1991-2001 Retrospective of Courthouse Design

RETROSPECTIVE OF COURTHOUSE DESIGN : 1991-2001

Don Hardenbergh and Todd S. Phillips, Editors L

The National Center for State Courts Library National Center Cor State Courts 300 Newpwt qve.

W il licn;s L u r v 2 h d W

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Williamsburg, Va.

JURORS R. Dhar, FRAlC Director, Industry and Government Relations Toronto, Ontario Canada

Wayne Drummond, FAlA Dean College o f Architecture University o f Nebraska Lincoln, NE

Hon. Conrad L. Rushing Superior Court o f California San Jose, CA

Greg Langham Court Administrator Eighteenth Judicial District Aurora, Colorado

Frank Greene, AlA Ricci Associates-Architects and Planners New York. NY

EDlTORS D o n Hardenbergh, President Court Works Williamsburg, VA

Todd Phillips, Ph.D, AlA International Center for Courts Design Research Washington, DC

PROJECT MANAGER Chang-Ming Yeh The National Center for State Courts Denver, CO

MANAGlNG EDlTOR Charles Campbell The National Center for State Courts Williamsburg, VA

COURT MANAGEMENT CON SULTANT Stacey Salomonsen-Saute1 The National Center for State Courts Denver, CO

GRAPHlC ARTlST Hisako Sayers Newport News, VA

ON THE COVER: The Scott M. Matheson Courthouse, Salt Lake City.

Published by The National Center for State Courts, 300 Newport Avenue (23185), P.O. Box 8798, Williamsburg, VA 231 87-8798 Copyright 2001, The National Center for State Courts All rights reserved ISBN: 0-89656-212-3 Library o f Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001094673

Table of Contents Introduction-Don Hardenbergh and Todd Phillips. Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Courthouses as Anchors for Communities-Frank Greene AGood Start-Todd Phillips

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Alternative Dispute Resolution: Space Beyond the Counter and the Courtroom-Gregory C . Langham

vii xii xiii

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xiv

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x iv

Thr Alfred A . Arraj United States Courthouse-Denver. CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bruce R . Thompson United States Courthouse and Federal Building-Reno. NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Carl B. Stokes United States Federal Courthouse-Cleveland, OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Charles Evans Whittaker U.S. Federal Courthouse-Kansas City, MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse-Nrw York. NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Evo A . Deconcini U.S. Courthouse-Tucson. AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fcderal Building and Courthouse-Oakland. CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Federal Building and U.S. District Courthouse-Wheeling. WV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Harold J . Donohue Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse-Worcester. MA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Howard H . Baker. Jr., U.S. Courthouse-Knoxville. TN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mark 0. Hatfield United States Courthouse-Portland. OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Martin Luther King. Jr., Federal Courthouse-Newark. NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Quentin Burdick Federal Courthouse-Fargo. ND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ronald Reagan Federal Building and United States Courthouse-Santa Ana. CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sam M . Gibbons U S . Courthouse-Tampa. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thomas F. Eaglcton U.S. Courthouse-St . Louis. MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-Montgomery. AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-Sacramento. CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-Ft . Myers. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-Orlando. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-London. KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-Gulfport. MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-Laredo. TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse-St . Croix. VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse and Federal Building-Fresno. CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Courthouse and Post Office-Brooklyn. NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States District Courthousr-Albuquerque. NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Federal Courthouse-Brownsville TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Providing for Pro Se Litigans-Don Hardenbergh

UNITED STATES COURTHOUSES

.

6 8 10

12 16 18 20 22 26 28 32 34 36 40 42 44

46 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68

...

Ill

STATE APPELLATE COURTS LA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

Iowa Judicial Branch Building-Des Moines. IA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan Hall of Justice-Lansing. MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma Judicial Center-Oklahoma City. OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74 76 80

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal Courthouse.Gretna.

GENERAL JURISDICTION TRIAL COURTS CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alachua County Courthouse4ainesville. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anne Arundel County Courthouse.Annapolis. MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adams County Justice Center.Brighton.

........................................

Brunswick County Courthouse.Bolivia. NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Butler County Courthouse-El Dorado. KS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Camden County Justice Center.Camdenton. MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Charleston County Historic Courthouse-Charleston. SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Charlotte County Courthouse-Punta Gorda. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chesapeake Circuit and General District Courts Building.Chesapeake. VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Denton County Courts Building-Dcnton. TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Edward W. Brooke Courthouse for Suffolk County.Boston. MA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fayette County Courthouse Complex.Lexington. KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fenton Judicial Center.Lawrence. MA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Harold R . Banke Justice Center.Jonesboro. GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Harris County Criminal Justice Center.Houston. TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kent County Courthouse-Grand Rapids. MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

King County Regional Justice Center.Kent. WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Klamath Falls County Courthouse and Administration Buildings-Klamath Falls. OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Laclede County Government Center.Lebanon. MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lexington County Courthouse.Lexington. SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mesa County Justice Center-Grand Junction. CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mills E . Godwin. Jr., Courts Building.Suffolk. VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nesbett Courthouse-Anchorage. AK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The New Queens Civil Court-New York. NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oconee County Courthouse.Walhalla. SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Orange County Courthouse Complex.Orlando. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Osceola County Government Center.Kissimmee. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pinellas County Criminal Courts Complex.Clearwater. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Robert A . Christensen Justice Center-Castle Rock. CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

San Diego North County Regional Center.Vista. CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scott County Justice Center.Shakopee. MN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blair County Courthouse Addition.Hollidaysburg.

iv

PA

86 88 90

92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108

112 114 118 120 122 124

126 128 130 132 134 136 138 142 144 148 150

154 156 158

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Scott M . Matheson Courthouse-Salt Lake City. UT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

St . Johns County Courthouse-St . Augustine. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...... ...... ...... ...... ......

Taney County Government Complex-Forsyth. MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Travis County Criminal Justice Center-Austin. TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Warren County Justice Center-Bowling Green. KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Waterbury Superior Courthouse-Hartford. CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming County Courthouse-Warsaw. NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

York County Judicial Center-York. PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...... ......

160 162 164 166 168 170

172 176

MUNICIPAL AND LIMITED JURISDICTION COURTS Clayton G . Graham Public Safety Building-Atlantic City. NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dakota County Western Services-Apple Valley. MN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

180

Girard Justice Center-Girard. OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentwood Justice Center-Kentwood. MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phoenix Municipal Courthouse-Phoenix. AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Robert F. Sweeney District Courts Building-Annapolis. MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

184

182 186 188

190

FAMILY AND JUVENILE COURTS

. . . . . . . . . . 194 196 Juvenile and Family Courts.Newark. NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lane County Juvenile Justice Center.Eugene. OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

198 200 Miami-Dade County Family Court.Miami. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Middlesex County Family Courthouse-New Brunswick. NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

202 Queens Family Court and Family Agency Facility.Jamaica. NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204 208 Ramsey County Juvenile and Family Justice Center.St . Paul. MN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chesterfield County Juvenile and Domestic RelationslFamily Courts Building.Chesterfield.

VA

R ENOVATlONSI REST0RAT10NSI AN D ADD IT10NS Boietourt Couniy General District Courthouse.Fincastle. VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Escambia County Judicial Center Expansion/Renovation.Pensacola. FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grant County Courthouse Addition and Remodeling.Lancaster. WI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Greensville County Courthouse Additions and Renovations.Emporia. VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

216 220

INDEX OF ARCHITECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

222

212 214

V

ClTATlON The Alfred A. Arraj United States Courthouse Composed of a ten-story tower and low pavilion, the new Alfred A. Arraj District Courthouse will provide much-needed courtroom and office space for the U.S. District Courts. The expansion site is adjacent to the Byron Rogers U.S. Courthouse located in the downtown Denver federal district.

Fifteen new courtrooms and court support space, including shortterm detention and U.S. Marshal Service offices, will be added to serve the courts’ immediate needs.

The courthouse and plaza respect both the architectural heritage of Denver and the Federal District in a modern and dignified expression.

The iconic two-story pavilion recalls the historically American courthouse-in-the-square. Behind its open peristyle colonnade is the main entrance to the courthouse and a stone-clad rotunda rising to the roof and a ring of clerestory glazing. Visitors and staff will pass through secure portals with integrated screening devices for access to the tower or directly into the pavilion’s jury assembly and second-floor special proceedings courtroom.

The tower expresses court functions and circulation in three discreet vertical planes. The glazed southeast-facing plane houses public circulation with dramatic views of the city and provides daylight into the back of the adjacent courtrooms. The center plane and body of the tower expresses the courtrooms with two suites per floor served by a central secure core and windowed jury deliberation rooms located on the exterior.

2

The judges’ chambers comprise the northwest plane, which features large deep-set windows.

The courthouse is a showcase project for GSAs Green Building courthouse program. It uses proven technologies for environmentally sensitive design, construction, and operation. The plaza, tower, and pavilion are oriented to take advantage of available sunlight and to allow for future expansion. Abundant daylight enters the offices, public space, and courtrooms through large windows. Indoor air quality, comfort, and flexibility are enhanced through an underfloor displacement ventilation and access floor system. In addition, lobby transition zones and evaporative cooling combine to help reduce mechanical loads. Building finishes feature durable, natural, and renewable materials, including domestic granite and brick, American maple millwork, and cork flooring throughout the courtrooms. One of the most demonstrable and noticeably green features is a building-integrated photovoltaic array of horizontal glass panels on the top of the building’s tower. The building’s combined green features reduce project energy use by 40 percent compared with conventional courthouse-building technologies.

Among the first to meet the new federal courthouse security standards, the Alfred A. Arraj United States Courthouse balances both security and openness through its progressively tiered defense zones that begin at the street edge and

Denver, CO continue to the secure court spaces. From the first approach at the plaza-integrated street-edge planters to the built-in screening devices, this courthouse celebrates and protects the democratic process.

JURY COMMENT The jury appreciated the intelligence and refined understatement of this project, noting the clarity of the court floor plans and the straightforward handling of the main program elements. The use of a smaller adjoining volume as an entrance and gathering point is a now familiar design strategy in a number of projects, but it is especially well done here. The small plaza area and entrance volume create a dignified entry sequence that begins to carry through “tiered defense zones’’ that are low key and unobtrusive. Issues of security and openness are nicely reconciled with each other.

The jury was also impressed by the great attention given to “green courthouse design” issues, knowing that the project was the focus of a special study of sustainability by the U.S. General Services Administration. The design decisions for sustainability that are noted in the project description represent significant innovation.

The project is a convincing demonstration of how aspects of building performance can be greatly enhanced without sacrificing the quality of interior space or the permanence required for a major courts facility.

Index o f Architects Albert Kahn Associates, Inc.: 7 9

Graeber, Simmons, Et Cowan, Inc.: 167

Anderson Mason Dale Architects: 5, 8 7

Gruen Associates: 39, 6 3

Architectural Partnership, The: 8 3

Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates: 17

ASAI Architecture: 99, 129, 1 6 5

Hayes, Seay, Mattern 8 Mattern, lnc.: 213, 221

A+S Architects 8 Planners, P.A.: 201

HDR Architecture, Inc.: 59, 133, 157, 167, 215

Ayres Associates: 21 9

Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum (HOK): 5, 41, 43, 87, 105, 119, 123, 125, 153, 155, 161, 177, 189

Barganier Davis Sims Architects: 45 HLM Design: 21, 27, 49, 53, 147, 1 4 9 Blythe Design

+ Co.:

133 J.A. Ammon

+ Associates, Inc.:

191

BOORA Architects, Inc.: 31 James D. Matteson, Architects: 1 2 7 Canizaro Cawthorn Davis: 5 7 Jeter, Cook 8 Jepson Architects, Inc.: 171 C.A.P.E. P.C.: 61 John Desmond 8 Associates: 7 3 CarlanKillam Consulting Group: 21 5 Kallmann McKinnell 8 Wood: 9, 111 Carter Design Associates: 167 Kaplin McLaughlin Diaz: 7, 19, 75, 127, 199 Casazza Peets 8 Hancock: 7 Karlsberger Architecture, Inc.: 9 Chrisman, Miller, Woodford, Inc.: 55 Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates: 15, 31 CMW, Inc.: 1 6 9 Leers Weinzapfel Associates: 25, 53, 117 Daniel, Mann, Johnson Et Mendenhall (DMJM): 91, 189 Leo A. Daly Architects: 17

DLR Group: 75, 8 9 Leonard Parker Associates, The: 35, 83, 183 Ellerbe BecketlAbend Singleton: 11

L. Robert Kimball Et Associates: 93, 181 FJ Clark Incorporated: . 131, 143 McCool Carlson Green: 137 FMSM Design Group, Inc., The: 6 7 MHTN Architects, Inc.: 161 Ford Farewell Mills 8 Gatsch, Architects: 203 Moore Ruble Yudell Architects 8 Planners: 6 3 FreemanWhite Inc.: 95 Morton Verges Architects: 7 3 Goff-D’Antonio Associates: 101 Moseley Harris 8 McClintock: 135, 1 9 5 Goody, Clancy 8 Associates: 21 MS Consultants, Inc.: 1 8 5 GRAD Associates, P.A.: 33, 197 Mudano Associate Architects: 153

222

.

Mutchler Bartram Architects, P.C.: 3 5

Spillis Candela 8 Partners, Inc.: 51, 55, 61, 79, 91, 103, 163, 191, 201

Nacht H Lewis Architects: 49 SWBR Architects: 1 7 5 NBBJ: 101 Sykes O'Connor Salrrno Hazeveh: 181 Pei Cobb Freed/Gruzen Samton: 207 TAF Group, The: 1 0 5 Perkins Eastman Architects: 141 Tower Pinkster Titus Associates: 1 2 3 Phillips Swager Associates: 107 TRA Architects: 1 2 5 PGAL: 69, 121 Treanor Architects, P.A.: 9 7 Post Associates Architects: 1 8 7 University of Oklahoma, College of Architecture: 83 Redstone Architects, Inc.: 1 8 7 Wank Adams Slavin Associates: 65 Ricci Associates: 171, 1 7 5 Wbgs Architects: 1 9 9 Rink Reynolds Diamond Fisher: 89 Wheeler, Wimer, Blackman 8 Assoc.: 1 5 7 R.M. Kliment 8 Frances Halsband: 57, 65 Wold Architects and Engineers: 159, 2 0 9 Sherman Carter Barnhart Architects: 113 Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership: 3 9 Simmons Architects: 1 5

223