FIU Department of Architecture ARC 6356 Architectural Design 10
Summer 2020
Course Syllabus ARC 6356 Architectural Design 10 Faculty:
Marcelo Ertorteguy Email: mertorte@fiu.edu Tel: 917-609-5174 Catalog Description: Architectural project emphasizing design development preparation of details and design documents for buildings of intermediate complexity. Credits: 6 Credits Course Description: CROP studio proposes the adaptive reuse of the Claude Pepper Federal Building in Downtown Miami, through the insertion of additional program that can range from urban farming to green infrastructure. The focus is centered on the strategies of intervention and reuse of the existing structure, to create a hybrid program with the objective of promoting self-sufficient communities within urban centers. The goal is to retro-fit the building by combining any given program (residential, lodging, office, commercial, medical, educational, cultural, fitness, wellness or entertainment) with a “plug� component (farming, livestock, apiculture, hydroponics, aeroponics, permaculture, solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, algae fuel, water collection / treatment, etc) that serves its users and the neighborhood. Either as a building addition or partial renovation, the new building insertion will revitalize the architecture, generating contrast and creating a dialogue between the old and the new. The Claude Pepper Federal Building will act as white canvas for the city of the future. Meeting Time Tuesdays and Thursdays 12:45pm to 6:20pm, Via Zoom
RE
SEARCH
FOOD
ENERGY
WATER
SITE
{ { { {
-LIVESTOCK: POULTRY, CATTLE, FISH, ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN SOURCES -VEGETABLES & FRUITS: LOCAL PRODUCE, SEASONAL HARVEST. -GRAINS & APICULTURE: LOCAL PRODUCE, SEASONAL HARVEST. -AGRICULTURE METHODS: HYDROPONICS, AEROPONICS, PERMACULTURE
-SOLAR POWER -WIND POWER -BIOMASS ENERGY -ALGAE FUEL
{
-HISTORY -MECHANICS -APPLICATIONS -QUANTITY RATIO
-RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS -GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE -BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE -SEA LEVEL RISE
{
-QUANTITY RATIO
-HISTORY: Architect, Use, Photos, etc. -DRAWINGS: Site plans, Plans, Sections, Elevations -3D MODEL: Buidling + Context -ZONING: Miami21
{
-QUANTITY RATIO
SIT
TE
SITE DOCUMENTATION HISTORY & ZONING DATA
SITE PLAN 1/135” = 1’-0”
A
WEST FLAGLER STREET
SW 1ST AVE
B
C
SW 1ST STREET
GROUND FLOOR 1/32” = 1’-0”
A
WEST FLAGLER STREET
SW 1ST AVE
B
C
SW 1ST STREET
TYPICAL FLOOR 1/32” = 1’-0”
A
WEST FLAGLER STREET
SW 1ST AVE
B
C
SW 1ST STREET
ROOF PLAN 1/32” = 1’-0”
51
WEST ELEVATIO 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 64
SOUTH ELEVA 1 " = 1'SCALE: 64
51
WEST ELEVATION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
SOUTH ELEVATION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
EAST ELEVATION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
NORTH ELEVATION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
T.O. PARAPET 255' - 11" ROOF 244' - 8"
LEVEL 18 229' - 8"
LEVEL 17 214' - 8"
LEVEL 16 201' - 8" LEVEL 15 188' - 8"
LEVEL 14 175' - 8"
LEVEL 13 162' - 8"
LEVEL 12 149' - 8" LEVEL 11 136' - 8"
LEVEL 10 123' - 8"
LEVEL 9 110' - 8"
LEVEL 8 97' - 8" LEVEL 7 84' - 8"
LEVEL 6 71' - 8" LEVEL 5 58' - 8"
LEVEL 4 45' - 8"
LEVEL 3 32' - 8" LEVEL 2 19' - 8"
LEVEL 1 0' - 0"
LONGITUDINAL SECTION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
T.O. PARAPET
T.O. PARAPET 255' - 11"
255' - 11"
ROOF
ROOF 244' - 8"
244' - 8"
LEVEL 18
LEVEL 18
229' - 8"
229' - 8"
LEVEL 17
LEVEL 17
214' - 8"
214' - 8"
LEVEL 16
LEVEL 16
201' - 8"
201' - 8"
LEVEL 15
LEVEL 15
188' - 8"
188' - 8"
LEVEL 14
LEVEL 14
175' - 8"
175' - 8"
LEVEL 13
LEVEL 13
162' - 8"
162' - 8"
LEVEL 12
LEVEL 12
149' - 8"
149' - 8"
LEVEL 11
LEVEL 11
136' - 8"
136' - 8"
LEVEL 10
LEVEL 10
123' - 8"
123' - 8"
LEVEL 9
LEVEL 9
110' - 8"
110' - 8"
LEVEL 8
LEVEL 8
97' - 8"
97' - 8"
LEVEL 7
LEVEL 7
84' - 8"
84' - 8"
LEVEL 6
LEVEL 6
71' - 8"
71' - 8"
LEVEL 5
LEVEL 5
58' - 8"
58' - 8"
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 4
45' - 8"
45' - 8"
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 3
32' - 8"
32' - 8"
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 2
19' - 8"
19' - 8"
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 1 0' - 0"
0' - 0"
CROSS SECTION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
CROSS SECTION 1 " = 1'-0" SCALE: 32
Claude Pepper Federal Office Building 51 SW 1st Avenue Miami, Fl 33130
History Designed in 1961 and constructed in 1964, this Federal office building was renamed the Claude Pepper Federal Building after the long-time Florida congressman. The building houses employees of several agencies, including the U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Department of Veterans Affairs, Social Security Administration, and U.S. Marshals Service. Like many of its contemporaries, little distinguishes the structure from modern office buildings that can be seen in many American cities, nor does the design give hints that this is a federal building.
Architect: Steward- Skinner Associates He was a leading Architect in South Florida for over fifty years - extending his design services abroad on occasion as well. He was born in Asbury Park, New Jersey in 1896 and attended Syracuse University in New York graduating with a degree in architecture. Besides Claude Pepper Federal Office Building, another projects that this architect has designed in Miami are: • 1101 Brickell South Tower • Brickell Townhouse • INS Building
1101 Brickell South Tower
Brickell Townhouse
INS Building
TECHNICAL DATA Height (architectural): 255.90 ft Floors (above ground): 18
Construction end: 1964
STRUCTURE IN GENERAL
Building type: High-Rise building Façade System: Curtain Wall Architectural Style: International Style USAGES Main Usage: Commercial Office
Zoning Code
Transect Planning Within a Form-Based Code
 The transect is the building block for Miami 21’s Form Based Zoning Code. Transect zones (T3, T4, T5, & T6) regulate much more than traditional zones do.
Transect Zone (T-Zone): The identification of areas of varying Density whose character is determined by the requirements for Use, Height, Setback and the form of Building and the form of the enfronting public streetscape. The elements are determined by their location on the Transect scale. Within T3 through T6 Zones are additional categories, Restricted (R), Limited (L) and Open (O), and each category shall also be considered a T-Zone
Urban cores are defined as areas that have high population densities (7,500 or per square mile or 2,900 per square kilometer or more) and high transit, walking and cycling work trip market shares (20 percent or more).
Types of T6 Zones
The complexity of the T6 zone is not only achieved by regulating uses, there are also multiple regulations on the capacity (stories & square footage) of the buildings. To achieve this, there are various transect sub-zones within the T6 range
Regulation of capacity in T6 The number located after each T6 is the number of stories that can be built in that transect zone by right. T6-8 T6-12 T6-24 T6-36 T6-48 T6-60 T6-80
max. eight (8) stories max. twelve (12) stories max. twenty four (24) stories max. thirty six (36) stories max. forty-eight (48) stories max. of sixty (60) stories max. of eighty (80) stories
LOT OCCUPATION
T6-80 ZONE BUILDING DISPOSITION
a. Lot Area
5,000 sq.ft min.
b. Lot Width
100 ft. min
c. Lot Coverage 1-8 stories Above 8th story
80% max. 18,000 sq. ft. max. floor plate for Residential & Lodging 30,000 sq. ft. max. floor plate for Office & Commercial
d. Floor Lot Ratio (FLR)
T6-80a: 24/unlimited additional Public Benefit
e. Frontage at front setback
70% min.
f. Open space Requirements
10% lot area min.
g. Density
150 du/acre max.
BUILDING SETBACK
T6-80 ZONE BUILDING DISPOSITION
a. Principal Front
10 ft. min.
b. Secondary Front
10 ft. min.
c. Side
0 ft. min; 30 ft. min. above 8th story
d. Rear
0 ft. min; 30 ft. min. above 8th story
e. Abutting T5
0 ft. min. 1rst through 5th story10 ft. min. 6th through 8th story 30 ft. min. above 8th story
TAX INFORMATION TAX INFORMATION Year Market Value
2019 2018 2018 $18,344,158 $18,344,158 $18,344,158
Change Value
$16,281,00 0
Market Value over the Year Change Market Value % Change
$16,281,000 $16,281,000 $4,527,000 32.76%
2017 $13,817,158
2017 $13,817,158
BUILDING INTENSITY Max Lot Coverage Residential Density Max Height Max Stories Floor Area Ratio
BUILDING INTENSITY
Max Built Area Allowed Max Building Footprint Min Open Space Max Residential Area Allowed Max Residential Units Allowed Max Lodging Area Allowed Max Lodging Rooms Allowed Max Commercial Area Allowed
Max Office Area Allowed
ZONING CODE
80% 1000 Du/ Acre 80 24 868,320 ft² 28,944 ft² 10% 868,320 ft² 831 868,320 ft² 1662 rooms 868,320 ft²
868,320 ft²
Existing Building
T6-80-o Zone
FOO
OOD
FARMING
AEROPONICS
AEROPONICS
AEROPONICS is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium. The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer and ponos . Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth or aquaponics which uses water and Þsh waste, aeroponics is conducted without a g r ow i n g m e d i u m . I t i s s o m e t i m e s considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
HOW AEROPONICS DELIVERS NUTRIENTS? •
naturally, also delivers nutrients through the water given to the plants but the format is very different. Plants are grown in a humid, fog like environment where continual or timed misting keeps the roots from drying out and supplies the nutrient solution.
•
systems have to have a way of securing plants while leaving roots stable but exposed. Often special aeroponics clips are used to achieve this and allow for more movement if you need to tweak your system later on. If clips aren’t used to secure plants, usually gardeners use foam sheets or boards that theyÕve modiÞed (adding holes or slats where needed).
•
systems are typically set up with roots hanging down (as is most natural for them anyway), positioned below a board or tray that secures the plants up top. The roots are often contained in a ‘basket’ that keeps them from tangling with other plants’ roots. Below the plants is the water/nutrient reservoir (although some gardeners choose a more complex setup where the reservoir is detached and water lines go across to reach plant roots). A submersible water pump is housed in the reservoir and pushes the nutrient solution through to the nozzles. Special misting nozzles are used to make sure the roots get a Þne mist, and not large droplets. Then, any water run off naturally drips back into the reservoir.
•
THE BEST PLANTS FOR AEROPONICS SYSTEMS Leafy Greens
Research at the Cornell University Cooperative Extension has found that aeroponics is the most efficient means of growing leafy greens. Greens can become contaminated with soil pathogens and bacteria like e.coli, but aeroponics greatly reduces these risks. Chef John Mooney has had success with many varieties of lettuce with his rooftop aeroponics system and adds that while it takes a gallon of water to grow a head of lettuce over four weeks, a tower aeroponics garden uses 1/10 of the water because the excess is constantly cycling back into the system to be reused.
TOWER FARM Tower Farms can be set up in a greenhouse or inside a building using grow lights:
Regular Aeroponic Towers : – 5 pots • 20 plants = (1.4 m height) – 7 pots • 28 plants = (1.8 m height) – 9 pots • 36 plants = (2.1 m height) – 11 pots • 44 plants = (2.5 m height) – 13 pots • 52 plants = (2.9 m height)
Microgreens Aeroponic Towers: – 10 pots • 80 plants = (1.4 m height) – 14 pots • 112 plants = (1.8 m height) – 18 pots • 144 plants = (2.1 m height) – 22 pots • 176 plants = (2.5 m height) – 26 pots • 208 plants = (2.9 m height) ** Microgreens are vegetable greens harvested just after the cotyledon leaves have developed. They are grown or purchased by people focused on nutrition, or else are used as both a visual and flavor component, primarily in fine dining restaurants
Herbs
Aeroponics has been tested to grow cleaner, more consistent herbs like burdock at the University of Arizona’s College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. Growing such herbs aeroponically is far less labor intensive than traditional methods, and results in a higher density per square foot of greenhouse space than conventional greenhouse growing. Mints, skullcap, stinging nettles, ginger and yerba mansa also have been successfully tested in aeroponics systems, resulting in earlier growth, higher yields and multiple harvests. Tower Farm with 9-pots / 36 plants per tower
The Vertical Aeroponic Planting Systems: PVC Vertical System
Rolling Vertical System
Vegetables will be mature for picking and distribution 90 days after beginning and continuously thereafter.
Tower Farm with 11-pots / 44 plants per tower
VERTICAL SYSTEM
Building
VERTICAL System
3,519,000 SQ FT
8’ X 2.5’ X 2.5’
22,414 VERTICAL System X
= 157 SQ FT
= 157 SQ FT LETTUCE YIELD PER 10 FT 22,000 POUNDS = 3,454,,000 POUNDS OF LETTUCE
MAX TOTAL OF Tomato is 493,108,000 POUNDS
Each plant has a different calculation Formula 3,519,000 SQ FT / VERTICAL System = the total amount of system you need Check the chart above and see the amount of square foot you need for each plant Multiply by the amount pound found on the chart Annual harvest
H
HYDROPONIC
HYDROPONIC : does not use soil, instead the root system is supported using an inert medium such as perlite, rockwool, clay pellets, peat moss, or vermiculite. The basic premise behind hydroponics is to allow the plants roots to come in direct contact with the nutrient solution, while also having access to oxygen, which is essential for proper growth.
ADVANTAGES Growing with hydroponics comes with many advantages, the biggest of which is a greatly increased rate of growth in your plants. With the proper setup, your plants will mature up to 25% faster and produce up to 30% more than the same plants grown in soil.
DISADVANTAGES Despite the fact that a hydroponics system has so many advantages, there are actually a few disadvantages as well. The biggest factor for most people is that a quality hydroponics system of any size will cost more than its soil counterpart. Then again, dirt isn’t exactly expensive and you get what you pay for.
Your plants will grow bigger and faster because they will not have to work as hard to obtain nutrients. Even a small root system will provide the plant exactly what it needs, so the plant will focus more on growing upstairs instead of expanding the root system downstairs.
A large scale hydroponics system can take a lot of time to setup if you aren’t the most experienced grower. Plus, managing your hydroponics system will take a lot of time as well. You will have to monitor and balance your pH and nutrient levels on a daily basis.
All of this is possible through careful control of your nutrient solution and pH levels. A hydroponic system will also use less water than soil based plants because the system is enclosed, which results in less evaporation. Believe it or not, hydroponics is better for the environment because it reduces waste and pollution from soil runoff.
The greatest risk with a hydroponics system is that something like a pump failure can kill off your plants within hours depending on the size of your system. They can die quickly because the growing medium can’t store water like soil can, so the plants are dependent on a fresh supply of water.
https://thehydroponicsplanet.com/the-critical-differences-between-aeroponics-and-hydroponics/
FIVE BEST PLANTS TO GROW IN A HYDROPONIC SYSTEM Lettuce (and most other leafy greens) should be your first plant to try with a hydroponic system. These plants have a shallow root system that matches their short aboveground height. Spinach grows quickly in a hydroponic system, particularly when using the Nutrient Film Technique or other methods that keep the nutrient solution highly oxygenated. Strawberries seem to do best with an ebb and flow system, but deep water culture or nutrient film technique can do for a small crop. With hydroponics, you can have a ready-to-eat crop of strawberries all year long. Bell peppers are a slightly more advanced hydroponic plant. Herb production is another great way to test out your new hydroponic system Basil, chives, cilantro, dill, mint, oregano, parsley, rosemary, thyme, and watercress are all great options.
HYDROPONIC SYSTEM
BEST GROWERS
H
HARDER GROWERS
Building
VERTICAL SYSTEM
VERTICAL System
3,519,000 SQ FT
8’ X 2.5’ X 2.5’ = 157 SQ FT
22,414 VERTICAL System X
= 157 SQ FT LETTUCE YIELD PER 10 FT 22,000 POUNDS = 3,454,,000 POUNDS OF LETTUCE MAX TOTAL OF Tomato is 493,108,000 POUNDS
8’
8’
2.5’
2.5’
8’
8’
2.5’ 2.5’ Each plant has a different calculation Formula 3,519,000 SQ FT / VERTICAL System = the total amount of system you need Check the chart above and see the amount of square foot you need for each plant Multiply by the amount pound found on the chart Annual harvest
CASE STUDY NYC’S FARM :
ONE DELIVERS RARE, ULTRA-FRESH PRODUCE IN JUST 30 MINUTES
The farm-to-table movement has grown by leaps and bounds over the last few years – and now NYC chefs can pick up sustainable, 100% “nastyfree” produce grown within city limits. Farm One is a Manhattan-based hydroponic farm that grows hundreds of rare herbs, edible ßowers and microgreens, which can be delivered to 90% of NYC restaurants by bike in just 30 minutes. • In April 2016, Manhattan’s Institute of Culinary Education planted its very Þrst on-site farm with over 150 crop varieties. The hydroponic gardens are lit by LEDs and feature high-tech systems that provide speciÞc growing conditions for even the rarest of greens. The grow room is 100% free from pesticides and herbicides, and it uses around 95% less water than traditional gardens. •
https://inhabitat.com/tag/hydroponics/
AQUAPONICS
AQUAPONICS
https://www.theaquaponicsource.com/what-is-aquaponics/
refers to any system that combines conventional aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as snails, Ăžsh, crayĂžsh or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment. In normal aquaculture, excretions from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity. In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is fed to a hydroponic system where the by-products are broken down by nitrifying bacteria initially into nitrites and subsequently into nitrates that are utilized by the plants as nutrients. Then, the water is recirculated back to the aquaculture system
AQUAPONICS 3D LAYOUT
NUTRIENTS
Expensive Hydroponic nutrients are replaced by less expensive Þsh feed
AQUAPONICS MIMICS NATURE Aquaponics must be organic, by nature
ZERO WASTE
Unlike hydroponic systems, aquaponics never requires discharging water
MORE PRODUCTIVE Aquaponics (vs Hydroponics) is more productive
Best Plants to Grow in a New Aquaponics System
Lettuce The easiest and one of the most productive leafy greens in an aquaponics system is lettuce. This is because leafy lettuce thrives in water, which has a temperature of between 70 and 74 76 °F making it great to pair with tilapia. Lettuce has minimal nutritional requirements and can thrive in many environments making it a great conÞdence building plant to grow in a new aquaponics system.
Watercress
Watercress is one of the best plants for aquaponics because it is a hardy vegetable and grows quickly. Watercress is easier to maintain than other plants due to its low nutritional demand and can exist alongside many different types of Þsh.
Cucumber
The cucumber is a water-based plant, and an aquaponics system gives them everything they need to ßourish. Cucumbers grow best in water with a pH between 5.5 and 7 and grow best in media-based aquaponics systems.
Kale Kale is not a very nutritious demanding plant to grow, but it is a very nutritious plant. Kale can match and exist alongside many types of Þsh that you may have in your system. Kale is not attractive to pests making it one of the best plants to grow in aquaponics.
Swiss Chard Swiss chard is a great plant to grow in your aquaponics system. Swiss chard is frost resistant, making it an ideal plant during the winter season. The nutrients required to grow swiss chard are moderate, using mostly nitrates for leaf growth. Swiss chard grows best in waters with a pH level between 6.6 to 7.0, which is ideal for both the plant and many Þsh.
Best Plants to Grow in an Established Aquaponics System
Tomatoes Tomato plants do exceptionally well in aquaponics systems. Tomatoes like warm weather but also need plenty of nutrientrich water. Tomatoes are an excellent option for an aquaponics system where the environment can be controlled.
Caulißower Caulißower plants need very little maintenance. They are also resistant to most bugs and diseases. Caulißower is a waterbased plant that thrives in aquaponics systems.
Cabbage Cabbage needs very little maintenance, which makes it one of the best plants in an aquaponics system. They thrive in water with a pH level between 6.2 and 6.6.
Pepper Peppers can be challenging to grow in traditional gardening, but it is one of the best plants to grow in your aquaponics system. Peppers are very particular about the water that they consume and they require plenty of sunshine. Growing peppers using aquaponics allows you to monitor, and control your nutrients in the water and lets you create the perfect environment for your pepper plants.
Strawberries Strawberries need very little space to grow and are easy to cultivate in an aquaponics system. Strawberries are one of the best plants to grow in aquaponics because of the constant supply of nutrient-rich water and the ability to monitor and control the system environment. Another beneÞt is that you can grow them all year round in an indoor system.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0f1b/df61fcf934d3865e53ef2cb95994b49e3221.pdf
Fingerling system is shown with 250 gallon tanks set near the outer wall so plumbing can be attached to outer wall of building. Adjust tank layout if a 2.5 setback is desired.
a
a
66”
2’
96”
b
d e
c
A C
A
A
66”
D
30’ X 96’ Building
5’
48’-8’ Raft Bed (inside)
103” Outside
48’ Media Bed (inside)
51” Outside
16’(inside)
30’
48’-8’ Raft Bed
Maxiumum 2.5’ 96’
Work Area
49’-2’ (outside)
In this layout, outside edge of media bed aligns with center of tanks to ensure plumbing alignmetnt.
12”
250 Gallon
50 Gallon 250 Gallon
Minumum 2.5’
1,200 Gallon
1,200 Gallon
Minumum 2.5’ 12”
1,200 Gallon
1,200 Gallon
140 Gallon Allow just enough space for maintenance. Does not need a walkway.
410 Gallon Minumum 2.5’
140 Gallon
10’ On Center
In this layout, outside edge of raft bed aligns outer edge of tank to ensure plumbing alignment.
Diagram below shows recommended distances between system components. Needs specific to your operation may require a different layout. Quantity of pipe and fittings included with this system is based on recommendations found throughout this guide. Altering dimensions shown may require the purchase of additional pvc and related fittings. Slight adjustments can be made to accommodate personal preferences.
•
• • •
Vegetable Production: • 900 – 1,440 heads of lettuce/year (or other vegetables) Fish Production: • 110 lbs of Þsh/year System Dimensions: • 6′ x 16′ = 128 sq. ft. Suggested total area indoors or greenhouse: • 12′ x 20′ = 240 sq. ft.
ASSEMBLY TANK STANDS: 250 GALLON TANKS Use these parts to construct stands for the 250 gallon tanks: • AQ156 One-Piece Top Plate & Frame • AQ145 Support Leg • AQ144 Strut • 113030S03 Adjustable Footer • 115303 (3/8"-16 X 3"L FLAT HEAD BOLT ZINC)
• FALB04B (NUT 3/8-16 ZINC EACH) • FAG338B (HEX CAP 5/16 X 3" ZINC – EACH) • FAME07B (BULK FLT WSH 5/16" ZINC – EACH) • FALB02B (NUT BULK 5/16-18 ZINC – EACH)
Support
Stand for 1,200 Gallon Tank
Stand for 250 Gallon Tank
FALB04B Nut Adjustable Footer Flat Head Bolt
Tanks for Fingerling System Top View -250 Gallon Tank Template
Top View - 50 Gallon Tank Template
Drum Filter Stand
Side View- 140 Gallon Tank For Bulkhead - Drill Holes for Fitting
Install Bulkead Fitting
50 Gallon 250 Gallon
250 Gallon 140 Gallon
Leg
250 Gallon
250 Gallon
50 Gallon
Drain Pipe
140 Gallon
Parts attached to bead filter in photo are included with filter. Assemble asshown and continue with pump installation.
Grow-Out System: Install Drain Plumbing Growout system:& Standpipes
Install Drain Plumbing & Standpipe
D
B
A
C A
C
A
Interior Space Interior Space
Building
HORIZONTAL SYSTEM
PLANTS System
3,519,000 SQ FT
30’ X 96’ X 2’ = 5760 SQ FT
610 PLANT System X
= 5760 SQ FT Tomato YIELD PER 10 FT 6 POUNDS = 34,560 POUNDS OF Tomato MAX TOTAL OF Tomato is 21,081,600 POUNDS
96’
30’ 30’ Each plant has a different calculation Formula 3,519,000 SQ FT / PLANT System = the total amount of system you need Check the chart above and see the amount of square foot you need for each plant Multiply by the amount pound found on the chart Annual harvest
PE
ERMACULTURE
PERMACULTURE Permaculture design techniques include herb spirals, hugelkultur garden beds, keyhole and mandala gardens, sheet mulching, growing grain without tillage, food forests (also called “edible forest gardens”), each plant serving multiple purposes, and creating swales on contour to hold water high on the landscape. Hugelkultur, pronounced Hoo-gulculture, means hill culture or hill mound. It's literally a raised garden bed that is built from the bottom up with logs, sticks and branches, wood chips, grass clippings, manure, leaves, food scraps, egg shells, coffee grounds… everything you would put into a compost heap.
THE TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF PERMACULTURE 1. Observe and Interact Being observant and responding to what we see is really important in moving towards a more ethical and sustainable way of life.We can learn from nature,and from other people, observing how others have moved to a greener and more ethical approach, and working with the world around us to succeed in our goals. 2.Catch and Store Energy Energy is abundant on our planet. Learning how to catch and store that energy – in plants, with renewable energy infrastructure, or in other ways, is key to living a sustainable way of life. Growing your own food at home is a great way to catch and store energy from our sun. Passive solar design also offers opportunities for architects, engineers and designers to make further use of this abundant energy source. 3. Obtain a Yield Taking the three core ethics of permaculture into account, we can work with nature to get all the things we need. Obtaining a yield can be as simple as using organic gardening techniques to provide food for our families – but it can also be about obtaining a non-tangible yield: happiness, health… or mental well-being. Living a sustainable lifestyle that sticks to permaculture principles can allow us to obtain all sorts of more intangible yields as well as the obvious tangible ones. 4. Apply Self-Regulation and Feedback Understanding where we’ve succeeded and where we’ve gone wrong is vitally important to creating real and lasting change. For example, by analyzing and evaluating all the things that we bring into our homes, we can make better purchasing decisions moving forwards: reducing, reusing, recycling and regulating our worst consumerist tendencies. 5. Use and Value Renewable By using the power of the sun, the wind, or the water, we can power our homes, grow our food, and regenerate our environments.Rather than relying on Þnite and polluting fossil fuels, we should make full use of renewable sources of energy: for example, switching to a green energy supplier – or even generating our own power with solar panels or other renewable infrastructure at home – is something many of us can do to move to a more sustainable way of life. 6. Produce No Waste Moving towards a zero waste lifestyle means looking at all the trash we chuck out and trying to eliminate it. We can do this by reducing the amount we buy, by buying wisely, by reusing or recycling where possible, by composting, and by working with ethical companies who look at waste throughout the entire life-cycle of their products. 7. Design from Patterns to Details Whether designing a new vegetable garden, or an entire new sustainable way of life, we have to look at the big picture before we get bogged down in the little things.Thinking holistically, about all areas of our lives, can help us move forwards in a positive direction.
8. Integrate Don’t Segregate Plants work well in diverse systems – the same is true of people too. Planting polycultures (guilds of plants which work together) is just one example of how this principle works in the real world. And as well as applying this in the garden, we can also apply it to communities, groups or organisations. Sustainability is something we achieve together – through collaboration and co-operation – it’s not something we do alone. 9. Use Small, Slow Solutions Every journey begins with a single step. Whenever we try to do too much too soon, it’s easy to become overwhelmed Ð and though big changes can bring big beneÞts, they bring bigger risks too. Making small, incremental changes is the best way to move towards sustainable change. For example – don’t start a farm, try a small windowsill garden. Don’t overhaul your entire shopping philosophy – change things one ethical purchase at a time. 10. Use and Value Diversity Just as ecosystems work best when Þlled with a greater variety of different plants and animals, so human society functions best when an variety of different people are represented. In your garden, home and your life in general, it’s a good idea to promote and value diversity in all its forms. 11. Use Edges and Value the Marginal Sustainability is about making use of all the resources that we have at our disposal. Whether we’re talking about land use, work places, homes or society in general, making use of all we have involves valuing fringes and fringe elements. This might be as simple as using a neglected corner of your outside space to grow more food, or something more abstract, like thinking outside the box. 12. Creatively Use and Respond to Change Finally, change is an inevitable part of life. It’s important to remember that permaculture isn’t just about now, but about the future. We design for change, understanding that things will alter over time. The changing seasons, changing attitudes, our changing climate… how we respond to these changes will shape sustainable progress in the years to come. These principles are a starting point for an understanding of permaculture, and can begin to give us an idea of how we can translate thought to action, and transition to a more ethical – and truly sustainable – way of life.
https://www.permaculturenews.org/2017/09/05/permaculture-design-5-steps/
PROPOSED PERMACULTURE Have you ever wondered where to locate the best veggie patch? Wanted to create a microclimate to grow warmer climate plants or even wondered what to do with a shaded area that grows not much more than moss? Permaculture may be your sustainable design solution.
Permaculture is essentially a design system for creating sustainable human environments. Created in Australia in the 1970’s by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren it is now recognized worldwide, being used throughout a variety of cultures and climates. Permaculture is defined by a set of principles that deals with interconnected systems of plants, animals, buildings and infrastructure (water, energy and communications) and can be used in both city and country. The core goal is to create systems that are ecologically sound and economically viable which provide for their own needs, do not exploit or pollute and are therefore sustainable in the long term. The design principles are practical and use common sense. Principle ‘Each element performs many functions’ is a great tool on its own. Do you want a windbreak for your existing fruit trees? Why not choose an element that is also a soil conditioner, wildlife habitat, attracts bees, fire control, food or fuel? By designing and choosing elements with this in mind creates an integrated design that supports adjacent systems and provides greater benefits. The 'Energy Efficient Planning' principle relates to locating systems that need frequent attention close to areas that you visit daily as part of your standard routine. Seedlings and herbs are best near your back door or kitchen window, where fruit trees needing minimal attention can be further away from the house. The delineation of these zones of high attention to self sufficient are a great start to the master planning of your site. https://www.livearchitecture.com.au/single-post/2015/04/29/Creating-a-sustainable-home-with-Permaculture
LINKS •
https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2010/apr/21/eating-landscape-permaculture-proves-yard-can-wiel/
• https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-02-01/on-the-relation-between-designing-and-implementing-in-permaculture-part-2/ • https://www.tenthacrefarm.com/developing-permaculture-homestead-phases/ • https://issuu.com/libalab/docs/building_integrated_agriculture/30 • https://www.localsalads.com/aeroponics.php?disable_mobile=true • http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/Elash/2019/hydroponics-the-power-of-water-to-grow-food/ • https://www.archdaily.com/tag/hydroponics • https://research.uEl.edu/publications/explore/v05n2/hydroponics.html • https://www.igrow.news/igrownews/misconceptions-about-hydroponics-yield
LAYOUTS
PERMACULTURE SYSTEM
Building
BOX PLANTS
4’ X 8’ X 1’ = 32 SQ FT 3,519,000 SQ FT 109,968 BOX PLANTS X
= 32 SQ FT ARUGULA YIELD PER 10 FT 2.5 POUNDS = 80 POUNDS OF ARUGULA MAX TOTAL OF ARUGULA IS 8,797, 440 POUNDS
Spacing between plants 10 Row 5 Row
8’
4’
Each plant has a different calculation Formula 3,519,000 SQ FT / Box Plant Size = the total amount of boxes you need Check the chart above and see the amount of square foot you need for each plant Multiply by the amount pound found on the chart Harvest Per 30 - 60 Days
VEGETABLE & FRUIT
Florida Specialties Florida's semi-tropical climate means a year-round growing season and plenty of tropical fruits. There are acres upon acres upon acres (three-quarters of a million acres!) of citrus groves that produce orange, grapefruits, and limes year-round. Oranges and Grapefruit grown in Florida are grown mostly for the juice market, but plenty of out-of-hand oranges are available for locals to eat. Florida accounted for 65 percent of the total United States citrus production. Canada received most of Florida’s orange and specialty fresh fruit exports. Japan accounted for the majority of Florida grapefruit exports.
Leading Citrus States: Bearing Acreage and Production
al s
Hardiness Zones in Florida The USDA Hardiness Zones are used to determine what will grow in different regions based on cold hardiness. Zone’s indicate the lowest temperature that the plant will survive in the winter.
Zone 11a 40°F to 45°F
Harvest Monthly Calendar
Cantaloupe Harvest Guide
Cantaloupes have a creamier flesh that is orange and a netted, yellow-colored rind. Melons grow on vines, so they need to be planted in sites where they have room to spread out. Cover the soil around your melons with mulch to warm the soil and keep weeding to a minimum. Choose sweet-smelling cantaloupes with a soft stem end, and a creamy yellow-colored rind.
Total Volume: 7 acres Capacity per acre: 2,200 to 5,500 Total: 15,400 to 38,500
Planting Dates: December-March Yield per 10ft (Ibs): 15 Plants per 10ft: 4-6 Days to Harvest: 85-110 (70-90) Spacing (IN): 60-72 Rows (IN): 18-30 Seed Depth: ½ - 1 Family Plant: Squash Recommended Varieties: Athena, Ambrosia, Galia Notes:
Bees needed for pollination. Disease prone. Mulch to reduce fruit-rot and salmonella. Overwatering or heavy rainfall reduces sugar content of maturing fruit. Harvest when the fruit cleanly separates from the vine with light pressure.
Strawberry Harvest Guide
The strawberry is a nearly stemless small plant. Strawberry plants are low-growing herbs that spread into clumps via runners. February and March are the peak seasons. Plant them at ground level, in raised beds, or even in containers. If a frost or freeze is predicted, covering the plants with a lightweight blanket will help prevent the flowers or fruits from getting damaged.
Planting Dates: October-December Yield per 10ft (Ibs): 9-12 Plants per 10ft: 8-10 Days to Harvest: 30-60 Spacing (IN): 12-16 Rows (IN): 12 Family Plant: Rosaceae Recommended Varieties: Chandler, Oso Grande, Sweet Charlie,Selva, Camarosa Notes:
Grown as an annual crop in Florida starting with disease-free plants in the fall. Plant only varieties adapted to Florida.
Total Volume: 7 acres Capacity per acre: 5,500 to 12,500 Total: 38,500 to 87,500
Okra Harvest Guide
Southern cuisine, originated in Africa. It’s often used as a thickener in soups or gumbos, or sometimes just served up fried. Harvest about 60 days from planting, once pods reach about two to three inches in length. Evening temperatures in the mid fifties in a sunny location with well-drained soil are best when planting. It’s a good idea to harvest early and often, since pods will be too tough to eat if they get too old. When harvesting, wear gloves to protect yourself from the plant’s prickly hairs and use shears to cut through its fibrous stems.
Total Volume: 7 acres Capacity per acre: 6,000 to 12,000 Total: 42,000 to 84,000
Planting Dates: Jan-March August-October Yield per 10ft (Ibs): 7 Plants per 10ft: 12-30 Days to Harvest: 60-70 Spacing (IN): 4-10 Rows (IN): 36 Seed Depth: ½ - 1 Family Plant: Malvaceae Recommended Varieties: Clemson Spineless, Emerald, Annie Oakley II, Cajun Delight Notes:
Soak seeds in water for 6 hours for better germination. Requires warm soils and temperatures. Very heat tolerant. Highly susceptible to root-knot nematodes. Harvest pods a few days after flower petals have fallen or pods become tough and stringy.
Eggplant Harvest Guide
Native to India, eggplants is a member of the nightshade family. Eggplants are purple, black, white, lavender or even yellow and contain many soft seeds. The seeds are edible but can be bitter. It can grow from seed or transplants. Harvest the fruits when they’re glossy. Green or mahogany colored fruits are too ripe. Eggplants can grow up to six feet tall, and may need to be supported. The leaves are large and coarse, and the stem is often spiny.
Planting Dates: August-February Yield per 10ft (Ibs): 20 Plants per 10ft: 3-7 Days to Harvest: 90-115(70-90) Spacing (IN): 18-40 Rows (IN): 36 Seed Depth: ½ - ¾ Family Plant: Solanaceae (Tomato) Recommended Varieties: Black Beauty, Dusky, Long, Ichiban, Cloud Nine (white) Notes:
Requires warm soil and weather. Harvest into summer. May need staking. Bitter fruit caused by high temperatures or drought conditions.
Total Volume: 7 acres Capacity per acre: 7,260 Total: 50,820
GRAINS
GRAINS Grain is the harvested seed of grasses such as wheat, oats, rice, and corn. Other important grains include sorghum, millet, rye, and barley. Around the globe, grains, also called cereals, are the most important staple food. Humans get an average of 48 percent of their calories, or food energy, from grains. Grains are also used to feed livestock and to manufacture some cooking oils, fuels, cosmetics, and alcohols.
Types of Grains Grains, commonly referred to as ‘cereals’ or ‘cereal grains’, are the edible seeds of specific grasses belonging to the Poaceae (also known as Gramineae) family. True Cereal Grains There are a number of different types of grains found within the true cereal grains which are from the botanical family ‘Poaceae’ including wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, and millet. Within these groups there are also varieties such as farro (emmer), freekeh, kamut and spelt which are all types of wheat as well as new grains like triticale which is a mixture of wheat and rye. Pseudo-Cereal Grains The ‘pseudo-cereal’ group are not part of the Poaceae botanical family, in which ‘true’ grains belong, however they are nutritionally similar and used in similar ways to ‘true’ grains. Many of these, such as amaranth, buckwheat and quinoa (pronounced ‘keen-wah’), are not actually grains but are in fact seeds from a number of different plant species external to the Poaceae family. As such, they are not by definition ‘true’ grains, yet they are considered ‘pseudo-cereals’ since their overall nutrient composition is similar and they are prepared and used in similar ways to ‘true’ grains.
Wheat
Corn
Rice
Oats
Buckwheat
Millet
Quinoa
Teff
Barley
Sorghum
Rye
Triticale
FOOD PRODUCTS Any food made from wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley, or another cereal grain is a grain product. Bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, grits, and tortillas are examples of grain products. Foods such as popcorn, rice, and oatmeal are also included in the Grains Group. Grains are divided into 2 subgroups: Whole Grains and Refined Grains. Whole grains contain the entire grain kernel ― the bran, germ, and endosperm. Examples of whole grains include whole-wheat flour, bulgur (cracked wheat), oatmeal, whole cornmeal, and brown rice. Refined grains have been milled, a process that removes the bran and germ. This is done to give grains a finer texture and improve their shelf life, but it also removes dietary fiber, iron, and many B vitamins. Some examples of refined grain products are white flour, de-germed cornmeal, white bread, and white rice.
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WARM WEATHER GRAINS Warm-season grains, such as Corn, Rice and Sorghum prefer hotter soil and air temperatures. In North America that is the condition of the long days of summer. In tropical regions, however, these plants can thrive year-round if adequate water is available. Most importantly, warm-season crops need a soil temperature above 55F for seed germination and root development. These plants are frost-sensitive and will suffer from temperatures below 40F and will die when it drops below 32F. For South Florida climate, rice and corn have the best conditions.
OTHER USES
CROPPING REQUISITES Soil – loam soil with good drainage and high organic matter content, with moderate slopes and average nutrient content. It prefers neutral soils although it is usually grown on alkaline (up to pH 9) and acid soils (up to pH 4.5). Climate – desert, warm and dry, cold and dry, temperate and rainy, temperate with high relative humidity, and puna and high mountain areas. There are varieties or ecotypes adapted to each climate. Water – it is efficient in water use despite being a C3 plant, as it has physiological mechanisms that enable it to avoid moisture deficits and to tolerate and resist a lack of soil moisture. Temperature – the ideal average temperature is around 15- 20ºC, although it withstands temperature extremes ranging from 38ºC to -8ºC. Radiation – it withstands intense solar radiation enabling it to gain the hours of heat needed to complete its growth and productive period. Photoperiod – there are varieties or ecotypes that are short-day, long-day or insensitive to photoperiod. Altitude – it grows from sea level up to about 4000 metres.
Currently, Bolivia and Peru are the leading producers of quinoa, with nearly 80 percent of the world production, while the United States imports 45 percent of the world quinoa production. Since the 1980s, researchers in the United States have been trying to re-establish quinoa production. Although U.S. production has risen since the 1980’s, with Colorado and Nevada being the pioneer states, the production remains insignificant relative to the favorable climatic conditions, technological potential and demand within this country. Research is needed to help support and sustain this rapidly rising industry.
APICULTURE
APICULTURE The word ‘apiculture’ comes from the Latin word ‘apis’ meaning bee. So, apiculture or beekeeping is the care and management of honey bees for the production of honey and other products. Bees are bred commercially in apiaries, an area where a lot of beehives can be placed. Apiaries can be set up in areas where there are sufficient bee pastures – usually areas that have flowering plants. Apiculture includes maintenance of bee colonies for the collection of different products like honey, beeswax, propolis, flower pollen, bee pollen and royal jelly. These have several applications in various industries.
The economic value of pollination worldwide may be as high as $90 billion. About three quarters of more than 240,000 of the world’s flowering plants rely on bees to reproduce. Of the world’s 115 most important food crops, 87 require pollination to produce fruits, nuts and seeds.
COLONY AND LIFE CYCLE In a colony, there are 10,000 to 60,000 bees. But all of them do not collect nectar. There is a strict division of labour. The queen bee lay thousands of eggs. Larvae that hatch are fed royal jelly and the duration that they are fed will decide their role as worker or queen. The drone bees are male and their job is only to help in fertilizing the eggs laid by the queen, and the worker bees do the actual work of collecting nectar.
FLORIDA PRODUCTION
HONEY BEES PROVIDE
POLLINATION SERVICES AROUND THE U.S. FOR CROPS LIKE BLUEBERRY, WATERMELON, CITRUS, AND ALMOND. FLORIDA ALONE HAS 4,400 BEEKEEPERS WHO MANAGE 515,000 EUROPEAN HONEY BEE COLONIES.
10.7 million pounds
Each Florida honey bee colony makes 50 lbs of honey per hive per year
of honey produced in Florida yearly
$26.2 million
total production value
Honey bees communicate the location and quality of nectar and pollen sources to other bees through COLONIES PER COUNTY
“dancing”
24,001 - 34,000
Each colony of European honey bees usually has about
20,000 worker bees that are all sisters
14,001 - 24,000 4,001 - 14,000 1,001 - 4,000 1 - 1,000
Popular products: • honey • candles • soap Honey Report, March 2017 NASS, USDA - http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/Hone/Hone-03-22-2017.pdf Contributors: Jessica Sullivan, Mary Bammer
MIAMI DADE COUNTY BEEKEEPING According to the Florida Department of Agriculture, all beekeepers in the state now can have managed honey bee colonies on private non-agricultural land, with certain restrictions: Properties must be fenced, and if colonies are within 15 feet of the property line, a flyway barrier must be installed. All beekeepers and colonies must be registered with the state and inspected annually. There are limitations to colony density. Three colonies are allowed per quarter-acre or less, six colonies on more than a quarter-acre but less than a half-acre, and so on. The recent unification of apiary regulations under state law has resulted in a 400 percent increase in registered hobbyist beekeepers in Miami-Dade. There are currently 152 registered beekeepers in Miami-Dade. Of these, 97 are considered hobbyist beekeepers; 44 are “side-liners� who make extra income on the side from honey harvests or bee rentals; the remainder are large commercial bee farmers.
Apiculture related business in Miami Dade County
HONEY PRODUCTION AND POLLINATION IN USA
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URBAN BEEKEEPING Cities looking for sustainable economic growth might consider investing in a seemingly unlikely source: urban beekeeping. Contrary to what one might expect, urban bees survive better, produce more honey, and are healthier than rural bees. Urban bees have a winter survival rate of 62.5 percent, compared to just 40 percent for their rural counterparts. Urban bees also produce, on average, 26.25 pounds of honey in their first year, while the yield for rural bees is only 16.75 pounds. Research shows that in more bucolic habitats bees may suffer from exposure to agricultural pesticides and a limited assortment of plants to forage as a result of industrial farming’s preference for mono-cultures—stressors that, so the logic goes, they wouldn’t be exposed to in the city.
HONEY AND WAX
THREATS TO BEE POPULATION The decline of domestic bees all over the world is an important problem still not well understood by scientists and beekeepers, and far from being solved. Its reasons are numerous: among others, the use of pesticides and insecticides, the decrease of plant diversity, and bee’s parasites. There is also mounting evidence that the global adoption of EMF (Electromagnetic Field) radiation-emitting wireless technology is partially to blame.
Nosema ceranae. A microscopic fungus can weaken or even kill colonies when the majority of workers become infected. Spores of the fungus survive on wax combs and stored food inside colonies. When workers eat these spores the fungus invades the lining of the intestine. Highly infected bees cannot digest efficiently and die earlier. Beekeepers use antibiotics and disinfection of hives to control this disease.
American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) American foulbrood is an infection that kills young bees (brood) inside the wax cells in which they develop. This dead brood becomes a source of infection spread by workers nursing young brood. Some bees can detect and remove the diseased brood and this stops the disease from spreading. Beekeepers also use antibiotics to prevent the disease.
The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) This mite weakens honey bees by sucking hemolymph (“blood”) from its host and by transmitting bee pathogens. A female mite reproduces by invading the cell of a bee larva just before capping. Once inside, the female lays eggs to produce offspring that feed together on the developing bee. The mother mite and her adult daughters emerge from the cell with the young adult bee host. Eventually, at high infestation rates, the mites overwhelm and kill the host colony.
Wax Moth Wax moths exist in two species; the Greater wax moth, whose botanical name is Galleria mellonella, and the Lesser wax moth, also known as Achroia grisella.Though they are active hives’ pests, there are opportunistic and therefore take advantage of poorly maintained hives that are either diseased or those with declining colonies.
2 3
1
BEEKEEPING BASICS - PESTS AND DISEASES
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER Colony Collapse Disorder is the phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a colony disappear and leave behind a queen, plenty of food and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees and the queen. There have been many theories about the cause of CCD, but the researchers who are leading the effort to find out why are now focused on these factors: -Increased losses due to the invasive varroa mite (a pest of honey bees). -New or emerging diseases such as Israeli Acute Paralysis virus and the gut parasite Nosema. -Pesticide poisoning through exposure to pesticides applied to crops or for in-hive insect or mite control. -Stress bees experience due to management practices such as transportation to multiple locations across the country for providing pollination services. Changes to the habitat where bees forage. -Inadequate forage/poor nutrition. -Potential immune-suppressing stress on bees caused by one or a combination of factors identified. above
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FREQUENCIES ELF EMF exposure was found to reduce learning, alter flight dynamics, reduce the success of foraging flights towards food sources, and feeding. The results suggest that 50 Hz ELF EMFs emitted from powerlines may represent a prominent environmental stressor for honey bees, with the potential to impact on their cognitive and motor abilities, which could in turn reduce their ability to pollinate crops.
BUILDING YEARLY PRODUCTION OF GRAINS AND HONEY
TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 310 110 SQF TOTAL ACRES = 7
RICE YIELD PER ACRE= 7500 LBS
CORN YIELD PER ACRE= 7560 LBS
BUILDING RICE PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 52 500 LBS
BUILDING CORN PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 52 920 LBS
1 ACRE
WHEAT YIELD PER ACRE= 2520 LBS
QUINOA YIELD PER ACRE= 2000 LBS
BUILDING WHEAT PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 17 640 LBS
BUILDING QUINOA PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 14 000 LBS
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY ALLOWS 12 COLONIES PER ACRE HONEY YIELD PER ACRE = 600 LBS BUILDING RICE PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 4800 LBS
BARLEY YIELD PER ACRE= 2688 LBS
OATS YIELD PER ACRE= 11 200 LBS
BUCKWHEAT YIELD PER ACRE= 1200 LBS
BUILDING BARLEY PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 18 816 LBS
BUILDING OAT PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 78 400 LBS
BUILDING BUCKWHEAT PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 11 200 LBS
SORGHUM YIELD PER ACRE= 8960 LBS
MILLET YIELD PER ACRE= 5000 LBS
RYE YIELD PER ACRE= 2240 LBS
BUILDING SORGHUM PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 62 720 LBS
BUILDING MILLET PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 35000 LBS
BUILDING RYE PRODUCTION IN A YEAR= 15 680 LBS
POULTRY
Types of Birds All of the different types of poultry can be organized into four categories: land fowl, waterfowl, game and others.
DOMESTIC LANDFOWL The most common variety of domestic land fowl is the chicken, which has been bred into several varieties both for its meat and eggs. These types of poultry have light meat with a characteristically mild taste, making it well suited to being seasoned with herbs and spices.
Game Birds Game birds are undomesticated varieties of fowl that are hunted for food. Game birds typically have a more intense flavor than domesticated fowl. Most have more bitter flavor elements and wild waterfowl often have fish-like flavor elements due to their diets.
Domestic Waterfowl Domestic waterfowl include the domesticated version of waterborne birds. Duck is one of the most common varieties of domestic waterfowl, and is found in cuisines from around the world.
Other Poultry There are a few varieties of poultry that do not fall into the above categories. These include doves and pigeon— referred to as squab when eaten—and larger birds, such as the emu and ostrich. Ostrich and emu are varieties of poultry that offer lean red meat with a taste more characteristic of beef than of other poultry varieties.
CHICKEN EGG PRODUCTION
Under ideal lighting and heating conditions, female chickens may produce one egg every 23–26 hours. The single-comb White Leghorn, a Mediterranean breed widely used throughout the global egg industry, is a prolific layer that quickly reaches sexual maturity.
MEAT PRODUCTION
The Cornish Cross, a hybrid of Cornish and White Rock, is one of the mostcommon breeds for industrial meat production and is esteemed for its compact size and rapid, efficient growth.
TURKEY Modern turkey breeding and farming practices have significantly reduced both the amount of feed and the time required to produce a pound of turkey meat. In 12–14 weeks a hen turkey eats about 16 kg (35 pounds) of feed and reaches 6–9 kg (14–20 pounds). Toms require some 36 kg (80 pounds) of feed to reach a market weight of 16–19 kg (35–42 pounds) in 16–19 weeks. Smaller turkey broilers are marketed from 12 to 15 weeks of age. A hybrid white turkey dominates commercial production, while the Broad Breasted Bronze, the Broad Breasted White, the White Holland, and the Beltsville Small White are common breeds for smaller farms.
DUCKS & GEESE DUCKS Ducks are easily transported, can be raised in close confinement, and convert some waste products and scattered grain (e.g., by gleaning rice fields) to nutritious and very desirable eggs and meat. Khaki Campbell and Indian Runner ducks are prolific layers, each averaging 300 eggs per year.
Domesticated Pekin ducks. Pekin ducks are prolific egg layers and are one of the most popular breeds in the United States.
GEESE
Geese do not appear to have attracted the attention of geneticists on the same scale as the meat chicken and the turkey, and no change in the goose industry comparable to that in the others has occurred or seems to be in prospect. In some commercial plants, geese are fattened by a special process of forcefeeding, resulting in a considerable enlargement of their livers, which are sold as the delicacy foie gras.
The two outstanding meat breeds are the Toulouse, predominantly gray in color, and the Embden (or Emden), which is white. The birds are raised for meat and eggs as well as for their down feathers.
Pigeons
Pigeons are raised not only as messengers and for sport but also for the meat of their squabs (nestlings). Squab production, carried on locally, is rare in most countries with established poultry industries, though the meat is often marketed as a gourmet item.
GUINEA FOWL AND SQUABS GUINEA FOWL Guinea fowl are raised as a sideline on a few farms in many countries and are eaten as gourmet items. In Italy there is a fairly extensive industry. The birds are often raised in yards with open-fronted shelters Guinea fowl are marketed in England at 16–18 weeks of age and in the United States at about 10–12 weeks. The market weight is usually about 1–1.5 kg (2.5–3.5 pounds), but food conversion is poor.
GUINEA FOWL
Egg Production The White Leghorn is a classic chicken breed for eggs. It’s a prolific producer of large white eggs. The Black Copper Maran is a French breed that lays chocolate brown eggs. Deciding what type of eggs you want is part of making a chicken raising plan. Large, small, white, fancy – the options are many, as is the variety in the number of eggs the chicken will produce.
Housing-1
Conventional housing systems are most common and consist of solid metal or mesh poultry cages with a sloped floor that house 3 to 8 birds. Water is provided through an overhead system, and feed is offered in a trough along the front of the cage. They may be stacked or spread across the floor, depending on available space. In a layer cage, there are holes for the eggs to drop. If you are breeding chickens, you will want parent stock cages that allow mating and where minimal egg breakage is of primary concern. Breeding systems also include rearing cages that allow for chick growth.
Medical Antibiotic use requires oversight by a veterinarian, and it is illegal to give any type of poultry hormones or steroids. Antibiotics and other medications can be added to poultry feed. Scheduled feedings provide a steady dose. Producers have found that vitamin supplements help reduce mortality, with their costs being more than offset by greater flock productivity. Turkey farms rely on a nutritionist to ensure adequate diet – a diet that will change as many as 10 times over the life of the bird.
Housing-2
The least expensive approaches are the portable field pens- they demand the most time and labor. For pastured laying hens, open-faced sheds on skids, called colony houses, are a proven housing choice. Simple-to-build pens are made of inexpensive wood, sheet metal or plastic, and chicken wire. Making a 10-foot-by-12-foot pen—suitable for up to 80 mature chickens—should cost no more than $400, plus labor. Pens can be made less expensive if the roofing is salvaged.
Housing-3 Pastured Poultry Pen Encloses birds in floorless portable pens that are moved daily to fresh pasture. Birds feed on grass or other forages, worms and insects, and supplemental grain-based feed. They work their manure into the soil by scratching.
Housing-4 Net Range
Contains birds in movable housing, with electric poultry netting defining a series of paddocks surrounding the house. Producers move flocks through paddocks, shifting them as the condition of the pasture dictates. With access to the shelter for feeding, rest and shade, birds can escape from both predators and inclement weather. Birds feed on grass or other forages such as vegetable or grain crops, worms and insects, and supplemental grain-based feed. Birds remain vulnerable to predation— especially avian predation—but may be better protected from the more common nocturnal predation because the housing units are usually more resistant than field pens to raccoons, foxes and skunks.
Housing-5 Chicken Tractor Contains poultry in small pens to help prepare the soil for garden plots. Birds feed on weeds, garden plants, insects and grubs, and supplemental grain-based feed—while “tilling” and “fertilizing” the soil. Andy Lee, a Virginia farmer and researcher, wrote a book about this system, claiming the birds can do wonders in weed suppression and soil revitalization.
Housing-6 Free Range Allows birds to range freely across pastures, gardens, and/or cropland, and to return at night or in inclement weather to portable housing. Skids or “eggmobiles” are moved regularly to encourage grazing of particular areas. Birds are vulnerable to predation.
Housing-7 Yarding Keeps birds in stationary housing but allows them access to yard or pasture during daylight. This model has been a popular way for some confinement poultry producers to tap into the growing market for “free-range� poultry, including the new USDA-certified organic program. They can use the same houses designed for the industrial confinement model, modifying the practice simply by fencing a yard or pasture surrounding the house and allowing flocks to range on it. Without taking care to subdivide the area into paddocks, however, farmers using this method risk concentrating birds, which can denude the soil, deplete nutritious forages and concentrate pathogens. Again, because birds are not contained in pens, they are more open to predation, at least during daylight hours.
Feeding-1
Commercially raised chickens are generally fed what is known as a complete feed that includes all the protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients necessary for proper growth, egg production, and bird health. Chicks are fed a high-protein starter diet from soon after hatching until 6 to 8 weeks of age. They are then switched to a finisher or developer diet with more energy than protein. All types of beans and peas provide good protein in poultry diets, but they must be processed (roasted or steamed). Raw, unprocessed beans contain enzyme inhibitors that interfere with digestion and nutrient absorption.
Feeding-2
Cost will likely range between 15-50 cents per pound for conventional and GMO-free rations. Cornish Cross meat birds will ingest roughly 1015 pounds of feed each before reaching market weight, which means the typical cost of feeding each bird will range from $2-$6 during its sevento eight-week lifetime (or longer for slower growing breeds). The most productive laying hens consume around 25 pounds of feed to get to the point of lay.
Soybeans are a readily available and popular feedstuff and are always processed before being sold as a feed ingredient.
Feeding-3
Organic feeds are increasingly available from mills and suppliers. Expect to pay two to four times the cost of conventional rations. Some feeds are medicated to combat coccidiosis, which is particularly devastating to chicks; experienced farmers typically find that clean brooders, deep litter and clean-living conditions make medicated feeds unnecessary. The process of making feed crumbles and pellets heats the feed, destroying heat-sensitive vitamins, yet some argue that heat and pressure free up other nutrients and make them available to birds. Many producers report that the higher cost of high-quality feed is often offset by lower consumption rates as the birds eat less to get the nutrition they need.
Slaughtering-1
If you want to sell through grocery stores or to restaurants, you typically must process in a government-approved facility, but those who sell directly to the public may be able to slaughter on farm under a federal exemption. “You can’t do it alone, and if any members of your family or people you hire are going to have a problem with the pace of the work or with killing, plucking and gutting chickens, you’d better know about it before you ever get started in the business”. If you do not sell meat across state lines and you do not market poultry from other farms, you can raise and process up to 1,000 birds a year and be exempt from federal inspection rules.
Slaughtering-2 For a typical on-farm dressing operation, you will need: • Kill cones; 3 a scalder (to loosen feathers), purchased or constructed. • A plucker to remove feathers. • Stainless-steel tables for eviscerating. • Running water for washing. • Plastic tubs or a stainless-steel tank to chill carcasses prior to packaging. • Supplies such as sharp knives, ice, bags and gloves for sanitation.
Controversy-1 Chickens and turkeys raised for eggs and meat live nasty, brutish, and short lives Birds destined for grocery stores and fast-food outlets are franken-creatures that balloon in size at a metastatic rate: If people grew as fast as a broiler chicken did, they would weigh nearly 700 pounds by the time they were two months old. Many spend their lives standing in filth, their bodies ammonia-scarred, their organs strained, their bones broken.
Controversy-2 A Century ago, most farmers ran independent businesses. They built their barns and chicken houses to their own specifications. They bought animals, supplies, and feed from a range of suppliers. They contracted with slaughterhouses and processors to get their birds to market. Today, the industry is dominated by just a handful of vertically integrated companies, known as integrators. These mega-producers, such as Tyson and Perdue, contract with farmers to raise their birds for them. The farmers take on loans to build warehouses to the precise specifications of the integrators. They raise the birds according to the precise specifications of the integrators, who then compensate them according to how well they performed.
Disposal of Solid Wastes Composts the feathers, guts, heads, feet and blood of the broilers. Sprinkle hydrated lime on compost heap after each addition to both reduce odors from the decaying organic matter and to repel pests such as flies, raccoons and even other chickens. Use the compost to amend the soil in garden plots, as well as to help fertilize pastures. Spreading the compost on the farm makes sure that the money spent on feed stays on the farm and ultimately does not go to waste.
TYPE
Chicks
Layers
Broilers
AGE
FLOOR SPACE (SF)
0-10 Weeks
.8-1.0
10-16 Weeks
1.5-2.0
Brown Egg
2.0-2.5
White Egg
2.0
Meat Type
2.5-3.0
0-8 Weeks
.8-1.0
20,000 SF for 200 birds
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern recommends the average person eat 26 ounces of poultry (including chicken) per week. Per day, this would be the same as eating 5.5 ounces of chicken breast. This is because it contains less than 10 grams of fat, 4.5 grams or less of saturated fat, and less than 95 milligrams of cholesterol per 3.5 ounces of meat. A 3.5 ounce boneless, skinless, roasted chicken breast contains: • 3.6 g fat • 1 g saturated fat • 85 mg cholesterol
Controversy-3 This efficiency has led to plentiful, cheap meat and eggs. They have little say in how they run their own farms, acting primarily as functionaries. They have little way to differentiate their products or improve their margins. They take on significant financial risk, with contract chicken farmers working off $5.2 billion in debt as of 2011. Nearly three-quarters of contract growers live below the poverty line, living hand-to-mouth and flock-to-flock. One study found that average-sized operators lose money two years out of every three. And many contract growers find it impossible to get out of contract growing, given that their farms are purpose-built and heavily leveraged.
PASTURED / FREE RANGE POULTRY-1
The birds supplement their grain feed by foraging for up to 20 percent of their intake and are often moved regularly to fresh pasture. Pastured poultry is a niche market that taps into increased consumer demand for more natural and humanely raised protein sources. Consumers demanding this type of poultry product are generally willing to pay more for the system, which includes raising poultry on grassy pasture to deliver a product that is considered by many consumers to be healthier and tastier, as well as more environmentally sound. Pastured poultry production generally has lower entry costs and thus is attractive to smaller or limited resource farmers.
PASTURED / FREE RANGE POULTRY-2
Management alternatives available to poultry producers are as follows: • • •
Portable houses Pasture pens Integrated systems
For these farmers, pastured poultry means chickens and other poultry raised right on top of living grasses. As long as they get all the grass they want, poultry can qualify to be called grass fed. This is accomplished by keeping the birds in low, wide, bottomless cages called "chicken tractors" that are moved to a new spot of fresh pasture once or more often each day. Grass-fed poultry is a larger group, of which the pastured birds are a subset. Among producers, grass-fed poultry means birds that are allowed to forage on as much living grasses as they desire, whether in chicken tractors, small coops surrounded by pasture or the exclusive French "Label Rouge," or "Red Label," birds. Some producers are trying to capitalize on the ability to enrich eggs with omega-3 fatty acids, which lower cholesterol and thus have been linked to reduced risk of heart disease in humans. Any chicken on pasture will consume omega-3s in the forages they eat, and the more lush the pasture, the more nutrients consumed.
Adding Fish to Feed
Labor Farmers spend 20-22 hours per week handling a 1,000bird supplementary enterprise, raising chickens from chicks through slaughter at eight to 14 weeks. If you’re going to raise poultry on pasture on any significant scale, you’re going to have to be efficient and automate as much as you can. To reduce cost use automatic watering systems, storing feed in waterproof containers in the field, and maximizing the flock size according to the pasture’s capacity. It is important to ask a fair price for meat and eggs while minimizing the amount of time spent on poultry chores. Two people process 35 to 40 chickens per hour on Polyface Farm.
CHICKEN TYPES
PEOPLE FED
Bone-in with skins
One pound of raw chicken will serve approximately two or three people
Boneless and skinless
One pound of raw chicken will serve approximately four people
Cornish hens
A 1 to 2 pound hen is generally served as a single serving but can feed up to two people.
Broiler/Fryer (6 to 10 week old chicken)
A 2 ½ to 4 pound whole chicken will serve approximately three to four people
Roasting Chicken (less than 8 months old and weighing 3 1/2 to 5 pounds)
A 4 to 7 pound chicken will serve approximately five to seven people.
Capons (Castrated males 6 to 8 pounds)
A 5 to 9 pound chicken will serve approximately six to nine people
Chicken Wings
One pound of raw chicken wings will serve approximately 1 ½ people
Drumsticks
One pound of raw chicken drumsticks will serve approximately 2 ½ people.
Fish Fed Chickens • Fishmeal commonly contains the preservative Ethoxyquin. This preservative is not allowed in organic production and research has linked it to cancer in humans among other potential toxicities • Another argument against incorporating fish meal is its relative expense Vegetarian Chickens • Some farmers have seen consumer demand for chickens raised with a vegetarian diet. However, chickens are not naturally vegetarians, as they eat bugs and other insects that they find for protein. • As mentioned previously, providing methionine and other essential amino acids from grain crops or other sources is challenging. Synthetic methionine is not encouraged under organic regulations. Those with demand for vegetarian chickens will for now have to turn to synthetic methionine instead of fishmeal for now.
Chicken Types Broilers, Fryers & Roasters They are young chickens raised only for their meat, so they are fine to use for any preparation from poaching to roasting. Stewing Chickens Stewing chickens are usually laying hens that have passed their prime. They are older and their meat is usually tougher and more stringy. This type of chicken is best used in stews. Capons They grow more slowly and put on more body fat. Because of this, their meat is more tender and flavorful than that of any other chicken of the same weight. Capons are great for roasting Cocks & Roosters Roosters are tough old birds with low body fat and lean, ropey muscles. They’re rarely found in chain grocery stores, but can be found in specialty markets and many Asian markets. Like stewing chickens, roosters are best used in slow cooked stews and braises, like the traditional Coq au Vin.
CONVERSION TO FOOD
1 four pound (64 ounces) broiler (6-10) Weeks
Feeds 4 People
Weekly Poultry Intake
Daily Poultry Intake
26 ounces of poultry/week
1 Person
1 Egg Layer
3.7 ounces poultry/day
7 Eggs/Week
1 Egg/Day
SPACE NEEDED
Broiler (0-8 weeks) uses 1 SF
One 10x12 foot pen
Minimum space required is 2.5 acres (108,900 SF) for every thousand birds Roughly 10,000 SF for 100 birds
Egg Layers uses 2 SF
Houses 80 Chickens
Documented rotational grazing plan is used, a minimum of 1/5 of the total range
FEED NEEDED/ COST
1 Broiler
1 Egg layer
1 Broiler 10-15 pounds of feed ($2-$6) In its 7-8 week life
• 25 pounds of feed to reach maturity • After 1.5 pounds or 24 ounces/Week
Poultry Intake (100 persons) DAILY 100 Persons
MONTHLY (30 Days) 100 Persons
370 ounces poultry/day
11,100 ounces poultry/Month
5.7 Broilers needed Per day 173.4 Broilers needed Per Month
FISH
FISH LONG-CHAIN OMEGA-3 3 OZ.
VITAMIN D
OR
SELENIUM
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
HIGH IN PROTEIN
WEEK
LOW IN SATURATED FATS
WEEK
CONSUMPTION
1 OR 2 PORTION / WEEK
OILY FISH:
HERRING, PILCHARDS, SALMON, SARDINES, SPRATS, TROUT, MACKEREL
WHITE FISH: COD, HADDOCK, PLAICE, POLLOCK, COLEY, DAB, FLOUNDER, RED MULLET, TILAPIA
SHELL FISH: PRAWNS, MUSSELS, SCALLOPS, SQUID, CRAB
OILY FISH:
CONTAINS:
LONG-CHAIN OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
CONTAINS:
CONTAINS:
WHITE FISH: ANY PORTION EXCEPT FISH WITH HIGH LEVEL OF POLLUTANTS LIKE SEA BASS
VITAMIN D
BENEFITS:
LOWER LEVELS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
LOW IN FAT
LOW IN FAT
HIGH IN OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IS GOOD FOR THE HEART
BENEFITS:
LOW-FAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PROCESSED MEAT WITH AMOUNTS OF HIGH FAT
SELENIUM, ZINC, IODINE, COPPER
BENEFITS:
HIGH IN PROTEIN LOW IN FAT
SHELL FISH: NO MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM
TYPES OF FISH
LAND BASED FISH FARM
1 NURSERY 1
3
2
NURSERY
4
POST SMOLT
5 PROCESS - SALMON
1.
ARRIVAL OF EGGS FROM COUNTRIES LIKE ICELAND OR NORWAY.
2.
EGGS REMOVED FROM PACKAGING.
3.
DISINFECTED WITH IODINE FOR 10 MINUTES.
4.
EGGS ARE WASHED AND STOCKED IN INCUBATION TRAYS.
5.
EGGS TRANSITION TO ALVEIN.
6.
ALVEIN IS A NEWLY SPAWNED SALMON STILL CARRYING THE YOLK.
7.
ALL EGGS HATCHED THE ALVEIN SURVIVE ON YOLK SACS FOR 40 DAYS.
EARLY LIFE
GROW OUT
EGGS IN PACKAGING
EGGS DISINFECTED WITH IODINE
EGGS IN INCUBATION TRAYS
FINISHING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuwXUOFu2IA
2 1.
AFTER YOLK SAC ABSORBED, THE YOUNG FISH KNOWN AS FRY IS THEN PONDED INTO FRY TANKS.
2.
PREPARE FOR THEIR FIRST FEEDING WHEN TRANSITIONING TO THE FRY TANK.
3.
THEY ARE INTRODUCED WITH COMMERCIAL FEED DIET.
4.
WHEN WEIGHT OF FRY REACHES 40 GRAMS THE PROCESS OF INDUCING SMOLTIFICATION BEGINS.
5.
SMOLTIFICATION IS WHEN COVERED TANKS UNDERGO 12 HOUR LIGHT, AND 12 HOUR DARK PHOTOPERIOD FOR 6 WEEKS.
EARLY LIFE
POST SMOLT
3 1.
WHEN SMOLT REACH 100 GRAMS THEY ARE PLACED INTO POST SMOLT SYSTEM.
2.
FISH POPULATION IS SAMPLED EVERY TWO MONTHS TO MONITOR PERFORMANCE.
SIZE OF COMMERCIAL FEED FOOD 3.
GATHERING OF FISH LENGTH AND WEIGHT TO CREATE CALCULATIONS SUCH AS ON HOW MUCH TO FEED THE FISH.
SAMPLING FISH POPULATION TO GATHER FISH LENGTH AND WEIGHT.
SMOLTIFICATION TANK
SIZE OF FISH AFTER SMOLTIFICATION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuwXUOFu2IA
4 1.
WHEN FISH REACH 700 GRAMS THEY ARE PLACED INTO THE GROW OUT TANK.
2.
AVERAGE GROWTH RATE OF 350 GRAMS/ MONTH/FISH
3.
FISH POPULATION IS SAMPLED EVERY TWO MONTH TO MONITOR PERFORMANCE.
4.
HARVESTING BEGINS WHEN FISH REACH 1012 POUNDS.
5.
HARVESTING TIME PERIOD LASTS 4-8 WEEKS A YEAR.
GROW OUT
FISH REACHING 10-12 POUNDS
5 FINISHING 1.
FISH ARE NETTED TO A SLIDE FROM THE GROW OUT TANK TO GO INTO THE FINISHING TANK.
2.
THEY UNDERGO 6-DAY PURGE, WHICH IS A SINGLE FISH TANK WITH A FILTRATION SYSTEM TO KEEP THE WATER CLEAN AND FRESH.
3.
ON THE 6TH DAY, FISH ARE NETTED AND SLAUGHTERED, PUT IN ICE, AND SENT TO THE PROCESSOR THE SAME DAY.
FISH POPULATION SAMPLED EVERY TWO MONTHS
4.
5.
AT THE PROCESSOR, FISH ARE FILLETED AND PACKAGED AND SENT TO SEA FOOD DISTRIBUTOR.
FISH NETTED TO A SLIDE OUT OF GROW OUT TANK
FISH SLIDE DOWN TO GROW OUT TANK
FISH IN ICE SENT TO PROCESSOR
SEA FOOD DISTRIBUTOR SUPPLIES LOCAL GROCERY STORES THE FISH.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuwXUOFu2IA
SIZE OF SALMON AFTER SMOLTIFCATION
POST SMOLT TANK
FINISHING TANK
TRANSFER FROM GROW OUT TANK TO FINISHING TANK
TANK AREA
TANK + SYSTEM AREA
AREA
34
FISH FARM TANK
AREA
SQUARE FEET
FULL TANK
300 LBS OF FISH
134
FISH FARM TANK + SYSTEM
SQUARE FEET
FULL TANK (2)
600 LBS OF FISH
TANK DIMENSION
TANK VOLUME
TANK ENERGY USAGE
TANK DIMENSION
TANK VOLUME
TANK ENERGY USAGE
DIAMETER: 70”
500 GALLONS
10 GALLONS OF WATER AND 2.1 kWh of ELECTRICITY / DAY
DIAMETER: 70”
500 GALLONS
10 GALLONS OF WATER AND 2.1 kWh of ELECTRICITY / DAY
HEIGHT: 30”
HEIGHT: 30”
https://www.foodsecuritytech.com/community--
FISH FARM IN BUILDING
AREA
PER TANK + SYSTEM
FULL TANK (2)
134
AREA
SQUARE FEET
600 LBS OF FISH
134 SQ FT
293,250 SQ FT
FISH TANK + SYSTEM
17 FLOORS OF BUILDING
293,250
17 FLOORS OF BUILDING
SQUARE FEET
2,188 TANKS
1,312,800 LBS OF FISH
=
= 2,188 TANKS
1,312,800 LBS FISH
https://www.foodsecuritytech.com/community--
AMOUNT OF FISH FED FOR PEOPLE
= 2,188 TANKS
3 OZ.
=
3 OZ.
WEEK
1,312,800 LBS OF FISH
FISH TANK + SYSTEM
=
10 LB
16 oz
=
16 oz
1 GROWN SALMON
1,312,800 LBS OF SALMON
= 131,280 SALMON
10 LB
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
1 OZ.
=
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
1 OZ.
FEEDS 5 PEOPLE
AMOUNT OF FISH FED FOR PEOPLE
x 131,280 SALMON
= 656,400 PORTIONED 3 oz SALMON
5 PEOPLE
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
x
12 MONTHS
= 96 SALMON / PERSON / YEAR
EIGHT 3 OZ SALMON / MONTH
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
WEEK
x
4 WEEKS (1 MONTH)
=
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
3 OZ.
EIGHT 3 OZ SALMON / MONTH
656,400 PORTIONED 3 oz SALMON
= 96 SALMON / PERSON / YEAR
6,837 PEOPLE FED / YEAR
COMMON FISH FOR FISH FARM: BLUE NILE TILAPIA, CATFISH, PERCH, CARP, NOTE: EXTRA FILTRATION NEEDED IF TANK IS USED FOR SALTWATER SPECIES
FLORIDA LOCAL FISH SPECIES
FISH OPEN AND CLOSED SEASON
FLORIDA LOCAL FISH SPECIES
CATCH SIZE AND AMOUNT LIMIT
FLORIDA LOCAL FISH SPECIES
CATCH SIZE AND AMOUNT LIMIT
SHELLFISH FARMING
GROWTH
COLLECTION 1.
FARMS COLLECT LARVAE FROM THE WILD OR A HATCHERY.
2.
CLAM LARVAE ARE KEPT IN HATCHERY TANKS WHERE THEY TRANSFORM INTO A SEED.
3.
MUSSEL LARVE DEVELOP INTO JUVENILE ANIMALS.
4.
SCALOP LARVAE DEVELOP INTO JUVENILE ANIMALS.
5.
CLAM SEED
1.
CLAMS SPREAD ON SUBTIDAL TENURES WHERE THEY BURROW AND MATURE TO SELLABLE SIZE FROM TWO TO FOUR YEARS.
2.
MUSSELS RELOCATE INTO DEEPWATER TENURES, SUSPENDED ON MESH SOCKS TO MATURE TO SELLABLE SIZE FROM 18 TO 36 MONTHS.
3.
SCALLOPS RELOCATE INTO DEEPWATER TENURES, SUSPENDED IN A MESH BAG OR TRAY, OR SEEDED ON THE OCEAN FLOOR. THEY MATURE TO SELLABLE SIZE FROM 6 TO 36 MOTNHS FROM BEING SUSPENDED. FOR BOTTOM CULTURE IT TAKES 24 TO 36 MONTHS.
MUSSEL JUVENILE ANIMALS
OYSTER LARVAE ARE SUSPENDED IN TANKS BY CIRCULATING WATER UNTIL THEY DEVELOP INTO SEED.
SCALOP JUVENILE ANIMALS
5.
OYSTERS MOVED TO FLOATING UPWELLING SYSTEM. OCEAN WATER CIRCULATES THROUGH THE SYSTEM AND THE JUVENILE OYSTERS. THEY ARE KEPT IN TRAYS, AND CAN GROW LARGER. WHEN LARGE ENOUGH THEY ARE MOVED TO A GROWOUT SYSTEM. GROWOUT SYSTEMS MAY INCLUDE EITHER RAFT, LONGLINE, OR INTERTIDAL TECHNIQUES.
SCALOP JUVENILE ANIMALS
CLAM FARMING IN CEDER KEY, FL
HARVESET
GROWTH 1.
CLAM SEED COLLECTED AT THE SIZE OF 1 MM. UNTIL IT IS 4 MM.
2.
PLACE THEM IN CLAM BAGS AND TAKEN TO THE CLAM LAKE FOR 3 TO 4 MONTHS.
3.
KNOWING THE REACHABLE SIZE FROM THE TIME PERIOD FARMERS GO OUT TO THE LAKE TO COLLECT CLAM BAGS TO PLACE INTO FINAL CLAM BAGS.
4.
THEN TAKE FINAL BAGS TO THE CLAM LAKE. IT WILL TAKE 12-14 MONTHS TO HARVEST.
5.
WHEN COLLECTING CLAM BAGS IT IS COVERED WITH CHICKEN WIRE TO PROTECT FROM STINGRAYS AND BATRAYS WHO EAT THE CLAMS.
1.
ABOUT 900 TO 1000 CLAMS ARE HARVEST FROM FINAL BAG
2.
CLAMS PLACED INTO BASKET TO ESTIMATE AMOUNT OF COLLECTED CLAMS.
3.
PLACE CALMS INTO A TUMBLER TO REMOVE DEAD CALMS AND DEBRIS
4.
NEXT TAKE CLAMS TO PROCESSING ROOM .
5.
THERE ARE A GRADER WITH FOUR SERIES OF ROLLERS TO HELP SORT THE CLAM SIZE.
6.
LARGE AND SMALL CLAMS ARE SEPARATED, AND ELECTRONICALLY COUNTED WHEN DROPPED INTO A NETTED BAG.
CLAM SEED
COLLECTING CLAM BAGS
STINGRAYS, BATRAYS, OR OTHER CREATURES LIKE CRABS WILL BITE THROUGH THE NEXT CREATING A HOLE.
7.
CLAMS PLACED IN A TUMBLR FOR SORTING.
SORTING DEAD/ALIVE CLAMS INTO BUCKET.
GRADER SORT CLAM SIZE.v
CLAMS ARE SOLD BY WEIGHT SO THEY MUST WEIGHT EACH BAG AND THEN SHIPPED TO MARKET. COLLECTION OF CLAM INTO BAGS.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpJrKVf7InYwatch?v=HuwXUOFu2IA
CLAM FARMING IN CEDER KEY, FL
CLAM FARMING IN CEDER KEY, FL
CATTLE
There are currently about 1.3 billion domestic cattle alive today, making them one of the world's most numerous mammals. Members of this genus are currently found in Africa, Asia, eastern and western Europe, parts of North America, South America and also in Oceania. Their domestication during the Neolithic Revolution, beginning around 10,000 BCE, saw the development of agriculture, which fundamentally changed the human lifestyle and saw them being used as money or as barter, along with grain. Evidence also exists to suggest that other animals, such as camels and goats, which were alternatives to cattle were also starting to be domesticated at around 8500 BCE and used as currency as well. Domestication of cattle saw them being used as livestock for meat (beef or veal), for milk, and for hides. With agriculture came their use as riding animals and draft animals as well. In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.
Animal domestication changed a great deal of human society. It allowed for more permanent settlement as cattle provided a reliable food and supply source. With settlement and supplies came population growth and density and a development of communities that worked to provide everything needed for the people around. In ancient Egypt, cattle were the most important livestock, they were kept on farms and were force-fed with dough to fatten them, therefore, genetically altering them to produce more meat, milk and other resources. The practice of farming would progressively change throughout the centuries in different parts of the world, eventually becoming a business generating 883 billion dollars worldwide by 2013. Cattle are among the earliest domesticated animals, perhaps because of the multitude of useful products they provide humans. Domestication essentially became more than just taming, as it also included goal-orientated breeding programs in captivity. In essence, it became a system in which the breeding, care and feeding of animals was completely under the control of humans.
Cattle Products Over 98% of the beef animal is used when it is processed. About 45% of the animal is used for meat and the rest is used for other byproducts including leather, china, glue, film, soap, pharmaceuticals, insulin, gelatins. The average American eats about 219 pounds of meat each year.
With an average lifespan for cattle of 18 to 22 years, cattle have been known to live in excess of 25 years due to changes in their genetic make up by humans. On the average, adult male cattle (“bulls” if not castrated; “steers” if castrated) of breeds such as Angus, Jersey, and Hereford weigh between 1,200 and 1,800 pounds, and adult females (“cows”) of the same breeds weigh between 1,100 and 1,500 pounds. Males and females of larger breeds, such as Brahman, Brangus, Charolaise, and Holstein, can weigh 2000 to 2800 pounds and around 2000 pounds, respectively. In 2010, 34.2 million cattle were slaughtered for beef in the United States. Often beginning their short lives on rangeland, calves are soon separated from their nurturing mothers and endure a series of painful mutilations. Before they are a year old, young calves endure a long and stressful journey to a feedlot, where they are fattened on an unnatural diet until they reach “market weight” and are sent to slaughter.
The majority of cattle are fattened in feedlots in just four U.S. states. Since calves are born all over the country, they often endure long and stressful trips from their place of birth to these states without food, water, or protection from the elements. Once they reach “market weight,� cattle in the beef industry are trucked to slaughter. The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act requires that livestock be rendered insensible to pain before shackling and slaughter; however, investigations have found that some animals are still conscious when they are shackled and have their throats cut.
Living Situation In order to reach “market weight”, most beef cattle are sent to live their last few months in feedlots (factory farms) with hundreds or thousands of others. To increase their weight, beef cattle in feedlots are fed a corn and soy diet that is very hard on their bodies and can cause illnesses, including ulcers. Most cows used for dairy production are kept indoors, with some having access to outdoor concrete or dirt paddocks. Many are tethered by chains or other materials around their necks in what are called “tie stalls.” Dairy cows often have up to two-thirds of their tails and their horns removed without painkillers. Just as with humans, cows only produce milk as a side effect of giving birth. To keep the milk flowing, dairy farms artificially inseminate cows once a year. Their gestation period lasts nine months, so the majority of most dairy cows’ lives are spent pregnant. When a calf is born, he or she is removed from the mother—generally that same day—to make the mother’s milk available for collection. This can be hugely traumatic to mother cows and to their calves. Male offspring are often raised for veal, while females become the next generation of dairy cows.
While large-scale dairy operations are typically separate from beef cattle operations, these industries are connected. Dairy cows usually end up at beef slaughterhouses when, at two to five years of age, their milk production has slowed or they are too crippled or ill to continue in the industry. At that point, they are slaughtered for beef. Veal is the meat of young cattle who are usually born to dairy cows. As males, veal calves are of little use to the dairy industry, and as a dairy breed, they are inefficient beef-producers. Traditional veal meat is made pale and tender by restricting calves’ diets and keeping them in stalls so small they can barely move. Increasingly, calves are housed in groups beginning at about six weeks old, but they still lack sufficient space, outdoor exercise, solid food and the fulfillment of a basic instinct to suckle. Changes to their diets and living conditions have raised questions regarding the welfare of animals in these farms.
A few of the factors known to affect the welfare and lead to the possible deaths of these animals are: • Indoor confinement with poor air quality and unnatural light patterns • Inability to engage in important natural behaviors, like laying eggs in nests (poultry) or grazing. • Breeding for fast growth or high yields of meat, milk and eggs that compromises animal health and welfare • Illnesses and injuries left unnoticed or untreated, often due to an unmanageable ratio of animals to workers or proper living space. • Reliance on antibiotics to compensate for stressful and unsanitary conditions • Rough or abusive handling by workers, often due to a lack of training, frustration at poor working conditions, unreasonable demands by superiors or poor design of facilities
Preferred Living Conditions While different materials and structures have been used for housing cows, the best scenario is a fully enclosed barn with adequate ventilation. Not only are barns less affected by bad weather, water, and drafts, but they are also easier to get into and clean, which is very important for the health of any animal. Barn space for a cow that weighs 1,000 to 1,300 lb is 20 to 30 square feet, and the cattle have access to a lot. If the cattle does not have access to a lot that is adjacent to the barn, then the space requirement is 35 to 50 square feet per cow.
Dirt-covered flooring is critical for cow living spaces since slips and falls could lead to torn ligaments and joint damage and constantly standing or laying down on hard surfaces can also cause serious issues. Concrete flooring should be avoided whenever possible. If the indoor living space floor is concrete, a layer of at least a half a foot of dirt should be laid onto the concrete floor and replenish as needed. Concrete or hardwood flooring alone is unacceptable for a cow’s indoor living space. Ideally, a lot of dry and clean straw should provide in a cow’s indoor living space. Cows like to use straw as bedding, and it’s important to give them extra bedding material in much colder weather. Soiled straw should be remove and replaced to prevent serious health risks to cows. In cold climates, where cow feces freezes solid, keepers must be diligent about removing it from the indoor spaces as well as the main walkways outdoors. These frozen piles of feces become a trip hazard and can also be painful for cows to walk on. Exhaust fans with locking shutters are very effective at keeping barns well-ventilated and dry.
Alternatives With the domestication of cattle came a guaranteed source of protein that allowed humans to settle. With settlement, humans were able to focus on other practices that allowed them to procure other resources that became alternatives to cattle protein. As mentioned earlier, other animals were later domesticated and became part of the human diet such as goats. However, with the development of farming techniques came questions about the well being of farm animals as they are no longer bred to live in the wild, but bred in captivity to be used for human consumption. Deciding whether to eat animal products became a personal choice. While some people avoid eating meat for moral reasons; others eliminate red meat from their diets because of the high risk for heart disease. Current and emerging dietary patterns threaten human health in developing and developed countries.
Nonetheless, in order to meet the consumer demand of almost 7.5 billion people for meat products, some producers give animals antibiotics for growth promotion or increased feed efficiency. Exposure of animals to low doses of these drugs over a long period of time has caused bacteria to grow resistant and treatments to become less effective, which in turn affect humans directly. Environmental and animal welfare concerns have cleared the way for more plant-based food products to enter the marketplace. Vegetarian meals and meat-free protein alternatives are increasingly available from grocery aisles, fast-food establishments and sit-down restaurants.
The Food and Agriculture Organization defined a sustainable diet as one with ‘low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security, and to healthy life for present and future generations’, and one that is affordable for all while optimizing both natural and human resources. A sustainable diet can be measured by its level of nutritional adequacy, environmental sustainability, cultural acceptability and affordability. Environmental sustainability can be measured by indicators of efficiency and environmental protection. Plant-based diets may contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of land, water and fertilizers used for agriculture. As a significant percentage of crops around the world are used to feed livestock rather than humans, increasing the practice of a plant-based diet may contribute toward minimizing climate change and biodiversity loss.
Plant-based diets in comparison to diets rich in animal products are more sustainable because they use many fewer natural resources and are less taxing on the environment. Given the global population explosion and increase in wealth, there is an increased demand for foods of animal origin. Environmental data are rapidly accumulating on the unsustainability of current worldwide food consumption practices that are high in meat and dairy products. Natural nonrenewable resources are becoming scarce, and environmental degradation is rapidly increasing. For millennia, meatless diets have been advocated on the basis of values, and large segments of the world population have thrived on plant-based diets. “Going back� to plant-based diets worldwide seems to be a reasonable alternative for a sustainable future.
Plant-based meat alternatives are often viewed as healthier and more sustainable food options as they are tied to a number of positives for people and the planet. Swapping meat for plants reduces saturated fat, and increases the fiber and vitamin content of dishes. Studies show that this leads to reduced risks for diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. Also, plants require fewer environmental resources like water and space, which can offset climate change. Early in the 21st century, it was estimated that four billion people lived primarily on a plant-based diet, some because of limits caused by shortages of cropland, freshwater, and energy resources. In Europe, consumption of plant-based meat substitutes was 40% of the world market in 2019, with sales forecast to grow by 60% through 2025 due mainly to concerns for health, food security, and animal welfare. In the United States during 2019, the retail market for plant-based foods was growing at eight times the rate of the general retail food market. The total retail market for plant-based foods in the United States was $4.5 billion, growing at 31% over the previous two years compared to 4% for the entire retail food market. The need for a sustainable diet has pushed consumers towards a change in human diet in order to accommodate the strains caused on the environment and livestock.
ENER
RGY
BIOFUEL
Biomass Energy – Organic Energy From Living Things
Biomass is an organic form of energy, meaning it is made of material that comes from living organisms, such as plants and animals. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, wood, and waste. These are called biomass feedstocks.
Biomass contains energy first derived from the sun, making it a form of solar energy: Plants absorb the sun’s energy through photosynthesis, and convert carbon dioxide and water into nutrients (carbohydrates). The energy from these organisms can be transformed into usable energy through direct and indirect means. Biomass can be burned to create heat (direct), converted into electricity (direct), or further processed into biofuel (indirect).
Biomass
Types of Biomass
Common Types of Biomass Feedstocks
Plants
Waste
Wood
Florida’s Biomass Feedstock Resources: 7% of U.S. total • Municipal waste, green waste • Sugarcane waste • Citrus pulp • Forest residues & thinnings • Invasive trees and plants • Animal waste • Agricultural residues • Energy crops from trees such as pines and hardwoods • Agricultural crops such as grasses, corn, sweet sorghum, and sweet potato.
Many biomass feedstocks can be harvested on marginal lands or pastures, where they do not compete with food crops. Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar energy, biomass energy is stored within the organism, and can be harvested when it is needed. Once harvested the feedstocks are transferred to their appropriate processing plants in order to convert these resources to energy.
Biomass Process
Biomass feedstocks are transferred to a plant where they begin to undergo the process to energy conversion. Industrial biomass plants are currently all over the world. Asia and Australia are constructing and operating the most plants, and one of the largest plants in the world is currently under construction in England. This plant will eventually be able to convert more than 350,000 tons of MSW into enough energy to power 50,000 homes.
Biomass Process
Burning to convert biomass feedstocks into electricity works similarly to generating electricity from coal: during this process, biomass is burned in a boiler to produce steam. The steam then flows over turbine blades, which rotate and power a generator that creates electricity.
There are three primary ways to generate electricity from biomass: burning, converting to biomass fuel, and via bacterial decomposition.
Burning (Direct)
Another way to generate biopower from biomass is by converting it to a gaseous fuel. When you place biomass in a high-temperature environment without the presence of oxygen, it produces a synthesis gas, also known as syngas. This gas can then be burned in a boiler or a gas turbine for electricity generation. You can also produce biopower by converting biomass into liquid fuel, or biofuel. Similar to diesel and other types of oil, biofuel can be utilized in furnaces or turbines to generate electricity.
Biofuel (Indirect)
Biopower can also be generated from organic waste material thanks to bacterial decomposition. In this process, human and animal waste is collected in oxygen-free anaerobic digesters. Waste decomposes in the digesters and releases methane and other gases, creating what is known as biogas. Biogases are then filtered and burned to produce electricity.
Bacterial (Indirect)
Florida Consumption
Biomass is considered a renewable energy source because supply does not run out. As opposed to fossil fuels that take millions of years to form, biomass grows and re-grows relatively quickly through the photosynthetic process. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates that feed and grow plants. When we burn biomass, these carbohydrates undergo a reaction that converts them back into carbon dioxide and water and releases the energy that the plants originally captured from the sun.
Florida's electricity production ranks second-largest in the nation— second to Texas —but its consumption is eight times the amount of energy it is able to produce. • Consumes 8.6 billion gal/yr of gasoline • Consumption is growing by 300 million gal/yr • Depends almost exclusively on other states and nations for supplies of oil and gasoline
Biomass as a Renewable Source
Biomass offers tremendous opportunity as a major, achievable, carbon-neutral energy resource. Florida has more biomass resources than any other state, 7% of the U.S. total. As such, harnessing these resources should be a key component of Florida’s energy strategy.
Algae is a unique organism that has enormous potential as a source of biomass energy. Algae is an excellent filter that absorbs carbon emissions. The algae flourishes with the additional carbon dioxide. When the algae die (after about a week) they are collected, and their lipids (oils) are converted into biofuel or fish food.
Algae Fuel
Biomass in Florida
Red tide, also referred to as a harmful algal bloom, occur when colonies of algae grow out of control while producing harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. Human illnesses caused by HABs can be debilitating or even fatal. These blooms are caused by microscopic algae that produce toxins that kill fish and make shellfish dangerous to eat. The toxins may also make the surrounding air difficult to breathe. As the name suggests, the bloom of algae often turns the water red. Unfortunately, these harmful algae blooms are toxic and low in lipid, fatty content, therefore not useable in the process of biofuel.
Red Tide (Karenia brevis)
The algae used in biodiesel production are usually aquatic unicellular green algae (Chlorophyceae). This type of algae is a photosynthetic eukaryote characterized by high growth rates and high population densities. Under good conditions, green algae can double its biomass in less than 24 hours. Green algae can also have high lipid (fat) contents, usually over 50%. This high yield is ideal for intensive agriculture and can be an excellent source for biodiesel production.
Chlorophyceae
Biofuel Yield per Hectare (Algae vs. Sugarcane)
Algae cultures are living factories that output resources for many potential uses. Carbon dioxide, dirty water, natural nutrients and sunlight enable algae to grow and multiply. The resulting algal biomass is harvested and its oil content is separated, creating algal oil. Algal oil can be used to produce biodiesel to fuel vehicles, commercial and industrial equipment, and even sea ships. The remaining biomass can be used to produce gasoline for vehicles and aircraft, or recycled as animal feed.
Algae Biomass
Algae
Sugarcane
5,000 – 12,500 gallons/hectare/year
1,000 – 2,000 gallons/hectare/year
Algae has the potential to produce considerably greater amounts of biomass and lipids per hectare (10,000 sq.m) than terrestial biomass. It can be cultivated on marginal lands, so it does not compete with food or other crops. Algae takes up much less space than other biofuel crops. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that it would only take approximately 15,000 square miles to grow enough algae to replace all petroleum-fueled energy needs in the United States. (Following slide) Algae produces energy through photosynthesis as much as 30 times quicker than any other biofuel feedstock and can be grown in ocean water, so it does not deplete freshwater resources nor does it use land that could potentially grow food crops.
Algae Farmland Comparison 361 miles
122.6 miles
122.6 miles
15,000 sq. miles of algae farming
FL
Replaces all petroleum fueled energy needs in the United States:
Algae to Biofuel Process
Biomass energy and algae fuel are efficient, carbon neutral alternatives to the resources we use today including fossil fuels and petroleum. These energy methods have the potential to thrive in Florida and make it a self-sustaining state. If the goal is to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainability, then we must look to these green alternatives before we run out of either resources or time to research these developing and sustainable substitutes. Let’s make the shift toward a greener and cleaner future.
Biomass Energy and Algae Fuel
SOLAR ENERGY
CARBON NEUTRAL STRATEGIES SOLAR & WIND POWER
WIND ENERGY SUPPLY
3. WIND TURBINES
Alternatively referred to as a wind energy converter, is a device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into electrical energy.
DC Controller
Wind Charge Regulator WIND TURBINES FLEXIBLE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
2. FLEXIBLE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Photovoltaic cells or solar cells generate a voltage when radiant energy falls on the boundary between dissimilar substances. A photovoltaic system is composed of one or more solar panels combined with an inverter and other electrical and mechanical hardware that use energy from the Sun to generate electricity.
Power Inverter
Electricity
Cold Water Storage
Battery
Absorption Chiller Cold Production Cold
VAV
Air Return
AHU Electric Motor
Appliances
LED Lighting
Hot Water
Air Supply
W S
SOLAR ENERGY SUPPLY
Y 1
3 2
EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR THERMAL
1. EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR THERMAL Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors harness the power of the sun to provide energy for hydronic systems while reducing utility costs and pollution.
Heat Dissipater
Cold Water
ion old ion
Thermal Heat Storage
Hot Water Stream
HX
Auxiliary Heater
Dessicant Wheel
DEC
Heat Recovery Wheel
DEC
AHU
Heated Water
Exhaust Air
Ambient Air Supply
Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Humidity Control
Heating
SOLAR POWER EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR THERMAL
HOW DO THEY WORK Evacuated tube solar collectors convert energy from the sun into usable heat in a solar water heating system. This energy can be used for domestic and commercial hot water heating, pool heating, space heating or even air conditioning.
Step 1: The vacuated tube solar collector converts sunlight into heat. A circulation pump moves liquid through the collector, carrying heat back to the solar storage tank. Step 2: Gradually throughout the day the water in the solar storage tank is heated up, either directly or via a heat exchanger (as shown). Step 3: When hot water is used, solar pre-heated water is fed into a traditional water heater which boosts the temperature if not already hot enough.
ADVANTAGES 1. Less weight on roof. Can be less than than 88 lbs. 2. Smaller in area on roof compared to alterantives. 3. More efficent with different angles of the sun. 4. Hot water tank is on the ground. Less issues with storms. 5. Evacuated tube quantity and tank size can be varied to suit location. 6. Easier to place on the roof than a single large heavy sollar collector.
DISADVANTAGES 1. Small circulation pump needed to move water between tank and solar collector when heating. E.g. 30 watts. 2. Solar hot water can provide 60-80% of the hot water needs 3. Solar system needs an electronic controller consuming about 5 watts.
CONSTRUCTION The ETC solar collector is comprised of four main parts:
1. Evacuated Tube Absorbs solar energy and converts it to usable heat. A vacuum between the two glass layers insulates against heat loss. The Heat Transfer Fin helps to transfer heat to the Heat Pipe. 2. Heat Pipe Copper vacuum pipe that transfers the heat from within the ET up to the manifold. 3. Manifold Insulated box containing the copper header pipe. The header is a pair of contoured copper pipes with dry connect sockets that the heat pipes plug into. 4. Mounting Frame Strong and easy to install with a range of attachment options.
The Claude Pepper Federal Building
The tubes are made from low emissivity borosilicate glass (glass with a very low iron content that has superior durability and heat resistance ) with an all-glass seal and they employ AL/N on AL selective coating, which enables the use of the whole solar energy spectrum to generate heat. This produces greater thermal efficiency in bright sunshine but also produces high efficiency in overcast or diffuse sunlight conditions. Further, the tubes are evacuated and have a barium getter (vacuum indicator) which changes color from silver to white if a tube’s vacuum has been compromised.
SOURCES: http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/evacuated-tube-collectors/ https://www.pramac.com/product?id=2389&folder=99
SOLAR POWER HOW TO CHOOSE THE REQUIRED EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR THERMAL
SIZE & WEIGHT OF THE SOLAR PANEL Most common dimensions for the evacuated tube solar collectors are 10, 20 & 30 tube sizes.
32” L
59” L
79” H
79” H
5.5 ” W 10 Solar Collectors 78 lbs $350 -$550
5.5 ” W
20 Solar Collectors 139 lbs $1,000 - $1,200
EVACUATED TUBE PLACEMENT They can ne places straight on a slanted roof or using a mountng fram in order to get the perfect angle.
Roof Placement
Frame Placement
HOW MANY DO YOU NEED? For a domestic solar hot water system:
4 tubes
per
person
This assumes 76L/person/day usage rate and raising the water temperature from 55° F to 122° F at a minimum.
For a 2-person family home:
12 tube collectors
+
260 liter storage tank
+
315 liter storage tank
For 4-person family home:
16 tube collectors
SOURCES: https://www.australiansunenergy.com.au/evacuated-solar-tube-advantages/ https://www.pramac.com/product?id=2389&folder=99 http://www.apricus.com/en/america/products/solar-collectors/ap-10/#.Xs_8gpNKh24
SOLAR POWER FLEXIBLE SOLAR PHOTOLVOLTAIC SYSTEM
HOW DO THEY WORK 1. The light from the Sun, made up of packets of energy called photons, falls onto a solar panel and creates an electric current through a process called the photovoltaic effect. Each panel produces a relatively small amount of energy, but can be linked together with other panels to produce higher amounts of energy as a solar array. The electricity produced from a solar panel (or array) is in the form of direct current (DC).
2. Although many electronic devices use DC electricity, including your phone or laptop, they are designed to operate using the electrical utility grid which provides (and requires) alternating current (AC). Therefore, in order for the solar electricity to be useful it must first be converted from DC to AC using an inverter. 3. This AC electricity from the inverter can then be used to power electronics locally, OR 4. It can be sent on to the electrical grid for use elsewhere.
APPLICATIONS PV systems can vary greatly in size from small rooftop or portable systems to massive utility-scale generation plants.
Rooftop Portable Systems
Utility-Scale Systems
CELL MATERIALS Silicon It is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and it is therefore much cheaper than other semiconductor materials. The majority of solar panels produced worldwide are made from crystalline silicon. It has a theoretical efficiency limit of 33% for converting the Sun’s energy into electricity. Mono-Crystalline Is the most efficient, but also the most costly photovoltaic cell. Polycrystalline Is more common and less expensive, but also less efficient.
Crystalline Silicon
Amorpheous Cell Is relatively inexpensive, but produces much less power. As such, the solar panels made from these photovoltaic cells must be larger to produce the same amount of energy. A UVsensitive photo cell converts UV radiation to electrical energy. Germanium It is widely used in electronics and was the dominant material in the early market. Now it is being combined with silicon. It has low impurities that can reduce cell output and can be used in amorphous and crystalline forms, but it is a poor semiconductor property of indirect band gap; band gap is too small for high efficiency cells. Gallium arsenide Cells are multifunction cells that are more efficient than silicon but have high cost and toxicity. Selenium Is expensive and difficult to obtain and therefore too expensive for commercial use. It is well-suited to the solar spectrum since most photons have sufficient energy and few have too much.
The illuminated side of the panel contains an anti-reflection coating to minimize the losses due to reflection.
SPECIFICATIONS Solar panels can vary in type, size, shape, and voltage rating. In most cases the size of a photovoltaic panel refers to the panel’s rated output wattage or electricity generating potential. Solar panels can also have different voltage ratings depending upon their size. 12 or 24 volts is the most common standard for an off-grid alternative energy home mainly because it is already a conventional standard. Maximum power (P) delivered by a panel is given as Voltage (V) x Current (I).
Flexible Solar Photovoltaic Panel
SOURCES: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_system https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/solar-panels-expose-home-wifi-networks-to-password-theft-remote-attacks https://www.blueoakenergy.com/utility-scale-solar https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/optics_optical_components/optoelectronics/photovoltaic_cells
SOLAR POWER HOW TO CHOOSE THE REQUIRED SOLAR PANELS
1. ASSESS THE SOLAR INSOLATION (POWER POTENTIAL) AT YOUR LOCATION
Monthly Averaged Clear Sky Insolation Incident Tarragona Area, Spain (kWh/m2/day) Reference
The amount of energy you can get from a photovoltaic system at your off-grid site depends on your location and the time of the year. Generally, you can expect to receive more sunlight between the months of April through to September and have a clear exposure to the sun for most of the day, e.g. 9am to 3pm.
2. ESTIMATE THE KILOWATT-HOUR PER DAY USED FOR YOUR LOCATION EXAMPLE FOR A DOMESTIC PROPERTY Assumptions made: No. of Occupants: 4 No. of Bedrooms: 4
LOAD NAME All Lamps, General (Fluorescents) Lights, Living Rooms (Fluorescents) Lights, 4 Bed/ 2 Bath (Fluorescents) Lights, Kitchen/Units (Fluorescents) TV 40″, Living Room TV 32″, Bed Satellite/VCR/Consoles Computer/Laptop/Hubs/Routers Washing Machine (A-rated) Fridge/Freezer (A-rated) Toaster Microwave (750W) Kettle Vacuum Cleaner Iron Miscellaneous (Power tools, etc.)
WATTAGE 150 100 240 80 140 90 60 350 500 75 1200 750 1200 700 1000 300
HOURS “ON” 6 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 0.3 12 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1
WATT-HOURS
Sub Total 10% Loss Home Total kWatt-hours/day kWatt-hours/month
900 600 960 320 840 180 720 1400 150 900 120 75 120 70 100 300 7,755 775 8,530 watt-hours 8.53 256
3. DETERMINE 3. DETERMINE THETHE SOLAR SOLAR PANELS PANELS NEEDED NEEDED Having Having found found the solar the solar insolation insolation for afor particular a particular site, site, we need we need to divide to divide the estimated the estimated dailydaily energy energy usage usage (kilowatt-hours) (kilowatt-hours) above above by the byworst the worst casecase solarsolar insolation insolation valuevalue fromfrom the graph the graph and multiply and multiply it by ita by system a system inefficiency inefficiency factor. factor. The inefficiency The inefficiency factor factor for systems for systems that that are disconnected are disconnected fromfrom the electric the electric grid grid (off-grid) (off-grid) is 1.3is(30%). 1.3 (30%). For systems For systems that that are connected are connected to the togrid the grid (also(also called called on-grid, on-grid, grid grid tied,tied, grid grid intertied intertied or grid or grid connected) connected) that that valuevalue is usually is usually assumed assumed to to be 1.2 be(20%). 1.2 (20%). The reason The reason that that it is higher it is higher for off-grid for off-grid systems systems is that is that these these systems systems havehave to store to store the energy the energy in battery in battery banks banks which which are not areperfectly not perfectly efficient. efficient.
Total Total Watts Watts of Solar of Solar Panels Panels Needed Needed = = Daily Daily Kilowatt-hours Kilowatt-hoursX Inefficiency X Inefficiency Factor Factor Solar Solar Insolation Insolation Total Total Watts Watts of Solar of Solar Panels Panels Needed Needed = = 8.53 8.53 KWatt-hours KWatt-hours X 1.3 X 1.3 (30%) (30%) 2.40 2.40 Total Total Watts Watts of Solar of Solar Panels Panels Needed Needed = =
4.63 4.63 kWatts kWatts
4. CHOOSING 4. CHOOSING THETHE REQUIRED REQUIRED SOLAR SOLAR PANELS PANELS All that All that remains remains is to is specify to specify the type the type and number and number of photovoltaic of photovoltaic (PV) (PV) panels panels that that will produce will produce the required the required power power of 4.6 of 4.6 kWatts kWatts that that is consumed is consumed daily.daily. By dividing By dividing the power the power consumption consumption by the byaverage the average output output of a single of a single panel panel will give will give us the us the number number of panels of panels required. required.
Panels Panels Needed Needed = =
Power Power Consumption Consumption Average Average Output Output of aofSingle a Single Panel Panel
Panels Panels Needed Needed = =
4,630 4,630 Watt-hours Watt-hours 120W 120W
Panels Panels Needed Needed = =
39 39 panels panels
SOLAR SOLAR PANEL PANEL WATTAGE WATTAGE
PANELS PANELS REQUIRED REQUIRED
120W 120W 140W 140W 200W 200W 240W 240W
SOURCES: SOURCES: http://www.skharchitects.com/photovoltaic-system-works/ http://www.skharchitects.com/photovoltaic-system-works/
39 34 24 20
39 34 24 20
SOLAR POWER ESTIMATING PER SELECT LOCATION, TYPE OF BUILDING & IT’S SQUARE FOOTAGE
THE SOLAR NERD CALCULATOR
https://www.thesolarnerd.com/calculator/ It is a solar pricing calculator where you plug in your zip code, and it will automatically tell you what the average household monthly electricity usage is in your state. It takes into account the following factors: 1. Average per-watt solar installation cost for your state 2. Estimated power generation based on your local climate and roof conditions 3. Federal, state, and local incentives 4. Sales taxes (and exemptions, if available)
The system then allows you further customize your selection based on: 1. Which way the home’s roof surface faces. 2. The roof slope. 3. The roof’s shade
SOURCES: https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/how-many-solar-panels-do-i-need-to-run-my-house
SOLAR POWER ESTIMATING PER SELECT LOCATION, TYPE OF BUILDING & IT’S SQUARE FOOTAGE
NUMBER OF PANELS REQUIRED FOR THE AVERAGE 2,000 SQ FOOT HOME USING 1000 KWH PER MONTH OF POWER OR 32 KWH PER DAY
STATE
AVG. ELECTRIC USE KWH/ YEAR (1)
Arizona California Connecticut Florida Massachusetts New York South Carolina Texas Utah
14,400 9,600 12,000 15,600 9,000 9,600 14,400 14,880 10,680
OUTPUT OF 1KW KWH/ YEAR (2) 1,752 1,550 1,150 1,350 1,150 1,230 1,350 1,360 1,570
FLORIDA ESTIMATES RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 2,000 SQ FT 3,000 SQ FT 4,000 SQ FT
350W PANELS 33 50 66
COMMERCIAL BUILDING 12,000 SQ FT 24,000 SQ FT
350W PANELS 198 396
REQUIRED 275-285W SYSTEM SIZE PANELS KW (3) REQUIRED (4) 8 6 10 12 8 7 11 11 7
30 23 38 42 30 27 39 40 25
350W PANELS REQUIRED (5) 23 18 30 33 24 21 30 31 19
THINGS TO THINGS CONSIDER TO CONSIDER
BACKUPBACKUP GENERATOR GENERATOR
An off-grid, Anphotovoltaic off-grid, photovoltaic system can system be sized canto beprovide sized toelectricity provide electricity during theduring night the or dull night cloudy or dull periods cloudywhen periods thewhen the sun doesn’t sunshine. doesn’t Butshine. sizingBut a system sizing atosystem cover atoworst-case cover a worst-case scenario, scenario, like several likecloudy several days cloudy during days theduring winter, the winter, can resultcan in aresult very large, in a very expensive large, expensive system that system will rarely that will gets rarely usedgets to itsused full capacity. to its full capacity. In our off-grid In our4-bed off-grid home 4-bed example, home example, the calculated the calculated home’s power home’s consumption power consumption would bewould about be 8,530 about watts 8,530 or watts or 8.5kW. The 8.5kW. generator The generator must be sized mustto behandle sized to this handle continuous this continuous kW load and kW any loadworst and any case worst starting caseload. starting Assuming load. Assuming an additional an additional 10% redundancy 10% redundancy and rounding and rounding off to the off nearest to thekilo-watt, nearest kilo-watt, a single-phase a single-phase 10 kilo-watt 10 kilo-watt (10kW) (10kW) generatorgenerator would bewould required be to required power to thepower homethe 100%. home 100%. Suitable diesel Suitable generators diesel generators for this task for is: this task is: Pramac S12000 Pramacwhich S12000 is awhich 11.9KVA, is a 11.9KVA, 230VAC Portable 230VAC Petrol Portable Generator Petrol Generator 38” L
38” L
Dimensions: Dimensions: 38”L X 27”H 38”LX X26 27”H W X 26 W Weight: 358 Weight: LBS 358 LBS Cost: $2,764.00 Cost: $2,764.00 27” H
26 ” W
26 ” W
Pramac S12000 Pramac S12000 SOURCES: SOURCES: https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/how-many-solar-panels-do-i-need-to-run-my-house https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/how-many-solar-panels-do-i-need-to-run-my-house
27” H
SOLAR POWER THINGS TO CONSIDER
OFF-GRID DC TO AC INVERTER All inverters convert direct current (DC) electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity to run the AC appliances. The size of inverter needed to power the off-grid home is based on what is called the “peak load” requirements – all the AC loads that could be turned on at the same time. AC Inverters are generally most efficient when operated at or near their peak output but most of the time the inverter will be running a wide range of loads, usually not at its peak capacity. Assuming a peak load percentage consumption of 35%, we would therefore require a sine-wave inverter running off a battery bank of 48 volts operating at about 3,000 watts, (8530W x 30%).
Suitable 48 volt, 3,000 watt pure sine wave inverter example is the: FX3048T which is a 3000W, 48V Sine Wave Inverter Cost: $1849
Outback FX3048T
SIZE & WEIGHT OF THE SOLAR PANEL 77” L
Dimensions: 77”L X 39”H X 1.6 W Number of cells: 72 Cells/ Panel Wattage Generated: 350 Watts-hours of electricity* 39” H
Weight: 47 LBS Cost: $299 * if used to its full potential 1.6 ” W Sunharness 350 Watt Polycrystalline Panel
AVERAGE SOLAR PANEL SIZE 39”
The Claude Pepper Federal Building
65”
EFFICIENCY MATTERS Solar panels have been about this size for decades, but modern panels make more electricity than in the past. That’s because panel manufacturers have found ways to improve cell efficiency over time.
SOURCES: http://www.skharchitects.com/photovoltaic-system-works/ https://www.pramac.com/product?id=2389&folder=99 https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/
SOLAR POWER CLAUDE PEPPER FEDERAL BUILDING
HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE 350W PANELS IN THE CLAUDE PEPPER FEDERAL BUILDING
The Claude Pepper Federal Building
The Claude Pepper Federal Building is located at 51 SW 1st Ave, Miami, FL 33130. The rectangular 18-story high-rise has their shortest sides facing North & South.
It has a length of 230 feet, a width of 75 feet and a height of approximately 255.90 ft.
In order to maximize the solar panel’s potential, the best location for the panels would be on the building’s roof and on the building’s South, East and West facades. The Claude Pepper Federal75 Building ft
Roof
256 ft
East
South
230 ft
FACADES
NUMBER OF PANELS
WATTAGE GENERATED *
South
897
313,950
West
2769
969,150
East
2769
969,150
Roof
805
281,750
TOTAL PANELS: 7,240 TOTAL WATTAGE GENERATED: 2,534,000 * if used to its full potential SOURCES: https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/
SOLAR POWER SOLAR ANALYSIS
SHORTWAVE SOLAR ENERGY Shortwave radiation is radiant energy with wavelengths in the visible, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared spectra. The chart below considers the total daily incident shortwave solar energy in Miami reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The brighter period of the year lasts for 2.0 months, from March 24 to May 23, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 6.2 kWh. The brightest day of the year is May 1, with an average of 6.8 kWh. The darker period of the year lasts for 2.7 months, from November 5 to January 28, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 4.3 kWh. The darkest day of the year is December 21, with an average of 3.7 kWh.
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
HOURS OF DAYLIGHT The length of the day in Miami varies over the course of the year. In 2020, the shortest day is December 21, with 10 hours, 32 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 20, with 13 hours, 45 minutes of daylight.
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
SUNRISE & SUNSET The earliest sunrise is at 6:28 AM on June 9, and the latest sunrise is 1 hour, 8 minutes later at 7:36 AM on March 8. The earliest sunset is at 5:29 PM on November 29, and the latest sunset is 2 hours, 47 minutes later at 8:16 PM on July 2. Daylight saving time (DST) is observed in Miami during 2020, starting in the spring on March 8, lasting 7.8 months, and ending in the fall on November 1.
The solar day over the course of the year 2020. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray. The transitions to and from daylight saving time are indicated by the ‘DST’ labels.
SOURCES: https://www.willyweather.com/graphs. https://weatherspark.com/y/18622/Average-Weather-in-Miami-Florida-United-States-Year-Round
SOLAR POWER SOLAR ANALYSIS
SPRING
7AM - 8AM
12PM - 1PM
6PM -7PM
SOLAR POWER SOLAR ANALYSIS
SUMMER
7AM - 8AM
12PM - 1PM
6PM - 7PM
SOLAR POWER SOLAR ANALYSIS
FALL
7AM - 8AM
12PM - 1PM
6PM - 7PM
SOLAR POWER SOLAR ANALYSIS
WINTER
7AM - 8AM
12PM - 1PM
6PM - 7PM
WIND ENERGY
WIND POWER WIND TURBINES
WINDMILLS VS. WIND TURBINES Sometimes people use the terms “windmill” and “wind turbine” interchangeably, but there are important differences.
Windmill
Wind Turbine
People have been using windmills for centuries to grind grain, pump water, and do other work. Windmills generate mechanical energy, but they do not generate electricity. In contrast, modern wind turbines are highly evolved machines with more than 8,000 parts that harness wind’s kinetic energy and convert it into electricity.
WIND TURBINES Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turbines come in several sizes, with small-scale models used for providing electricity to rural homes or cabins and community-scale models used for providing electricity to a small number of homes within a community. At industrial scales, many large turbines are collected into wind farms located in rural areas or offshore.
Strata SE1 building in London
COST 1. Home or farm scale wind turbines Wind turbines under 100 kilowatts cost roughly $3,000 to $8,000 per kilowatt of capacity. A 10 kilowatt machine (the size needed to power a large home) might have an installed cost of $50,000-$80,000 (or more). 2. Commercial Wind Turbines The costs for a utility scale wind turbine range from about $1.3 million to $2.2 million per MW of nameplate capacity installed. Most of the commercial-scale turbines installed today are 2 MW in size and cost roughly $3-$4 million installed.
HOW DO THEY WORK
1. Automatic orientation The wind turbine is automatically oriented to take maximum advantage of the kinetic energy of the wind, from the data registered by the vane and anemometer that are installed at the top. The nacelle turns around a crown located at the end of the tower. 2. Turning of the blades The wind makes the blades turn between 13 and 20 revolutions per minute, depending on their technology, which start to move with wind speeds of around 3.5 m/s and provide maximum power with a wind speed 11 m/s. With very strong winds (25 m/s), the blades are feathered and the wind turbine slows down in order to prevent excessive voltages. 3. Gearbox The rotor (unit of three blades set in the hub) turns a slow axis that is connected to a gear box that lifts the turning velocity from 13 to 1,500 revolutions per minute. 4. Generation The gearbox transfers its energy through a fast axis that is connected to the generator, which produces the electricity. 5. Evacuation The energy generated runs through the inside of the tower to the base. From there, the energy runs over an underground line to the substation, where its voltage is raised in order to inject it into the electrical grid and distribute it to the points of consumption. 6. Monitoring All of the critical functions of the wind turbine are monitored and supervised from the substation and the controlcenter in order to detect and resolve any incidents. SOURCES: https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work https://www.britannica.com/technology/wind-turbine
WIND POWER WIND TURBINES
TYPES There are two primary types of wind turbines used in implementation of wind energy systems:
1. Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) Are the most commonly used type, and each turbine possesses two or three blades or a disk containing many blades (multibladed type) attached to each turbine. High-solidity Include the multibladed types that cover the total area swept by the blades with solid material in order to maximize the total amount of wind coming into contact with the blades. ie. multibladed turbine used for pumping water on farms, often seen in the landscapes of the American West. Low-solidity Most often use two or three long blades and resemble aircraft propellers in appearance. They have a low proportion of material within the swept area, which is compensated by a faster rotation speed used to fill up the swept area; therefore offering the greatest efficiency in electricity generation and among the most cost-efficient designs used. ie. most commonly used commercial wind turbines as well as the type most often represented through media sources.
Low Solidity HAWT
2. Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) Are able to harness wind blowing from any direction and are usually made with blades that rotate around a vertical pole. Most VAWTs are not economically competitive with HAWTs, but there is continuing interest in research and development of VAWTs, particularly for building integrated wind energy systems.
ESTIMATING POWER GENERATION The wind speed power varies according to: 1. Number of blades 2. Blade shape 3. Rotor swept area 4. Speed of rotation Most U.S. manufacturers rate their turbines by the amount of power they can safely produce at a particular wind speed, usually chosen between 24 mph or 10.5 m/s and 36 mph or 16 m/s. 2 m/s minimum is required to start rotating most small wind turbines 3.5 m/s is the typical cut-in speed, when a small turbine starts generating power 10–15 m/s produces maximum generation power 25 m/s maximum, the turbine is stopped or braked (cut-out speed) The following formula
Power= k Cp 1/2 p A V3 illustrates factors that are important to the performance of a wind turbine. Notice that the wind speed, V, has an exponent of 3 applied to it. This means that even a small increase in wind speed results in a large increase in power. A taller tower will increase the productivity of any wind turbine by giving it access to higher wind speeds. P= Power output, kilowatts Cp= Maximum power coefficient, ranging from .25 to .45, dimension less (theoretical maximum= 0.59) p=air denstiy, lb/ft3 A= Rotor swept area, ft2 or πD2/4 (D is the rotor diamater in ft, π=3.1416) V= Wind speed, mph k= 0.000133 A constant to yield power in kilowats
In order to determine how much wind energy will be generated from a particular turbine at a specific site location, the turbine’s wind speed power curve needs to be coupled with the wind speed frequency distribution for its site. A wind turbine manufacturer will use a calculation based on the particular wind turbine power curve, the average annual wind speed at your site, the height of the tower that you plan to use, and the frequency distribution of the wind– an estimate of the number of hours that the wind will blow at each speed during an average year. They also adjust this calculation for the elevation of your site. To get a preliminary estimate of the performance of a particular wind turbine, the formula below can be used.
AEO= 0.0328 D2 V3 AEO = Annual energy output, kWh/year D = Rotor diameter, feet V = Annual average wind speed, mph
SOURCES: https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work https://www.britannica.com/technology/wind-turbine https://www.windpowerengineering.com/calculate-wind-power-output/
WIND POWER WIND ANALYSIS
AVERAGE WIND SPEED The average hourly wind speed in Miami experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 7.4 months, from October 4 to May 17, with average wind speeds of more than 10.5 miles per hour. The windiest day of the year is March 13, with an average hourly wind speed of 12.8 miles per hour. The calmer time of year lasts for 4.6 months, from May 17 to October 4. The calmest day of the year is August 8, with an average hourly wind speed of 8.1 miles per hour.
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
WIND DIRECTION The predominant average hourly wind direction in Miami is from the east throughout the year.
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).
SOURCES: https://www.willyweather.com/graphs https://weatherspark.com/y/18622/Average-Weather-in-Miami-Florida-United-States-Year-Round https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/florida/miami/miami_sep.gif
WIND POWER WIND ANALYSIS
WIND STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION Miami experiences easterly winds with higher gusts during the months of March through May.
WIND ROSE Miami’s Annual wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed. Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles, and the length of each “spoke” around the circle is related to the frequency of time that the wind blows from a particular direction.
Calm < 1 Knots = 1% Radial Scale is % of Time
Wind Speed (m/s) >11.05 8.49 - 11.05 5.40 - 8.49 3.34 - 5.40 1.30 - 3.34 0.51 - 1.30
SOURCES: https://www.willyweather.com/graphs https://weatherspark.com/y/18622/Average-Weather-in-Miami-Florida-United-States-Year-Round https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/florida/miami/miami_sep.gif
WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE
WATERWAT MACRO
MACRO
edge of Miami-Dade County. PHOTOGRAPHER: ANASTASIA SAMOYLOVA FOR BLOOMBERG BUSINESSWEEK A rock lake at the edge of Miami-Dade County. PHOTOGRAPHER: ANASTASIA SAMOYLOVA FOR BLOOMBERG BUSINESSWEEK
BISCAYNE AQUIFER BISCAYNE AQUIFER
TERWATER MICRO
MICRO
G BUSINESSWEEK
THE MIAMI THE MIAMI RIVER RIVER
Northwest Wells
Where does our water come from?
Hialiah / Miami Springs Wells
Site Central District Wastewater Treatment Plant
Extraction +Treatment
Consumption
Waste Management
Water Treatment
3
Ad
1 Wells
Water is pumped from various on-site wells and remote wells to the treatment facilities. Miami dade is widely served by the Northwest Wells and Hialiah / Miami Springs Wells
1
C d f t c d t d
Lime is added to soften the water. The sedimentation particles, also known as sludge, settle to the bottom of the tank.
2
Aquifer
4
2 Softening
3
5 Filters
3 Contact Basins
Sand / Anthracite filter. Water flows through dual media filters to ensure all remaining particles are removed
Additional settilng takes place.
6 Phosporous + flouride
4 Disinfection
Chlorine is added as a primary disenfectant to protect the water from bacteria. Amonia is added to combine with chlorine is form chloramine. This secondary disinfectant is used to protect the water from bacteria in the distribution system
-
.
3
4
7 Resevoirs
5
Treated watre is stored in resevoirs and remote storage tanks and is pumped as needed into the distribution system.
A phosphorous compund is added to reduce corrosion in the distribution system and the plumbing in the homes / businesses. A small amount of fluoride is also added.
6
7
Water Distribution System
How much water do we consume? The Water and Sewer Assessment of 2010 shows that the Miami dade population consumes an annual amount of 139.6 million gallons of freshwater per capita. This represents the total amount of water needed to sustain one person, including all of their residential, commercial, agricultural, or any other water-related need. The Water 2070 Plan shows that population of Miami Dade is expected to increase by 40.79% by the year 2070. This population growth will increase development-related demand for freshwater in Florida by as much as 100 percent over the 2010 Baseline. The Water 2070 Plan shows that if more compact development patterns, increased land conservation, and water conservation measures are adopted, there is the potential to decrease total water demand for development from the Trend projections.
1 DAY
399.425 thousand GPC
1 MONTH
11.64 millions GPC
1 YEAR
139.6 millions GPC + 40% population growth by 2
2070
100 % VOLUME 78 PEOPLE
Total Volume = 30,969,350.65 gallons Water for 1 Day 100% of volume = 78 people 1.2897% = 1 person
Saltwater Intrusion
The aquifer extends beneath Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. It is highly permeable where it forms part of the floor of the bay and the ocean. Saltwater has migrated inland in response to the lowering of inland ground-water levels adjacent to canals constructed for drainage of low-lying areas and near large well fields.
Site
1999 Saltwater Intrusion Line
Groundwater Wells & Treatment 30-35 PSU 25-30 PSU 20-25 PSU 10-20 PSU
PRODUCEDBY BYAN ANAUTODE AUTODE PRODUCED
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Limestone Limestone QuartzSand SandororSandstone Sandstone Quartz PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
GreyLimestone LimestoneAquifer Aquifer Grey Saltwater Saltwater
CFUConfining Confiningtotosemiconfining semiconfiningunit unit CFU ICU Intermediate IntermediateConfining ConfiningUnit Unit ICU PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Precipitation Precipitation
TheEverglades Everglades The
30 30
NorthwestWells Wells Northwest
Recharge Recharge
15 15 METERS METERS
PRODUCED PRODUCEDBY BYAN ANAUTODESK AUTODESKSTUDENT STUDENTVERSION VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Hieliah/ /Miami MiamiSprings SpringsW Hieliah
CFU CFU GREYLIMESTONE LIMESTONEAQUIFER AQUIFER GREY
45 45
60 60
ICU ICU
ESKSTUDENT STUDENTVERSION VERSION ESK
Construction of a drainage canal lowers freshwater levels and allows landward movement of saltwater in the canal and aquifer. The canal then becomes a tidal channel that conveys saltwater inland and, thence, laterally into the Biscayne aquifer.
30Story StoryBuilding Building 30
10Story StoryBuilding Building 10 Condensation Condensation
sWells Wells
BISCAYNE BISCAYNE AQUIFER AQUIFER
AtlanticOcean Ocean Atlantic
Saltwaterintrusion intrusion Saltwater
15 15
30 30
45 45
U
60 60
Reference:USGS USGSfrom fromLagevin Lagevin2001; 2001;modified modifiedfrom fromResee Reseeand andCunnignham, Cunnignham,2000 2000 Reference:
PRODUCED PRODUCEDBY BYAN ANAUTODESK AUTODESKSTUDENT STUDENTVERSION VERSION
20Story StoryBuilding Building 20
Groundwater Contamination
Because the Biscayne aquifer is highly permeable and is at or near the land surface practically everywhere, it contamination. Because of the high permeability of the aquifer, most contaminants are rapidly flushed. Major s encroachment and infiltration of contaminants carried in canal water. Additional sources include direct infiltratio or pesticides applied to or spilled on the land, or fertilizer carried in surface runoff, landfills, septic tanks, sewageto dispose of storm runoff or industrial waste.
is readily susceptible to ground-water sources of contamination are saltwater on of contaminants, such as chemicals -plant treatment ponds, and wells used
1999 Saltwater Intrusion Line
Groundwater Wells & Treatment 30-35 PSU Brownfields Mining Zone Superfun Sites
Porosity and Permeability
Hydrogeologic Section B–B' Showing Cyclostratigraphy, L
Hydrogeologic Section B–B' Showing Cyclostratigr
y
PORE CLASS
Ia (MajorFZ of hight perm concentrated flow
Ib (MinorFZ of hight perm concentrated flow
Others (moderate to low permeability)
BISC
BISCAYNE AQUIFER
LOWER SEMICONFININ
LOWE Hydrogeologic Section B–B' Showing Cyclostratigraphy, Lithology, and Groundwater Pore Classes for the Biscayne Aquifer in Central Miami-Dade County, Florida
Lithology, and Groundwater Pore Classes for the Biscayne Aquifer in Central Miami-Dade County, Florida
THE MIAMI RIVER
11 min
11 min
The Miami River Ecosystem
The Miami River is within a 12 minute walk to the site, walking distance to nearby municipal parks as well as to the Miami Riverwalk. It is within the lowest altetudes of the Miami-dade watershed, making it highly suceptible to surface water pollution, particularly to urban runoff. The river has a history of hypoxia and other runoff related issues.
reptiles fishes mammals 30%
450 SPECIES
13 min
Plants 50.56%
Insects 20%
Over 450 species have been reported through iNaturalist, a mobile application for public environmental collection, showing both a healthy ecosystem and an active community involvement with their surrounding environment.
Miami Riverwalk Pedestrian Access
Elevation Visualization lower altitudes
higher altitudes
Water Quality of the Miami River
The Miami River is runs for a total of 5.5 miles, and has served as both an environmental and economic channel for the city. The river is part of Miami’s canal system, and forms part of the drainage system that overflowing water from the everglades into the Atlantic Ocean,
Turbidity levels are a measure of particulate matter suspended or dissolved in water which scatter light, making water appear murky or cloudy. Relevant examples are sediment, fine organic and inorganic matter, and algae.
Max. Turbidity 1054.16 NTU
Avg. Turbidity 93.00 NTU
Urban runoff
Urban runoff stirring of sediment sediment accumulation
The urban land surrounding the river has shown signs of groundwater and soil contamination and sewage overflow. The overflow and of water combined with the protentially hazardous identified soils affect the river’s water quality and overall ecosystem health.
Contaminated sites + Sewer Overflow. ArcGIS
An analysis of turbidity can help locate patterns of urban runoff. The study bellow shows an alarming maximum peak of 1054 NTU, which can be mortal if present for prolonged periods of time.
FIU CREST
Population Analysis
A high percentage of cost burdened renters and a patterns on low houshold income show a need for affordable living units. The site is particularly situated in an intersection of income differences, showing the need for more affordable rent.
Cost Burden Analysis of Area + Vacant lost. ArcGIS
Median Household Analysis + Vancant Lots. ArcGIS
GIA_Water
BISCAYNE AQUIFER
THE MIAMI RIVER
MACRO
WATER SUPPLY FOR 3 MILLION PEOPLE Population growth projectioms (chg. 40%)
MICRO
SALTWATER INTRUSION Lateral Intrusion from the Alantic Ocean Canals / Drainage channels Storm surges Flooding GROUNWATER CONTAMINATION Infiltration from canals Surface / urban runoff Flooding
ACTIONS Compacted development Efficient Irrigation systemss Water reuse Water habits Water desalination High efficiency systems
HEALTH OF THE NEARBY ECOSYSTEM
RAINWATER HARVESTING
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF RAIN WATER COLLECTION ... - Free source of water - CAN BE ACCESSIBLE IN PLACES WHERE WATER SUPPLY IS RESTRICTED - Helps conserve water AND PROMOTES SUSTAINABILITY - IT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED FOR THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM - PREVENTS WATER RUN OFF
under 50
60 to 62
50 to 52
62 to 64
52 to 54
64 to 66
54 to 56
66 to 68
56to 58
above 68
58 to 60 legend in inches
61.9IN miami ANNUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATION potential collection of water in the Eastern states is 15 - 25 gallons per square foot
TYPES OF RAIN COLLECTION SYSTEMS : Rain BARRELS This system involves a large storage container that has to be positioned close or inside the building.
it is connected to the rain gutter with water tight connections that eventually dry after each rain event
Wet SYSTEM Water can be collected from multiple downspouts through underground pipes that are water tight, water is then spilled into a collection tank this tank can be located anywhere but has to be bellow the lowest gutter
Indirect gravity Collected water is pumped into a rooftop tank where is then distributed throughout the building by gravity. The tank can be positioned either at the rooftop or elevated in another structure
Retention ponds This type of system collects water runoff, then improves the quality by sun disinfection and soil filtration Mainly used for irrigation purposes or watering livestock
rain water harvesting process and components : Filtration
sanitation
first flush or pre filtration:
ultra violet sanitation:
this step removes as much debris from the water before it enters the system.
water is exposed to uv light that is enough to destroy the dna of any organism present. it can be implemented in the storage tank or right before application main advantage of this process is that its chemical free and it need minimal maintenance
the first few minutes of rain it will divert the water to a reject port to avoid any contamination
Chlorination:
for high capacity systems cascade filters and nutrient separating baffle boxes are used to filter several cubic feet of water
a devise measures monitors the amount of chlorine in the water and injects the correct amount as necessary.
organic filtration: a vegetated swale is a natural alternative way of filtration. plants, sand and organic microbes
harvested water storage
water delivery
the size of the storage is determined by demand of water and the available rain water or groundwater frequency.
a pressurize system is used to move the water throughout the building.
storage tanks can either be above-ground, inside or outside of the building or subterranean tanks that have unlimited capacity this is one of the first analysis done to determine the type, storage capacity and location on the supply side the amount of rainwater that can be harvested on surfaces and the average monthly rainfall most be collected. on the demand side water usage such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and others must be collected as well.
most systems utilize dual pumps, they alternate operation but only during high demand they will work in sync. sizing of the pumps is determined by how far the water has to travel at the highest point in the system. this will provide adequate pressure and volume of water.
vegetated swales
overflow catchment mulch planting soil
filter fabric
native vegetation
perforated pipe
mulch layer
baffle box
overflow grate amended soil mix
OUTFLOW PIPE
filter fabric 3/4� gravel base perforated underdrain
information implemented to design a water harvesting - The amount of rainfall that you can collect is governed by the following formula: 1� of rain x 1 sq. ft. = 0.623 gallons
- Determining requirements for irrigation: - Irrigation of temperate climate plants (gallons/week)= 0.6 x area (square feet)
- The net available rainwater from a roof or surface can be roughly estimated as follows: Available rainwater (gallons) = 0.5 x annual rainfall (inches) x area (square feet)
- the avarage person utilizes about 50 gallons per person per day - rule of thumb: for each person, 500 sq ft of roof + 1000 gallons storage is needed
22.3 FT
6 FT
5FT
5FT
22.3 FT
1000 GALLONS = 133.5 CUBIC FT 500 SQ FT OF ROOF
4,323,735 gallons
tank size occupancy = 1675 people 1 person = 1000 gallons of storage space
1,675,000 GALLONS
1,078,858 gallons 75 ft 230 ft
29,808,000 GALLONS 25 ft
25% Annual water consumption
Annual rain water collection potential
based on building type and square footage
based on anual precipitation and roof square footage
SEA LEVEL RISE
Sea Level
• Because Miami-Dade County is in a unique geographical area, it is particularly susceptible to flooding from major rain events and storm surge. The County is surrounded by major water bodies such as the Atlantic Ocean, Biscayne Bay, and many rivers, lakes and canals. • Miami-Dade County lies close to sea level and its underground water supply is just below the ground surface. Therefore, major rain events sometimes leave rainwater nowhere to drain, causing occasional flooding in some areas of the County.
AE indicates areas at high risk for flooding What is a Base Flood Elevation? Using detailed hydraulic analysis and modeling, FEMA determines the base flood elevation (BFE), which is the predicted flood water elevation above mean sea level. Habitable areas of any new construction must begin above this level. For instance, if a property falls within an AE zone with a BFE of 5 feet, the first habitable floor must be above 5 feet. Habitable means floors with living areas on them.
2050
Seal Level Pr
2030
Seal Level Rise Projection for 2050 51st SW 1St Avenue, Miami Beach
Sea Level Rise Projection for 2050 51st SW 1st Avenue, Miami Beach
Elev
Long Section
Short Section
5’
Elevation
5’
Miami, United States • The City of Miami Beach is embarking on a $100 million project to raise roads, install pumps and water mains, and redo sewer connections over the next two years across a swath of homes in the La Gorce and Lakeview neighborhoods.
• The project area includes about 800 homes to the west and directly south of the La Gorce Golf Course. The work will be broken into three sections that could have up to three contractors working simultaneously: • La Gorce Island entrance to 59th Street • 59th Street to 51st Street • 51st Street to Surprise Lake • Three new pump stations will be placed at Fisher Park, at the end of 56th Street, and at 63rd Street and Alton Road. Sewer connections will be moved to the front of homes, new street lighting will be installed, and a bike lane will be added on 51st Street.
Meridian Ave (Under Construction)
20th Street Purdy Ave
Three pump stations are being install in different areas in Miami Beach as a secondary power sources used to power pumps. These generators are protected from flooding by 3 feet tall walls all around.
Helpful Sources: • Flood Map Zone Information: http://gisweb. miamidade.gov/floodzone/ or https://msc.fema.gov/ portal • National Flood Insurance Program: https://www. fema.gov/national-flood-insuranceprogram • FEMA: www.fema.gov • Florida Building Code: https://www.floridabuilding. org/bc/bc_default.aspx • FDEP: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/mainpage/default.htm • Florida Municipal Codes: https://www.municode.com/ library/fl • Miami Beach Flood Awareness: http://www. miamibeachfl.gov/building/kiosk7/scroll.aspx?id=38768
Potential open-space strategies in Boston. Courtesy Sasaki Associates.
Gelderland Province ,The Netherlands • In a recreation area located outside the dikes near Maasbommel in Gelderland Province, 32 amphibious and 14 floating homes have been realized. The amphibious homes are fastened to flexible mooring posts and rest on concrete foundations. If the river level rises, they can move upwards and float. The fastenings to the mooring posts limit the motion caused by the water. The floating homes are lowered when the water level drops and come to rest on concrete foundations. • The floating and semi-floating homes are similar in construction: a concrete barge with a relatively light timber-frame construction on top. The concrete barges weigh 72 tons each, while the timber-frame constructions weigh around 22 tons. The low center of gravity gives added stability. The concrete barges are made from ordinary concrete with an aggregate to render them waterproof. The joints are reinforced with an additional water-resistant sealing strip. The barges are approximately 2 meters high, and as such can only be used as basements or, if part of the home is designed with a split level, as bedrooms. • Projections indicate that the water level will rise by more than 70 cm once every five years, causing the homes to rise accordingly. The homes can handle fluctuations of up to 5.5 meters.
Tokyo, Japan • The Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel is an underground water infrastructure project in Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan. It is the world's largest underground flood water diversion facility, built to mitigate overflowing of the city's major waterways and rivers during rain and typhoon seasons. It is located between Showa in Tokyo and Kasukabe in Saitama prefecture, on the outskirts of the city of Tokyo in the Greater Tokyo Area, Japan. • Work on the project started in 1992 and was completed by early 2006. It consists of five concrete containment silos with heights of 65 m and diameters of 32 m, connected by 6.4 km of tunnels, 50 m beneath the surface, as well as a large water tank with a height of 25.4 m, with a length of 177m, with a width of 78m, and with 59 massive pillars connected to 78 10 MW (13,000 hp) pumps that can pump up to 200 tons of water into the Edo River per second.
Venice, Italy • MOSE (MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico, Experimental Electromechanical Module) is a project intended to protect the city of Venice, Italy, and the Venetian Lagoon from flooding. • The project is an integrated system consisting of rows of mobile gates installed at the Lido, Malamocco, and Chioggia inlets that are able to isolate the Venetian Lagoon temporarily from the Adriatic Sea during acqua alta high tides. Together with other measures, such as coastal reinforcement, the raising of quaysides, and the paving and improvement of the lagoon, MOSE is designed to protect Venice and the lagoon from tides of up to 3 meters (9.8 ft).
MIDTERM REVIEW
FINAL REVIEW