Environmental Systems Final Book

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK | FALL 2020 MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK PROFESSORS: HONGXI YIN + MICAH STANEK TA: HUZEFA JAWADWALA

CONTENTS SITE PLANNING SAMARA HOUSE: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAINGARDEN AT FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT’S SAMARA HOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

CLIMATE ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 1: UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANDING WIND PATTERNS IN PASSIVE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

ENERGY ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ASSIGNMENT 5: BEOPT DETAILED BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

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SAMARA HOUSE SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN RAINGARDEN GARDEN SPENCER DERTHICK AND MICAH RYDBERG

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SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

ANNOTATED PLAN SAMARA HOUSE

684’ x

682’

680’

678’

676’

674’

672’

670’

668’

666’

)&*)$%"&'(

664’

!"#$%"&'( x

EXISTING TREES EXISTING DRIVEWAY EXISTING PATHWAY

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

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ORIGINAL SECTION CUT 1 SAMARA HOUSE

ORIGINAL SECTION CUT 2 SAMARA HOUSE

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

SITE ANALYSIS SAMARA HOUSE

SAMARA HOUSE: Slope Analysis Site Planning: New Swale Location

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

SAMARA HOUSE: Radiation Analysis Site Planning: New Swale Location Lafayette Purdue University 1 May 10:00 - 31 May 11:00

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

SITE ANALYSIS SAMARA HOUSE 684’ x

682’

680’

678’

676’

674’

672’

670’

668’

666’

)&*)$%"&'(

Hours

664’

13.38 12.77 !"#$%"&'( x

12.15 11.54 10.92 10.31 9.69 9.08 8.46

SAMARA HOUSE: Water Flow Analysis Site Planning: New Swale Location

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

SAMARA HOUSE: Shade Analysis Site Planning: New Swale Location

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

REGRADED PLAN SAMARA HOUSE

684’ x

682’

680’

678’

676’

674’

672’

670’

668’

666’

HIGH POINT

664’

LOW POINT x

ORIGINAL TOPOGRAPHICAL LINES REGRADED TOPOGRAPHICAL LINES

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

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REGRADED SECTION CUT SAMARA HOUSE

DETAILED SECTION CUT OF REGRADED SLOPE SAMARA HOUSE

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

672’ 684’

INTEGRATED PLANTING PLAN

x

672’ 682’

672’ 680’

672’ 678’

676’

674’

672’

670’

668’

666’

HIGH POINT

SAMARA HOUSE

Paperbark Maple Grove

Hedge Maple Grove

Canopy Trees 664’

Paperbark Maple Acer griseum Hedge Maple Acer campestre

Swale 2

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica

Understory Trees + Shrubs

Raingarden Perennials

Chinese Tree Lilac Syringa reticulata

Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta

Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis

Coneflower Mix Purpurea echinacea Echinacea angustifolia Rudbeckia laciniata

Fringe Tree Chionanthus virginicus

Common Sneezewood Helenium autumnale

Swale Perennials Ornamental Onion Allium aflatunense

x

Swale 1

10%

Woodland Ground Cover

15%

Pennsylvania Sedge Carex pensylvanica

White Clover Trifolium repens

15%

Common Wood Sedge Carex blanda

Russian Sage Perovskia atriplicifolia

15%

Curly Styled Sedge Carex rosea

Rain Garden

Swale and Raingarden Rain Garden Ground Cover

10%

May Night Meadow Sage Salvia sylvestris

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

LOW POINT

10%

Chinese Lilac Tree Grove

European Wild Ginger Asarum canadense

ADA Accessible Walking Path

Sweet Fern Comptonia peregrina

Existing Plants

Fox Sedge Carex vulpinoidea

10%

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

10%

Spiky Fescue Festuca gautieri

Swale Water Flow Lawn Fine Fescue Festuca ovina

0’

10’

20’

40’

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

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INTEGRATED SECTION CUT SAMARA HOUSE

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

SITE PLANNING: REGRADING FOR NEW SWALES AND RAIN GARDEN

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GRASSHOPPER WORKSPACE

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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CLIMATE ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 1: UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG DENVER, COLORADO LATITUDE: 39°44'20.94"N LONGITUDE: 104°59'4.92"W ALTITUDE: 5280 FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL

KOPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION: SEMI-ARID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE (BSk) IECC ASHRAE ZONE: SEMI-ARID 5B USDA PLANT HARDNESS: ZONE 5B

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI LATITUDE: 38°44'11.10"N LONGITUDE: -90°21'23.34"W ALTITUDE: 544 FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL

KOPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION: HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE (Cfa) IECC ASHRAE ZONE: MIXED HUMID 4A USDA PLANT HARDNESS: ZONE 6B

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

North America map of Köppen climate classification

Koeppen Classification Map

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

IECC ASHRAE Zone

USDA Plant Hardiness

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Cumulative Heating and Cooling Days

INFERENCE Saint Louis has more cumulative cooling days than Denver but has substantially fewer heating days. It is likely that based solely on dry bulb temperature, that Denver overall uses more energy to create indoor temperature comfort than St Louis. Both St Louis and Denver have more heating degree days than cooling degree days which also means that more energy is required to heat the building during winter/colder months than is required to cool the building during summer/warmer months.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Wet Bulb Temperature

INFERENCE Denver is a very dry climate and so the wet bulb temperature is almost always the same as the dry bulb temperature. However, St. Louis has a wetter and more humid climate so the wet bulb temperature temperature (especially during summer months) might be drastically different from the dry bulb temperature. Correspondingly, people feel hotter in St. Louis and feel hotter quicker than in Denver.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Dry Bulb Temperature

INFERENCE The dry bulb temperatures for St Louis and Denver are very similar during most times of the year. St Louis is more stable in temperature throughout the day and so the high temperature lasts longer in this area than in Denver.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Relative Humidity

INFERENCE St. Louis is much more humid than Denver. This is what causes a much greater difference between wet bulb temperature and dry bulb temperature for St Louis. The humidity here often makes it uncomfortable to go outside. More heat is held in the air by water molecules in St. Louis, so the temperature changes less throughout the day than in Denver.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Wind Speed

INFERENCE The windspeeds in St. Louis are generally faster than in Denver especially during Jan-Mar. However, the difference between windspeed temperatures is similar in both locations. Denver has the lowest windspeeds in July.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

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ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Sky Cover

INFERENCE St. Louis has slightly more consistent cloud cover throughout the day than Denver does. Most cloudly days in St Louis happen between December and March. In Denver, most cloudy days happen in April, especially between the hours of 1pm-6pm when the cloud cover is often very high. Cloud cover in Denver is also very frequent in September.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Direct Normal Illumination

INFERENCE St. Louis has very little direct normal illumination and it would not be fiscally responsible to install solar panels when compared to Denver. Denver receives a ton of energy from direct normal illumination especially between June and September. This would be a great place for solar panels.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

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ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Sun Shading Chart

INFERENCE Saint Louis is very hot in June and July, and warm between May and September. April and September are comfortable months and St Louis becomes cold around November and remains cold through March.

Denver follows the same pattern as St. Louis, as the dry bulb temperatures are very similar for both these locations. Shade is very necessary for both locations in the summer. There is a larger diurnal temperature lag in Denver than in St. Louis and this lag is the greater in the summer months for both climates. The higher diurnal temperature lag in Denver is due in part to the higher altitude. In both Denver and St. Louis, there is also seasonal temperature lag where the hottest and coldest days come around a month after the Summer and Winter Solstices respectively.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

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ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Psychometric Chart

INFERENCE Due to the higher humidity in St Louis during warm months, de-humidification is important. The comfort zones are very similar for both, however, they both require a lot of heating during winter months.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

The dominant wind direction for St. Louis is from the south and west, and for Denver the dominant wind direction is mostly from the south. The wind in St. Louis is generally stronger than the wind in Denver.

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

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ST. LOUIS, MO

DENVER, CO

Psychometric Chart

INFERENCE The humidity in St. Louis causes the wet bulb temperature to increase beyond many comfort zones, which requires natural ventilation cooling and dehumidification to bring the temperature down. In Denver, it is often too cold for people’s comfort zone, so internal heat gain is required.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

The analemmas for both St Louis and Denver are very similar, but St Louis is slightly more uncomfortable as the sun moves to the top of the analemma in July.

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANING CLIMATE CONSULTANT, GRASSHOPPER, + LADYBUG

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Grasshopper/Ladybug Commands

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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CLIMATE ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 2: UNDERSTANDING WIND PATTERNS IN PASSIVE DESIGN

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EXERCISE 1: UNDERSTANDING WIND PATTERNS

SIMULATION 1 Location: St. Louis, MO Date: January 21 Wind Speed: 4.20 m/s Temperature: 0° C Wind Direction: Originate from West Effective Roughness Height: Suburb

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

SIMULATION 2 Location: St. Louis, MO Date: April 21 Wind Speed: 3.89 m/s Temperature: 20.6° C Wind Direction: Originate from West Effective Roughness Height: Suburb

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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EXERCISE 1: UNDERSTANDING WIND PATTERNS

SIMULATION 3 Location: St. Louis, MO Date: July 21 Wind Speed: 2.64 m/s Temperature: 31.1° C Wind Direction: Originate from South Effective Roughness Height: Suburb

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

SIMULATION 4 Location: St. Louis, MO Date: October 21 Wind Speed: 3.71 m/s Temperature: 18.3° C Wind Direction: Originate from South Effective Roughness Height: Suburb

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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EXERCISE 2: PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

CONDITION 1 Operative Temp: 74 °F Air Speed: 20 fpm Relative Humidity: 50% Metabolic Rate: 1 met Clothing Level: 1 clo

CONDITION 2 Operative Temp: 85 °F Air Speed: 300 fpm Relative Humidity: 75% Metabolic Rate: 1.5 met Clothing Level: 0.5 clo

Comparison of Condition 1 to Condition 2: Although both Condition 1 and Condition 2 comply with the ASHRAE 55 Standard, Condition 1 is more desirable. The PMV for Condition 2 is 0.38 higher and the PPD for Condition 2 is 3% greater. This number comparison indicates that a higher number of people will be comfortable in Condition 1, even though Condition 2 still complies with ASHRAE 55.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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EXERCISE 2: PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

CONDITION 3 Operative Temp: 51 °F Air Speed: 40 fpm Relative Humidity: 15% Metabolic Rate: 2 met Clothing Level: 1.4 clo

CONDITION 3: improved Operative Temp: 51 °F Air Speed: 40 fpm Relative Humidity: 15% Metabolic Rate: 2 met Clothing Level: 1.5 clo

Improving Condition 3: While the original Condition 3 (above left) does not comply with the ASHRAE 55 Standard, by adding 0.1 clo to Clothing Level, Condition 3: improved (above right) will fall within the comfort zone.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ENERGY ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 3: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

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ST. LOUIS WEATHER: HEATING DEGREE DAYS

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

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ST. LOUIS WEATHER: HEATING DEGREE DAYS

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

THERM Analysis - Door

Base Materials Teal: Glass - Plate or Float Grey: Butyl Rubber Blue: Aluminum Frame

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

Aluminum Base Frame

Hardwood Substituted for Aluminum

PVC Substituted for Aluminum

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

THERM Analysis - Window

Aluminum Base Frame

Hardwood Substituted for Aluminum

PVC Substituted for Aluminum

Base Materials Teal: Glass - Plate or Float Grey: Butyl Rubber Blue: Aluminum Frame MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

After calculating thermal performance of aluminum, hardwood, and PVC through a simulation, we learned that aluminum has very high heat conductivity, making it a poor insulative material option in the winter. When compared to hardwood and PVC substitutions, the aluminum framing has the smallest temperature gradient during the winter (low difference in inside and outside temperatures), meaning it is a poor choice for exterior insulation.

For both the window and door, hardwood follows a similar trend to PVC: the PVC insulates against a lot of the cold on the exterior surface during the winter, as will the hardwood substitution. For the window specifically, the PVC substitution has a temperature gradient around 40F and the gradient for hardwood is about 60F. Therefore, these large temperature gradients suggest that these materials are better insulators from an energy transfer standpoint than aluminum is.

Aluminum Base Frame MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

Hardwood Substituted for Aluminum

PVC Substituted for Aluminum ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

WINDOW SECTION DETAIL

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

WALL SECTION DETAIL

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

DOOR SECTION DETAIL

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ROOF SECTION DETAIL

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

FLOOR (SLAB ON GRADE) SECTION DETAIL

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

BELOW GRADE WALL SECTION DETAIL

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 4: UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE CRETE HOUSE ENCLOSURE

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

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ENERGY ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 4: BEOPT DETAILED BUIDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS

ASSIGNMENT 5B: BEOPT DETAILED BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS

!"#$%&'()"%$"*+%+"(,%+($% -"(.&/0%#.%*'0/'%,*%&/,%1'*2%

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

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4<%2(7#.&%-"(.&/$%(%$/-*.0%,#2/=% +/%+/'/%(>3/%,*%(&(#.%#.-'/($/% the efficiency of the Crete House. !"#$%&'()"%$"*+%+"(,%+($% -"(.&/0%#.%*'0/'%,*%&/,%1'*2% ,"/%*'#&#.(3%456%4/.-"2('7%,*% ,"/%$/-*.0=%#2)'*?/0%0/$#&.%1*'% ,"/%8'/,/%9*:$/;

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK

ASSIGNMENT 5B: BEOPT DETAILED ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS

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!"#$%&'()"%$"*+$%,"(,%*?/'(33=%,"'*:&"*:,%,"/%</('=%*:'%./+%'/-*22/.0(,#*.$%1*'%,"/%8'/,/%9*:$/%+#33%2(7/%#,% more energy efficient than the original.

8@A8BCDE@A The main areas we focused on making more efficient were the windows, doors, shading, passive cooling strategies (.0%"*+%,"/%())3#(.-/$%('/%:$/0;%D*2/%*1%,"/%-"(.&/$%+/%'/-*22/.0%#.-3:0/%3*+/'#.&%,"/%8**3#.&%D/,,#.&%F*#., >/3*+%,"/%$,(.0('0%GH%,*%(33*+%2*'/%,#2/%1*'%)($$#?/%-**3#.&%$,'(,/&#/$%,*%+*'7%>/1*'/%,"/%(#'%-*.0#,#*./'%$,(',$ -*.$:2#.&%/./'&<=%#.-'/($#.&%#.$:3(,#*.%3/?/3$%1*'%,"/%0**'$%(.0%+#.0*+$%$*%,"(,%,"/'/%#$%3/$$%(#'%3/(7(&/=%(.0% finally, adding solar water heating greatly increases building efficiency.

MICAH RYDBERG + SPENCER DERTHICK

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 FINAL BOOK