Fixed Mobile Convergence

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SSTE Scientific Society for Telecommunication Engineers FIXED MOBILE CONVERGENCE

Table of contents: What is convergence.

Types of Convergence.

FMC Definition.

NGN Vision.

FMC development stages.

Hierarchy for FMC. FMC Requirements.

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Table of contents: Dual Mode Handset and how it works.

FMC Characteristics.

Benefits of FMC for users.

Come and say hello to Jane Smith.

Enterprise value proposition.

FMC Business benefits.

Come and say hello to John Smith.

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Table of contents: FMC Market prediction.

Consumer value proposition.

FMCA. Real example of FMC use.

Service capabilities.

Conclusion.

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Table of contents: What is convergence.

Types of Convergence.

FMC Definition and reasons for using it.

NGN Vision.

FMC development stages.

Hierarchy for FMC. FMC Requirements.

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What is convergence

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What is convergence

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What is convergence

Convergence occurs when multiple products come together

To form one product with the advantages of all of them.

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For example, the PlayStation 2 is not only a games console, but also a CD player, DVD player and Internet connector.

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Mobile phones are another good example, in that they increasingly incorporate digital cameras, mp3 players, camcorders, voice recorders, and other devices.

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Telecommunication Convergence

Types of Convergence Multi-play is a marketing term describing the provision of different telecommunications services by organizations that traditionally only offered one or two of those services.

Multi-play is a catch-all term; usually, the words dual play, triple play or quadruple play are used for a more specific description

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Dual Play The Dual Play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the two services: high-speed Internet and telephone service over a single broadband connection.

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Triple play Communication services are packaged allowing consumers to purchase TV, internet and telephony in one subscription.

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Quadruple play A marketing term combining the triple play service of broadband Internet access, television and telephone with wireless service provisions. This service set is also sometimes humorously referred to as "The Fantastic Four“ or FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence).

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Quadruple play

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Given advancements in WiMAX It is possible that one could never need to be connected by a wire to anything, even while at home.

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One fundamental aspect of the quadruple play combining the big three telecom services - telephony, cable television and wireless - could combine the size of their respective industries.

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Fixed Mobile Convergence Difinition A converged fixed and mobile service is one that enables the user to access a wide variety of communication, information and/or entertainment services, with consistent quality of service regardless of the device used, the underlying network over which those applications run or the user's location.

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What forced the whole world to be directed towards the fixed mobile convergence?

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Internal reasons, forced for the Fixed Mobile Convergence With the slowdown in revenues from traditional voice services, the market is now entering a phase characterized by the need to grow revenues by launching new services .

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Internal reasons, forced for the Fixed Mobile Convergence 3G and WiFi services are up and running, WiMax came in 2006, fixed broadband is becoming mainstream in developed markets and most major fixed operators have VPN services based on MPLS. Many operators are now considering the use of MPLS in their next-generation core networks.

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Internal reasons, forced for the Fixed Mobile Convergence Mobile phones have become the preferred device of many users even when they are at home or in the office. Users are therefore paying mobile tariffs for what are essentially fixed-line calls. However, inconsistent indoor coverage from mobile services is a source of customer frustration in some countries.

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Internal reasons, forced for the Fixed Mobile Convergence While mobile operators now offer data services, the bandwidths currently available are generally much slower than the broadband speeds many users have come to take for granted on their fixed lines.

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Users reasons, forced for the Fixed Mobile Convergence Telecommunications is not about technology, but about people being able to communicate regardless of the limitations of physical boundaries. Today it seems technology represents an inordinately large part of what telecom is all about.

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An abundance of devices, networks, access methods and applications are available on the market today, presenting efficiency gains to enterprises or new experiences to consumers.

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Wireless networks have liberated voice and data communications.

Broadband has liberated the Internet.

Never before have people and businesses had such a wide choice in communication technologies and more and more of them are taking advantage of this.

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The advantage of this is having such a comprehensive menu of telecommunication s choices so, that it is easier to contact people.

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On the other side, it is becoming increasingly difficult to get into contact with our desired party via the appropriate means and to remain connected in a seamless and efficient way.

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On the other side, it is becoming increasingly difficult to get into contact with our desired party via the appropriate means and to remain connected in a seamless and efficient way.

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Fixed Mobile convergence aims to change all this and present communications services that center on the customer rather than on a network access technology.

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It involves a fundamental change in the way the communications world currently functions.

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It involves a fundamental change in the way the communications world currently functions.

Fixed Mobile Convergence will combine the convenience, freedom of movement and personalized services of the wireless world .

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It involves a fundamental change in the way the communications world currently functions.

Fixed Mobile Convergence will combine the convenience, freedom of movement and personalized services of the wireless world with the high quality and speed of fixed communications. SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Customers will be "always on" while the communications service optimizes routing through balancing quality, coverage and bandwidth efficiencies.

As a result, aFixed Mobile Convergence service presents the customer with the best possible experience at home, at work or on the move.

Fixed Mobile Convergence aims to present the same seamless communication experience to enterprises, increasing efficiency and reducing cost.

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NGN Vision Mobile/Fixed Convergence, based on the “IMS� platform.

A multi-service multi-protocol, multi-access, IP based network -secure, reliable and trusted.

Multi-services: delivered by a common QOS enabled core network.

Multi-access: diverse connectivity networks; fixed and mobile terminals, (Mobile, xDSL, etc).

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NGN Vision Not one network, but different networks that interoperate seamlessly.

Mobility / Nomadicityof both users and devices “ Any where, Any terminal.

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IMS In Short Open-systems architecture that supports a range of IP-based services over both PS and CS networks, employing both wireless and fixed access technologies.

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Why IMS in NGN? IP Multimedia Subsystem generally fulfills the NGN requirements for conversational services For managed, carrier operated telecom network.

With Release 6 IMS becomes applicable to a range of access network types (3G RAN, WLAN).

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Why IMS in NGN? Whole Telecom industry benefits IMS is being proclaimed as the architecture of choice for converging networks (mobile –fixed), as well as Voice and Multimedia It is predicted that IMS will enable IP to gradually replace circuit switched voice Operators who own both fixed and mobile networks want to consolidate their networks SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Why IMS in NGN? Growing IMS market, will encouraging greater usage and creation of new IP based services.

Open interfaces allow for a wider choice of IMS suppliers.

Market stimulation, decreasing costs (thanks to shared development / deployment costs).

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FMC development stages

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Stages of Fixed Mobile Convergence

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Pre convergence stages Multiple services with one price: More than a network could be within an agreement each gives its services with one bill ( Mobile network and Fixed network).

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Pre convergence stages Product level convergence: All networks converged with each other from the network point of view ( Away from user- No dual handsets)

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Pre convergence stages

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Final Convergence Stage After the networks converged into one network, the subscriber should be able to use one handset for all services.

Convergence occurs from the user point of view as well as the network point of view.

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Final Convergence Stage

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Heirarchy for FMC

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Heirarchy for FMC

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FMC Requirements So, could all user have these benefits?

No, The major prerequisite for the current single device concept of FMC is the availability of a broadband Internet connection such as DSL or cable together with a WiFi or Bluetooth installation.

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FMC Requirements From the previous discussion, it is evident the component we need to have a fixed mobile converged network are: 1. Wireless Network (WiFi or Bluetooth).

2. DSL connection.

3. Cellular Network.

4. Dual mode handset.

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DSL Connec.

+

Wireless Network

= Dual mode handset

Triple Play

+ FMC Network Back

Mobile Network SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Table of contents: Dual Mode Handset and how it works.

FMC Characteristics.

Benefits of FMC for users.

Come and say hello to Jane Smith.

Enterprise value proposition.

FMC Business benefits.

Come and say hello to John Smith.

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Dual Mode Handset

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Like that communication providers formed an alliance for FMC, There is a firm belief that other market players such as equipment and application providers will be just as important as the carriers to Fixed Mobile Covergence reaching its full potential.

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Like that communication providers formed an alliance for FMC, There is a firm belief that other market players such as equipment and application providers will be just as important as the carriers to Fixed Mobile Covergence reaching its full potential.

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Like that communication providers formed an alliance for FMC, There is a firm belief that other market players such as equipment and application providers will be just as important as the carriers to Fixed Mobile Covergence reaching its full potential.

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Like that communication providers formed an alliance for FMC, There is a firm belief that other market players such as equipment and application providers will be just as important as the carriers to Fixed Mobile Covergence reaching its full potential.

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How can dualdual-mode phones work seamlessly?

Two main solutions, can be envisaged to make them work: Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA): Hand over between access networks, but it is only suited to mobile operators, or Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO).

Could be used only at home or public hotspots and enterprise IP Centrex solutions.

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How can dualdual-mode phones work seamlessly?

The second solution is based on SIP, Intelligent Mobile Redirect (IMR): Could be used by any operator and could be used by everyone.

Both solutions, accomplish by automatic selecting the most convenient network (WiFi, Bluetooth, Cellular) and then reroute the incoming calls to that network.

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How can dualdual-mode phones work seamlessly?

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Real-time handover with UMA RealTechnology UMA is a flexible, fully open fixed/mobile convergence solution that can be used to extend GSM/GPRS coverage. in residential markets (home and public hotspots) and the Small Office / Home Office (SOHO) market. Calls are delivered to the user via WiFi (or Bluetooth) access points and mobile handsets equipped with WiFi (or Bluetooth).

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Handsets for the UMA The user terminal is equipped with an intelligent software client.

This client automatically selects the preferred access technology while in idle mode and performs handover between the available access technologies while in connected mode according to preferences and policies.

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Access Points to UMA It could be bluetooth or WiFi which is connected to the GANC through the public internet.

It has no specific GAN related features or configuration data.

It is fully transparent to the GSM/GPRS user and signaling data.

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GANC Functions Interworking between the IP access network (e.g.DSL) and the mobile GSM/GPRS core network.

User access security and registration for GAN access.

Tunneling of GSM information to/from the user terminal via a secured IPSec tunnel.

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Universal SIP based solution with IMR Calls are delivered to the user via WiFi ( or Bluetooth) presence with the WLAN. Coverage area is managed using standard SIP messages to the service control point.

The SIP messages generated either by Enterprise Mobility Server (EMS), or by the mobile handset.

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Handsets for IMR It should has two air interfaces; One for cellular network, and one for the WLAN. The handset should be equipped with embedded software to allow VoIP communications over the short range wireless protocol.

T.C

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FMC REQ

FMC Characteristics Seamlessness.

The call handover: calls originating on the fixed network can move to a wireless network and vice versa, or between different wireless networks such as WiFi and 2G, with no interruption or change in service quality. At the architecture level, it is transferring applications from one network platform to another, without the need for complicated encoding or translation.

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics User flexibility in access methods.

Convergence services and devices will enable customers to use the most appropriate access technology, such as WiFi or cellular, based on criteria such as current location, required application, quality of service and call tariffs.

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics Converged Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).

The availability of converged CPE will enable customers to move between access types more easily.

Fixed-line phone for low-cost voice and Internet access and a mobile phone for wireless voice and perhaps basic data applications such as SMS. SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

FMC Characteristics

CPE such as WiFi phones will allow users to use one device for the applications they currently can access only using several devices.

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics Personalization.

This will give users a unified identity. For example, rather than users having to configure a fixed handset and a mobile handset twice, each with the same set of services such as personalized address books, they will only have to do this once for one device, thus merging their fixed "identity" with the mobile "identity". Personalization is now associated mainly with the mobile world, but FMC will bring personalization into the fixed-line environment.

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FMC Characteristics

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FMC Characteristics Best of cellular, fixed and wireless worlds.

Units the freedom of mobility with the security, quality of service, higher bandwidth and lower costs of fixed-line services. It is able to do this through the use of various networks, be they cellular, fixed or WiFi. Back

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Benefits of FMC for Users One handset and one phone number per family member

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Benefits of FMC for Users

One bill combining services over fixed and mobile (cellular and WiFi) networks

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Benefits of FMC for Users One phonebook and one voicemail

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Benefits of FMC for Users Better quality and lower cost of mobile calls indoors.

The availability of music, email, gaming, video and other services at home or while roaming across other FMCenabled homes or WiFi hotspots for lower cost and higher speeds

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Benefits of FMC for Users

The availability of wireless environments with higher speeds, with multiple sessions possible from the same home at lower cost and better quality Balancing service quality, coverage and bandwidth efficiencies Back

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Come and say Hello to Jane Smith!!

Jane Smith subscribes to an FMC service. She likes the simplicity and convenience of a single phone. In the morning while she is getting ready to work, she receives a call from one of her friends.

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Come and say Hello to Jane Smith!!

The intelligent network routes the call via her broadband connection and her home WiFi network to her dual-mode WiFi/cellular phone.

Jane is eager to get to work and is already locking the door and getting in her car to drive to work.

The FMC service routes the call seamlessly to the cellular access network and Jane continues her conversation without noticing the handover.

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Come and say Hello to Jane Smith!!

On her way to work, Jane needs to stop at a petrol station. While paying for the petrol she calls her colleague in the office to tell him that she will be a little bit late. As it turns out there is WiFi coverage available at the station. The FMC service has already routed the call over the WiFi network.

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Come and say Hello to Jane Smith!!

The FMC service is also aware of Jane's preferences in music and makes a balanced decision that the hotspot location and network speed are adequate for downloading the latest release of her favorite band on to her mobile. When Jane gets home tonight, the song will be automatically stored on her home media server.

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Enterprise Value Proposition

Mobile popularity has increased very much because of the ability for employees to remain connected on a single phone number outside of the office.

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Enterprise Value Proposition

But the disadvantage of mobile phones for business is that, the rising cost of mobility, particularly the cost for international roaming, is a major headache for enterprises.

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Enterprise Value Proposition

FMC can become a powerful tool for increasing efficiency and reducing cost. Most enterprises today run several networks for their communication needs ; A data network, a voice network and mobile voice.

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FMC Business benefits Employees will always be connected to telephony, mail and business applications.

This increases efficiency and customer satisfaction.

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FMC Business benefits Employees will use one device, one subscription and one number. This decreases cost, increases manageability and simplifies billing through the reconciliation of phone records.

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FMC Business benefits Improvements in total cost of ownership can be achieved on the PBX, mobile services and the network infrastructure.

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FMC Business benefits New business communication services such as presence, instant messaging, instant conferencing and other multimedia services will become available.

Balancing service quality, coverage and bandwidth efficiencies.

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Come and Say Hello to John Smith!!

John Smith is a salesman at the Acme Corporation. Acme has equipped all its employees with one mobile device, to be used both in and out of the office. The converged device is also tied into Acme's worldwide data VPN. Acme is using an enterprise FMC service.

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Come and Say Hello to John Smith!!

John is traveling abroad today, but he is picking up a colleague at the office in the morning. While in the office, his converged device is automatically receiving emails from the company's mail system over the office wireless LAN installation.

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Come and Say Hello to John Smith!!

At the airport he decides to call the Acme office abroad to inform his colleagues about a slight delay in his arrival time. While doing this he can use the same abbreviated dial codes he is using in the office, because he has seamlessly roamed on to the airport's public WiFi network.

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Come and Say Hello to John Smith!!

As John arrives at his destination, he decides to set up a conference call. The Acme office he is in has already recognized his device and he can use all the features he is used to. His company will receive a single bill at the end of the month.

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Table of contents: FMC Market prediction.

Consumer value proposition.

FMCA. Real example of FMC use.

Service capabilities.

Conclusion.

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FMC Market Predictions Although the FMC market is still in its infancy, the next five years will see a multitude of FMC services launched across the globe and new converged devices coming to market. Based on independent research and discussions with FMCA members, IDC predicts that there will be nearly 47 million FMC users worldwide by 2010, accounting for $24 billion in end-user revenues.

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Worldwide FMC Handset, User and Market Value Forecasts ,2005–2010

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The groundwork for FMC is now underway, to provide a solid foundation for sharing convergence experiences and to produce product requirement definitions for key convergence technologies.

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The key Convergence Technologies

Handset manufacturers, application providers, network vendors and other organizations in the FMC ecosystem will benefit from the FMCA work on product requirements.

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The key Convergence Technologies

Handset manufacturers, application providers, network vendors and other organizations in the FMC ecosystem will benefit from the FMCA work on product requirements.

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The key Convergence Technologies

Overall, the FMC market will benefit from the FMCA's provision of consistency and momentum throughout the technology life cycle

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Consumer Value Proposition The popularity of the mobile phone has been on the rise ever since its inception.

Consumers have embraced the device for its convenience, its design, for its new methods of communicating (SMS, MSS and email), and its ability to entertain through pictures, music and video, storing important information on it. In short, The mobile acts as a "lifestyle device" has emerged as a major consumer theme

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Consumer Value Proposition

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Consumer Value Proposition

Fixed-mobile convergence aims to present consumers with a uniform communications experience, both on the go and in the house.

FMC will combine the convenience, freedom of movement and personalized services of the wireless world with the high quality and speed of fixed communications.

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Consumer Value Proposition

This uniform customer experience would deliver one device, one service and one price. Customers will be "always on", while the communications service will balance quality, coverage and bandwidth efficiencies, presenting the customer with the best possible experience wherever they are. The consumer benefit would be one of convenience and simplicity, enabling new services at the same time.

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Consumer Value Proposition

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Business cases analysis for value proposition

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FMCA (Fixed Mobile Convergence Alliance

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FMCA (Fixed Mobile Convergence Alliance

The Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance (FMCA) is a global alliance of telecom operators whose objective is to accelerate the development of Convergence products and services.

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FMCA (Fixed Mobile Convergence Alliance

The FMCA is committed to providing a superior experience to customers by creating seamless services using a combination of fixed broadband and local access wireless technologies to meet their needs in homes, offices, other buildings and on the move.

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FMCA (Fixed Mobile Convergence Alliance

In order to accomplish its goals, the Alliance is focused on the close collaboration with Standards Development, Specification & Certification Organisations (SDO/Fora) and wider vendor community in key areas which may benefit from telecom operator input.

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FMCA (Fixed Mobile Convergence Alliance

The FMCA, which was formed in mid-2004 and incorporated as a not-for-profit trade association under New York law in August 2006, benefits from a growing membership base of 26 leading telecom operators, 24 of which are integrated telecom operators owning both fixed and mobile networks.

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FMCA Members

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FMCA Members

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FMCA Members

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Real examples for FMC use

France Telecom's Business Everywhere allows mobile employees to access their network using a laptop or PDA using a single password to any access network (ADSL, 3G, WiFi, GPRS or PSTN) they are closest to at the time.

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Korea Telecom (KT) launched One phone in June 2004 for consumer users. It uses Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP) technology, and consists of a dual-mode Bluetooth/CDMA handset and a Bluetooth-enabled access point.

KT automatically switches calls from KT's mobile network to its local network whenever the subscriber comes within range of his or her landline's access device. KT reported 118,000 subscribers by the end of June 2005 and is on target to reach 200,000 subscribers by the end of the year.

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NTT DoCoMo's PASSAGE DUPLE was launched in November 2004 for enterprise customers.

Mobile employees use a single converged handset as a 3G mobile phone outside of the office and as an IP cordless phone inside the office. Calls made within the office wireless environment are free of charge.

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BT Fusion was launched in June 2005 and is aimed at consumers and small businesses.

Outside the home or office, calls travel over BT Mobile's GSM network. Because BT does not have its own mobile network, it has entered a partnership with Vodafone to use its network. Once the user gets within range of a BT Hub, the call automatically switches over to BT's wireless broadband network.

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Many other operators in Europe, Asia and the Americas are currently holding trials of different types of FMC services across a range of technologies, and more FMC offerings will appear from 2006.

The various players in the FMC ecosystem have begun working more closely on technology and standardization, which is what is necessary in developing FMC services that address customer needs and expectations.

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Service Capabilities

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Conclusion

FMC will fundamentally change the way the communications world currently functions.

Instead of taking a network-centric view, FMC places the customer at the centre of communications. As a result, consumers benefit from convenience and simplicity, enabling new services for a lower price, and enterprises will get a powerful tool for increasing efficiency and reducing cost.

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Conclusion

The worldwide FMC services market has great potential. IDC predicts that there will be 269 million broadband homes by 2009. If all these homes migrate to an FMC enabled service, there would be a potential FMC services market of $141 billion.

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Conclusion

There is a Fixed Mobile Convergence value proposition for both consumers and businesses, but the ultimate challenge test for the success of FMC will be in how operators worldwide can deliver this value to their customers.

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QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Wireless Networks

What is Wireless Networks

A wireless network is a data transmission system designed to provide location-independent network access between computing devices by using radio waves rather than a cable infrastructure SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

In the corporate enterprise, wireless LANs are the final link between the existing wired network and a group of client computers

giving these users wireless access to the full resources and services of the corporate network across a building or campus setting.

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Advantages of Wireless Networks

Cost-effective network – setup for hard-to-wire locations such as older buildings and solid-wall structures . – particularly in dynamic environments requiring frequent modifications, and installation costs per device and user.

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Advantages of Wireless Networks The flexibility of access giving the following benefits: Immediate bedside access to patient information for doctors and hospital staff Easy, real-time network access for on-site consultants or auditors Improved database access for roving supervisors such as production line managers, warehouse auditors, or construction engineers SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Advantages of Wireless Networks The major advantage is increased mobility, users can move about almost anywhere without restriction and access LANs from nearly wherever

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Examples of Wireless Networks Bluetooth ( Works as PAN).

WiFi ( Works as LAN & MAN).

WiMAX ( Works as WAN).

In FMC we use the first two types (We mostly use the WiFi), thus we are not going to speak about the WiMAX in detail.

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Bluetooth Also known as IEEE 802.15.1.

It provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles via a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency.

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Etymology The name Bluetooth is derived from the cognomen of a 10th century king of Denmark, Harald Bluetooth. According to the inventors of the Bluetooth technology, Harald engaged in diplomacy which led warring parties to negotiate with each other, making Bluetooth a fitting name for their technology, which allows different devices to talk to each other.

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Bluetooth lets these devices communicate with each other when they are in range. The devices use a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other SSTE (Scientific Society for rooms.

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As a result of different antenna designs, transmission path attenuations, and other variables, observed ranges are variable; however, transmission power levels must fall into one of three classes: SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Communication and Connection A Bluetooth device playing the role of the "master" can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of the "slave". This network of "group of up to 8 devices" (1 master + 7 slaves) is called a piconet

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Bluetooth Piconet

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Communication and Connection Bluetooth specification allows connecting 2 or more piconets together to form a scatternet, with some devices acting as a bridge by simultaneously playing the master role in one piconet and the slave role in another piconet.

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Scatternet

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Setting up Connections Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following sets of information on demand: Device Name Device Class List of services Technical information eg: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification, clock offset SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Setting up Connections

Every device has a unique 48-bit address.

However, these addresses are generally not shown in connection inquiries and instead friendly "Bluetooth names" are used which can be set by the user, and will appear when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices.

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Pairing When 2 devices need to share some information, a passkey is used between them.

Passkey may be stored even after the devices are not connected any more.

When reconnected, the passkey is stored, so there’s no need for it. This is called permanent pairing.

Wireless Net

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WiFi ( Wireless Fidelity)

"Wi-Fi" stands for "Wireless Fidelity."

According to Mr. Belanger, the Interbrand Corporation developed the brand "WiFi" for the Wi-Fi Alliance to use to describe WLAN products that are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

The 802.11 specification [IEEE Std 802.11 (ISO/IEC 8802-11: 1999)] as a standard for wireless LANS was ratified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in the year 1997.

This version of 802.11 provides for 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates and a set of fundamental signaling methods and other services.

The 802.11 standards focus on the bottom two levels the ISO model, the physical layer and link layer

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Simplified network configuration with minimal involvement for temporary setups such as trade shows or conference rooms.

Faster access to customer information for service vendors and retailers, resulting in better service and improved customer satisfaction.

Location-independent access for network administrators, for easier on-site troubleshooting and support.

Real-time access to study group meetings and research links for students.

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture When two or more stations come together to communicate with each other, they form a Basic Service Set (BSS). The minimum BSS consists of two stations. 802.11 LANs use the BSS as the standard building block.

A BSS that stands alone and is not connected to a base is called an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) or is referred to as an Ad-Hoc Network.

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture

An ad-hoc network is a network where stations communicate only peer to peer. There is no base and no one gives permission to talk.

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture When two or more BSS's are interconnected using a Distribution System (DS).

This concept of DS increases network coverage.

Each BSS becomes a component of an extended, larger network.

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture Entry to the DS is accomplished with the use of Access Points (AP).

An access point is a station, thus addressable. So, data moves between the BSS and the DS with the help of these access points

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture Creating large and complex networks using BSS's and DS's leads us to the next level of hierarchy, the Extended Service Set (ESS).

The beauty of the ESS is the entire network looks like an independent basic service set to the Logical Link Control layer (LLC).

This means that stations within the ESS can communicate or even move between BSS′s transparently to the LLC.

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture One of the requirements of IEEE 802.11 is that it can be used with existing wired networks. 802.11 solved this challenge with the use of a Portal. A portal is the logical integration between wired LANs and 802.11. It also can serve as the access point to the DS. All data going to an 802.11 LAN from an 802.X LAN must pass through a portal. It thus functions as bridge between wired and wireless.

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IEEE 802.

802.11 Architecture The implementation of the DS is not specified by 802.11 but it does specify the services, which the DS must support.

Services are divided into two sections

– Station Services (SS) – Distribution System Services (DSS).

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DSS Services There are five services provided by the DSS: Association.

Re-association.

Disassociation.

Distribution.

Integration.

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DSS Services

The first three services deal with station mobility : – If a station is moving within its own BSS or is not moving, the stations mobility is termed Notransition.

– If a station moves between BSS's within the same ESS, its mobility is termed BSS-transition – If the station moves between BSS's of differing ESS's it is ESS transition SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

DSS Services A station can only be associated with one AP. This ensures that the DS always knows where the station is.

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DSS Services Association = No transition.

Re-association = BSS transition.

Disassociation = Association is terminated.

A disassociated station cannot send or receive data.

ESS-transition are not supported. A station can move to a new ESS but will have to reinitiate connections

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DSS Services Distribution and Integration are the remaining DSS's.

Distribution is simply getting the data from the sender to the intended receiver. The message is sent to the local AP (input AP), then distributed through the DS to the AP (output AP) that the recipient is associated with.

Integration is when the output AP is a portal. Thus, 802.x LANs are integrated into the 802.11 DS.

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Station Services Station services are: Authentication.

De-authentication.

Privacy.

MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) Delivery.

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Authentication When you want to access the Network you should authenticate yourself in order to ensure that you are allowed to access it.

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De De--Authentication When you wish to terminate your connection, you are not authenticated anymore. This is called the DeAuthentication.

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Privacy This is for data incription during the connection.

Some networks use incription, and some don’t.

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Physical layer The original 802.11 wireless standard defines data rates of 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps via radio waves using frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).

It is important to note that FHSS and DSSS are fundamentally different signaling mechanisms and will not interoperate with one another.

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Frequency Hopping Using the frequency hopping technique, the 2.4 GHz band is divided into 75 1-MHz sub-channels.

The sender and receiver agree on a hopping pattern, and data is sent over a sequence of the sub-channels.

Each conversation occurs over a different hopping pattern, and the patterns are designed to minimize the chance of two senders using the same subchannel simultaneously.

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Direct Sequence Signaling The direct sequence signaling technique divides the 2.4 GHz band into 14 22-MHz channels.

Adjacent channels overlap one another partially, with three of the 14 being completely non-overlapping.

Data is sent across one of these 22 MHz channels without hopping to other channels.

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Data Link layer

The data link layer within 802.11 consists of two sublayers: – Logical Link Control (LLC) .

– Media Access Control (MAC).

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Data Link layer 802.11 uses the same 802.2 LLC and 48-bit addressing as other 802 LANs, allowing for very simple bridging from wireless to IEEE wired networks, but the MAC is unique to WLANs. The 802.11 MAC is very similar in concept to 802.3, in that it is designed to support multiple users on a shared medium by having the sender sense the medium before accessing it. SSTE (Scientific Society for

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Data Link layer For 802.3 Ethernet LANs, the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol regulates how Ethernet stations establish access to the wire and how they detect and handle collisions that occur when two or more devices try to simultaneously communicate over the LAN SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Data Link layer Another MAC-layer problem specific to wireless is the “hidden node” issue, in which two stations on opposite sides of an access point can both “hear” activity from an access point, but not from each other, usually due to distance or an obstruction.

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Data Link layer To solve this problem, 802.11 specifies an optional Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) protocol at the MAC layer.

When this feature is in use, a sending station transmits an RTS and waits for the access point to reply with a CTS. SSTE (Scientific Society for

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Security Security is one of the first concerns of people deploying a Wireless LAN, the 802.11 committee has addressed the issue by providing what is called WEP ( Wired Equivalent Privacy)

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Security

The main concerns of users are that an intruder would not be able to: – Access the Network resources by using similar Wireless LAN equipment, – Be able to capture the Wireless LAN traffic (eavesdropping)

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Preventing access to network resources This is done by the use of an Authentication mechanism where a station needs to prove knowledge of the current key. this is very similar to the Wired LAN privacy, on the sense that an intruder needs to enter the premises (by using a physical key) in order to connect his workstation to the wired LAN.

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Eavesdropping Eavesdropping is prevented by the use of the WEP algorithm, which is a Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG), initialized by a shared secret key.

This PRNG outputs a key sequence of pseudorandom bits equal in length to the largest possible packet, which is combined with the outgoing/incoming packet producing the packet transmitted in the air.

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Why using WEB Algorithm Reasonable strong: Brute-force attack to this algorithm is difficult because of the fact that every frame is sent with an Initialization Vector, which restarts the PRNG for each frame.

Self Synchronizing: The algorithm synchronized again for each message, this is needed in order to work on a connectionless environment, where packets may get lost (as any LAN).

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How WiFi Works A typical Wi-Fi setup contains one or more Access Points (APs) and one or more clients. An AP broadcasts its SSID (Service Set Identifier, "Network name") via packets that are called beacons, which are broadcast every 100 ms. the client may decide whether to connect to an AP. Also the firmware running on the client Wi-Fi card is of influence.

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How WiFi works Say two APs of the same SSID are in range of the client, the firmware may decide based on signal strength to which of the two APs it will connect.

The Wi-Fi standard leaves connection criteria and roaming totally open to the client. This is a strength of Wi-Fi, but also means that one wireless adapter may perform substantially better than the other.

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Wireless Acess Point (WAP) A wireless access point (AP) connects a group of wireless stations to an adjacent wired local area network (LAN).

An access point is similar to an ethernet hub, but instead of relaying LAN data only to other LAN stations, an access point can relay wireless data to all other compatible wireless devices as well as to a single (usually) connected LAN device.

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Wireless Routers A wireless router integrates a wireless access point with an ethernet switch and an ethernet router.

The integrated switch connects the integrated access point and the integrated ethernet router internally, and allows for external wired ethernet LAN devices to be connected as well as a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem or DSL modem.

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Wireless Ethernet Bridge A wireless ethernet bridge connects a wired network to a wireless network.

This is different from an access point in the sense that an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link layer.

Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes.

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Range Extender A wireless range extender (repeater) can increase the range of an existing wireless network by being strategically placed in locations where a wireless signal is sufficiently strong and near by locations that have poor to no signal strength.

An example location would be at the corner of an L shaped corridor, where the access point is at the end of one leg and a strong signal is desired at the end of the other leg.

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WiFi versus Bluetooth Wi-Fi uses the same radio frequencies as Bluetooth, but with higher power consumption resulting in a stronger connection.

As mentioned earlier, Wi-Fi is sometimes called "wireless ethernet". Although this description is inaccurate, it provides an indication of Wi-Fi's capabilities.[verification needed] Wi-Fi is better suited for setting up networks as it enables a faster connection and has better security than Bluetooth.

Wireless Net

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WiMAX WiMAX is the abbreviation of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

WiMAX is not a technology, but rather a certification mark, or 'stamp of approval' given to equipment that meets certain conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 family of standards

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WiMAX We don’t use the WiMAX in FMC, so we are just going to differentiate between it and the WiFi.

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WiFi versus WiMAX WiFi is very different than WiMAX. In Wi-Fi, the media access controller (MAC) uses contention access — all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis.

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WiFi versus WiMAX This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput.

This makes services such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or IPTV, which depend on a predetermined type of Quality of Service (QoS), difficult to maintain for large numbers of users

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WiFi versus WiMAX In contrast, the 802.16 MAC uses a scheduling algorithm, where the subscriber station only has to compete once (for initial entry into the network).

After that it is allocated a time slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but it remains assigned to the subscriber station, meaning that other subscribers cannot use it.

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WiFi versus WiMAX This scheduling algorithm is stable under overload and over-subscription (unlike 802.11).

It can also be more bandwidth efficient.

The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control QoS parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber stations

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WiFi versus WiMAX The WiMAX specification improves upon many of the limitations of the Wi-Fi standard by providing increased bandwidth and range and stronger encryption.

It provides connectivity between network endpoints without need for direct line of sight in favourable circumstances.

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Uses of WiMAX The bandwidth and reach of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile (last km) broadband access.

Providing high-speed mobile data and telecommunications services (4G) SSTE (Scientific Society for (Telecommunication Engineers

Broad band access In areas without pre-existing physical cable or telephone networks, WiMAX could allow broadband access that has hitherto been unavailable. Home units the size of a paperback book that provide both phone and network connection points are already available and easy to install.

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Mobile Applications Some cellular companies are evaluating WiMAX as a means of increasing bandwidth for a variety of data-intensive applications.

For countries that have skipped wired infrastructure as a result of inhibitive costs and unsympathetic geography, WiMAX can enhance wireless infrastructure in an inexpensive, decentralized, deployment-friendly and effective manner.

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wiless net

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

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What is the DSL It is the abbreviation of Digital Subscriber Line.

It was invented by a group of Bellcore company’s engineer (Telcordia Technologies now).

They invented a method to transfer the digital signal on the unused frequency spectrum on the telephone cable without affecting the telephony service.

That was happened in 1988 (very long ago).

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Digital Subscriber Line However it was a great idea, but it wasn’t so interesting for telecom companies.

That was because, online issues weren’t so spread like nowadays and data transfer ment, transfer data to be used later.

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For that reason, telecom companies saw that, installing new telephone for customers who like a separate internet line is much profitable than applicating this idea.

And for customers who prefer broadband, they can use the ISDN if they want

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This concept has changed in the 90s, specially after the term (Triple Play ) appeared.

This is because, triple play, means the services of telephony, internet and video.

The exsistance of video among the services of the triple play, make it essential to have a very fast internet connection for watching live events.

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How fast the DSL is At first, the speed of the DSL was about 8 MB/S in a distance of 2Kms. Now, after improvement, the ADSL2+ can transmit till 24Mb/s, depending on the distance between the customer and the DSLAM unit.

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ADSL & SDSL ADSL: Asynchronous DSL, the upstream action is slower than the downstream one.

SDSL: Synchronous DSL, the upstream action equals to the downstream one.

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How the DSL works As we know the speech frequency is from 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz. But the telephone cable can bear very much higher frequencies.

So the concept is to creat many channels from the begining of 10 KHz frequency. the bandwidth for each is 4312.5 Hz and to be contineously created till the cable can’t bear more (That happens at about 1.1 MHz depending on the distance and the quality of the cable.).

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How the DSL works These created channels are divided into two groups, Upstream and Downstream according to which it is being joint to one of bair of virtual circuits ( Upstream virtual circuit & downstream virtual circuit).

Then we can transfer bidirectionally through this bair of virtual circuits.

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How can we separate data from voice Before separating data from voice, we need first something to deal with the data being sent over the cable.

This is done by a DSL Modem, it should be located at the subscriber end point.

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How can we separate data from voice

To separate data from voice, there are two methods: – Using a spliter. – Using a filter.

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Using a splitter Putting a splitter at the first point of the telephone line.

This splitter separate the voice in one cable, and the data in another cable.

The customer take the data cable and use it as if it is a new cable only for data.

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Using a splitter This method was being used earlier, now it is not a favourable method because: The splitter is very big in size and need much speed.

Difficult installation, should be performed by a technician.

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Using a filter Putting a Low Pass Filter (LPF) at each telephone line to extract the low band width voice signal at the telephone line.

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Using a filter However this method is better because the filter is so much smaller, but the higher the number of telephone outlets, the higher the number of the filters the more attenuation occures for voice calls.

This is because the signal attenuated while spreading to all the outlets searching the used one.

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Using the filter The best solution for this problem is that putting a main filter at the first point at the customer location.

Then extract the voice line from this point to all the telephone outlets in parallel connections.

This means that, we separate the voice from the data from the source point

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Advantage of this method Filter is small and doesn’t need much space.

No need for complicated configurations.

Installation is easy, and no need for technicians.

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What happens if we don’t separate voice and data The high frequency of the Data transfer, makes a lot of noise to the voice transfer.

The low frequency of the voice transfer causes data disconnection specially by the signalling part ( Ringing, dialing, ...., etc).

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So, what we need for having a DSL An analog line.

A DSL Modem at the customer location.

A DSLAM at the exchange location.

DSLAM ( DSL Access Multiplexer), is working as a multiplexer to multiplex many subscribers on a number of lines to be able to transfer the data.

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Modulation techniques Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation (CAP): It is a quadrature modulation (3D modulation).

The band is divided into three parts (Phase modulation).

– From 0 to 4 KHz for Voice.

– From 25 to 160 KHz for Upstream.

– From 240 KHz to 1.5 MHz for Downstream.

These parts are then sent using the Amplitude Modulation technique.

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Modulation techniques Discrete Multitone Modulation (DMT): It is also called Orthogonal Frequency Devision Multiplexing (OFDM).

It is also a quadrature modulation (3D modulation).

First it makes all the modulated signals orthogonal.

Then it modulates it using FDM.

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IDSL (ISDN DSL) It is for using the ISDN line for the high speed internet.

It is proved that it is not very much effective, as it increases the speed only from 128kb/s to 144kb/s.

The only advantage for that technology is to have a permanent internet connection without billing.

It is not used, as the ADSL is better and much more faster.

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