered specimens of Spring wild flowers had been collected by various boys of the Junior School, and the numerous twigs of local forest trees showing the different buds were of much interest.

Mr. A. W. Ping had arranged an exhibit of mosses, liverworts and lichens, freshly collected from woods near York. F. H. Hillyard had also collected specimens and was in charge of the room, and very ably explained the exhibits.

A chart of the Rainfall of York during the years 1900-1938 had been very neatly prepared by J. K. Andrew.

The Exhibits in Room F.

1. Early Spring Wild Flowers. 2. Collection of Twigs from Forest Trees. 3. Specimens of living Hepaties, Mosses and Lichens. 4. Mounted specimens from a Moss Herbarium. 5. Lantern Slide Photographs. 6. Rainfall Chart.

CHEMISTRY.

We should like to thank the following and congratulate them on the work they did for the exhibition :- A. C. Brown for his assiduity with the " Visitors'

Book." N. T. Barnes and G. H. Oxtoby, who were prepared to extinguish a fire at any time. A. Battrick and H. D. Revill for timing the proceedings so accurately with their " Iodine Clock," and for preparing the Dental exhibit. R. E. Dodd, for his display of sodium compounds, and the distillation of coal. J. McN. Inglis, who prepared the plastics, and demonstrated the glow of phosphorus very effectively. J. H. Butler, for controlling the traffic, and providing us with many notices. D. C. Thomson for keeping the fires burning. A. P. Coombe for his reassuring proof of the efficiency of gas masks. G. W. Denby, who was prepared to explain any exhibit, and looked after several. F. F. Steele for his patient preparation of pigments and production of phosphine. J. B. Shillitoe, assisted by S. H. Beetham, for his extremely efficient manufacture of artificial silk. P. H. Ruddock, who separated mixtures in many ways. J. R. Scholey, for his energetic " oxidation." P. M. Amcotts and J. R. Penty for their interesting exhibit on " Flame," and Allotropy. J. T. Brockbank and T. F. Cameron, who " exploded " at regular intervals.

BIOLOGICAL SECTION. 1. The effect of light and gravity on the growth of plants.—Inglis. 2. The effect of different soils on the growth of wheat.—Dickinson. 3. Alcohol from Potatoes.—Stephenson and Smythe. 4. Balancing organs in animals.—Brown. 5. Blood circulation in living tadpole.—Brown. 6. Incubation of chicks.—Dickinson. 7. Uncommon woods.—Morison.

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GENERAL SCIENCE SECTION. 1. The internal combustion engine, including gears and transmission.—Dench and Amos. 2. Application of the prism for lighting improvements.—Hort and Ramsden. 3. Comparison of the camera and the eye.— Belchamber. 4. Simple model electric motors.—Hey, Welburn and Donaldson. 5. Model showing the mechanism of a lift. Useful applications of the lever.—Terry. 6. Model of Wreck-raising apparatus.—Turnell and Osborne. 7. The Atomizer.—Anderson and Smith. 8. Fresh-water aquaria.—Steele and Reynolds.

THE GEOGRAPHY EXHIBITION.

One of the most interesting rooms of the Science Exhibition, which was revived again this year, was the Geography room. Here, under the supervision of Mr. Le Tocq, maps and photographs of places and subjects selected by the boys were on view.

One of the most interesting sections was that dealing with the voyages of " S.S. Holmpark." The School keeps in touch with this ship through the " British Ship Adoption Society," and from time to time members of the School write to the officers, and in return receive interesting accounts of the ship's ports of call. The voyages of the " Holmpark " up to the present day had been plotted on a map, and photographs, curios, stamps, and coins, which had been sent by the officers of the ship, were exhibited.

Another section dealt with the British Cotton Industry. Samples of cotton from the actual plant to the finished product were exhibited, and maps and photographs showed the processes in the manufacture of cotton in the Lancashire Industry.

In another corner of the room were illustrations of modern transport facilities. These consisted of a number of maps made by the boys, and on them were plotted the exact positions of ships belonging to some well-known companies, on certain dates. Similar maps depicted air routes, and famous railway services. Much work had been done in compiling these maps, as they necessitated the careful study of the newspapers from day to day.

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V-7 :1//

H. Butler, Lower VI)

Other interesting exhibits included a number of districts selected by boys who have visited them. These were illustrated by maps and photographs.

In the centre of the room were tables set out with curios, which had been gathered from different corners of the world. These were lent by members of the staff and some of the boys. One table of particular interest was set out with a typical English breakfast; to each article of food a piece of ribbon was attached, which led to its appropriate country of export on a large map of the world.

A lecture on " Bournes," streams which have permanent valleys but only flow occasionally, was given in the Lecture Theatre by E. Dickinson (Lower VIth) to conclude a most interesting exhibition.

THE ART EXHIBITION.

An Exhibition was held in the Art Room on Saturday, 1st April, and Monday, 3rd April. This year, there was a greater variety of art displayed, and most of the credit goes to Miss Hall, for the wonderful ideas and the valuable work she put in to make the exhibition a success, as it surely was.

Perhaps the most interesting section of the art was the pencil drawings, exhibited by the School Certificate forms. Among these, K. Ramsden's set of life drawings was the best.

The Zoo, exhibited by the St. Olave's forms aroused a great deal of interest, and was no doubt a novel idea.

J. H. Butler exhibited some very good and very interesting " Black and White " work, including a scraper board drawing of the School front, which is included in this issue. He also had a typical German poster, which seemed to arouse some ill-feeling.

Cookson and Whardall introduced a new type of coloured art to the exhibition, painted on specially prepared cardboard. The former's farmyard scene appeared quite realistic, whereas Whardall's impression of a skeleton on a desert island was rather amusing.

The whole exhibition was a great success, and it was extremely interesting, especially as it was representative of every form in the School.

THE SATURDAY SOCIETY.

Saturday, 28th January.

The School was given a very interesting lecture by Captain Lawson Smith. His subject was deep sea diving. To add colour to his lecture he brought the complete equipment of a diver with him. The first part of his lecture was occupied with the technical details of a diver's descent to the sea bed. He gave a detailed account of the number of men required to dress a diver, and the points to be watched in dressing the diver and assembling the helmet and air pipe. He then carried the helmet amongst the audience so that everyone could clearly see where the various connections were made. Details of a diver's tools then followed; these were minutely described and exhibited to the audience.

The theoretical details over, he now turned to the practical side of the lecture. With the aid of four members of the senior school, he was helped into the diving-dress whilst he sat on a box. His helpers were made to carry out the correct procedure, and when dressed, with a little help, he clambered down from the stage and walked amongst the audience, so that they might view him at close quarters.

After removing the heavy parts of his equipment, he filled a metal drum with water and demonstrated the cutting ability of his oxy-acetylene cutter by skilfully removing a section of the drum.

Saturday, 18th February.

Mr. H. E. Davis, an official of the Southern Railway, visited the School and gave an extremely descriptive talk on " Southampton Docks." His lecture was divided into three main sections. The trade and business of the docks, their progress and future improvements, and, most important of all, the part played by the railways in the running of the docks.

He pointed out that the docks were completely controlled by the railways, thus ensuring that many improvements were carried out. Moreover, the slides which accompanied the lecture gave the School a very good idea of the lay-out and running of the docks. He described in great detail the new George V dry dock, which could easily receive a much larger ship than the " Queen Mary." A large majority of the slides were of the new dock, which has been constructed by draining a large piece of swampy ground. It was necessary to build a new dock because of the increasing business that Southampton has to sustain.

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The new dock is several miles long, and has lines of large sheds where the cargoes of the ships are stocked. These sheds are built on a slope, so that it is easy to transport the goods from one side of the shed, where the railway line has been constructed, down the slope to the ship in the dock. These sheds are unique as they need no pillars inside to support the roof. In the old sheds these supports have greatly inconvenienced the shifting of the cargoes in them.

Saturday, 4th March.

The School was to have been entertained by Mr. Wallace Cunningham, but owing to a slight indisposition he was unable to attend. Instead, Mr. Dunn entertained the School and ably filled the gap. He recited several very amusing pieces, with his own piano accompaniment. He also proved an excellent mimic. His idea of a concert pianist was also very good and raised a deal of applause. Altogether he put on an excellent show at rather short notice.

Saturday, 11th March.

This Saturday Mr. Selwyn Driver gave a humorous lecture entitled " Humour among the Nations." The lecture was quite different from the entertainment given by Mr. Selwyn Driver on his last two visits to the School. In the first place he described the different forms of humour now existing; and he gave several instances of them. One practical joker betook himself and a long piece of string to one of London's busiest streets. Arrived at a certain corner, he accosted a gentleman, and asked him to hold the end of the string as his assistant was away and he wished to do some surveying. The unsuspecting victim obligingly did so and the pseudo-surveyor disappeared round the corner, tied his end to a lamp post and walked quickly away.

Other more daring jokers attired themselves as navvies, marched to a busy section of road, placed barriers round it and then commenced to dig it up. No one thought of questioning them. When they had made a large hole, they just picked up their tools and walked away. The joke was not realised till the next day.

Saturday, 25th March. Lionel King, Card King.

Mr. King gave the School a thoroughly enjoyable evening's entertainment. He started by giving a small talk on " nothing," which was very amusing and much

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appreciated. He then handed round 30 numbered slips of paper and asked the audience to write the name of some common object on each one. Mr. King called out the numbers and asked for the corresponding objects. After this he was able to tell the audience the name of the correct object when the number was called. Even at the end of the lecture he was able to repeat the list with ease. No doubt he was the envy of most of the audience because of his very retentive memory. Some extremely clever card tricks followed in which several members of the School attempted to assist. Another trick consisted of a small ball through which a string ran ; the ball being quite free to move. The object of the trick was to prevent the ball from sliding down the string. Mr. King did it with ease ; everybody else thought he could do it, but when put to the test failed miserably. I am sure that the School would appreciate another visit from him in the future.

Saturday, 11th February.

Commander Blair visited the School to give a lecture on " The Lonelier Isles of the South Seas." He accompanied his lecture with a series of interesting lantern slides.

GAMES COMMITTEE.

This term the Games Committee decided that all Colours, including shooting and squash, should sign the Colours Book.

The first meeting concluded by the decision that the winners of an event should automatically receive a bye into the final in the following year.

The second meeting was again very short, and was called to discuss the decisions of the Athletic Meeting. It was decided to give five points in all events, open, under 16, and under 15, for first place, and three for second place.

The steeplechase and tug-of-war was abolished, the former because of the old course crossing the new golf course, the latter because it was not taken seriously and nobody trained for it.

NOTES AND ITEMS.

We congratulate J. T. Brockbank on being appointed Head of the School and on the award of his School Squash Colours.

We also congratulate T. F. Cameron and R. C. Lynch on being appointed School Monitors, and on the latter's appointment to be Captain of Cricket.

On February 1st members of the Senior School attended a lecture on " Flying Alone Round the World," given by the Honourable Mrs. Victor Bruce at the Joseph Rowntree Hall.

On the 28th of this month many of the Senior School attended a performance, held at the Theatre Royal, of " The Scarlet Pimpernel."

Congratulations to T. F. Cameron, G. P. G. Stephenson, F. F. Steele and R. C. Lynch on being awarded their School Hockey Caps. Also to the whole eleven on being awarded their Colours.

G. C. Brown has been appointed an Editor of " The Peterite," and J. B. Shillitoe and G. S. Long have been made Assistant Librarians.

On February 24th the Senior School attended a lecture, given by Professor Newell, at Nunthorpe Secondary School, on " Anglo-American Relations."

On Sunday, March 5th, a German hockey team (The Harvestehuder Sports Club) arrived at the School and stayed over the week-end with members of Temple House, who had kindly offered their services. The afternoon was spent examining the Minster, the old Walls and the many other interesting sights that York has to offer. The hockey match was played on the Monday, an account of which will be found elsewhere. On the following day they left the School for Worksop College, where they were staying for a few days, before returning to Hamburg via Hull.

We congratulate R. C. Lynch on his successful application for a place in the English Public Schools' Cricket XI, which is touring Canada during the Summer holidays. Matches have already been arranged in Winnipeg, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.

We congratulate T. F. Cameron on being awarded his School Squash Colours.

T. F. Cameron, R. C. Lynch, F. F. Steele, J. S. Graham and H. C. Belchamber were chosen to play in the Yorkshire Public Schools' Hockey Final, held in the School grounds, on Tuesday, April 4th.

Congratulations to G. P. G. Stephenson and A. C. Ping on representing the Yorkshire Public Schools against Durham during the Christmas holidays. The match against Wales, in which G. P. G. Stephenson and M. S. 21

Douglas were going to play, was postponed until Easter, and eventually took place at Otley on April 15th. Douglas and J. H. Butler represented the School.

Each member of the German Sixth Form is taking a German refugee under his care during the Easter holidays and the Summer Term, and will exchange English conversation for German.

A trip to Switzerland was arranged for the Easter holidays by Mr. Wrenn, but, unfortunately, the date of departure was immediately following the invasion of Albania, and on the advice of those parents with whom, at short notice, it was possible to communicate, the trip was abandoned.

THE NAMING OF LOCOMOTIVE L.N.E.R. 4818 " ST. PETER'S SCHOOL, YORK, A.D. 627."

In the middle of the term it was made known that the School was to have an engine of the London and North Eastern Railway named after it. The honour was doubled by the fact that this was the first locomotive of the company to be named after a school.

The ceremony took place in York station on the afternoon of April 3rd, after the athletic sports ; the engine, a Green Arrow, which was not in steam lest it should render the speakers inaudible from time to time, stood in platform six, and the naming was done from a dais, erected between platforms six and seven. Behind this were special stands for guests, who numbered nearly a thousand. The platforms were bedecked in the School Colours and flags hung from the roof.

Mr. A. H. Peppercorn, mechanical engineer, under whose supervision the engine was constructed at Darlington, began the proceedings with an assurance that it would give a good account of itself and do its work well. He also invited the boys of the School to visit the works at Darlington when it could be arranged. He then handed the engine over to the General Manager, Mr. C. M. Jenkin Jones.

Mr. Jenkin Jones said that the ceremony had great symbolic interest since, by the inscription, they had both " de facto " and " de jure " recognised the claim of St. 22

Peter's to be the oldest public school in the country. The problems of the older educational establishments and the older forms of transport had something in common. They were both up against favoured competition, but both being of intrinsic and vital importance, would not be allowed to go under. They both combined ancient tradition with modern outlook; they represented efficient public service and they would go forward on the right lines to their destined goal.

He hoped that during its life the engine would cover two million miles and would be seen by many Old Peterites who had been unable to be present on that occasion.

Mr. Jenkin Jones then invited J. T. Brockbank, the Head of the School, to name it. Brockbank said (after a fanfare of trumpets) : " I have great pleasure in naming this engine ' St. Peter's School, York, A.D. 627 '." He then smashed the bottle of champagne, hanging with ribbon in the School Colours, against the side of the engine.

Mr. C. M. Stedman, the Locomotive Running Superintendent, thanked Brockbank for performing the christening ceremony, and stated that the locomotive would be stabled in York, so that Peterites would have a very good chance of seeing it. He presented Mr. J. Dronfield, the Headmaster, with a replica of the name-plate, which is to be kept at School.

Mr. Dronfield, in response, said that everyone was proud of the name which York had gained on the administrative and constructional side of the railway world. He appreciated the honour done to the School in being thus associated with the railway company, and said that whatever historians might say about the age of the School, it was certainly the oldest on the L.N.E.R.

He presented Driver A. Winn and Fireman A. E. Malton with silver cigarette cases inscribed with the arms and motto of the School as souvenirs of the event.

The Dean of York, Dr. H. N. Bate, Chairman of the Governors of the School, also spoke in appreciation of the honour done them by the railway company, and the ceremony ended when Brockbank called for three cheers for Mr. Jenkin Jones.

After the National Anthem, some of the guests and members of the School inspected the engine while the Band of the Rowntree's Cocoa Works, under the direction of Mr. G. Walker, played some appropriately light music. Tea was then taken in the Station Hotel. 23

THE GREEN ARROW, V2.

The Green Arrow engine of the L.N.E.R. is the first of a new type of mixed traffic engines.

The engine itself is of the non-streamline type, but the dome on the boiler is tapered down at the back and the whistle and safety valve, etc., are all enclosed.

The wheel arrangement is of the 2-6-2 type—a rather uncommon sight on British railways—and the taper pattern boiler follows the design of the famous Gresley Pacifies. The length of the boiler is 17 feet between the tube plates. It has a maximum diameter of 6 feet 5 inches, and the working pressure is 220 lbs. per square inch. The engine and tender in working order weigh 135 tons 2 cwts.; the overall length is 66 feet 5k inches.

The engine is fitted with three cylinders, each 18i inches in diameter, and they have a 26 inch stroke. All three cylinders drive the centre coupled axle, and, besides them, are piston valves of 9 inch diameter.

The valve gear is of the type fitted to nearly 500 express locomotives on the L.N.E.R. ; the valves for the outside cylinders being operated by Walschaert's gear and the inside valve is driven through two to one and equal levers from the outside valve spindles.

The standard six-wheeled tender is fitted with screwoperated water pick-up for use on long journeys, and carries seven-and-a-half tons of coal and 4,200 gallons of water.

Vacuum brakes are fitted to both engine and tender, giving a brake power at the blocks equal to 67% of the weight on the braked wheels.

The cab is in the form of a wedge, and safety glass windows are provided, thus enabling the crew to have an uninterrupted view of the track. The comfort of the crew is also considered and two cushioned seats are therefore provided, and, naturally, they are very popular with the men.

The engine is equipped with dry-sanding apparatus to the leading coupled wheels, and steam sanding apparatus to the driving wheels.

The engine is painted green in the standard L.N.E.R. passenger design, with black and white linings on the boiler, and the numbers are stencilled in gold.

P. Cheesewright and H. Ping, Form IV. 24

The " Green Arrow " class of engine on the L.N.E.R. is the most modern type of mixed passenger and freight traffic engine. The advantages of having engines that can deal with both passenger and freight traffic are obvious, more especially because on the general run of traffic, passenger traffic is heavier in the summer time and freight traffic heavier in the winter time. If there were not engines which could be used for both classes of traffic the result would be a surplus of purely freight engines in the summer and a surplus of purely passenger engines in the winter. The " Green Arrow " class of engine can, on the other hand, be used in traffic if required for 365 days a year. The engine has been designed to operate any express passenger services other than the special high speed trains, but it will also frequently be seen hauling express freight trains, including the crack express meat and fish trains which pass through each night from Scotland to London.

The first engine of this class was built at Doncaster, in 1936, and was named " The Green Arrow." The associatibn of this class of engine with express freight services led to its being given this name.

The " Green Arrow " service is a facility which the Railway Companies offer for the transit of any consignment of goods traffic at the request of the trader, if the latter wishes to secure a rapid transit. A small label in the shape of an arrow, coloured green, is actually fastened to the ticket of the wagon in which the consignment is travelling, and special telegrams are sent from point to point advising the operating staff that the consignment is in transit, so that it can be specially watched.

M. Lattimer (L.N.E.R.).

MEET AT ST. PETER'S SCHOOL.

On Thursday, 2nd March, The York and Ainsty (South) Hunt met at the School, and, by ten-thirty, there was already a large crowd of onlookers. Soon hounds arrived, and the front of the School was as fine a setting for the meet as anyone could have wished. It must be many years since horses have waited outside the School, and, although the Hunt meets at Clifton Green each year, hounds have not before been seen at St. Peter's. The pink stood out well against the grey stonework of the building and the monitors in their gowns lent even more colour to the occasion.

While the officials of the Hunt were having their stirrup cups, the rest of the field, amongst whom we were pleased to see Colonel Cape, was entertained by the Headmaster in the gym. When all were refreshed by the excellent fare provided, hounds moved off, and, after a visit to the gym himself, our observer was taken by car out to Rawcliffe, where he established communications with the pack. Hounds found in Rawcliffe Thorns, and the fox broke northwards from there. In spite of a flying start, our observer lost contact owing to his wrestling with the chain of a five-bar gate to facilitate the passage of certain riders.. It was not until twenty minutes later that he discovered three couple of hounds on a line of their own near Moorlands. The rest of the pack had checked, and it was unfortunate that no one was there to put them on to this line.

Wigginton Strips and Moor Covert were blank, and hounds moved off to Lodge Farm Covert, where there are two earths close together. A terrier was sent down the first of these, and pushed out a fine fox which, after swerving round our observers' legs, showed suicidal tendencies by heading straight into the pack. He had been broken up almost before our observer had picked himself up,, and hounds then moved on to the second earth.

From this emerged a fox which gave the best run of the day. By doubling back in a miraculous fashion through the farmyard, it gained a good start, but hounds carried the line well in spite of poor scent. After a ringing and slow hunt of 45 minutes round Rawcliffe and Moorlands, hounds were stopped west of Shipton. Passing through Shipton, unfortunately just after closing time, our observer saw hounds draw Overton Wood. As there seemed every chance of this being drawn blank, he returned home via Overton and saw a fox cross the railway line near Skelton. This was more than hounds did, and they returned to Skelton at three-thirty.

Thus ended a rather poor scenting day, which was just as well for a rather exhausted observer.

NEWS FROM S.S. HOLMPARK.

BUENOS AIRES.

Buenos Aires is a very nice town to visit, and in October,. when we were there, the weather was almost perfect. The temperature at that time of the year is around 70

26

degrees F. during the day and about 65 degrees F. during the night. There was one shower while we were alongside discharging, but the remainder of the time the weather was fine.

With a semi-tropical climate such as Buenos Aires has, gardening is a real pleasure, for almost anything will grow in a short time. This fact has been used to advantage in Buenos Aires, and around the town there is an abundant supply of parks. Between the docks and the town there is a complete separation by means of a well-laid out park. Then around the public works there are gardens, so that the surroundings of the workmen are very pleasant. Usually a sea-port is a dull place to visit around dockland, but in Buenos Aires it is a pleasure.

In the town, life is like that of nearly all modern cities, but food here is much more varied, to provide for the tastes of the different races of people who live there. The town has, in addition to trams and buses, a subway service. The buses are a nuisance to those who have to walk, for there are hundreds of them, and they are all small, carrying from ten to fifteen passengers. Extract from letter from J. Johnson, Esq., 2nd Officer, S.S. Holmpark. Durban, November 26th, 1938.

DURBAN.

In Durban we are again having to fight with coal-dust, for we are loading coal for the Philippines. Durban, with a population of around 80,000 whites and a large number of coloured people, is a fairly large town. The white people are a mixture of English, Scotch, Dutch and German, some of each being colonial born and others European born.

In this part of the world it is the practice to have a Zulu boy as a nurse to look after the children, and, as employing these boys—who may be any age from fifteen to fifty years old, but are still called boys—costs very little, people here have nurses who could not afford them in Britain.

The black boys who are working aboard the ship would cause you great fun. Nine out of every ten come aboard wrapped up in about three sacks, one for a shirt, one for a skirt, and one for a jacket. Nearly all of them have some decoration, and I will give an account of one whom I am watching, and the others are much the same. He has two rings in his ears, made of some black and white striped metal, about two inches in diameter, and the following bands of brass beads, one around his chest, one above each 27

elbow and one on each wrist. Lastly, he has two rubber bands around his ankles, made out of a motor cycle tyre minus tube. Some of those decorations are charms to keep evil spirits away, and others, I am told, are tokens of faithfulness from their sweethearts.

There is a large college just outside Durban, called the Howard Davis College, erected in memory of a young engineer killed in the Great War. It is one of the most modern colleges in South Africa, specialising in engineering.

Durban has quite a nice harbour with a high headland sheltering it from the sea. The S.S. Capetown Castle, a nearly new passenger steamer, is lying opposite us, so we look a poor looking ship at present.

J. Johnson, Esq., 2nd Officer, S.S. Holmpark.

Durban, November 26th, 1938.

STOWING CARGO.

Of course, the amount of cargo varies with its bulk, so that with some cargoes we would be fully loaded with all the spaces packed and still have only 6,000 tons of cargo. This would happen with cargoes like cotton-seed, esparto grass, wool, and a number of other kinds of goods.

Of course, coal does not require any attention to prevent breakages, so it is just run into the ship and trimmed into the empty spaces. The same can be said for most other cargoes in crates and in bags. The cargo which requires attention to prevent breakages is general cargo, and the general method of preventing it is to stow the heaviest cargo on the decks and the lightest on top. Then a number of kinds of goods have to be stowed in a certain way, like plate glass on the deck on its edge, barrels on their sides with the bung uppermost, and cardboard containers have to be stowed on top of all other cargo. When the holds are not full up, sometimes one end will be filled to secure cases, but in most cases the cargo is levelled off, and then, even in a heavy seaway, they will not move around. Sometimes the cargo is shored off with battens, and occasionally it is necessary to lash cargo with ropes. The latter is usually how motor cars are secured. Breakages through bad stowage and the ship rolling are not frequent, but bad handling of cargo by the stevedores may cause a large amount of damage. J. Johnson, Esq., 2nd Officer, S.S. Holmpark. Indian Ocean, 13th December, 1938. 28

LIFE AT SEA.

Now a short review of the life aboard a ship. In port there is the usual work to be done, such as the sailors keeping the ship clean, the firemen cleaning boilers, the engineers attending to the necessary repairs, the apprentices assisting sailors or tallying cargo, the catering staff attending to the wants of hungry men, and the officers attending to the cargo, while the master does the ship's business. The only lazy man is the wireless operator, for, if he is a good one, his wireless equipment is in excellent order, so, after an inspection by his superintendent, he is free to do as he likes.

Then the evening comes, when one officer, one engineer and a night-watchman remain aboard while the others are free to go to a cinema, a theatre, their best girl, or get drunk, as it pleases them. Then the ship leaves port and the deck and engine-room staff go on watches. There are three watches in each department, and aboard this ship there is one mate and three sailors, one engineer and three firemen on each watch, with the donkeyman and greaser assisting the engineers in the engine-room. We have a bosun and carpenter and one spare man on deck, and they work the usual 45-hour week. The catering staff has the same old job stoking up the crew instead of the boilers. When the ship is at sea our wireless operator has to keep eight-hour watch every day. He keeps his watch in four pairs of two hours each, and those parts are so arranged that he gets eight hours off, usually during the night, although sometimes it may be from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m., and others from 12 p.m. to 8 a.m. His duty, in addition to looking after the apparatus, is to send and receive messages and weather reports, receive time signals and any important navigational warnings. He also has to operate the wireless direction finder, and usually he assists the captain with ship's business, so at sea he does a lot of work, and every year it becomes a more important job.

The deck department is split up into three four-hour watches, so that the chief mate has the 4 to 8 watch, the third mate the 8 to 12 watch and the second mate the 12 to 4 watch. The engineer department has the same watches with the engineers in charge in the same rotation, the 2nd, the 4th and the 3rd engineer.

During the daytime, from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., the sailors work around keeping the ship clean, with only one of the watch steering. When it gets dark the watch are the only ones on duty. One man is at the wheel, another is on the look-out, and the remaining member of the watch keeps the 29

galley fire going and has to be ready to do anything special which the officer of the watch requires.

The captain and the chief engineer, seeing that they are the bosses, attend to ship's business, like the safe navigation of the ship. Wages, inspections, etc., are captain's business, while the chief engineer has to superintend the working in the engine-room, calculate the distance steamed by the engine, coal consumed and routine work, etc. When business is over, the captain or chief can do as they please— work, read or just act lazy.

During the watches below it is left to the individual to find such means as he can to help pass away the time. Some play cards, chess or other games, others read or study, and then there is the most popular of pastimes, arguments and story-telling. J. Johnson, Esq., 2nd Officer, S.S. Holmpa•k. Indian Ocean, December, 1938. THE PHILIPPINOS.

During our eighteen days in Hondagua I think that we met the entire population, and I am sure that they all visited the ship. The wireless room was a strong attraction, and my room was filled to overflowing all the time that I was on board. It reached the stage when I simply went to bed and left them to it. I lost nothing, and nothing was touched which I warned them about. I regret to say that I could not trust our own folk to that extent. In appearance these people are exactly like the Chinese, but are brown instead of yellow. The postal officials were amusing. One of our officers had a heavy package for Canada, and went to enquire the cost of postage. Many volumes were consulted and several prices given. These were rejected as being ridiculous, so a further examination would result in a different offer. The idea seemed to be to keep guessing until a satisfactory offer was made. The postmaster confided that he had never sent a letter to Canada before, and was overjoyed when we handed him a letter for posting on the China Clipper. It was his first airmail letter. All our people seem to the Philippinos to be very big, and they were amazed at the size of our fifteen year old apprentice. For some reason they consider themselves to be an inferior race, and say that they are ashamed. I failed to discover the reason for this, and none of us found out what they were ashamed of, but they were certainly most anxious to find out what we thought about them.

Extract from letter from F. Martin, Esq.,

Wireless Telegraphist. 30

HONDAGUA.

Eighteen days were spent at Hondagua, and we had the opportunity to see a good deal of the methods employed in the rice fields. Each field consists of the flat land between hills, and they therefore vary in size from an acre or so to about fifty acres. The fields are divided into " plots " about fifty by twenty-five yards, and the boundaries of these plots consist of mud walls, which keep the water in place. Between the reaping of one crop and the ploughing for the next, course grass grows in the mud, and this has to be ploughed in before planting. The ploughing is pure slavery for both man and beast. The caribou which hauls the plough sinks to its belly in the mud at every step, while the ploughman manages to keep fairly clear by leaning his weight on the plough. Even so he sometimes goes in as far as the waist. When the plot has been ploughed, it is a pool of soft, watery mud, and is ready for planting. Rice is grown from the seed in a separate bed and transplanted. When ready for transplanting it looks just like a bed of spring onions. The plants are placed in the ground in rows and each plant is about nine inches from its neighbour. The process is the same as we use for planting potatoes. The latter (or any other) similar type of vegetable will not grow in the Philippines, and the potatoes we bought were imported from the U.S.A. When fully grown and ready for harvesting, the rice looks exactly the same as a field of wheat, although it does not grow to quite the same height. The Chinese were harvesting their rice at Saigon when we reached there, after we had been watching the planting in the Philippines only a week before. Such is the difference in climate, although both places are practically in the same latitude. The Philippines export sugar, but this comes from other parts of the Archipelago. Hondagua and district grow rice, cocoanuts and timber. Cocoanut groves cover the hills round the rice fields, and each native usually owns two or three plots of rice and about an acre of cocoanut palms. Oil and copra are the chief by-products of the nuts, of which there are two kinds. One is the type we see in England (often at fair grounds), the other is quite different and is not exported except as copra and oil. Apart from shape, cocoanuts are the same as vegetable marrows to look at. When cut from the palm they are round and green, while the inside is soft and filled with clear liquid, very pleasant and cool to drink. The nuts are cut and left to dry before being stripped and baked over a fire. The Philippinos climb the tall palms with as much ease as we walk along the ground, usually removing any clothes for greater freedom of movement. If you are thirsty, a sign

31

to a native boy will send him scampering up the nearest palm, and you will have all you want within a few seconds. Extract from letter from F. Martin, Esq., Wireless Telegraphist.

FAMOUS OLD PETERITES-1.

GUIDO FAWKES.

There have been many famous Old Peterites, but probably the most remembered is Guido Fawkes, who attended the School in the days when John Pullen was Headmaster.

Guy was born in the year 1570; there are many claimants for his birth place, but the most likely of them is Stonegate, as records show that Edith Fawkes leased a house there for thirty-one years. His baptismal register can still be seen in the Church of St. Michael-le-Belfrey, near the Minster, at York.

When Guy was eight years of age, his father, Edward Fawkes, died, and as he did not leave a will, all his land went to his son, who, when he came of age in 1591, sold it to a certain Anne Skipsye and a York tailor, Christopher Lumelye. Some of this land was the property on which the School now stands.

The death of Edward Fawkes was an important milestone in the life of his son Guy, for his mother married a certain John Bainbridge, who was a Roman Catholic, and this meant that the Fawkes also had to become Catholics. If this change in religion had not taken place, Guy might never have taken part in the Gunpowder Plot.

In 1593 he felt the spirit of adventure calling, and went to serve in the Spanish army and was present at the capture of Calais by the Archduke Albert. He continued this career and in 1601 he was in Madrid. Two years later he was sent to Philip III in company with his old schoolfellow, Christopher Wright, and the pair tried to persuade Philip to send an army to England to oppose the strict methods used by James I against the Roman Catholics. This was a failure. At the end of the same year he was informed by Thomas Winter about " a practice in general against His Majesty for the relief of the Catholic cause." This practice was the celebrated Gunpowder Plot. 32

As Guy was experienced in tunnelling, an art which he had learned while serving in Spain, he was chosen by the conspirators to force an entry, from a house close by, into the cellars of the Houses of Parliament. This task he accomplished successfully. He then placed thirty-six barrels of gunpowder in the cellars and camouflaged them with faggots. His task was in vain, however, for he was discovered on the night of November 4th, 1605; he was at once thrown into prison where he was tortured on the rack in order to make him betray his fellow conspirators. After three months of imprisonment he was tried with the other plotters at Westminster Hall, on January 27th, 1606. He was condemned to death and was executed on February 1st.

Guy was a tall and athletic man with brown hair and auburn beard. His character was by no means a strong one and, although he always forced a defiant appearance, as he did before torture on the rack, he is believed to have given away all he knew during the torture. But he was faithful to all his friends, and I think that St. Peter's is quite justified in being proud of him for he aided a cause

which he thought was right. G. D. Jefferson, Lower VIth.

WATCH AND WARD IN YORK.

The term " Watch " first came into use during the reign of Edward I, when the " Watch and Ward " were appointed. In those days the gates of York were shut at night, and a man of the " Watch and Ward " was stationed at each gate to prevent any stranger passing through. The sentry who, during war time, was posted outside the camp to prevent any intruders was also termed the " watch." The origin of the name is clear, but our concern now is with the watch or police whose duty was the keeping of order in the streets. For centuries the parish was responsible, and as a parish constable could not arrest anyone outside his own parish, in a place like York, with its thirty-two parishes and four liberties, a criminal could easily escape the hands of the law. Previous to the Municipal Corporation's Act of 1835, the York magistrates appointed fifty or sixty constables, who were superintended by a police officer and two assistants. In 1835 the Reforming Act took away the powers of the parish and gave the Corporation the duty of policing the City. The Act also required the Council of each Borough to appoint a Watch Committee, consisting of the mayor and some of the Council. In turn this Watch Committee had to

33

appoint Day and Night Constables. On 11th April, 1836, York's first Watch Committee was appointed ; and on the 28th of the same month this Watch Committee appointed the Police Force, which began duty on April 30th. The gaols, however, continued to be managed by the Corporation. Since the Prisons Act, 1877, prisons ceased to be under local authority. The quarterly report of the Watch Committee, in January, 1837, stated that the Force contained a Superintendent, an Inspector, a Sergeant and ten Constables. Also by this time the Metropolitan dress had been adopted, with lantern, rattle, staff and handcuffs.

In these early days the discipline was not too good— there were frequent reports of constables being found drunk or absent from their beat; one was reprimanded for taking a female prisoner into a public house. For punishment they were either severely reprimanded, or their pay was reduced. At this time the Watch Committee expressed the opinion that the assembling of the police force for convivial purposes was highly objectionable. The Committee also ordered that the force be strictly prohibited from gossiping while on duty. From this it appears that the Watch Committee were becoming better aware of their responsibilities, though not before time! Previous to this, on a constable being arrested and imprisoned for an offence, it was decided not to fill the vacancy until his release—presumably his place being kept open for him. In 1851 the Watch Committee allowed members of the force to visit the Great Exhibition in London, and made grants to them for the purpose at the following rates: Inspectors, £2 ; Sergeants, 30/-; constables, 20/-. The chief constable was granted £5, but, later, an objection being made, he returned it.

There seem to have been many minor rules and regulations to be observed by the constables of these times. Some such rules were

Constables were directed to disperse about the city, and not walk two together; no person to be appointed a police constable unless a certificate of baptism be produced, showing his age does not exceed thirty years ; the Watch Committee directed that police constables should repair their own clothes, except when Mr. Chalk (Chief Constable) considered that repairs should be done at the city's expense.

Mr. Chalk, Chief Contable, suggested that constables on night duty be supplied with a pint of hot coffee and a penny loaf at such time of the night and under such regulations as he might deem expedient; and the Watch Committee assented.

On 24th August, 1844, the police presented a petition, signed by ten constables, to the Watch Committee, which stated that the hours of night duty performed by the petitioners were too long and arduous considering the weather which they sometimes had to experience. This suggested dissatisfaction in the force. There had always been the greatest rivalry between the City Police Force and the Rural Police Force. But in November, 1844, they were combined under the City Superintendent. The police seem to have had difficult times during these early years, and on some occasions as many as thirty or forty special constables were enrolled in order to keep the peace, this being specially necessary at such times as Martinmas Fair, at elections, and during Chartist disturbances. In 1866 a riot occurred in the city owing to the conviction of a servant employed by the Governor of York Castle for appropriating dripping. A large crowd with a band marched to the Castle and then to the magistrate's house, where they broke the windows. The Watch Committee offered a reward of £20 for the apprehension of the ring-leaders. The police stations were in Walmgate and Micklegate Bars. A contemporary print of Walmgate Bar shows the constable's underwear hanging out to dry on the top of the Bar.

In 1848 the number of police was twenty, and in 1855 the first detective sergeant was appointed. The force was naturally increasing with the growth of the population, and so, from time to time, there were various small additions to it. By 1867 it numbered forty-four men, and in 1878 sixty-eight men. There was an important innovation in 1890, when police constables were allowed to attend First Aid classes in connection with St. John Ambulance Association.

York, like other towns, has its system of beats, and, in addition, there is a constable who controls the Bar Walls and is responsible for locking and unlocking them at the proper times. The aim of the police force, besides to punish crime, is to prevent it; and it exists to maintain peace and good conduct in the city. But the police have many other responsibilities. They have to regulate traffic, collect taxes, issue licences, register aliens, carry out the regulations under the Firearms Act, dispose of stray cats and dogs, return lost property to its owners, return lost children to their homes and carry out carriage inspection. Another important branch of the force is the Fire Brigade, which is under the control of the Watch Committee and manned by the city police. It consists of the chief officer, thirty-three police officers and a civilian assistant engineer. The Fire 35

Brigade not only deals with city fires, but it also attends fires within a radius of seven miles, and is frequently called out to country fires. The police force also has the duty of inspecting the weights and measures used in the city. A. J. Doherty, Lower VIth.

Authorities.—

Morrell and Watson. How York govLi ris itself. Notes on the first hundred years of the York City Watch Committee and Police Force, presented to the City Council, 1935. Giles MSS.

O.T.C. NOTES.

The results of last term's Certificate " A " Theoretical examination were published early in term. The following candidates obtained the Certificate:— Brown, G. C., Dickinson, E. N., Graham, P. R. G., Harding, G. W., Jefferson, G. D., Vero, G. W.

The following passed the Practical part of the examina- tion, held at Fulford Barracks, on March 28th:— Cato, S. A., Clepham, A. S., Couldwell, J. M., Greenwood, K., Hunter, J. H. T., Inglis, J. McN., Milburn, H. A., Parker, R. M. S., Smyth, W. B. A., Steele, F. F., Taylor, H. L., Walters, J. R., Wilson, D. F., Wright, R. A., Wright, R. W. C.S.M.—C.Q.M.S. Rucklidge, J. M. C.Q.M.S.—Sergeant Shepherd, G. E.

The following promotions have been made:— To Corporal : L.-Corporals Brockbank, J. T., Butler, J. H., Douglas, M. S., Shillitoe, J. B. To L.-Corporal: Cadets Brown, G. C., Graham, P. R. G., Harding, G. N., Dickinson, E. N., Jefferson, G. D., Vero, G. W.

During the term No. 1 Platoon has been occupied chiefly with work for both parts of the Certificate " A " exam. A number of lectures were given by Capt. Woodward, of the West Yorkshire Regiment, and these proved very helpful to the candidates. Nos. 2 and 3 Platoons carried out the usual training for second and first year recruits, except that No. 2 has also done some of the elementary work for the practical part of Certificate " A." Training has benefited from the loan of a Bren gun by the York and Lancaster Regiment. 36

On March 21st, the contingent visited Fulford Barracks and saw demonstrations and exhibits arranged by the York and Lancaster Regiment. These included the use of the Bren gun, the 3 in. mortar, and demonstrations with battalion mechanised transport. Afterwards most members of the contingent were able to fire a Bren gun on the thirty yard range. For this highly interesting and instructive visit our thanks are due to Lt.-Colonel A. L. Kent-Lemon, commanding the 1st Battalion of the Regiment, and to the officers who organised the visit.

SHOOTING.

There has been a considerable amount of shooting this term; every fortnight a " League Match " has been shot, and there have also been friendly matches with other public schools under " Country Life " rules.

The League shooting has produced a marked improvement in standard, and of five matches, three have been won and one drawn. The only defeat in four friendly matches was against Denstone.

An interesting match was that against the touring German hockey team, but they were not used to the rifle, and consequently could not be expected to do very well. League Results:— St. Peter's 128 Oakham 119 Won 124 Denstone 122 Won 124 Aldenham 124 Drawn 130 Ampleforth 118 Won )1 125 Sedbergh 130 Lost School Results:— St. Peter's 574 Denstone 633 Lost 574 Durham 536 Won 624 Ampleforth 573 Won 599 Leeds G.S. 558 Won

ATHLETICS.

INTER-HOUSE CROSS-COUNTRY PLATE.

The cross-country race this year was run on Monday, February 13th. The Ings, as usual, was very wet, and the going very bad. The favourites this year were the Templars, who had several of last year's runners. 37

At the beginning of the race R. W. Wright and Shillitoe set a cracking pace down Burton Stone Lane, but at Bootham Stray Bulmer, Brockbank, Lynch and Robson were to the fore.

At the Aerodrome Hangars the order was the same, but at the North Road Robson had crept up to within 10 yards of Bulmer, with Brockbank and Lynch in close attendance.

At the beginning of the Ings, Robson took the lead, but Brockbank was not far behind. Then the race developed into a duel across the Ings between Robson and Brockbank, each alternately taking first place. However, at the Ings. gate Brockbank fell back and Bulmer took his place, with Belchamber, who had been lying sixth, not far behind.

Robson increased his lead and continued to the tape to win from Bulmer by 70 yards. Almost the entire Senior School took part, and the first twelve competitors home were as follows :—

Temple House. School. Clifton Rise. 1. C. M. Robson. 2. E. P. Bulmer. 3. H. C. Belchamber. 4. J. T. Brockbank. 5. R. C. Lynch. 6. J. G. Holt. 7. E. Dickinson. 8. F. F. Steele. 9. D. Cole. 10. A. Broadhurst. 11. C. A. F. Cookson.

12. G. D. Jefferson.

ST. PETER'S SCHOOL v. ACHILLES CLUB.

This athletic meeting, though nominally a competitive fixture, was really an exhibition by the members of the Achilles Club, who were touring the North under Mr. A. G. R. Rudd, the well-known Olympic half-miler. The object of the tour was to encourage athletics in the schools visited. Coaching was given to school competitors, and they gleaned many hints from the Achilles members. Achilles were handicapped in all events but the relay-race.

The programme commenced with the 100 yards, which was won by Hornsby, of Achilles, although Shillitoe led for sixty yards ; Cameron was third.

An interesting display of javelin throwing by Mr. Rendall was then watched.

The high jump followed, and Shillitoe, jumping 5 ft. 1 in., gave a very creditable display. Martley, doing the Eastern Cut-off, jumped 5 ft. 7 ins, but Winterton failed to clear the first jump.

In the half mile, Inglis set a good pace for the first quarter mile, leaving Brockbank to carry on with CrossleyHolland in close attendance. In the sprint at the end the Achilles man beat Brockbank to the tape with a time of 2 mins. 16 secs.

In the long jump, Hope-Jones, giving two feet to Shillitoe, was foiled by a very good jump by the latter of 18 ft. 11 ins.

Winterton was too experienced for the School hurdlers to contend with, and Martley was second.

The mile was won by Clough, of Achilles, after Bulmer had led for two laps. Still, for Achilles, however, overtook Bulmer in the third lap to gain second place.

Cameron did well to win the quarter from Weathered in 59 secs.

An extraordinary display of putting the weight was given by Sivertson, of Achilles, and he put 52 ft. 31 ins., although Stephenson did well to put 33 ft. in.

A competition in throwing the discus was then held between three members of Achilles, and Sivertson was again successful.

In the half-mile Medley Relay the longer distances proved the downfall of the School team, but K. C. Brown beat his man in the first stage.

Event. Places. Time. Handicap. 100 Yards.

Pattison (Achilles) 11 A secs. 3 yds.

Hornsby (Achilles) 2 yds.

Cameron

Shillitoe High Jump.

Shillitoe 5 ft. 1 in.

Martley (Achilles) 5 ft. 7 ins. 8 ins.

Winterton (Achilles) 8 ins.

Half-mile.

Crossley-Holland (Achilles) 2 min. 16 secs. 25 yds.

Brockbank

Inglis

Event. Places. Time. Handicap. Long Jump.

Shillitoe Hope-Jones (Achilles) 20 ft. 71 ins. 18 ft. 11 ins. 2 ft.

Butler

Belchamber

Lynch

120 Yds. Hurdles.

Winterton (Achilles) 19 secs. 15 yds.

Martley (Achilles) 20 yds.

Butler

Shillitoe

1 Mile.

Clough (Achilles) Still (Achilles) 5 min. / secs. 100 yds. 100 yds.

Bulmer

Lynch

Robson 400 Yards.

Cameron Weathered (Achilles) 59 secs. 20 yds.

Putting Weight.

Sivertson (Achilles) 52 ft. 34- ins. 17 ft.

Stephenson Heath (Achilles) 33 ft. z in. 43 ft. 13 ft. Half-mile Relay. Brown, K. C. ; Brockbank, J. T.; Bulmer, E. P.; Cameron, T. F., represented the School.

INTER-HOUSE SPORTS.

This year, in order to revive interest and keenness in athletics, it was decided to introduce " standards." Before qualifying for the heats, boys had to attain a certain standard time, having three attempts at each event.

Temple House gained 85 " standards," School House 83 and Rise 75.

The Athletic Sports were held on Monday, April 3rd. The mile had been run previously, Brockbank winning from Bulmer, after Lynch had set a hot pace over three laps. The time was 5 mins. 6/ secs.

Shillitoe won the Victor Ludorum (senior) by winning the 100 yards, the 220 yards (setting up a new School 40

record of 24-1- sees), the Long Jump (beating the School record by 61 inches) and the High Jump.

Bulmer, again outstanding in the Junior events, won the Junior Victor Ludorum, some of his times comparing very favourably with the open times.

The Inter-House Medley Relay was won by the Rise with Temple second.

The improvement in the times returned this year is very noticeable and can be attributed to the helpful coaching of Messrs. Harding, Wrenn, Cooper and Jeffs, and the awakened interest in athletics.

Temple House, with 184 points, won the Shield by a large margin from School House with 1371 points. Rise obtained 1361-, points.

Results.

1. 100 Yards (Open). (1) Shillitoe (Rise), (2) Cameron (Rise), 105 secs. 2. 100 Yards (under 16). (1) Bulmer (Temple), (2) Belchamber (Temple), 115 secs. 3. 100 Yards (under 15). (1) Child (School House), (2) Dench (Temple), 12 secs. 4. Putting the Weight (under 16) (8 lbs.). (1) Chudleigh (Temple), (2) Bulmer (Temple), 33 ft. 11 ins. 5. Half-mile (Open). (1) Brockbank (Temple), (2) Lynch (Temple), 2 mins. 18 secs. 6. Half-mile (under 16). (1) Bulmer (Temple), (2) Belchamber (Temple), 2 mins. 19 secs. 7. 220 Yards (Open). (1) Shillitoe (Rise), (2) Cameron (Rise), 245 secs. 8. 220 Yards (under 15). (1) Child (School House), (2) Dench (Temple), 27 45 secs. 9. Long Jump (Open). (1) Shillitoe (Rise), (2) Lynch (Temple), 19 ft. Di ins. 10. High Jump (under 15). (1) Davison (School House), (2) Brown, A. C. (Rise), 4 ft. 5 ins. 11. Quarter-mile (under 16). (1) Bulmer (Temple), (2) Revill (School House), 57 secs.

12. Quarter-mile (under 15). (1) Cookson (Rise), (2) Denison (Temple), 1 min. 6E secs. 13. Quarter-mile (Open). (Cup presented by the Staff.) (1) Brockbank (Temple), (2) Shillitoe (Rise), 555 secs. 14. Putting the Weight (Open) (12 pounds). (1) Stephenson (Rise), (2) Butler (Rise), 35 ft. 11-1 ins. 15. 120 Yards Hurdles (Open). (1) Graham (School House), (2) Brockbank (Temple), 18g secs. 16. 120 Yards Hurdles (under 16). (1) Belchamber (Temple), (2) Revill (School House), 18A secs. 17. 120 Yards Hurdles (under 15). (1) Child (School House), (2) Frost (Rise), 205- secs. 18. High Jump (Open). (1) Shillitoe (Rise), (2) Andrew (Temple), 5 ft. 19. Long Jump (under 16). (1) Belchamber (Temple), (2) Revill (School House), 17 ft. 71 ins. 20. Old Peterite Race. 21. Inter-House Medley Relay. (1) Rise, (2) Temple.

Results of Events held previously.

The Mile. (1) Brockbank (Temple), (2) Bulmer (Temple), 5 mins. 65 secs. 220 Yards (under 16). (1) Bulmer (Temple), (2) Revill (School House), 26 g secs. High Jump (under 16). (1) Belchamber (Temple), (2) Long (Temple), 4 ft. 4 ins. Half-mile (under 15). (1) Cookson (Rise), (2) Dench (Temple), 2 mins. 385 secs. Long Jump (under 15). (1) Child (School House), (2) McKinlay (Rise). Putting the Weight (under 15) (8 lbs.). (1) Child (School House), (2) McKinlay (Rise). 42

Play 12. Won 1, Lost 7, Drawn 4.

It is difficult to write about a side which, judging by results, has done badly, but which was really a good side. The fact that seven matches were lost, and only one won, would appear to be a bad record, but, in spite of that, this year's hockey side should have been one of the strongest we have had for several years. Individually, at any rate, we had some very good players. It may be that the team work, which at times was brilliant, on the whole let us down, but we are forced more to the conclusion that perhaps one or two of the players were weak.

We had six of last year's side available, and several very promising players with which to fill up the other places, but an entirely new defence had to be found. Lynch, left wing last year, was tried at centre-half, and proved to be a great success. The other four members of the forward line were left intact. Steele was the obvious choice for lefthalf, where he played several games last year, and, thanks to the fact that we had an excellent reserve goalkeeper in Garnham, Stephenson was tried at right-back. Belchamber, the other back, was one of the season's successes. He improved with every game, and was playing at the end of the season like an experienced player. As he is only 15, he should be a tower of strength in seasons to come. The halfback line was undoubtedly the strongest part of the side, their one fault, if it could be so called, being their slowness to get back if beaten. They linked up beautifully with their forwards, and gave them countless opportunities to score, and were very steady in defence, their tackling towards the end of the season being really high class. Steele was coolness personified, and Lynch played tremendously hard and never gave up trying. The forwards, frankly, were disappointing, and it is here that we lost our matches. At the end of last season, the same five, with the exception of the left wing, were playing beautifully together, but somehow this year they never really got going. Their approach work up to the circle was usually very good, but once in the circle they took far too long to shoot, and nearly always gave the opposing backs time to recover. Had the inside forwards been able to shoot as they did at the end of last season, we might have had some very different results.

We were unfortunate in the weather; at the beginning of the season the grounds were impossible for practice, and throughout the season were nearly always soft; the side 43

undoubtedly played their best games on fast pitches away from home. Particular mention must be made of the match against a very strong Styx side, in which the whole School side played excellent hockey, and were congratulated by their opponents after the game, and to a visit from the Hamburg Harvestehude Hockey Club, who were playing a series of matches against schools in the North. We had a very enjoyable game against them, and thoroughly enjoyed entertaining them. We look forward to next season with some optimism, particularly if the forwards in the meantime will learn to shoot hard and often.

HOCKEY CHARACTERS, 1939. f T. F. Cameron (Captain), 1937-38-39. Right Wing. Was unfortunate in not being really fit for most of the season. At times played splendidly, centring hard and accurately, and possessed a lovely shot, which he did not use often enough. Had lost a little of last year's speed, but was still fast enough to beat his half more often than not. fG. P. G. Stephenson (Vice-Captain), 1936-37-38-39. Right

Back. Last year's goalkeeper, who was not really suited to his new position. Was far too prone to have wild shots at the ball before getting it under control, due, no doubt, to the habit of first-time kicking developed when a goalkeeper. All the same he always played hard and with determination. fR. C. Lynch, 1938-39. Centre-half. A great success in a new position. Was untiring both in attack and defence, proving invaluable to the side. His one fault was a tendency to lose the opposing centre forward, who was thus given too much rope. tF. F. Steele, 1939. Left-half. Very clever with his stick and extraordinarily cool. His positioning was practically faultless, and he frequently came back and helped a harassed defence. If he was a quicker mover, would be first class. *J. T. Brockbank, 1938-39. Centre Forward. Not as successful as at the end of last season. Distributed the ball well and could dribble delightfully, but was too slow in the circle. Had a hard shot when given time to shoot.

*P. R. G. Graham, 1938-39. Inside Right. A very hardworking forward who could control the ball very well and gave his wing many beautifully-judged passes.

Apt to delay his passing until robbed of the ball and rather a slow mover, particularly in the circle, but possessed of a very fine sense of the game, and should develop. *P. A. Andrew, 1939. Right-half. A greatly improved player and a real trier. Rather on the slow side, he still managed to combine attack and defence and was seldom caught out of position. Gave his forwards grand support, but must learn to hit harder and use the cross-pass. *H. A. Milburn, 1938-39. Inside Left. His ideas on where to put the ball were very sound, but he took too long to do it. Was more effective when hitting his passes than when trying to flick, as here he wasted too much time, whereas he could hit very hard. Apt to hang back too much when nearing the circle. Must shoot more quickly when opportunity arises. *J. S. Garnham, 1939. Goalkeeper. A very safe and plucky goalkeeper. Let practically nothing by him which he could reach with any part of his body, and judged his coming out of goal excellently. Kicked well.

Was very unfortunate in the matter of injuries, but never wilted. *H. C. Belchamber, 1939. Left Back. An outstanding success, he became more and more reliable as the season advanced. His tackling and positioning were excellent, and if he was slow in recovering it is to his great credit that he seldom had need to do so. Could hit harder with effect. *L. W. Bennett, 1939. Left Wing. A far better player than he was last year. In this most difficult position he developed quite a sound idea of the game and learned to centre very well as a rule. His passing tended to be too square when centring from about the " twentyfive," but he nearly always hit hard. -1- Cap. * Colours.

ST. PETER'S SCHOOL v. BEN RHYDDING. Played at Home, Saturday, February 4th. Result—St. Peter's School, 1 Ben Rhydding 3.

In the first match of the season, the School were beaten 3-1 by Ben Rhydding, after enjoying an interval lead. As

45

the team had played together only once before, on account of the ground, the result is not as bad as it would appear.

Right from the start, Ben Rhydding took command of the game, and for some time did most of the attacking. They were, however, admirably held by Stephenson, transformed from a goalkeeper, and Belchamber, a newcomer, both of whom cleared hard and often. On the other hand, last year's forward line, intact except for the outsideleft, failed to function with the expected brilliance. Nor could the blame be laid on the halves, who played well, or the ground, bumpy though it may have been.

It was, therefore, slightly against the run of the play when Brockbank gave the School the lead with a bullet-drive from the edge of the circle after nineteen minutes. This did not perturb Ben Rhydding, who forced Garnham to come out of his goal several times to kick clear. The nearest thing to an equaliser was when Stephenson and Belchamber scrambled the ball out of the goal-mouth, when Garnham was on the ground.

In the second half the School forwards played better and were well supported by Lynch, the centre-half. Ben Rhydding drew level after eleven minutes through Wear, who shot from the right, and not long afterwards they scored again, this time when Mason, the outside-left, drove in a partially saved shot from Knight.

The School forwards then awoke and began to hammer away with unprecedented vigour; Milburn dribbled right through only to be foiled by the goalkeeper, and Bennett hit the side of the goal from a narrow angle. But there was no reward, and just when 2-1 seemed to be the final score, Knight broke away from half-way between the backs and scored. Previous to this, Knight had been well held by Lynch, who played a remarkably good game for one so unused to half-back play. Steele was cool, sometimes a little too cool, and the inside forwards, Milburn and Graham, worked hard with little in return.

Team :—J. G. Garnham ; G. P. G. Stephenson, H. C. Belchamber; P. A. Andrew, R. C. Lynch, F. F. Steele T. F. Cameron, P. R. G. Graham, J. T. Brockbank, H. A. Milburn, L. W. Bennett.

ST. PETER'S SCHOOL v. ASHVILLE COLLEGE. Played at Harrogate, Wednesday, February 8th. Result—Ashville 0, St. Peter's School 0.

With only one forward playing in his regular position, and three not playing at all, the School failed completely to 46