EGNOS - GALILEO - THE EU SATELLITE NAVIGATION PROGRAMMES EXPLAINED

GALILEO & EGNOS

EU

SA TN

AV

T H E EU ’ S S ATE LLIT E NAVI GAT I ON P R OGR AMME S EX P LAI N E D

Satellite Navigation

N O TI A IG G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

2

E G

A

L

IL

E

O

●

CONTENTS EUROPE MEETS SPACE ..........................................................................................3 GALILEO - A SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR EUROPE...............4 HOW DOES SATELLITE NAVIGATION WORK? ..............................................4 GALILEO - THE SYSTEM EXPLAINED ................................................................7 GALILEO LAUNCH SCHEDULE ...........................................................................9 GALILEO SERVICES ...............................................................................................10 GALILEO: AREAS OF APPLICATION.................................................................12 WHY GALILEO? ........................................................................................................13 EGNOS..........................................................................................................................15 THE EGNOS SYSTEM EXPLAINED ..................................................................16 HOW DOES EGNOS WORK?................................................................................17 EGNOS & OTHER SBAS........................................................................................18 EGNOS - THREE SERVICES ON STREAM SINCE 2009 .........................21 EGNOS: AREAS OF APPLICATION ...................................................................22 FACTS & FIGURES...................................................................................................24 GOVERNANCE...........................................................................................................26

COVER PICTURE: © FOTOLIA

EUROPE MEETS SPACE

AV

3

You thought satnav was used mainly for helping you find your way to your destination? That’s certainly one way it can make our lives easier. The many ways satellite navigation systems can improve our lives are limited solely by our imagination.

SA TN

An insatiable thirst for knowledge has seen humanity explore the unknown as it tries to control it and use it to enrich its existence. For thousands of years, man has looked to the sky to determine his location.

Our European ancestors made ground-breaking discoveries that laid the foundations for navigation.

This guidance from space now takes on a new form in the shape of state-of-the-art technology used in satellite navigation (satnav) systems.

This booklet on Galileo and EGNOS — Europe’s satellite navigation programmes – explains how the systems work, how they are built and what they offer us now and will offer us in the future.

EU

Since time began, space has captured our imagination.

How many people have gazed heavenwards in search of answers, guidance, courage or just out of sheer curiosity?

And just how often have men and women stood in awe and been thunderstruck by the spectacle that plays out between twinkling stars and the night sky?

N O TI A IG G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

4

E ● O E IL L A G

GALILEO

A SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR EUROPE GALILEO IS EUROPE’S GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS) UNDER CIVILIAN CONTROL. IT PROVIDES USERS WORLDWIDE WITH A RANGE OF POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND TIMING SERVICES. Galileo was developed in the 1990s, when the European Union identified the need for its own independent GNSS. The United States and Russia had already developed their own systems, known as GPS and GLONASS. In the meantime, China has been developing its BEIDOU system, while Japan and India are moving ahead with their own regional satnav systems.

By early 2020, there will be more navigation satellites in the sky than ever before, introducing more frequencies, signals and potential for satellite navigation services. These will boost signal availability, accuracy and reliability, responding to the demands of today’s users.

As satellite navigation applications grow in importance and businesses and European citizens become increasingly reliant on them, any potential disruption could be costly. Industries and revenues could be badly hit. For example, the banking sector, communications, energy supply, transport and aviation could all be affected. More importantly, human safety could be at risk.

With this in mind, Galileo is being developed to ensure independence in this sector. This is crucial for the EU economy and will guarantee the availability of these applications and services.

Along with its autonomy, Galileo will be a cornerstone of ‘multi-GNSS’. This will allow receivers to use signals from all satellites in view, regardless of which global system they belong to.

HOW DOES SATELLITE NAVIGATION WORK? Global Navigation Satellite Systems send signals to receivers, providing users with positioning and timing data. To measure your position and time accurately, you need a minimum of four satellites in view. The number of satellites in view of the user's receiver determines how accurately time and location can be worked out. The more satellites in view, the more precise the information will be.

© FOTOLIA

SATELLITES IN VIEW ARE NEEDED

4 CE 1

DI

4

ST AN

TI

ON

SI

TI

CE

LONGITUDE LATITUDE ALTITUDE TIME

PO

3 PO

SI

TI

CE

3

ON

CE

ST AN

AN ST

2

DI

SYSTEM TIME

DI SI TI ON 2

SA TN

AV

5

SYNCHRONISATION

EU

1> 2> 3> 4>

SI

AN ST

ON

1

PO

DI

PO

4

© ESA-P. CARRIL

G A L IL E O ● E G N O S

● E

U S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

IG

6

A

TI

O

N

GALILEO THE SYSTEM EXPLAINED ➔➔ IN SPACE The Galileo constellation will comprise 30 satellites in total.

There will be 24 operational satellites, plus 6 spare satellites, circulating in medium earth orbit (MEO) on three orbital planes. 10 satellites will be spread evenly around each orbital plane.

➔➔ ON EARTH The Galileo ground segment essentially monitors the ​satellites, checking that they are functioning correctly and generating the navigation data to be sent to the users.

There are two Galileo control centres for computing information and synchronising the time signal of the satellites and five telemetry, tracking and control stations for monitoring and controlling satellites in orbit. In addition, there are five mission uplink stations for transmitting navigation signals and up to 16 sensor stations for receiving and monitoring the navigation signals from the constellation.

A dedicated, globally distributed communication network links all systems.

➔➔ USERS & RECEIVERS Users, whether professional or non-professional, are the most valuable part of the system. Thanks to Galileo receivers, designed to pick up signals and transform them into coordinates and accurate time, users can benefit from a range of services.

30 SATELLITES IN TOTAL

24 OPERATIONAL + 6 SPARE SATELLITES

2 GALILEO CONTROL CENTRES 5 TRACKING AND CONTROL STATIONS 5 UPLINK STATIONS 16 GALILEO SENSOR STATIONS

WIDE RANGE OF SERVICES

EU

SA TN

AV

7

Your input and ideas are central to improving Galileo.

Welcome to the Galileo experience!

© ESA–STEPHANE CORVAJA, 2016

G A L IL E O ● E G N O S

● E

U S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

IG

8

A

TI

O

N

GALILEO LAUNCH SCHEDULE Ever wondered where Galileo satellites are launched from? From Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.

This is ideal for satellite launches because its proximity to the equator gives the rockets extra momentum owing to the speed of the Earth’s rotation.

EU

SA TN

AV

9

The first 14 Galileo satellites have been carried into space in pairs aboard the Russian Soyuz launcher. In November 2016, the European Ariane 5 launcher was used for the first time to launch four Galileo satellites simultaneously, bringing the total number of satellites in orbit to 18. Further launches are planned with Ariane 5 and Soyuz, leading to deployment of the full constellation by 2020.

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

10

● O E IL L A G

GALILEO SERVICES FROM INITIAL SERVICES TO FULL SERVICE LEVELS Like the internet, satellite navigation has become a technology we depend on in our daily lives. Galileo satellites will be used in combination with other satellite navigation systems such as GPS. As a result, there will be more satellites available, meaning more accurate and reliable positioning for users.

Galileo will be fully operational by 2020 and will offer the following five services: 1. GALILEO OPEN SERVICE The Galileo Open Service (OS) is a free mass-market service for positioning, navigation and timing. It can be used in many applications, including smartphones and in-car navigation systems. It offers 30 nanosecond timing accuracy, which can greatly benefit critical infrastructure, for example the synchronisation of power grids or time-stamping of financial transactions.

2. GALILEO SEARCH AND RESCUE The Galileo Search and Rescue (SAR) Service is an important tool for locating people in distress, providing a forward link for detecting distress beacons and a unique return link confirmation message to let the person in distress know that he has been located and that help is on its way. This is Europe’s contribution to International search and rescue activities, known as the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme. It reduces the time it takes to locate a person lost at sea or in the mountains from 3 hours to just 10 minutes once a distress beacon has been activated.

3. GALILEO PUBLIC REGULATED SERVICE The Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) is an encrypted service for government users that is designed for greater robustness and assured availability. The signal is resistant to unintentional interference, malicious jamming, spoofing and meaconing 4. GALILEO COMMERCIAL SERVICE The Galileo Commercial Service (CS) provides a range of added-value features. These include positioning accurate to just a few centimetres and an authentication feature that makes the validation of signals and position possible. These unique characteristics will make it possible to develop innovative applications that use previously unavailable satnav system capabilities.

5. GALILEO'S CONTRIBUTION TO INTEGRITY MONITORING SERVICES The Galileo Integrity Monitoring Service is for users of safety-of-life applications that are in compliance with international standards.

EU SA TN AV 11

© IA

FO TO L

©

IA

FO TO L

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

12

● G

A

L

IL

E

O

GALILEO: AREAS OF APPLICATION Innovative satellite navigation services are emerging in many areas. Here are some key ones that make use of satnav applications: LOCATION-BASED SERVICES: High-accuracy positioning helps you find the fastest way to get where you need to go. All you need is a smart phone or handheld device.

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT): The internet is central to the endless number of services we rely on every day.

IoT represents the next step in the digitalisation of our society and economy, where communication networks connect objects through data exchange. Thanks to Galileo’s signal accuracy and availability, users will reap the benefits of an even wider and more powerful data network.

TRANSPORT: Whether travelling by plane, train, boat or car, Galileo will make transport safer and more comfortable. It can identify traffic jams or reduce travelling time and costs for the transport industry.

AVIATION: Galileo will improve air traffic control, increase traffic safety and efficiency and reduce the costs of infrastructure management.

MARITIME: Galileo will improve safety at sea. For ship-to-ship transfer operations, tracking containers and helping boats in port, approaching manoeuvres will be even more precise thanks to Galileo’s signals.

In 2016, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) officially recognised Galileo, marking an important milestone for the adoption of Galileo in commercial shipping.

AGRICULTURE: Galileo can help increase crop yields, while saving money and protecting the environment. Thanks to precise positioning, Galileo can assist farmers in working out the right amount of seed to sow, how much fertiliser to use and how to optimise water resource management.

MAPPING & SURVEYING: Galileo will enable the use of new surveying and civil engineering tools that are more accurate and reliable. This will boost productivity and reduce costs in a sector in which a small error can have dire consequences.

TIMING SERVICES: Galileo satellites will synchronise clocks that provide an extraordinary level of accuracy and a critical timing signal, which is useful in many areas.

In FINANCE, electronic banking and stock exchange transactions require certified time stamps. In the ENERGY sector, accurate timing and positioning systems are needed for the design, construction and operation of modern energy networks. COMMUNICATION, in particular wireless telecommunication networks, will use Galileo satellites’ timing signal for network management, time tagging and synchronisation of frequency references.

WHY GALILEO? There are numerous satellite navigation applications around that play key roles in both business and the daily lives of citizens and communities. Autonomy in this area is important for the EU economy: it is estimated that 11 % of the EU’s annual GDP depends on the availability of satellite navigation technology. European access to reliable and accurate satellite navigation services is therefore essential.

AUTONOMY AND CONTROL OVER CONTINUITY OF SERVICE Galileo provides Europe with autonomy in satellite navigation. This sector is crucial for its economy and the well-being of its citizens. This means being able to deliver and manage a guaranteed global satellite navigation service even when other systems are less precise or are switched off.

SAFEGUARDING PEOPLE WHOSE LIVES DEPEND ON SATELLITE NAVIGATION Galileo is a system under civilian control that is designed with the needs of the public sector in mind.

It supports local emergency services like the police or peace-keeping missions and responds quickly to any kind of emergency.

FOSTERING INNOVATION IN EUROPE The tangible advances in technology and general knowhow generated by years of research and development under the Galileo programme represent a wealth of resources for Europe, in particular for European industry.

European companies, including the many innovative small and medium-sized enterprises that generate so much of the world’s economic activity, are now better equipped than ever to ‘get down to business’. Jobs and business are being created for companies of all sizes, while spin-offs linked to the technology being developed can be used by entrepreneurs and researchers outside the space industry.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMPATIBILITY Compatibility refers to the ability of global navigation satellite systems and the services they provide to be used together. This means better capabilities at user level than would be possible by relying solely on one system. Galileo will cooperate with other satellite navigation systems so that users in both Europe and the rest of the world will see a significant improvement in existing services and an increase in the range of innovative products and services.

EU

SA TN

AV

13

THE ENVIRONMENT MATTERS Less pollution is possible thanks to more efficient transport routes. Precise agricultural methods mean a considerable reduction in the use of fertilisers and pesticides, resulting in healthier food. Galileo can help ensure smart food production for growing world populations

G A L IL E O ● E G N O S

● E

U S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

IG

14

A

TI

O

N

EGNOS – THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL SATELLITE-BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEM

15 AV SA TN

A regional Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) like EGNOS can improve the accuracy of information received from GPS, Galileo or other GNSSs by correcting errors such as those linked to ionospheric disturbances.

It also checks the reliability of the positioning information received and issues a warning if it is unreliable. This is indispensable for safety-critical applications such as guiding aircraft during landing approaches or navigating ships through narrow channels.

EU

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Europe’s first concrete venture into satellite navigation, is the precursor to the Galileo programme.

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

16

● G

A

L

IL

E

O

THE EGNOS SYSTEM EXPLAINED The EGNOS system consists of communication transponders aboard three geostationary satellites over Europe. These satellites are connected to a network of ground stations and control centres: • 40 Ranging and Integrity Monitoring Stations (RIMS) that receive signals from GPS, Galileo or other GNSS satellites; • 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations (NLES) that manage accuracy and reliability data for transmission to the three geostationary satellites for broadcasting to users; • 4 mission control centres (MCC) that handle data processing..

Enabled user devices receive the EGNOS signals that are broadcast together with GPS or Galileo signals and can use the information to significantly improve accuracy and reliability.

3 GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES

40 RANGING AND INTEGRITY MONITORING STATIONS

6 NAVIGATION LAND EARTH STATIONS

4 MISSION CONTROL CENTRES

HOW DOES EGNOS WORK? EGNOS GEOSTATIONARY

5 EGNOS ➔➔ Improves position accuracy ➔➔ Provides position integrity

SATELLITES GPS

1

ERROR IN EGNOS POSITION

ERROR IN GPS POSITION

3 RIMS GNSS STATION

AV

MCC MISSION CONTROL CENTRES

SA TN

NLES UPLINK STATIONS

17

2

EU

4

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

18

● O E IL L G

A

WAAS ➔➔ The USA uses the Wide Area Augmentation System.

EGNOS & OTHER SBAS All satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) are interoperable. Using the same receiver, users can benefit from augmentation of satellite navigation anywhere in the world.

EGNOS ➔➔ The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service covers Europe and neighbouring countries.

SDCM ➔➔ Russia is active in this field with its GLONASSbased system.

SNAS ➔➔ China is developing the SNAS system under its Beidou programme.

MSAS ➔➔ Japan is covered by its MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System.

GAGAN

EU

SA TN

AV

19

➔➔ India has its own SBAS, GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation, which covers the Indian subcontinent.

G A L IL E O ● E G N O S

● E

U S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

IG

20

A

TI

O

N

EGNOS - THREE SERVICES ON STREAM SINCE 2009 Thanks to EGNOS, impressive performance levels can be attained. Positioning accuracy is improved to within 1 to 2 metres horizontally and 2 to 4 metres vertically, while the accuracy of timing information services is improved to better than 10 nanoseconds.

1. EGNOS OPEN SERVICE has been available since October 2009 and is offered free of charge to anyone who has a receiver compatible with satellite-based augmentation systems.

3. EGNOS DATA ACCESS SERVICE: This terrestrial commercial data service has been operational since 2012. EGNOS signals are made available through a dedicated Internet connection. All data collected and generated by EGNOS is also available through a ground network. This means that if satellite signals are blocked or distorted, the information can still be accessed. This is particularly relevant in dense cities where tall buildings can block EGNOS signals.

EU

SA TN

AV

21

2. EGNOS SAFETY-OF-LIFE SERVICE was launched in March 2011 for civil aviation. It issues an alarm to users within 6 seconds of a GPS or Galileo malfunction. When lives are at stake, such a warning is indispensable.

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

22

● O E IL G

A

L

EGNOS: AREAS OF APPLICATION AVIATION Global satellite navigation systems alone do not meet the necessary operational requirements set by the civil aviation authorities. EGNOS has been certified for civil aviation use since 2011.

More than 200 airports in almost 20 European countries now have EGNOS-based landing procedures, with the number increasing. Access to smaller airports and regional airports is improving.

AGRICULTURE Precision agriculture methods based on EGNOS are used by farmers across Europe to reduce fertiliser use and lower costs, while minimising the impact on the environment.

ROAD/RAIL Road/rail users can benefit from EGNOSenabled tracking systems. Positioning accuracy is beneficial for both the private and public sector: it brings with it more fuel-efficient routes, better logistics management and a faster response to critical situations by local emergency services.

MARITIME EGNOS is able to improve all aspects of maritime operations: from port and coastguard operations to offshore exploration and fisheries management. Maritime users can benefit from improved accuracy in harbour navigation or inland navigation.

MAPPING EGNOS’s efficient technology helps improve GNSS measurements with real-time mapping information and solutions provided free of charge.

EU SA TN AV 23

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

24

● O E IL G

A

L

FACTS & FIGURES FOR EVERY EUR 100 MILLION INVESTED IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY, GDP IN EUROPE WILL INCREASE BY EUR 70 MILLION IN OTHER INDUSTRIES.

A global navigation satellite system is a service enabler rather than a standalone service. It therefore acts as a catalyst for economic activity, leading to the creation of value added and jobs across a wide range of sectors.

Ever heard of the ‘spillover’ effect? It happens when progress made as a result of research and development (R&D) investment in the space industry is transferred to other sectors.

Research suggests that investment by the aerospace industry could generate a social return on investment of around 70 %. In other words, for every EUR 100 million invested in the R&D sector, GDP in Europe would increase

by EUR 70 million in other sectors such as health and medicine, transport and computer science.

TOTAL ANNUAL MARKET VALUE OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WORLDWIDE:

EUR 175

BILLION IN 2013

EUR 237

BILLION IN 2020

THE EUROPEAN SPACE INDUSTRY EMPLOYS OVER 230 000 PROFESSIONALS.

eCALL

BY 2019, 7 BILLION € GNSS DEVICES WILL BE IN USE WORLDWIDE. 3.6 billion GNSS devices were in use in 2014.

By 2019, this is forecast to increase to over 7 billion — an average of one device for each person on the planet.

TWO-DAY DISRUPTION = 1 BILLION € It has been estimated that a two-day disruption to satellite navigation services could cost the transport and financial sectors in Europe EUR 1 billion.

As part of a requirement to comply with the EU’s eCall emergency response system regulation, all new type-approved vehicles sold in Europe from 2018 will be Galileo capable. Galileo-enabled navigation devices for cars will also be on the market from 2017.

Satellite navigation is being put to use to enable visually impaired people to use a new system of sensorial guidance that employs 3D sounds. The system suggests routes that are free of obstacles.

EU

SA TN

AV

25

EGNOS and Galileo can fulfil the growing demand from consumers and food regulators for traceability.

This means that you would be able to scan a bag of potatoes at a supermarket and could tell from which field the potatoes came from by using geo-traceability.

N O TI A IG

E

G

N

O

S

●

E

U

S

A

TE

LL

IT

E

N

A

V

26

● O E IL G

A

L

GOVERNANCE The Galileo and EGNOS programmes are funded and owned by the EU. The European Commission has overall responsibility for the programmes, managing and overseeing the implementation of all programme activities on behalf of the EU. The deployment, design and development of the new generation of systems and technical development of the programme infrastructure is entrusted to the European Space Agency (ESA).

The operational management of Galileo and EGNOS is carried out by the European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency (GSA), an agency of the EU.

More info The European Commission webpages: ➔ http://ec.europa.eu/galileo ➔ http://ec.europa.eu/egnos The European Global Navigation Satellite System Agency https://www.gsa.europa.eu/ The European GNSS Service Centre helpdesk for users: https://www.gsc-europa.eu/ The European Space Agency http://www.esa.int/ESA

EU

SA TN

AV

27

The EGNOS portal: https://www.egnos-portal.eu/