SPAN: February 1965

FEBRUARY

1965

Fifty Paise

¡ Massive steel framework at Cape Kennedy, Florida, will, when completed, be world's largest building, housing vertical assembly of giant Saturn V rockets destined for moon.

SPAN OF EVENTS

Nina Hatfield, 21, hits bull's eye, winning the first Miss Physical Fitness title of United States.

Twin towers of New York's World Trade Centre will be world's tallest structures, topping majestic Empire State Building by 30 metres. The building will be ready by 1970.

Baby swallows pin? New medical electromagnet removes it with least possible injury to patient.

Construction of the John F. Kennedy Centre for Performing Arts, designed by Edward D. Stone

CONTENTS

FOR VOLUME

VI

SIX WEEKS FROM BALTIMORE TO BOMBAY

by Paul R. Hill and Corinne Heditsian 19th U.N. General Assembly in session is viewed through a "fish eye" camera lens. Session opened last December in New York City.

A TOUR OF WASHINGTON'S

by Adelyn D. Breeskin GEORGE WASHINGTON:

by Virginia Olsen

ART MUSEUMS

OBSCURE HERO

16

A DIRECTORY OF U.S. ASSISTANCE TO INDIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

21

WHERE TWO WORLDS OF MUSIC MEET

by Virnla Patil

39

THE WIDE HORIZON OF WINTER

by John Jacobs One of the delights of winter in cold climates is the opportunity for outdoor recreation in the snow-covered countryside. See story beginning on page 42. Cover photograph courtesy Clairol Incorporated.

FRONT CoVER:

Watching by fluoroscope, doctor switches on magnet as it reaches bottom of pin to remove it, bottom up, from child's throat.

(below, left), was started recently when President Johnson broke ground for the Centre (below), expected to be completed in 1966.

BACK CoVER: Carved in granite in South Dakota's Black Hills are heads of four U.S. Presidents including Abraham Lincoln's, shown here in process of repair by a workman. Lincoln's birthday is celebrated on February 12.

EDITORIALSTAFF: Lokenath Bhattacharya, K. G. Gabrani, Avinash Pasricha, Nirmal Kumar Sharma. ART STAFF: B. Roy Choudhury, Nand K. Katyal.

PHOTOGRAPIDCSERVICES: USIS Photo Lab. Production Manager: Awtar S. Marwaha. Published by United States Information Service, BahawalpurHouse, Sikandra Road, New Delhi-I, on behalf of The Americall Embassy, New Delhi. Printed by Arun K. Mehta at Vakil & Sons Private Ltd., Narandas Building, Sprott Road, 18 Ballard Estate, Bombay-I. Pages 21 to 28 printed by offset at G. Claridge & Co., Caxton Works, Frere Road, Bombay-I. Subscription rates for SPAN: One year, Rs. 4; two years, Rs. 7. Address subscriptions, including remittance to nearest regional distributor. NEW DELHl, Patrika Syndicate (Pvt.) Ltd., Gole Market; BoMBAY, Lalvani Brothers Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road; MADRAS, The Swadesamitran Ltd., Victory House, Mount Road; CALCUTTA,Patrika Syndicate (Pvt.) Ltd., 12{1 Lindsay Street. Subscriptions are not accepted from outside India. • Manuscripts and photographs sent for publication must be accompanied by stamped, self-addressed envelope for return. SPAN is not responsible for any loss in transit. SPAN encourages use of its articles in other publications except where copyrighted. For details, write to the Editor, SPAN.• In case of change of address, cut out old address from a recent SPAN envelope and forward along with new address to A. K. Mitra, Circulation Manager.

Please alIow six weeks for change of address to become effective .•

UNITED STATES Of AMERiCA

OM BALTI Baltimore, one of America's most historic cities, food grains are shipped to India, and Bombay, harbour,

is the other important

terminus

country's

India's

third largest port from which

largest city with a fine natural

of this vital traffic. The development

two port cities, widely differing in history

ACKIN THE eighteenth century, when men put to sea in wooden sailing ships, the fastest of them were the speedy, two-masted Baltimore Clippers. As they plied the trade routes between the United States and the Orient and established speed records for swift ocean crossings, they brought fame and fortune to their builders and owners in Baltimore, Maryland, the port out of which they sailed.

Today, although steel has largely replaced canvas and wood and the era of sailing ships is all but a colourful memory, Baltimore continues to rank as one of the United States' principal outlets for world commerce. It is America's third largest foreign-trade port-eargoes worth some $2,000 million move through it annually. And it is one of the big ports through which U.S. grain is being shipped to India.

Handling grain shipments for points outside the United States is old business for the Port of Baltimore. It began back in 1758.Because of its proximity to the grain fields of Pennsylvania during the early eighteenth century, and later, to the vast grainproducing areas of the U.S. midwest, Baltimore had becomeby the time of the American Civil War in the 1860's-one of the leading shipping points for grain and grain products.

But while bulk cargoes of outgoing grain, coal, steel and refined copper and such incoming cargoes as ores, petroleum, sugar, sulphur and gypsum have had a part in making Baltimore a "shipper's port," the big tidewater basin's fame and fortune have been built on the varied and diversified activities that mark its forty-five miles of waterfront and ninety-two deepwater piers.

B

IS

and culture,

of these

has many points of resemblance.

While the function of the port is, essentially, that of any other port in the world-to serve as a point of entry and exit for goods moving in foreign trade-the day-to-day carrying out of this mission is an extremely complicated pattern involving many separate businesses. The 5,300 ships that each year make their way up the Chesapeake Bay or through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal into the Patapsco River, bring with them, along with their cargoes, the many maritime problems that the port is equipped to solve.

After ships are berthed at their piers, many of them especially designed for handling cargoes (there are thirty-six general and forty-six specialized cargo piers), they must be unloaded and their cargoes stored in one of the thirty public general warehouses, or loaded onto waiting trains or motor vans. While in port, some ships require fumigation, others need overhaul or repainting. Since Baltimore is a major ship-building centre, occasionally smaller vessels are literally cut in two and "jumboized"-made longer by the addition of new mid-sections.

Ships loading for overseas ports present other problems.

Gantry, bridge, locomotive, caterpillar and floating cranes lift huge loads and deposit them gently into the holds of the ships.

Longshoremen, who once carried much cargo on their backs, now operate machinery that swiftly does much of the hard work.

Grain that was once carried in bags aboard ship by longshoremen, now makes its way from railcars to ship-holds by conveyors.

o

BOMBAY Baltimore port officials check loading operations with Laurel's Captain Chiras. right. as grain is transferred to the ship's holds.

These are some of the visible signs of activity that make the Port of Baltimore hum. But ships would float idly at their piers and no wheels would turn were it not for the vast amount of office work that is done each day in the city of Baltimore, for cargoes are "handled" through business channels as well as by machinery and workmen.

For example, arrangements for getting grain from inland storage areas to port elevators, via railroads, are handled by grain forwarding companies.

Steamship agents, representing the many companies using the port, must make many arrangements for the vessels even before they reach port. Tug-boats must be ready for safe arrival and departure; longshoremen must be on hand to load or unload cargoes. Ship chandlers, insurers, custom-house brokers and watchmen are but a few of many people who playa role during the short time a ship is in port. It is an endless series of details to ensure smooth and efficient service. To the city that furnishes the men and marine "know-how" dating back several hundred years, it is the chief business.

Present-day Baltimore (a Baltimorean calls his town "Bawlemer") is the sixth largest city in the United States, with a metropolitan-area population of 1.7 million people. But Baltimore is an old city with a proud history. The customs, practices and personalities of her people reflect, to a great extent, her European heritage as well as the distinctive qualities born of her own tidewater environment. Her restaurants are famous for their sea-food specialities, which feature Chesapeake Bay oysters, softshell crabs and terrapin.

The city is justly proud of its twenty-one colleges and universities, the most famous of which is Johns Hopkins University with its renowned School of Medicine and Hospital. Its many parks, museums and libraries serve a population that is literate and sophisticated.

Baltimore is home to many people-financiers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, educators and labourers, all of whom, in one way or another, feel the effect of the port on their livelihood. In fact, Baltimore without its famous

port would be a city without a purpose.

A tour by launch offers a spectacular view of the Baltimore Harbour. Many piers extend into the water like slender fingers, temporary homes to ships from many lands as they discharge and take on cargo. Between clusters of piers are areas devoted to manufacturing; many firms prefer to make their products near a shipping point. There are electronics plants, fertilizer manufacturers, and many shipyards. At Sparrows Point in the misty distance is the largest and best-known of Baltimore's shipyards-the Bethlehem Steel complex which produces between thirty and forty per cent of all new vessels launched in the U.S. Bethlehem, which also operates the free world's largest steel mill at Baltimore, can handle more than thirty vessels simultaneously in its shipyards.

But Baltimore's port area is not wholly concerned with the present; it also offers reminders of historic events from America's early years. The United States Frigate Constellation, built in 1798, rides placidly at its Pratt Street pier. The second ship in the U.S. Navy, it once saw service against the Barbary Coast pirates. Now many foreign and American visitors tour its decks and inspect its now-silent guns.

Fort McHenry is another place that reflects Baltimore's historic past. During the War of 1812, the Fort commanded the entrance to Baltimore Harbour, and following a night-time bombardment by a British fleet, the defending Baltimoreans found "at dawn's early light" that the American flag was still flying over the Fort. The event so impressed Fr'1-ncisScott Key that a few days later he wrote the words to the "Star Spangled Banner" which in 1931, by an act of Congress, became the American National Anthem.

But Baltimore tarries only briefly over its history. For many people in other parts of the world, tomorrow's future is being written today. Because of floods, drought and other quirks of nature, many countries need the surplus food that America is constantly sending abroad.

Continuing the harbour tour, a cluster of tubes appears to Continued on next page

The Hellenic Laurel leaves with a load of American foodgrains for the people of India.

be standing on end. Actually they comprise one of the port's three huge terminal grain elevators. Owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the elevator has a capacity of 4,250,000 bushels; ships can be loaded from it at the rate of 140,000 bushels per hour.

Railroad cars of grain are unloaded by devices known as "car shakeouts" which grab, tilt and shake out the contents of a car through its doors. The grain makes its way to the top of the elevator, where it is weighed and cleaned. In loading or unloading a ship, long tubes known as "marine legs" are lowered into the ship's holds and act as direct passageways for the grain on its way to and from the storage bins via conveyor belts.

One freighter taking on a cargo of grain at one of the elevators recently was the Hellenic Laurel of the Hellenic lines Ltd., whose ships make regular runs to Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, Tuticorin and Visakhapatnam in India.

The ship's master captain, Grigorios Chiras, and his officers had brought their to,500-ton freighter from Philadelphia, carrying general cargo; part of the cargo she took on at Baltimore, en route to ports in the Mediterranean and India, was 3,000 metric tons of com for Bombay.

At the top or main deck of the Laurel, leading from the storage bins of the elevator, is a system of conveyors that bring the grain to the ship. As a visitor came on board the hatch of the number two hold was open; a "gallery spout," through which the com pours, was being lowered into the hold. The great expanse of the hold is divided into sections or bins to prevent the cargo from shifting. Attached to the "gallery spout" is a whirling device that distributes the com to the farthest comers of the compartment. This apparatus does away with the heavy shovelling formerly needed to level the grain.

When a predetermined amount of the 3,000 tons of corn has been put into this hold, number three and four holds are similarly loaded, spreading the total amount of the grain throughout the freighter.

A great amount of dust is created by the movement of the grain into the ship and some of the longshoremen wear masks

to prevent it getting into their lungs. The dust too, under the right conditions, can be explosive and smoking is not permitted during the loading operation.

The Laurel is also equipped with huge ship's cranes to carry such things as locomotives, tractors and similar heavy industrial equipment.

Captain Chiras invited his visitors to see the complex of living and dining quarters amidship. Here are located the comfortable passenger cabins (many freighters have facilities for a limited number of passengers), main saloon, gallery and, slightly forward, the Captain's office and quarters which resemble the de luxe suite in any fashionable hotel. Captain Chiras is a hospitable sailor and is proud of his new ship. But he preferred to talk about his young wife in Pireaus, Greece, whom he had to leave after a short honeymoon before starting on his present cruise. He is much in love with both, he said. He took a year off from his sea duties to supervise the construction of the Laurel at Emden, Germany, from the laying of her keelplate to final launching.

He met his future wife in Pensacola, Florida, and she planned to fly from their home in Greece, to Alexandria, V.A.R., to continue the ship's voyage to Bombay with her husband.

"All of my family were men of the sea," the Captain recalled. "I learned my seamanship from my father aboard a sailing vessel. My grandfather was lost in a great storm. After I finished secondary school, I entered the maritime service as a deckhand, was promoted to boatswain's mate, then to fourth, third and first mate, and finally, after fourteen years with the Hellenic Lines, to Captain."

From Baltimore, the Laurel will go to New York and Searsport, Maine, then sail via the Great Circle route to Gibraltar and into the Mediterranean sea, Captain Chiras explained. "We will stop to unload and take on cargo at Alexandria, Port Said, Jidda, Port Sudan, Karachi and Bombay."

At the gangway leading to the bridge, Captain Chiras pointed out the big intricate gyroscope that steers the ship Continued on page 6

As grain pours from the gallery spout into the Hellenic Laurel's holds, it makes a 'fog-like cloud of dust. Ships approaching the

\~ ~1

Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote the American national anthem during War of 1812, reflects Baltimore's historic past. port of Baltimore first pass under the Chesapeake Bay Bridge, centre, a seven-mile structure. At Bombay Port grain is unloaded, right.

automatically at sea. Upstairs is the chartroom where he and his officers plot their various courses. To one side is an embossed plaque of Saint Nicholas, the Greek orthodox patron saint of mariners. Over it hangs a lighted votive candle. Captain Chiras and his officers are devout men.

The wheel house forward is immaculate, as is everything else on the Laurel. Powerful sea binoculars hang on the wall ready for use. The steering wheel, operated by the quartermaster when the ship is under way, seems to radiate.

This is the sanctum sanctarum of the Hellenic Laurel.

Through the heavy glass windows looking forward, out over the

hatches and beyond the prow, is a view of the open sea. It is the view all ship captains love, for it means freedom from the land.

It holds promise of the salty expanse that means "voyage ahead" with its challenges and rewards.

For Captain Grigorios Chiras, his six officers and crew of thirty-seven, it will soon mean another ocean crossing aboard their beloved Hellenic Laurel. This time, though, as her prow points towards Alexandria, it also promises a reunion between two newly-weds!

And for the people of India, it means another shipload of needed food is on its way from America.

After a voyage of more than 8,000 miles, the Laurel arnves at Bombay where its precIOUS cargo IS unloaded. To the young captain of the ship, the city is more than just another port of call. He is attracted by the diversity and colour of the fascinating metropolis which began as a small fishing village and is now one of India's

TROLLALONGBOMBAY'Sfamed Apollo Bunder to the Gateway of India and view the array of cargo and passenger ships as they ride at anchor on the rippling waters of the Arabian Sea. They come from all comers of the world. Most are awaiting their turn for berthing space at one of the world's busiest ports. Others prefer to unload their cargo in stream and avoid the eight-day wait. A few, worn and weary, await conversion into scrap metal. The crowded harbour is not only a beautiful sight but a comforting one as well, for many of the cargo ships carry grain to relieve India's food shortage.

One such ship, the Hellenic Laurel, unloaded its grain stores from the United States last November. Its cargo, some 3,000 tons of corn destined for the Kaira cattle feed compounding factory, Anand, was part of a contribution of the American people to the .Freedom from Hunger Campaign. The Laurel's Captain Grigorios Chiras, who has touched Bombay every six months since 1954, regards Bombay as more than just another port of call. "Whenever I sail into Bombay harbour," he explained, "I am aware of the importance of my cargo. Most of the time I bring here vitally needed foodgrains and fertilizers."

This trip was important to Captain Chiras for personal reasons as well. While lighters unloaded his ship, the Captain brought his new bride ashore for her first tour of this cosmopolitan city of four and a half million.

Bombayites are extremely proud of their city and say that once you settle here, you never want to leave again. It is a strikingly diverse city with a population representing the whole great Indian panorama from north to south, from east to west.

Yet Bombay is no more typical ofIndia than New York City is typical of the United States. With its bustling commerce and fast growing industries, the city draws people from almost every nation of the world. It is a city of contrasts. Within its 186

S

most important

industrial

centres.

square miles there is the beauty of the Hanging Gardens near Malabar Hill's splendid mansions; there are scores of skyscraper apartments; and there is also the clutter of congested hutments, which the Municipal Corporation continually tries to abolish.

By night there is the sparkling expanse of lights and dappled sea viewed from Marine Drive, and there are crowded narrow alleys of the bazaar by day. Villagers with expectations of industrial employment contrast sharply with the sophisticates of Bombay's film industry or other big business. The true charm of Bombay, like that of so many rapidly expanding centres of trade, commerce and industry, lies in her contrasts, movement and colour.

Make your way through the congestion on Mohammed Ali Road and see the wildest assortment of headgear to be found in any city of the world. It ranges from the colourful, multipatterned pugrees of Sikhs, Maharashtrians, Gujaratis and South Indians to the many varieties of tapis-the well-known Gandhi cap, the Parsi silk or felt cap, the black or brown pillboxes favoured by Hindu tradesmen and the red fez worn by Muslims.

This diversity of headgear is symbolic of the diversity of this largest of Indian port cities, a city characterized by nostalgic Americans as a mixture of New York, Chicago and Hollywood.

And the past of this fascinating metropolis is as colourful as its present.

Bombay began as a small fishing village of seven small insignificant islands. It got its name from Mumba Bai or Mumba Devi, the goddess Parvati, whose temple once stood on the site of Victoria Terminus and whom the Koli fishermen worshipped.

Although involved in trade from Western India to the Red Sea by way of East Africa as early as 1000 B.C. and later with Babylon through the Persian Gulf, Bombay remained inconspicuous until the seventh century A.D.when Elephanta Island dominated

the harbour and served as a contact point between India and her neighbours. Today, with its sculptured caves, the island remains a world-renowned tourist attraction.

In 1654, the East India Company urged Oliver Cromwell to purchase Bombay for harbour development, but it was not until some years later that the plan came to fruition. In 1661, the dowry of Infanta Catherine of Portugal included Bombay, and the city was transferred to King Charles II of England. But the Portuguese settlers were not so enthusiastic about the royal marriage, and refused to accept subordination until their defeat

by British troops. A year later, Charles transferred the city to the East India Company by Royal Chartel. The annual rent was the astonishing sum of ten pounds, suggesting that the King of England made as bad a bargain as the Manhattan Red Indians had when they sold that island, the site offuture New York City, to the Dutch for trinkets worth sixty guilders (or about Rs. 120) thirty-six years earlier.

It was not until the 1750's that the dock area was built, but by 1770 the harbour had gained importance as a result of the establishment of the cotton trade with China. Population began to expand rapidly from 113,000 in 1780 to 821,000 in 1891. Three major factors in this growth were the opening of the Suez Canal, the development of a rail network throughout India and the temporary boom in the cotton industry during the American Civil War. Bombay District, one of the seven districts of Maharashtra, is the smallest in area; yet it accounts for about one third of the State's population. In the past hundred years, the city has undergone several major changes in appearance. One was in the 1850's when the fort ramparts were levelled and government buildings constructed. Another was in the 1880's as industrialization caused the official and wealthy classes to move to Malabar

and Cumballa Hills, still considered highly desirable residential areas. On the other side of the island, the famous Gateway of India was built of stone and Byzantine design to commemorate the visit of Emperor George V in 1911. By March of 1965, a familiar landmark will disappear as Kemps Corner loses its namesake, the stately old chemist shop, which must come down to make way for an overpass.

The development of Bombay as a major Indian city is closely linked to the development of its port. With the only natural deep-water harbour on the western coast, Bombay's midposition on the coastline and its year-round accessibility by sea and land make it as real a gateway as the monument suggests.

The Port Trust was formed in 1873; since then its trustees have been actively engaged in construction and reclamation to cope with the increased traffic. Today over three thousand ships a year with a gross registered tonnage exceeding twenty-two million visit the port. It handles more exports and imports than any other Indian port and nearly 750,000 overseas passengers move in and out each year. That the recently constructed port at Kandla, Gujarat, has not appreciably relieved the pressure indicates the continued need for expansion.

Practically all of the Port Trust docks and estates are on land reclaimed from the harbour. And the process goes on as a three-year development scheme focuses on developing several new and deeper berths at busy Alexandra Dock. The intention is to improve facilities for handling bulk oil and general cargo and to absorb the spillover of passenger traffic from Ballard Pier.

The Docks are bustling centres of activity. British, American, Russian, Japanese, Norwegian, Dutch and German flags most often appear on the carriers but the trade is by no means limited to these countries. Near the berths and in the sheds are crates Continued on next page

The Marine Drive residential area is part of the new building development undertaken to house the city's soaring population.

Mrs. Chiras, on her first visit to India, was fascinated by the imposing array of Kashmir arts and crafts at a Bombay showroom.

destined for every part of India-boilers and machine part.s, textile equipment and precious consumer goods-interspersed with grain sacks full of American red wheat.

The port is equipped with forty-six berths and about that many ships are anchored in the dock basins each day. Relief from the acute food shortage is a priority and four berths are reserved exclusively for ships with grain cargoes. A day doesn't go by without an American ship at Alexandra Dock unloading tons of wheat or corn for all-India distribution.

The operation is fairly effective but the port authorities see room for improvement. Measures for speeding up the process are now in hand. At present the grain is generally unloaded by vacua tors from the ship to a shed by Port Trust stevedores. The loose grain is then bagged by employees of the Dock Labour Board and piled for transfer-some to a government godown for storage reserve, some to nearby mills or grain outlets. The rest of each shipment moves down the six mile Port Trust Railway to Wadala Marshalling Yard where it is shipped by rail to other parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir and even the Punjab.

Why send wheat to a surplus grain producing area like the Punjab? A case of the inapplicability of pure economics. The red American wheat, while of a higher protein content, is alien to Indians who prefer the white variety grown here. In order to meet the preferences as well as the needs of people throughout the country, the Government of India transfers much of the Punjab wheat to other States and supplies the Punjabis with a fair amount of the imported variety.

The present method of unloading has two disadvantages; it ties up four badly needed berths and with low pressure vacuators, takes about thirteen days to unload a ship carrying 22,000 tons of grain-an average of 1,700 tons a day. A few imported machines and the proposed reorganization of unloading systems will free

two berths and cut the unloading time to about half. Swiss Buhler pumps will push the grain through piping from the ship's hold to the upper floor of the shed where it will be channelled down a shaft into a hopper on the ground floor. Two openings in the hopper will allow the workers to put the grain into sacks and ready it for shipment. Hygienic conditions will also be improved.

Like much of the modern equipment in use these machines to facilitate the unloading operation have had to be imported.

Port authorities expect that in another fifteen years all the various items of equipment for port operations will be manufactured in India. The continuance of mechanized innovations at the port will reduce the number of labourers necessary for unloading and bagging operations, a situation which has produced some anxiety in the stevedores' union. The port managers have assured them, however, that little displacement will occur as the increased traffic provides new jobs.

The Hellenic Laurel brought the first shipment of corn for the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers Union's cattle feed compounding factory. This Rs. 45-lakh plant is one of the many projects undertaken by the Indian Government, with international co-operation, to solve India's agricultural problems.

The balance of the 17,000 tons of American corn is expected to arrive in the next few months. The Laurel probably won't have another chance at this particular consignment, but when Captain Chiras arrives again in Bombay Port with another shipment of vital foodgrains, he will certainly notice some changes. Instead of unloading in stream, the Laurel can come directly to Berth 12, unload in about half the time and depart for its next port of call.

The Captain won't be surprised, for as he pointed out on this last visit, "Bombay is one of the best organized ports in the world. Its problems are not unique. They are cornmon to all busy centres of commerce throughout the world." •

A TOUR OF WASHINGTON'S

ART MUSEUMS

The six major galleries in Washington, D.C., contain an amazing variety of the world's great art. Some are highly specialized, others offer fine examples of painting and sculpture from many schools and periods. On these pages, Mrs. Adelyn D. Breeskin, who is now visiting India, conducts a tour of the galleries in the nation's Capital. Mrs. Breeskin is a special consultant to the National Collection of Fine Arts of the Smithsonian Institution.

Taken as a whole, the National Gallery of Art with its lectures and concerts is representative of the best in the artistic heritage of America and Europe.

NTHEIR CAPITAL at Washington, D.C., Americans are fortunate in having a large assortment of museums, most of which are called galleries although, in Webster's dictionary, a gallery is described as a "room for the exhibition of works of art, as a picture gallery; hence a collection of paintings." On the other hand, a museum is identified as "a building, or part of one, in which are preserved and exhibited objects of permanent interest in one or more of the arts and sciences." This latter definition does seem to me to be more what the six major U.S. art galleries are about. Nevertheless all of them are called galleries starting with the large National Gallery of Art. This great white marble building, which faces both the Mall and Constitution Avenue, was designed by the popular American architect of the earlier part of this century, John Russell Pope.

The stone of which it is built has quite a lovely pink tinge which serves to counteract any glare on bright, sunny days. The gallery was the munificent gift of Andrew Mellon, who also gave his great collection of paintings to the nation in 1937.

Since then, other gifts of important collections of paint-

I

Equestrian Portrait of the Emperor Shah Jahan, a 17th century Mughal painting from India, belonging to Govardhan school.

ings, sculpture and prints have been added, such as those of Messrs Widener, Kress, Rosenwald and Chester Dale, until now the National Gallery is generally considered to be one of the world's finest. It has more than 46,500 square metres of floor space and includes more than one hundred different exhibition rooms in which are displayed 27,000 works of art-paintings, sculpture, prints and drawings, furniture, tapestries, goldsmiths' work and other examples of decorative arts.

For those who prefer a recorded lecture to the scheduled free docent tours, a radio-lecture service is available which can be rented for twenty-five cents. The Gallery's own orchestra gives free concerts on Sunday evenings in the interior East Garden Court. Free lectures, mostly by visiting art authorities from abroad, are given every Sunday afternoon. The attendance, which is always free, averages about one million people a year, with many school-children included. Taken as a whole, this National Gallery is representative of the best in the artistic heritage of both America and Europe.

Across the Mall from the National Gallery is the Freer

Gallery of Art which, like the National Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts, is administered under the Smithsonian Institution. In the Freer is housed one of the great Oriental art collections of the world plus a large display of the work of the expatriate American, James A. McNeill Whistler. The man who donated this group of divergent art to the nation spent much of his adult life in the Near and Far East and amassed his collection with the help of the renowned Orientalist, Ernest Fenollosa.

Every type of art from these vast Eastern regions is included, such as bronzes, ceramics and glass, as well as manuscripts and kakemonos or Japanese wall-pictures. The Whistler material was added out of Mr. Freer's personal friendship for the artist. As a result not only is there a full complement of Whistler's watercolours, drawings, etchings and lithographs on display but also the famous Peacock Room which was designed for the London house of F.R. Leyland. The main emphasis of the Freer collection is placed, however, on the superb early Chinese bronzes and paintings as well as a broad coverage of Indian miniatures.

Continued on next page

The collection of paintings of Pierre Bonnard at the Phillips Gallery is the largest and most distinguished

III

the U.S., and probably in the world.

A very personal gallery is that housing the Duncan Phillips Collection, which was incorporated as a museum in 1918.

Mr. Phillips began collecting in his undergraduate days at Yale University and has continued unremittingly to build a most selective and tasteful gallery of paintings, with some sculpture, in the pleasant, spacious home where he grew up. Having outgrown that building, a large wing was added about ten years ago where are featured such choice items as Renoir's "Luncheon of the Boating Party" and Van Gogh's "Entrance to the Public Gardens, Aries."

The collection of the paintings of Pierre Bonnard at the Phillips Gallery is the largest and most distinguished in America and probably in the world. The Daunniers are also very fine. A lived-in look pervades all of the rooms, which are beautifully furnished with comfortable chairs and sofas so that one wants to linger long among these much-loved works of art.

Before Andrew Mellon gave the National Gallery to the nation, there was an art collection belonging to the Smithsonian Continued on page 14

Washington Gallery of Modern Art offers a sales and rental programme that gives people a chance to try living with some of the strange experimental art of today.

Institution which was called the National Gallery of Art. This title was given in 1937 to Mr. Mellon's great gift and consequently the less important, older collection was rechristened the National Collection of Fine Arts. It is, for the present, housed in the Natural History Museum but is to move before very long into a fine neo-classical structure owned by the government, called the Old Patent Office.

There, it will become the nation's showcase of the history of American art, encompassing an entire survey, the equivalent of Tate Gallery in London, and as such, should grow constantly with government help as well as through private gifts. One huge room in the Patent Office building was used by Abraham Lincoln for his inaugural ball. It is in that same gallery that this future survey of American art will be installed.

At the formal opening of another Washington gallery, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, another ball was given with President and Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant officiating in 1871. As reported in the local newspaper: "At nine o'clock the carriages began to arrive, the halls were hung with garlands and cages of singing

Washington Gallery of Modern Art

canaries-the grave and revered seigniors touched the gossamer laces of the season's beauties, the Dowager hob-nobbed with the gay, young cavalier."

This gallery has brought together during the intervening years a collection of both American and European paintings, a large part of which was the gift of a former U.S. Senator from Montana, William A. Clark, including Corots and Monticellis as well as some Dutch and Flemish masters. The section of American paintings starts with two handsome, eighteenth-century portraits by Copley and Wollastan and continues through the nineteenth and early twentieth century with choice examples such as Mary Cassatt's "Woman with a Dog," George Bellows' "Forty-two Kids" and Loren MacIver's "The Street." , But the truly contemporary note has been left to a newly organized gallery called the Washington Gallery of Modern Art. A group of ambitious Washington residents, deciding that the showing of avant garde painting and sculpture was very much needed, bought a large and spacious four-storey residence. Well situated in the heart of the city, they had it renovated to include

handsome, well-lighted galleries where, during the past two years, important modern art exhibitions have been shown to a steadily increasing group of patrons. At the same time, a permanent collection is being amassed gradually by gift and bequest and a sales and rental gallery gives people a chance to try living with some of the strange experimental art of today.

From this short survey of art galleries in Washington, it should be clear that art interest is flourishing there. Attendance figures are available for some of the galleries: As mentioned before, the National Gallery's attendance in 1962 was over one million; the Corcoran, 121,644; the Freer, 130,597, and the National History Museum, over two million visitors.

In the United States there are now 1,167 museums, and their combined attendance during 1962 exceeded 200 million people.

This certainly demonstrates the American public's great interest in museums. The majority of them serve as civic centres and offer educational and cultural programmes which are proving most beneficial in fostering long~term interests in U.S. adult as well as junior population. .'

GEORGE WASHINGTON:

OBSCURE HERO Probing behind the facade of America's foremost hero whose birthday falls on February 22, the writer gently lifts Washington from his pedestal as a solemn saint and reveals a man not

AMERICANS F HAVEone national hero, it is their first President George Washington. Abraham Lincoln, his only near heroic rival, is indeed more warmly received, more deeply loved by most Americans. But it was Lincoln's fate to preside over a long and bloody civil war. Some of the bitterness of that conflict still clings to his name, so that his birthday is not commemorated officially in many southern States. But Washington's, on February 22 (1732), is a national holiday. The country estate he called his home, Mount Vernon, is one of the most frequently visited spots in the nation. His face is on coins and banknotes and postage stamps; his name has been given to a State, seven mountains, eight streams, ten lakes, thirty-three counties, nine colleges, and more than 120 towns and villages. Even before his death the national capital city was named for him.

His head has been carved out of a mountainside in South Dakota, where it measures twenty metres from top to bottom.

Yet, strangely, to few of the people who live among these reminders of his fame is Washington's personality a familiar one.

He has none of the living presence of Abraham Lincoln, or even of his more articulate colleagues of the Revolutionary periodmen such as Thomas Jefferson or Thomas Paine, for example.

Possibly he would be pleased at this state of affairs, for Washington's conspicuous characteristics were reserve, dignity, and a passion for privacy that isolated him from the popular imagination. Indeed, when the eloquent historian Samuel Eliot Morison of Harvard University prepared an address to observe the bicentenary of Washington's birth, he lamented: "Washington is the last person you would ever suspect of having been a young man, with all the bright hopes and black despairs to which youth is subject. In American folklore he is

I

This portrait of George Washington against background of a battle scene is from collection of the Union League of Philadelphia.

known only as a child or a general or an old, old man: priggish hero of the cherry-tree episode, commander-in-chief, or the Father of his Country, writing a farewell address. By some freak of fate, Stuart's Athenaeum portrait of an ideal and imposing, but solemn and weary, Washington at the age of sixty-four has become the most popular. This year it has been reproduced as the 'official' portrait, and placed in every school in the country; so we may expect that new generations of American schoolchildren will be brought up with the idea that Washington was a solemn old bore. If only Charles Willson Peale's portrait of him as a handsome and gallant young soldier could have been used instead! ...

"Perhaps it is not the fault of the painters and biographers that we think of Washington as an old man," Morison continued, "but because his outstanding qualities-wisdom, poise, and serenity-are not those commonly associated with youth. He seemed to have absorbed, wrote Emerson, 'all the serenity of America, and left none for his restless, rickety, hysterical countrymen.' " The obscurity of the Washington personality is due in part to the fact that it has never been described by a writer of real power, who could celebrate Washington as, say, Carl Sandburg has immortalized Abraham Lincoln. There is a plethora of biographical material about Washington; his life has been told and re-told, documented and re-documented, but never with the spark of real literary power.

As for early biographies of the first President, it is a wonder that the man's reputation ever survived them. Typical of the idolatrous prose of the first century after his death is a collection of fables-patently unbelievable, but endowed with the currency oflong-repeated folk tales-written by a Parson Mason Weems in 1800. Parson Weems's clear intent was to furnish an exalted example after which young Americans were to model their lives, and he was little concerned with historical truth. He Continued on next page

is responsible for the time worn cherry tree story, in which sixyear-old George is supposed to have sent his father into "transports of joy" by taking the hard but truthful course of admitting that he had chopped down a cherry tree with his new axe, rather than lying about it.

The man who died with the awesome appellation of "Father of his Country," showed little promise of greatness until he was actually plunged into the Revolution. He was born in colonial Virginia, a lush area of small farms, great plantations, and tiny towns, where his father was a planter and businessman of some standing among the landed gentry who dominated the social and political life. Unfortunately, however, George was a younger son, and his father died when he was only eleven, ending his prospects of a gentlemanly education in England, such as his brothers had enjoyed. He found himself heir only to a modest farm, and possessor of a grammar-school education.

As a youth who foresaw that he would have to be a selfmade man, young George¡ concentrated on acquiring land. Before he was twenty he was working as a surveyor, and saving his salary to buy undeveloped western lands. When he joined the colonial militia, to aid the British in defending their colonies against the French and Red Indians, the fact that colonial officers were often paid in land probably was a large part of his motive.

He spent five years in the militia, earning a modest reputation in the frontier skirmishing that passed for the French and Red Indian War. He was about twenty-two when he wrote home, with engaging high spirits, "I heard the bullets whistle, and, believe me, there is something charming in the sound."

This early enchantment was completely eclipsed, however, by his life-long love of farming. In addition to the lands he earned and inherited, he fell heir to the family estate at Mount Vernon on the death of his eldest brother, and by the time he was married at twenty-seven, he was established as a landowner of some substance. He also had considerable responsibility acquired through local public offices. In this peaceful fashion he lived until 1775, when he was elected to command all ContiThe parental home in Bridges Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia, where Washington was born in 1732, was built by his father.

nental armies during the Revolutionary War. Washington was a good farmer and a meticulous businessman; more than one student of history has been astonished at the detailed accounts he kept both as a plantation-owner and as commander of the colonial armies. His chief biographer, Douglas Southall Freeman, has commented: "Washington's mastery of endless details of plantation management, his service as vestryman and then as warden, and his multitude of small services for neighbours gave him an equipment which proved adequate in the hour of test on a larger stage."

This, then, was Washington at the beginning of the Revolution, when he attended the Continental Congress as a delegate from Virginia. His customary air of composure immediately instilled confidence among the other delegates, and as one of the few with any experience at all as a military commander, he found himself head of all the revolutionary forces. The appointment must have come as a surprise to him; he was by no means a figure of national stature at that time.

A modern day journalist, Bruce Bliven, Jr., has constructed a vivid picture of what the General must have been like at this time, early in the war. (He had no dearth of contemporary descriptions or paintings to draw from; five portraits of Washington hang in a row in the National Gallery of Art alone.)

"However anxious he might be at times, the General always looked as if he had everything under control, especially when he was on horseback; he was one of the country's best horsemen -the very best, according to Thomas Jefferson-and he sat easily and gracefully in the saddle. In addition, Washington had . natural presence, in the theatrical sense; he was a big man-six feet two inches tall, weighing around ninety-five kilogramsand he had tremendous dignity. He took possession of a situation as effortlessly as a great actor takes possession of a stage.

Washington was forty-four years old. Except for a lot of trouble with his teeth, which he had by now exchanged for false ones, his health had been excellent for years. He was full of energy, and he was unusually strong. In their rare moments of recreation, he and the headquarters officers used to see how far they could throw a heavy iron bar-a game rather like shot-putting.

Washington could out-toss his aides, some of whom were in their early twenties, without half trying. He had a long, full face, high, round cheekbones, a firm chin, and a wide mouth, and his nose was long and straight but not particularly prominent. He wore his hair-dark brown but usually powdered-in a queue, pulled straight back from his high forehead but with puffs of fullness over the ears, and tied with a ribbon at the nape of the neck. His complexion, which bore the marks of an attack of smallpox he had suffered when he was nineteen, was naturally pale, but it was now ruddy from exposure to the elements; it sunburned quickly but did not tan. His blue-gray eyes were set far apart beneath heavy, overhanging brows.

"The General's uniform was blue and buff. His blue coat was beautifully tailored, and its gold epaulets sat low on the shoulders, because there was almost no padding beneath them; the coat followed the body's natural lines instead of being squared off. It had swallow-tails, which came to his knees but could be buttoned up for riding, and wide buff lapels, which went the full length of the coat. His long vest and narrow trousers were buff, too. He wore black riding boots with spurs, and a black three-cornered hat. This was an ordinary civilian hat, but, in accordance with Army regulations, its wide brim had

The earliest known portrait of George Washington, painted at his estate at Mount Vernon, Virginia, when he was in his early forties.

been stitched to the low crown in back and at both sides near the temples; the only thing that distinguished it from the hats of lesser officers was the colour of the cockade on its brim. It was black-the mark of a general officer. A light-blue ribbon worn diagonally across his chest, over his vest, indicated that he was a full general.

"Washington's characteristic expression was one of goodnatured reserve, and it was faintly self-conscious, partly because his false teeth bothered him and partly because he habitually tried to avoid showing what he was thinking. He looked people straight in the eye, and his voice was rather low but clear. His reserve was sometimes taken for hostility, but it wasn't. When he became angry, it changed to an impenetrable iciness, and there was no doubt what his mood was. Although not many of his friends or fellow-officers were aware of it, he had a violent temper, and he had struggled all his life to keep it under control.

Every once in a long while he would blow up; then his normally placid features would become contorted with rage and he would bellow wild curses, wave his arms, and stamp furiously. General Washington went about in constant dread of such an explosion.

"Jefferson once called Washington's mind 'great and powerful,' but added that it was not of the very first order. The General was neither brilliant nor particularly well educated, and he himself felt that he was inadequate in many respects. He thought, for instance, that he spoke and wrote badly, but he was a much better writer than he realized. If his prose was not as graceful as it might have been, it was to a high degree accurate and lucid.

His letters show none of the ambiguities that often becloud the writings of more fluent stylists; he chose words and phrases that made his points clearly and simply, and he preferred to repeat himself several times, word for word, rather than cast about for another, and probably not quite synonymous, phrase."

This was the man who was the rock of the American Revolution, of whom Freeman declared: "Washington, and probably Washington alone, kept the Revolution alive. He was the only man who combined military experience with infinite patience, inflexible determination, a sound sense of organization, absolute integrity, regard for civil rights and a justice so manifest in every act that even his rivals had to admit his superiority of character."

And for all Washington's conspicuous moderation, talent for compromise, and awkwardness of expression, it was he who could warn his countrymen, in ringing tones, upon the approach of a British peace commission: "I would not be deceived by artful declarations, nor specious pretences. I would tell them that we had long and ardently sought for reconciliation upon honourable terms, that it had been denied us, that all our attempts after peace had proved abortive, and had been grossly misrepresented, that we had done everything which could be expected from the best of subjects, that the spirit of freedom beat too high in us to submit to slavery, and that, if nothing else could satisfy a tyrant and his diabolical ministry, we are determined to shake off all connections with a state so unjust and unnatural. This I would tell them, not under covert, but in words as clear as the sun in its meridian brightness."

The remainder of Washington's life is well known to every American schoolboy. The Washington who was elected President of the new nation, then re-elected to a second four-year term, and firmly declined the kingship he could have claimed, lived in Continued on next page

the glare of fame the rest of his days. Even after he retired to his beloved Mount Vernon with hopes of completing work on the house and grounds to make it the stately country home that is restored today, he was beset by admiring visitors and demands on his attention.

Modem day historians, captivated by the complexity of this obscure hero, have tried to clarify some of the fog surrounding his personality. Insofar as they have succeeded, they have had to admit that it was not always an attractive one. The definitive biography today was written by Douglas Southall Freeman, who nearly finished the seven volumes before his death ten years ago -they have since been published by his associates. Freeman concluded, "He was not a likeable young man when he was thoroughly explored. Those who liked him did not know him fully .... The great fact was that Washington grew."

He went on to describe Washington at twenty-seven as "a rapidly developed young man of complicated character-moral, just, patient, amiable and able to win the affection of his Captains and Lieutenants.~but, at the same time humourless, ambitious, persistent to positive obstinacy, acquisitive, suspicious of rivals and extraordinarily sensitive." Freeman adds a qualification: "Supersensitive though he was to everything that seemed to him to threaten his place in public esteem, he rallied most quickly when he was most sternly rebuked. An emergency always made him forget his bruised pride. He was, in a word, an immensely vital and definitely emotional young man. His responses were

certain where his code of principles was involved. In other things, he was an unpredictable son of a self-seeking generation of a century in which raw realism and artificial manners were strangely mingled."

Yet on the completion of his long task, Freeman was able to say that he had spent rich years of research and writing in the company of a very great man.

"The patriot emerged slowly," he concluded. "Two generations ago this statement would have been considered defamation.

The integrity of the United States was assumed, for some reason, to presuppose the flawlessness of Washington's character and vice versa. Complete faith in him, a juventute (from youth on), was part of the creed of loyalty. To what extent this reflected national pride, gratitude and ideals, and in what proportions, who can say? Acceptance of Parson Weems's fables seems to have kept Americans from realizing that to proclaim perfection was to deny growth. Refusal to admit that Washingtoll needed to develop with the years and to overcome weakness was the surest way of all to deprive his life of inspirational value ....

Few emulate what they cannot hope to dupiicate. Youth, conscious of its failings, is suspicious of other youth supposed to have none. Where complete virtue does not create scepticism, it arouses resentment. This is understood now. More Americans will be relieved than will be shocked to know that Washington sometimes was violent, emotional, resentful-a human being and not a monument in frozen flesh." •

A DIRECTORY OF U.S. ASSISTANCE TO INDIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

nresponse to many questions concerning the kinds and extent of U.S. IGovernment-assisted programmes in India, a directory of U.S.-aided projects appears on the following pages. It indicates in rupees the amount of assistance given in various fields. But more important than the quantity of assistance is the purpose of these hundreds of projects and their meaning to the development of India. Each activity is keyed to specific needs in every major phase of India's growth: agriculture, education, health, industry, labour, management, communications and transportation; and each activity is individually designed to accelerate development in a particular area and, in turn, the development of India.

These projects mean-among other things-power for homes and factories. The largest hydroelectric power project in India at Sharavathi, Mysore, which will have an installed capacity of more than a million kilowatts, is one of many U.S.-assisted power projects. The U.S. ha:s assisted India in generating fifty per cent of the country's power.

These projects mean a malaria eradication programme that in a dozen years dramatically cut the incidence of malaria from a hundred million cases to less than a hundred thousand. They mean an outstanding Institute of Technology at Kanpur, specifically aimed towards the training and industrial research needs of India. And they mean the virtual dieselization of India's railway system, to a large extent through assistance to the diesel locomotive works at Varanasi.

These projects also mean the regular delivery each day of some 20,000 tons of U.S. foodgrains. And just as important, they mean scores of undramatic but essential projects such as the twenty-four soil testing laboratories located throughout the country and the technical support of agricultural, medical and engineering education, and loans to private concerns that are contributing to the development of the Indian economy. There are projects that reach dir~ctly to individuals and groups of people, farmers and businessmen alike. They include an opportunity for, in special cases, travel and study in the United States; more than 4,000 Indian doctors, engineers, teachers, agricultural experts and management specialists have returned to India after training in American universities.

In spite of the great variety of projects, U.S.-assisted projects fall together into a coherent, well-balanced programme of economic support, carefully tailored to India's Five Year Plans. Operating at Rs. 475 crores per year, it is the largest assistance programme in the world. Its purpose is simple and clear. "The purpose of our aid programmes," U.S. Ambassador Bowles said recently, "is to develop independent nations, able and willing to stand on their own feet-and thereby to share with us a dedication to peace and freedom."

Agricultural colleges-Rs.

universItIes

and

8.73 crores

Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University Pant Nagar. Uttar Pradesh.

Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana. Punjab.

University of Udaipur Udaipur Rajasthan.

Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Mysore University of Agricultural Sciences Hebbal, Bangalore, Mysore.

Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Andhra Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh.

Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

Allahabad Agricultural Institute Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

College of Agriculture, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

Government Agricultural College Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Fruit Research Station Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Veterinary College Mathura, Uttar Pradesh.

Balwant Rajput College of Agriculture Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

Department of Agriculture Government of Uttar Pradesh.

Agricultural College GwaIior, Madhya Pradesh.

Veterinary College Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.

Agricultural Institute Sehore, Madhya Pradesh.

College of Agriculture Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

College of Agriculture Raipur Madhya Pradesh.

Agricultural Institute Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.

Agricultural College Jabalpur, MadhYa Pradesh.

Veterinary College Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Department of Agriculture Government of Punjab.

Continued on next page SPAN

February 1965

21

Agricultural College Ludhiana. Punjab.

Veterinary College Hissar. Punja b.

Government Poultry Farm Gurdaspur, Punjab.

National Dairy Research Institute Kamal, Punjab.

Agricultural College Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Agricultural College Jobner, Rajasthan.

Veterinary College Bikaner, Rajasthan.

Department of Agriculture Government of Himachal Pradesh.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

New Delhi.

Agricultural College Jorhat, Assam.

Veterinary College Gauhatill Assam.

Agricultural College Sabour, Bihar.

Veterinary College Patna. Bihar.

Bihar ~ugarcane Research Institute Pusa, Bihar.

Livestock Research Station Patna, Bihar.

Agricultural College Ranchi, Bihar.

Agricultural College Bhubaneswar, Orissa., Veterinary College Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Birla Agricultural College Haringhata, West Bengal.

Veterinary College Calcutta, West Bengal.

Agricultural College Bapatla. Andhra Pradesh.

Agricultural College Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.

Veterinary College Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.

Agricultural College Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh.

Home Science College Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Veterinary College Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Agricultural Institute Anand, Gujarat.

Agricultural College AkoIa, Maharashtra.

Veteri'nary College Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Agricultural College Nagpur. Maharashtra.

Agricultural College Poona, Maharashtra.

Veterinary College Bombay. Maharashtra.

Department of Animal Husbandry Government of Madras Veterinary College Madras.

Agricultural College and Research Institute Coimbatore. Madras.

Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine Ranipet, Madras.

Annamalai University Annamalainagar, Madras.

Sri Avinashilingam Home Science College Coimbatore, Madras.

Veterinary College Hebbal. Mysore.

Agricultural College Hebbal, Mysore.

Serum Institute Hebbal, Mysore.

Agricultural College Dharwar, Mysore.

Agricultural College and Research Institute Trivandrum, Kerala.

Tapioca Breeding Station Trivandrum, KeraIa. Veterinary College Trichur, Kerala.

Animal husbandry -Rs.66/akhs Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union, Ltd. Anand, Gujarat.

M.P. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.

Director of Veterinary Services Government of West Bengal Calcutta.

State Poultry Farm Calcutta, West Bengal.

Director of Animal Husbandry Government of West Bengal Calcutta.

Cattle Breeding Farm Bangalore, Mysore.

Regional Poultry Farm Bangalore, Mysore.

State Poultry Farm Bangalore, Mysore.

State Poultry Farm Delhi.

Regional Poultry Farm Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Regional Poultry Farm Bombay, Maharashtra.

State Poultry Farm Poona, Maharashtra.

Director of Animal Husbandry Government of Maharashtra Poona.

Punjab Poultry Corporation Chandigarh, Punjab.

Gurdaspur Poultry Co-operative Society Gurdaspur, Punjab.

Poultry Farm,Assam Agricultural College Jorhat, Assam.

Arbor Acres Farm India Pte. Ltd. Bombay, Maharashtra.

Testing of soil fertility and encouraging use of fertilizers -Rs. 49 lakhs Soil testing laboratories located at: Trivandrum, Kerala.

Coimbatore, Madras.

Bangalore, Mysore.

Bapada, Andhra Pradesh.

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Poona, Maharashtra.

Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

Sambalpur, Orissa.

Sabour, Bihar.

Calcutta, West Bengal. . Kamal, Punjab.

Ludhiana, Punjab.

Simla, Himachal Pradesh.

Delhi.

Hazaribagh, Bihar.

Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

Agartala, Tripura.

Balehonnur, Mysore.

Junagadh, Gujarat.

Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh.

Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh., Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Jorhat, Assam.

Expansion 'and modernization of marine and inland fisheries --Rs. 1.38 crores U.S. supplied fisheries equipment located at : Bombay, Maharashtra.

Satpati, Maharashtra.

Versova, Maharashtra.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Veraval, Gujarat.

Jafrabad, Gujarat.

Porbunder, Gujarat.

Jamnagar, Gujarat.

Calcutta, West Bengal.

Barrackpur, West Bengal.

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.

Mandapam, Madras.

Madras.

Tuticorin, Madras.

Mettur, Madras.

Nagercoil, Madras.

Trivandrum, Kerala.

Vizhinjam, Kerala.

Kayankulam, Kerala.

Cochin, Kerala.

Kozhikode, Kerala.

Bangalore, Mysore.

Mangalore, Mysore.

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Cuttack, Orissa.

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Kamal, Punjab.

Gauhati, Assam.

Patna, Bihar.

Training in the use of tractors and other agricultural machines-Rs. 10lakhs Tractor Training Centre Budni, Madhya Pradesh.

Research in agricultural economics-Rs. 14lakhs Directorate of Economics and Statistics New Delhi ..•.

Agro-Economic Research Centres located at: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Santiniketan, West Bengal.

Delhi.

Poona, Maharashtra.

Madras.

Jorhat, Assam.

Modern storage of food grains -Rs. 13 crores Elevators and silos located at: Hapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Calcutta, West Bengal.

Pre-fabricated warehouses located at: Avadi, Madras.

Cochin, Kerala.

. Godowns located at: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh.

Bheemavaram, Andhra Pradesh.

Sanatnagar, Andhra Pradesh.

Jorhat, Assam.

ShiIIong, Assam.

Gauhati, Assam.

Tinsukia, Assam.

Saharsa, Bihar. patp.a, Bihar.

Gaya, Bihar.

Dinapore, Bihar.

Muzaffarpur, Bihar.

Dhanbad, Bihar.

Mokameh, Bihar.

Katihar, Bihar.

Darbhanga, Bihar.

Jamshedpur, Bihar.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Baroda, Gujarat.

Kandla, Gujarat.

Kozhikode, Kerala.

Quilon, Kerala.

Trivandrum, Kerala.

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Raipur, Madhya Pradesh.

Bilaspur, Madhya Pradesh.

Dhamtari, Madhya Pradesh.

Raigarh, Madhya Pradesh.

Avadi, Madras.

Egmore, Madras.

Poona, Maharashtra.

Manmad, Maharashtra.

Borivilli, Maharashtra.

Wadalor, Maharashtra.

Bombay, Maharashtra.

Sewri, Maharashtra.

Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Khurda Road, Orissa.

Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Rourkela, Orissa.

Kamal, Punjab.

Gurdaspur, Punjab.

Ferozepur, Punjab.

Amritsar, Punjab.

Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Bikaner, Rajasthan.

Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Ajmer, Rajasthan.

Harduaganj, Uttar Pradesh.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

Basti, Uttar Pradesh.

Lucknow; Uttar Pradesh.

Hapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh.

Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.

Kalyani, West Bengal.

Jhinjirapool, West Bengal.

Siliguri, West Bengal.

Orient Jute Mills, West Bengal.

Delhi.

Survey of water resources and construction of minor irrigation works-Rs. 23 lakhs Baroda, Gujarat.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Surat, Gujarat.

Rajkot, Gujarat.

Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

Bombay, Maharashtra.

Nasik, Maharashtra.

Poona, Maharashtra.

Akola, Maharashtra.

Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Jalgaon, Maharashtra.

Amravati, Maharashtra.

Bijapur, Mysore.

Crop production -Rs. 63 lakhs National Seeds Corporation New Delhi.

Sugarcane Breeding Institute Coimbatore, Madras.

Hybrid Maize Production Programme Chandigarh, Punjab.

U.P. Agricultural University Pant Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.

Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Orissa.

Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi.

Second World Surgarcane Bank Coimbatore, Madras.

Seed testing laboratories located at: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Patna, Bihar.

Ludhiana, Punjab.

Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Coimbatore, Madras.

Dairy development -Rs. 4.32 crores Dairies located at: Calcutta, West Bengal.

Trivandrum, Kerala.

Kozhikode, Kerala.

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Barauni, Bihar.

Junagadh, Gujarat.

Anand, Gujarat.

Surat, Gujarat.

Amritsar, Punjab.

Union

Forest research afforestation-Rs.

and desert 26 lakhs

Forest Research Institute and College Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh.

Desert Afforestation and Soil Conservation Station Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

Hyderabad- Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh.

Madras.

Madurai, Madras.

Bombay, Maharashtra.

Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Bangalore, Mysore.

River valley (irrigation and hydro-electric power) projects -Rs. 317 crores

Soil and water conservation -Rs. 6.94 crores Soil conservation research demonstration and training centres located at: Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh.

Bellary, Mysore.

Ootacamund, Madras.

Chatra, Bihar.

Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

Chandigarh, Punjab.

Kotah, Rajasthan.

Vasad, Gujarat.

Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

Hazaribagh, Bihar.

Soil conservation in catchment areas of river valley projects: Bhakra-Nangal, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

Chambal, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

Damodar Valley Corporation, Bihar and West Bengal.

Dhantiwada, Gujarat.

Ghod, Maharashtra.

Hirakud, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.

Kangsabati, West Bengal.

Kosi, Bihar.

Kundah, Madras.

Machkund, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

Mayurakshi, Bihar.

Ramganga, Uttar Pradesh.

Tungabhadra, Mysore.

Farmers' organization -Rs.13lakhs Bharat Krishak Samaj

National Co-operative New Delhi.

New Delhi.

Co-operative membership education-Rs. 4 lakhs

Barapani, Assam.

Pamba-Kakki (Sabarigiri), Kerala.

Bhadra, Mysore.

Chambal, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Damodar Valley Corporation Bihar and West Bengal.

Hirakud, Orissa.

Kosi, Bihar.

Koyna, Maharashtra.

Kundah, Madras.

Nagarjunasagar, Andhra Pradesh.

Tungabhadra, Andhra and Mysore.

Rihand, Uttar Pradesh.

Sharavathi, Mysore.

Beas, Punjab.

Kakrapar, Gujarat.

Mahi, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Ghataprabha, Maharashtra.

Pathri, Uttar Pradesh.

Gangapur, Maharashtra.

Tunga Anicut, Andhra Pradesh.

Ghod Weir, Maharashtra.

Macchu, Gujarat.

Sasoi, Gujarat.

Malan, Gujarat.

Aji, Gujarat.

Brahmani, Gujarat.

Moj, Gujarat.

Mahanadi Delta, Orissa.

Fertilizers-Rs. 16.30 crores Iron and steel for agricultural purposes-Rs. 9.40 crores Plant protection and locust control-Rs. 28 lakhs Ground water irrigation and exploration-Rs. 12.4 crores Agricultural extension -Rs.1. 26 crores Agricultural information-Rs.181akhs Community development

-Rs.

6.43 crores.

Agricultural commodities (rice, wheat, maize, milk products, cotton, tobacco, etc.)

-Rs. 1,592 crores.

Social welfare education -Rs. 281akhs Delhi School of Social Work, Delhi.

Faculty of Social Work, University of Baroda Baroda. Gujarat, J. K. Institute, Lucknow University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Bombay, Maharashtra.

Madras School of Social Work Madras.

Kashi Vidyapith Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

Home science education research- Rs. 50 lakhs

and

Home Science Faculty, University of Baroda Baroda, Gujarat.

Lady Irwin College, Delhi.

Maharani's College Bangalore, Mysore.

Queen Mary's College, Madras.

Women's Christian College Madras.

L.W. & St. Christopher's Training Centre Madras.

S.N.D.T. Women's University Bombay, Maharashtra.

South India Education Trust Madras.

Viharilal Mitra Institute Calcutta, West Bengal.

Foundry Training -Rs.8Iakhs Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal.

Technical education institutes -Rs. 2.08 crores I.ndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal.

University of Roorkee

Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh.

Bengal Engineering College Calcutta, West Bengal.

Bihar Institute of Technology Sindri. Bihar.

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Mysore.

University of Baroda Baroda, Gujarat.

University of Nagpur Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh, Punjab.

Indian School of Mines & Geology Dhanbad, Bihar.

Jadavpur University Calcutta, West Bengal.

Madras Institute of Technology Madras.

Guindy Engineering College Madras.

College of Engineering Poona, Maharashtra.

Birla Engineering College PHalli, Rajdsthan.

Institute of Public Administration Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Multi-purpose education-Rs.

secondary 1.59 crores

National Council of Educational Research & Training New Delhi.

Regional College of Education Ajmer, Rajastban.

Regional College of Education Mysore.

Rt;gional College of Education Bhubaneswar Orissa.

Regional College of Education Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh.

Delhi Regional Secondary School Delhi.

Technological education -Rs. 4.98 crores Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Professional education -Rs. 1.05 crores National Council of Educational Research & Training New Delhi.

Rural Institutes located at: Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

Amravati, Maharashtra.

Madras.

Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Coimbatore, Madras.

Madurai, Madras.

Rajpura, Punjab.

Digra, Bihar.

Gargoti, Maharashtra.

Sanosara, Maharashtta.

New Delhi.

Higher technical education -Rs. 6.9 crores Regional Engineering Colleges located at: Warangal, Andhra Pradesh.

Jamshedpur, Bihar.

Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Mangalore, Mysore.

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Durgapur, West Bengal.

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Silchar, Assam.

Surat, Gujarat.

Kozhikode, Kerala.

Tiruchirapalli, Madras.

Rourkela, Orissa.

Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Kurukshetra, Punjab.

Elementary education -Rs. 42 crores Training teachers for engineering colleges-Rs. 1.07 crores.

Medical College Mysore.

Sawai Man Singh Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

School of Nursing Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

School of Nursing Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Osmania Medical College Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

College of Nursing Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Sri Chandra Bhuj Medical College Cuttack, Orissa.

Medical College Baroda, Gujarat.

Lady Hardinge Medical College New Delhi.

College of Nursing 1\l"ewDelhi.

Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi.

Pasteur Institute Coonoor, Madras.

Andhra Medical College Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Public health education -Rs. 16 lakhs Central Health Education Bureau New Delhi.

Insect-borne disease control -Rs. (i lakhs National Institute of Communicable Diseases New Delhi.

Medical research and education-Rs. 2.9 crores

Water supply and sanitation -Rs. 3.07 crores

All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi.

Official health agencies -Rs.81akhs

Medical and nursing colleges -Rs. 1.8 crores Medical College Trivandrum, Kerala.

Malaria eradication -Rs. 112.1 crores Control of filaria -Rs. 1. 15 crores Continued on next page

Communicable diseases control-Rs. 5 lakhs'

Establishment Trombay. Maharashtra.

Petroleum exploration -Rs. 51akhs

Development of small industries-Rs. 38 lakhs

Oil and Gas Commission Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh.

Prototype-cum- Training Centre Rajkot, Gujarat.

Training of teachers for medical colleges-Rs. 7.4 crores

Development of tele-communications-Rs. 2 lakhs

Smallpox eradication -Rs. 8.7 crores

Tele-Communication Research Centre New Delhi.

Primary health centres in community blocks-Rs. 9.8 crores.

Development of building materials-Rs. 9 lakhs Central Building Research Institute Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh.

Thermal power generating stations-Rs. 224.4 crores Power projects located at: Amarkantak, Amlai, Madhya Pradesh.

Bandel, West Bengal.

Barauni, Bihar.

Chandrapura, Bihar.

Delhi.

Dhuvaran, Gujarat.

Durgapur, West Bengal.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Ramagundam, Andhra Pradesh.

Satpura, Madhya Pradesh.

Talcher, Orissa.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Tarapur, Maharashtra.

Trombay, Maharashtra.

Nahorkatiya, Assam.

Dungapur, Rajasthan.

Bharatpur, Rajasthan.

Alwar, Rajasthan.

Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Flood control investigation stations located at: Gauhati, Assam.

Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

Shillong, Assam.

Patna, Bihar.

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Sambalpur, Orissa.

New Delhi.

Calcutta, West Bengal.

Chakrata, West Bengal.

Water resources and power development-Rs.511akhs Central Water and Power Commission New Delhi.

Improving industrial productivity-Rs. 2.5 crores

Irrigation Research Institute Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh.

National Productivity Council, New Delhi; Bombay, Maharashtra; Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh; Bangalore, Mysore; Ludhiana, Punjab; Calcutta, West Bengal; and Madras.

Nuclear research -Rs. 741akhs

Training geologists -Rs. 26 lakhs

Irrigation research -Rs.41akhs

Ramgarh Coal Field Bihar.

Promoting foreign investment -Rs.71Iakhs Indian Investment Centre New Delhi, and New York.

Training in production of steel and management of steel plants-Rs. 63 lakhs Hindustan Steel Ltd. Rourkela, Orissa.

Hindustan Steel Ltd. Durgapur, West Bengal.

Hindustan Steel Ltd. Ranchi, Bihar.

Training centres for operators and mechanics of construction equipment-Rs. 63 lakhs Kotah, Rajasthan.

Nagarjunasagar, Andhra Pradesh.

Nangal, Punjab.

Kakrapar, Gujarat.

Industrial research and technical service organizations -Rs. 2.03 crores Survey of India.

Geological Survey of India.

Indian Bureau of Mines Nagpur, MaharashtI;a.

National Physical Laboratory New Delhi.

National Chemical Laboratory Poona, Maharashtra.

Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute Pilani, Rajasthan.

Central Leather Research Institute Madras.

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Calcutta, West Bengal.

Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Central Fuel Research Institute

Jealgora, Bibar.

Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore.

Central Road Research Institute New Delbi.

Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute K.araiku.di,.Madras.

National Metallurgical Laboratory JiunshedpuI;, ..Bihar.

Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Training in maintaining "hot" electric power circuits -Rs.

19 lakhs

Hotline Maintenance Training Centre Bangalore, Mys()r~" Hotline Maintenance Training Centre Ganguwal,:J.>tmjab.

Synbiotics Ltd.-Rs. 1.34 crores .

Ahmeda'bad, Gujarat.

Orient Paper Mills Ltd.-Rs. 8.81 ctores Amlai,.Madhya:pI;adesh.

Mysore Cements Ltd.-Rs. 1 crore Ammasandra, Mys()r~.

Borosil Glass Works Ltd.-Rs. 71 lakhs Andheri, MaharashtI;a.

Goodyear Tyre & Rubber Co. of India Ltd.-Rs. 2.25 crores Balll'l.bgarh,PunJab. Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd.-Rs. 6.5 crores Bareilly, Uttar. Ptad&sb.

Precision Bearings India Ltd.-Rs. 30 lakhs Bato<:!a"Gujarat.

Mandya Paper Mills Ltd.-Rs. 1.5 crares Belagt1la,MY~Qre. Shama Forge Co. Ltd.-Rs. 48 lakhs Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Cyanamid India Ltd.-Rs. 251akhs BomDay, Maharashtfa.

Elpro International Ltd.-Rs. 40 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Everest Refrigerants Ltd.-Rs. 60 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Ex-Cell-O India Pte. Ltd.-Rs. 20lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.· Gabriel India Pte. Ltd.-Rs. 19 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

LA. & I.C. Pte. Ud.-Rs. 5 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Indabrator Ltd.-Rs. 14 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Otis Elevator of India Ltd.-Rs. 20 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Premier Automobiles Ltd.-Rs. 4.8 crares Bombay, Maharashtra.

T~ombay Fertilizer .Factory-Rs. 31.4 crares Bombay, Maharashtra.

Victor Gasket India Ltd.-Rs. 8 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Wyeth Laboratories Pte. Ltd.-Rs. 17 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Wyman-Gordon Ltd.-Rs. 25 lakhs Bombay, Maharashtra.

Graphite India Ltd.-Rs. 69lakhs Calcutta, West Bengal.

Hindustan Motors Ltd.-Rs. 19.9 crores Calcutta, West Bengal.

McNally-Bird Engineering Co.~_· Ltd.-Rs. 501akhs Calcutta, West Bengal.

Union Carbide India Ltd.-Rs. 5.8 crores Calcutta, West Bengal.

Coal Washery-Rs. 2.4 crores Dugda, Bihar.

Seshasayee Paper & Board Ltd.-Rs. 2 crores Erode, Madras.

American Universal Electric India Ltd.-Rs.21Iakhs Faridabad, Punjab. .

Frick India Ltd.-Rs. 25 lakhs Faridabad, Punjab.

Harig-Malik Manufacturing Co. Pte. Ltd.-Rs. 3 lakhs Faridabad, Punjab.

Napco Bevel Gear of India Ltd.-Rs. 1.9 crores Faridabad, Punjab.

Central Pulp Mills Ltd.-Rs. 3.25 crores Fort Songbad, Gujarat.

Bharat Steel Tubes Ltd.-Rs.

25 lakhs

Gahaur ,Punjab.

National Engineering Industries Ltd.-Rs. 2 crores Jaipur, Rajasthal1.

Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co., Ltd.-Rs. 12.1 crores Jal1lShedpur, Bihar.

Central Ropeways-Rs. 3.7 crores Jbaria, Billar.

Premier Tyres Ltd.-Rs. 30 lakhs Kalamaseri,Ketala ..

National Rayon Corporation Ltd.-Rs. 86 lakhs Kalyan, Maharashtra, National Mineral Development Corporation Iron Ore Mine-Rs. 8.8 crores Kitibuiu.OtisSa. Delhi Cloth Mills Ltd.-Rs. 4.7 crores Kota.h, Rai~sthan.

Madras Rubber Factory Ltd.-Rs. 75 lakhs Madras.

Mysore Acetate Chemical Co. Ltd.-Rs. 1 crore Mandya,···MY$(}1'~.

Chemicals and Plastics India Ltd.-Rs. 1.82 cror~s Metfur •.M:a<.tras.

Sylvania & Laxman Ltd.-Rs. 501akhs

New Delhi.

Coal Washery-Rs. 2 crores Patherdih,Bih<t.l;, Bharat Forge Co. Ltd.-Rs. 1.86 crares PQona,Ma~l;l.{~shtta.

Kirloskar-Cummins Ltd.-Rs.l.25 crores J,>Qona,M~haraslIt{a.

Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd.-Rs. 19.12 crores }(i~and.t1ttarP1'adesh.

Rockwell India Ltd.-Rs. 17 lakhs Udhl1a, GU.lara.f.

Indian Railways Diesel Locomotives Factory-Rs. 9.05 crores Va:tahas~, tlttal':J.>tade.sh.

Indian Rayon Corporation Ltd.-Rs. 2.24 crores Vetav.a:l,GUj~tat.

Coromandel Fertilizers Ltd.-Rs. 23.66 crores Visakba.patnal1l,..Andbta'Pra<:!esl).

Continued on next page

East India Hotels Ltd.-Rs. 1.10 crores New Delhi.

The Industrial Development Bank of India-Rs. 36.2 crores The Industrial Finance Corporation- Rs. 34.3 crores The Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India-Rs. 22.4 crores National Small Industries Corporation-Rs.

4.8 crores

Non-Project Imports (machinery, metals, semi-finished products. industrial raw materials, components and other maintenance imports) -Rs.

568.5 crores

U.S. Consulting Services-Rs. I crore Industrial Technical Services-Rs. I crore Rural electrification-Rs. 1.4 crores Power-generating machinery (not earmarked for specific projects) -Rs.

Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.

J orhat, Assam.

Bombay, Maharashtra.

Aundh, Maharashtra.

Delhi.

Ajmer, Rajasthan.

Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Madras.

Bangalore, Mysore.

Mercara, Mysore.

Rohtak, Punjab.

Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.

Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.

Almora, Uttar Pradesh.

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Tollygunj, West Bengal.

Calcutta, West Bengal.

Poona, Maharashtra.

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Rajkot, Gujarat.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Ferozepur, Punjab.

Training instructors craftsmen institutes -Rs. 46 lakhs

for

Bombay Central Training Institute for Craftsmen and Instructors Bombay, Maharashtra.

6.9 crores

Power distribution-Rs.

7lakhs

Trade Union Services-Rs. 2 lakhs Craftsmen Training-Rs. 27.4 crores Foremen Training-Rs. 2lakhs.

Training and education in labour problems-Rs. 4lakhs Central Labour Institute Bombay, Maharashtra.

Study of effect of thermal environment conditions -Rs.3Iakhs Ahmedabad Textile Industries Research Association Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Centres for training skilled workers located at: Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.

Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi.

All India Management Association New Delhi.

Institute of Public Administration Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, New Delhi.

Indian Statistical Institute Calcutta, West Bengal.

Government Operations (Financial Management: Ministry of Finance).

Economic Planning (Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance).

Improved Operation of Economic Enterprises (Indian Railways; Posts and Telegraphs).

Training in Management (Ministry of Finance; Survey Research for Development Administration).

Public Services Programme (Ministry of Home Affairs; Police Administration; Housing Development).

Management Education (University Teaching in Public Administration and Business Administration).

Mass communication training-Rs. 13 lakhs

Air India-Rs. 5.25 crores Bombay, Maharashtra.

Aviation ground facilities -Rs. 1.37 crores Equipment for Aerodromes located at: Calcutta, West Bengal.

Bombay, Maharashtra.

Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Madras.

Delhi.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Tiruchirapally, Madras.

Belgaum, Maharashtra.

Gaya, Bihar.

Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Coimbatore, Madras.

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Indian Railways-Rs. 121.8 crores National Highways-Rs. 20 crores.

DOES BOYHOOD end and manhood begin? For mo'st boys the swift moment of transition is lost forever in a sea of impressions, or can only be recognized in retrospect. But Jeffrey Marmer, standing in a garden with his elders, knows with certainty that the great occasion is at hand. This is the day of his Bar Mitzvah, the traditional Jewish ritual of passage to adult responsibilities. Before the day is over, thirteen-year-old Jeffrey will have taken the momentous step into manhood.

Chanting passages from the Old Testament in Hebrew, Jeffrey takes a final step towards becoming Bar Mitzvah, Hebrew for "Son of the Commandment." Like his father before him, he will be a member of the Isaac M. Wise Reform Jewish Temple in Cincinnati, Ohio. Believing that basic Judaic philosophy

W

HEN

transcends dogma and ritual, Jeffrey's congregation does not require the wearing of a prayer shawl or a skull cap. In America, where the tradition of religious freedom is deeply engrained, Judaism has diverged along three major paths. These branchesorthodox, conservative, and reform-agree on most matters of theology, but disagree sharply on practice. Over one-half of the total U.S. membership (approximately 5,365,000) in Jewish congregations are orthodox; more than one-quarter conservative; and the remainder are Reform.

Services over, celebrations begin. This was a day to remember, not only for its religious significance, but also because Jeffrey found himself in a whirl of activities that would delight any thirteen-year-old.

A sense of pride, responsibility and excitement fills Jeffrey as the boy steps into adulthood.

PHOTOGRAPHS COURTESY

BY JAMES HANSEN

OF LOOK

Rabbi and Jeffrey's

mother

supervise

details

of the party.

Ritual over, Rabbi blesses yOtlng Jeffrey, who is soon greeted by his admiring friends.

By producing the first simple, inexpensive cameras and films, George Eastman put photography within the reach of everyone. He created amateur photography,

making it

possible for millions to speak the universal language of pictures. Eastman Kodak Company, begun modestly by him, is today a world leader in photographic

progress.

PHOTOGRAPHY: THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE "WORLD" from Baalbek to Montreal has been brought to visitors to New York's World Fair (reopening for its second six-month season next April) not only in the many national pavilions but in a brilliant photographic exhibit gleaned by the Eastman Kodak Company from 200,000 pictures taken by photographers around the globe.

Indeed, in these photographs, as an ancient Chinese proverb has it, "One picture is worth more than ten thousand words." Especially, modern international man might add, if the words are in a foreign language. For pictures need no translation. In them the family of man-

T

HE

Above, cumbersome equipment of the amateur photographer in the 1870's; right, George Eastman; extreme right, a photographer of 1888 holds small box camera, the first model manufactured by Kodak.

kind seems more together than separated by language, distance or customs and we see vividly the ability of the photograph to let people tell each other directly who they are, where they live, and what they do. The pictures on these pages were selected from the 300 prize winners including ten Indians in the Kodak Company's world-wide contest. They were taken by amateurs and professionals in eighty countries. Photos were judged for general interest, quality, and the photographer's skill in interpreting his country to the world. Each of the three hundred winners received a World's Fair silver medal and a one hundred dollar honorarium. Their

pictures will hang in the Kodak pavilion throughout the Fair, speaking as only they can for their creators and their countries.

More than eighty years have gone by since George Eastman, founder of the Eastman Kodak Company, set out to make the world picture-conscious. Eastman once said: "A lot of failures often lead up to success." He spoke out of his own experience; ruin threatened him more than once. His energy, application and purpose turned those failures into success-but it was his vision that built an industry and brought photography within the reach of almost everyone.

Continued on page 37

Early morning scene in an icy harbour, a photo by Risto Lounema of Finland, reflects the mysteriousness of Nordic seascape.

SPAN

February 1965 33

Photography is probably the best way to record and communicate that man has so far found.

In a way, the laboratories of Eastman Kodak Company have helped create the twentieth century, a world unthinkable without photography

" ... and we do the rest!" was the slogan George Eastman used to introduce the first Kodak camera and thereby changed our lives in ways he could have never foreseen. By making the camera simpler and cheaper than it had ever been, he brought photography from the studio to millions of homes. Eastman was twenty-four years old in 1878 when a chance remark started his interest in photography. He had been forced to leave school when he was fourteen to help support two sisters and a widowed mother. His intelligence and industry compensated for what he lacked in education and soon he was a bank clerk with enough money saved to plan a long vacation trip. Then a friend made a suggestion that changed his life: why not make a photographic record of the trip? The trip never took place but photographic records of millions of later day vacation trips were ordained in the instant that suggestion was uttered. In that moment the pyramids were fated to become the background in tens of thousands of snapshots. For George Eastman had become interested in photography.

Among the fields open to young men in the 1870's, photography was one of the most challenging. Eastman discovered this when he purchased a photographic outfit and set about penetrating the mysteries of picture-making. In those days, practitioners of the art were often viewed with humorous indulgence, and the back-breaking paraphernalia which they were obliged to carry about with them did nothing to relieve their plight.

Indeed, taking a picture then required what Eastman called "a packhorse load" of equipment. Cameras were big and cumbersome and the photographer had to take along a heavy tripod, chemicals, water jug, glass tanks, glass plates, and a light-tight tent into which he crawled first to spread sensitive solution over a glass plate and then again, after taking the picture, to develop it immediately.

Like many other people of the time, EastBeirut's Photo Manoug captures the grandeur of Baa/bek, flooded with light from be/ow and etched against a brilliant sky.

in its multiple forms and applications.

man struggled out of that steaming tent and swore he would simplify the process.

Unlike the others, he succeeded in a grand way. Working nights he developed a dry photographic plate to replace the wet ones which needed preparation immediately before and development immediately after exposure. The tent and unwieldy field gear were out. Eastman and a partner had already begun to manufacture dry plates when a second chance event decided the course of his life.

His chief at the bank left; Eastman and apparently the other employees, too, expected that he would be promoted to the position. Instead, a relative of a bank director was appointed. Said Eastman, "That was not honest. It mocked all justice. I remained there a short time, then I left. I now devoted myself entirely

to my hobby, photography." Still bent on simplifying that hobby, he devised film in rolls to replace the glass plates.

But there were still few amateur photographers, and the professionals found technical faults in the new film. While striving to improve it, Eastman saw that he would have to make a simple and inexpensive camera as well. By 1888 he had produced Kodak No. I, a hand camera that was simple, small and light.

It was sold (for 25) already loaded with film. When the pictures were taken the whole camera was sent back to Kodak where the film was developed and the camera, reloaded, returned to the owner.

Eastman called it "Kodak," a name he invented out of pure air, which means nothing in any language, and "snaps like Continued on next page

Jaggir Pithwa submitted photo of Indian knife sharpener which won him an award. _ Photographs Eastman

by courtesy of

Kodak

Prize-winning shot of villagers smoking the hookah by India's K. S. Nagarajan.

a camera shutter in your face. What more could one ask?" Now it was just as easy as the slogan said: the most inept person could press the button and Eastman would do the rest. Modern photography had been born. Since that first Kodak appeared, the Eastman Kodak Company, led by its founder until his death in 1932, has been among the leaders in the vast field of photography.

George Eastman's idea of simplifying photography so that everyone could use and enjoy it led not only to the beginnings of the company named after him, but also to the first roll film and box camera.

From a one-man operation founded in Rochester, N.Y., in 1880, the business has grown into a company which today employs about 80,000 men and women all over the world, has more than 10,000 suppliers, and is owned by over 100,000 shareholders. More than fifty years ago, on October 1,1913, Kodak Limited opened its first office in India, imd today has over 1,000 dealers scattered throughout the country. Kodak photo products are sold at some 80,000 outlets in the United States alone and are widely available everywhere in the world. In addition to photographic goods, the company manufactures plastics, industrial chemicals, man-made fibres, and a variety of other products.

Very early in his career, George Eastman had a vision which led him to devise a plan of action for the conduct of his business from which he never deviated.

The history of the Eastman Kodak Company has been the development of these four basic business principles: mass production of photographic material at low cost; world-wide distribution of the company's products; extensive advertising; and intensive research aimed at product development and improvement.

A strong research and development programme has been a tradition with the Eastman Kodak Company since its very early years. Today, the research laboratories consist of six technical divisions: chemistry, physics, synthetic chemicals, emulsion research, colour photography, and applied photography; and a department of photographic theory.

The Kodak research programme has three important features: fundamental

research, in which the objective is new knowledge; exploratory research, in which basic information is utilized in the search for new materials, processes and techniques; and early-stage development, in which work is directed towards new materials and processes for general sale and for scientific and military applications.

Major contributions to chemistry, physics, and the science of photography have come from fundamental studies in the research laboratories. The exploratory work has led to the evolution of completely new materials and new systems of photography. Amateur motion pictures and colour photography are notable examples. The staff of the research laboratories, in addition to conducting its own extensive scientific and technical programmes, works with the production divisions on problems related to new products and processes.

These laboratories of the Eastman Kodak Company have helped to create the twentieth century, a world unimaginable without photography, which lets doctors peer through our skins to find our illnesses; lets children in the most remote schools visualize places they will never see; lets astronomers discover planets otherwise invisible; lets thousands of medical students watch an operation from a room where only a handful could be present; lets millions of people watch a statesman or an artist on another continent. And amid such heady progress, the quest continues for an ever simpler, better camera for every man. Hand cameras now gauge light and distance and regulate themselves to these specifics for each picture, all automatically. One new camera produces a finished photograph in full colour within seconds after it has been taken. The camera is uniquely a gadget for man's spirit. It is probably the best way to record and communicate that man has found since he started scratching on rock. It captures unposable moments and surprisingly often the result is art, showing us some truth about the world or ourselves, often a truth which escaped the naked eye. It lures men of all dispositions to seek what is beautiful and it recalls beauty that even memory has lost. â&#x20AC;˘

WHERE TWO WORLDS OF MUSIC MEET ...

Improving her knowledge of the techniques of Indian classical music and teaching Western music and ballet to

girl relishes her role of cultural interpreter.

HE SERENE, latticed walls of Bombay's Bhulabhai Institute have, for more than a decade, watched over the city's painters, sculptors and musicians at work. But for more than a year they also witnessed a unique cultural fusion of the East and the West.

At the Kinnara School of Music, whose classes meet here every evening, an American girl Penny Estabrook, who teaches Western music and learns Indian music under the direction of famed sitarist Ravi Shankar, became a familiar figure. Her story, one of enterprise and perseverance, is in many ways symbolic

T

of young America's quest for new avenues of thought and fresh fields of knowledge and activity.

As academic qualifications go, Miss Estabrook's are not only rare, but reflect determination and extremely hard work.

The young music scholar has to her credit the first doctorate degree in Indian music ever awarded by Columbia University. But her knowledge is not limited to theory alone: she is a versatile sitar and tabla player and knows the Kathak style of dancing.

Although her early career centred Continued on next page

Fascinated by the music of India, Penny Estabrook resolved to make a profound study of it. around the study of Western music, she has found no difficulty entering into the spirit of Indian music and learning its intricate techniques. As a result, she has developed a profound appreciation of the music of India, and, at the same time, has retained her love of Western music. In fact, the young American can perceive no conflict between the two. "Nothing can be gained by a comparison," she says, although that is inevitably what most people ask her to do.

"People often ask me to compare Indian and Western music," she explains, "but I think if you try to compare them or try to combine them you won't enjoy them. If you can look at the two types of music as complete entities in themselves, then you can love both of them. I can sincerely say that I love Indian music just as much as I love Western music."

Soft-spoken and smiling, Penny Estabrook comes from the New England State of Vermont. Born in a family of music-lovers, she decided early in life to make music her career. At nine, she made her debut as a dancer and at eleven, was an earnest student of the piano. Her early work brought her a much-desired reward-she won a scholarship to Barry College of Music in Miami, Florida.

Located as it is at the southern tip of the United States, Barry has long been the destination of students of music from many Latin American countries.

During Miss Estabrook's undergraduate years here, she was exposed, probably for the first time, to the music of other lands-and she developed a keen interest in them.

When she came to Columbia University to obtain her master's degree in education, this interest found a new impetus in the world-oriented life at International House. "The music of different countries was so much a part of our lives that often when we heard something new," she reports, "we didn't even realize we hadn't heard it before." It was here that she met many Indian students, who introduced her to their music in such a natural, inobtrusive way that she says, "in fact, I can't even remember the first time I heard it." Characteristically, Miss Estabrook has never had any difficulty in listening to and appreciating any kind of Indian music, vocal or instrumental, North Indian or South Indian.

It was this respect for the music of

The resonant notes of the sitar, to which she was first introduced by her Indian music teacher in New York, have always had a strong fascination for Penny Estabrook.

India which led to her decision to study for a doctorate in the subject. Once her mind was made up, the. question was: Where in the complex city of New York, did one get tuition in Indian classical music?

Luckily, she found the solution in an old telephone directory where she located the address of an institution called The India School of Music, run

by Dr. Wasantha Wana Singh. Dr. Singh was a veteran musician with nineteen years' teaching experience. After three successive visits to his school the young and determined woman was able to convince him effectively of her interest in doing a dissertation on Indian music.

Although her first practical introduction to the music was through the tabla, the resonant music of a sitar soon made deep impression on her. She began to feel increasingly that the "heart of the music was in the melody, not in the rhythm" and added sitar lessons to her already busy schedule. Her appearance at the final interview, before the award of the doctorate, was unusual to say the least. Carrying her sitar and tabla, she faced an audience of faculty members and other invited guests with some trepidation. She need not have feared, however, for her skilful handling of both instruments, in addition to her dissertation, entitled "A Source Book of the Indigenous Music and Dance of India," im-

pressed the Committee, and she was granted the coveted doctorate.

What was it that impelled her to make so profound a study of a subject seemingly so remote from an American girl's environment? Primarily, of course, it was her own fascination for the music of India. The musicologist also cites the heartening fact, however, that there is a growing interest in America and other Western countries in Indian music, dance and culture. "More and more universities are offering courses in Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Sanskrit and also the philosophical systems of India," she says. "You can really have quite a full Indian education without ever leaving the United States."

But as events turned out, her education was not destined to be limited to the resources available within the United States. With 1960 came her first chance to visit India, a country with which she was already so familiar through her studies. She travelled extensively, and whenever she could, feasted her eyes and ears on the best of India's music and dance. At the end of her tour, while she was visiting Ceylon, she also met Ravi Shankar, who expressed keen interest in her work and her plans for further studies.

Back home, India lured her again and she decided to return to this country for an extended tour which would give her an opportunity to live among the

While her first love is music, Penny is . also attracted by Indian dance forms.

Expert handling of the tabla is a desirable accomplishment for any musician.

Indian people and establish a closer identity with their music. This she accomplished through a Ford Foundation grant, which she received early in 1961.

She spent most of her first year of study at the Bharatiya Kala Kendra in New Delhi, where she learned the intricacies of the sitar from Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan, Kathak from Maya Rao and tabla from Hashmat Ali Khan. Gradually, she learned to appreciate the subtle nuances in the music of India that at first are not apparent to a Western listener.

"Of course," she explains, "there is a great difference between North and South Indian music. But I think that on first listening, the general Western audience wouldn't be able to distinguish between the two. For one thing, Indian music has twenty-two different tones, while Western music has only twelve different sounds within the octave. But good music, East or West, creates its own bond. For instance, the recitals of Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Khan, and other Indian artists who have visited the United States, have been weII-attended and acclaimed. I think their music has spoken for itself."

At her Delhi school, Penny made steady progress, although the hours of work sometimes seemed long and arduous.

Her skill at the ballet, she found, provided her with a useful background in her study of Kathak, as far as basic grace of movement was concerned. In other respect$,¡¡ such as footwork, however, the two, she found, were entirely different. "For instance," she says with her ready smile, "whenever your toes are supposed to be pointed in baIlet, they are not supposed to be in Kathak. Of course, one of the main things in Kathak dancing is the rhythm of the feet, and I think probably the closest thing to that in the West is tap dancing. If you compare them, you wiIl find similar steps in both."

Midway through her studies in Delhi, Miss Estabrook was pleasantly surprised by an invitation from Ravi Shankar to come to Bombay and study at his newlyfounded Kinnara School. She accepted, and when her Ford Foundation grant ended, she decided to stay on in India for further study. "I feel that one of the best ways of understanding the people of another culture is to participate in something that belongs to them," she says.

That she has done so wholeheartedly, is evident from the deep affection she has for India, its people and its customs.

Even if one were to go by outward appearances alone, Penny's would convince one of her complete identity with life in India. She wears the sari as gracefully as any Indian girl and it seems hard to believe that she began wearing saris

out of necessity. Indian instruments, sh~ feels, are played while sitting on the floor and Western style dress does not lend itself to such posture. "For a while, I wore a sari only while playing Indian music," Penny explains, "but after a time I gave up trying to have two wardrobes.

When I am in India, I wear a sari."

Aside from her studies at Kinnara, Penny has also contributed to this unique cultural exchange by introducing classes in Western music and ballet. In the two years that she was at Kinnara, she successfully collaborated with Indian artists in the production of the school's two musical extravaganzas. The first, "Melody and Rhythm," was an experiment in fusing together all the styles of Indian music. The second production, "Nava Rasa Ranga," carried this experiment in orchestration a step further and demonstrated the uses of classical music ranging from solos to puppet shows.

Penny participated in many of the events, displaying the increasing degree of skill she had achieved in two years .

Does she find teaching Western music to Indian students a rewarding experience? "Certainly yes," she declares.

"Western music and its appreciation is in a far more advanced stage here than Indian music is in the West. The talent shown by some students is really astonishing. It is not possible to generalize about music and people. I know Indians who prefer Western music and Westerners who like Indian music a lot, when they have been exposed to both. It is difficult to explain why."

Penny recently played a role as remarkable as her career-that of a cultural ambassador of not one, but two countries, India and America. She managed the highly successful U.S. tour of Ravi Shankar and two of his musicians, sponsored by the Asia Society, which ended last December in Kansas City. Ravi Shankar was scheduled to spend the foIlowing six weeks lecturing on Indian music at the University of California. The group expects to return to India shortly.

What is the reaction of Miss Estabrook's Indian colleagues to her achievement'? "They are inclined to be generous to a foreigner trying to perform their music," she says. "At first, people are considerate and overlook faults. But there comes a time when you are expected to perform as well and know as much theory as the artist born to the music."

Unquestionably, Penny Estabrook has accomplished this rare feat. The graceful ease with which she now forms an integral part of any orchestral group in India is ample proof that beautiful music knows no barriers of nationality. â&#x20AC;˘

The ballet is an unfailing attraction.

The trucking industry's role in U.S. economy is important all the year round.

poet's

traditional

season

of silence and

sleep. It is the time of the year when the

ROM TIME OUT of mind poets have described spring as the season of promise, summer as the season of growth, autumn the season of harvest, and winter the season of silence, of sleep. For the first three seasons, the labels are probably suitable enough. But for winter, nothing could be further from reality-as far as the United States is concerned.

For winter is the season when the United States shakes off summer sloth, and comes wide awake, when the myriad tongues that bespeak the nation's being rise to highest pitch. The wheels of industry hum their loudest in winter, the tempo of business and politics is most urgent, traffic in city streets seems thicker.

Describing winter in the United States is like trying to pick up quicksilver on a knife: in North Dakota it can be very much like the Arctic, while in Key West, Florida, southernmost of U.S. cities, it is as langorously warm as Tahiti. Winter for most of us, however, is somewhere in between, with snow and periods of bitter cold punctuated with warmer days here and there.

When does winter start? For a little boy it is that day when he wakes up to see a different kind of light playing on the ceiling of his room and looks out to see that it is the reflection from snow-soft, unbroken, silent, cold. For adults the start of winter is likely to be more subjective, less definite, but usually sometime in November. By this time of the year the last straggling vacationer has returned to the office. A warm tweed suit feels good and comforting. Then one night, there is a party, and suddenly, as surely as spring is announced by robins and summer by katydids the noises of winter are to be heard. Conversations have taken on a determined, animated note; the ring of feminine laughter is more intense and crystalline.

Hours later, when it is time to go, the air outside is sudden in the throat, the sky is eerily clear, the hoar-frost has settled on the grass and the windshield. It is no longer just the absence of summer. Winter has come and with it a quickening of the senses and new purposefulness.

In U.S. villages and towns-and the cities, too, but not so is a time for meetings. Americans, as Sinclair noticeably-winter Lewis among many others pointed out, are determined and enthusiastic joiners. We love parliamentary procedure. We are for ever discovering a common denominator-a civic purpose, a political viewpoint, a common ancestry, a shared interest-and presto! a new club is born. By this time of the year every sizable town is alive with club activities. There are businessmen's luncheon clubs which meet once a week to hear inspirational talks and to plan civic improvements; fraternal organizations whose officers bear titles like Grand Exalted Ruler or Sovereign Grand Secretary and which often operate large hospitals and homes for the aged and orphans. Much of the work of the political parties on the local levels is done by political clubs. Doctors, newspapermen, engineers, and other professions have, of course, their own organizations. The scouting organizations have Continued on next page

F

The opera, theatre, sports events and numerous club activities mark the winter months.

8,760,000 members, while some 2,224,000 rural boys and girls learn modern farming and domestic science in the national farm youth organization. Veterans' clubs, like The American Legion (2,800,000 members), are based on military service and have a strong patriotic flavour. The Red Cross, church groups, and women's auxiliaries of many men's organizations gather in the women of the community. The League of Women Voters is a nation-wide, non-partisan group which encourages political reform by informing voters on the issues of each election and on proposed local and national legislation.

Although we frequently spoof ourselves about these sometimes frenzied organizational activities ("If a plane-load of Americans had to parachute to earth, they would form a committee before they got there") few of us would really want to give them up. Aside from a natural gregariousness is a serious conviction that community affairs are everyone's responsibility.

It is sometimes astounding to visitors from abroad to see how much voluntary organizations accomplish. In 1964 individual Americans contributed an estimated six billion dollars to a variety of philanthropic causes, a good part of the sum being raised by volunteer workers. (Another one-and-a-half billions came from corporations, foundations, and bequests.) Almost all fire fighting in rural areas and small towns is done by volunteers who are on call day and night. (The local fire house is usually a lively social centre, too.) The Parent-Teachers Association has a powerful voice in running the schools, which have always been a local community responsibility. Most hospitals depend upon Red Cross workers and volunteer "nurse's aides" for important help in maintaining the care and comfort of patients.

Doctors contribute their services to clinics and lawyers to the Legal Aid Society. Such activities, plus work on special committees, and duties in the town government, can easily keep several members of a family engaged most week nights.

Even on the farm, today, there is little of the poet's silence or sleep in winter. For the farmers of Florida and California, of course, this is a very busy season. Citrus growers are getting ready for their harvests and maintaining anxious watch with smudge pots and other devices to ward off damage from sudden frosts. Farmers in other warm States, like the melon growers and alfalfa raisers of Arizona, already have their harvesting machines in the fields. The turkey farmers of Texas have sent thousands of their birds to market for the holiday feasts.

Nor are there many idle days on farms deep in the cold country. All farmers, as their work has lightened and their productivity risen (a farmer fed himself and seven others in 1930; today, himself and twenty-eight others), have had to become mechanics. All winter long one machine after anothertractors, com pickers, sprayers, hay balers-are taken apart, worn parts replaced, engines cleaned and overhauled, against the dawn to dusk fury of work to come in the spring and summer months.

Gone, too, is the farmer's isolation in winter. Television, which has wrought the greatest single change in family life the country over since World War II, is carrying on what radio and the movies started. Particularly for the rural population, the television screen is a window on the world. City life, life in all parts of the country and the world, is brought each day and hour into the living room-the same speech, the same stars,

the same jokes, the same clothes, the same plays, the same speeches, the same sights and scenes shared by everyone.

The effect, inevitably, is to make people more the same, to erase regional dialects and provincial manners. Is it good?

Is it bad? The debate, which has been going on for years, is not likely to be soon decided. What is clear is that the rural and .urban populations share experiences and values as never before.

In this season, too, another great leveller in the United States-the automobile-comes to full flower. Kipling sang: "The reciprocating engine, God's greatest gift to man." The American trucking industry's slogan: "If you have it, a truck brought it" might almost be paraphrased: "If you're there, a car brought you." In a land of wide open spaces, the people don't walk, as a good horse was once considered a member of the family, so now is the automobile. It stands for speed, mobility, and enthusiasm.

In the cities, winter is a time for Culture with a capital C. Clubs, lodges, and associations occupy many people, too, but their activities are dimmed somewhat by more dazzling cultural events like opera, theatre, concerts, and art exhibitions.

Although it is irritating to most of the rest of the country to say so, New York is the unquestioned and throbbing heart of U.S. cultural activity. But the culture New York represents, and the artists who express it there, spring mainly from the hinterlands. Their roots are in wheat fields, in small southern towns, in desolate prairies, in mines, small village stores, country schools, great industrial cities, and in many, many foreign countries. For young artists in all of these places, the city on the Hudson is an irresistible magnet. Success there, unlike success in Chicago and Hollywood, is unassailable. Some of them will get to hate the city and leave it. Still it remains true that in New York a painter, a dancer, a writer can feel that art is indeed life as in no other part of the country.

Few spectacles are as thrilling as the sight of snow-flakes falling into the street named Broadway, each glistening against the million electric lights of the Great White Way-the heart of New York's theatrical district. Like so much of the city, it is a mixture of blatant iridescent commercialism, of elegance (particularly on first nights), of intense dedication to art and dramatic truth, and-saving and dominating all-of eagerness, receptiveness, and vitality. Sailors from ships in the harbour jostle ladies in mink; bright young stars like Elizabeth Ashley shine beside such seasoned luminaries as Helen Hayes and Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, who have lit up the American stage for thirty years or more. Some plays open and topple into oblivion in a few short days; others, like Hello, Dolly! are sold out a year ahead almost as soon as they open. Most of these are to be found along Broadway. Some fabulous successes like the revival of Eugene O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh were presented in "offBroadway" theatres. These are small theatres, many of them in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan-famous as the city's Bohemia-where the works of the great and the unknown playwrights receive loving treatment at the hands of young, enthusiastic, and gifted actors and directors. Here one sees the plays of O'Casey, Shaw, Brecht, O'Neill, Cocteau, Sartre, Anouilh, Mauriac, Lorca, Gorky, Samuel Beckett, Chekhov, Ionesco, Giraudoux, Shakespeare, Tennessee Williams-virtually anyone you can name.

The last .decade has been a small golden age for ballet in America, and no company has shared in it more headily than the New York City Ballet. When it came into being in 1948, it was notable chiefly for the youth and enthusiasm of its dancers and its determination to be "modern." Under the marvellously sure hand of director George Balanchine, sparked by the overContinued on next page

flowing creativity of choreographers like Jerome Robbins, the company has grown to be one of the most brilliant, technically and creatively, in the world. Its ballets like Age of Anxiety, Fanfare, Quartette, and Filling Station are as topical as this morning's tabloid; they make their audiences squirm with selfidentification. Balanchine likes nothing better than to take familiar movements, ideas, and music and transmute them into something new and fresh. (In his Square Dance, he mixes the music of Corelli and Vivaldi with American folk dancing with striking success and-perhaps more important-without allowing the mixture to seem contrived.) Nor are the great works of the standard repertoire neglected: The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, the Firebird. In a few short years the names of the company's dancers-Maria Tallchief, Diana Adams, Melissa Hayden, Jacques d'Amboise, to cite only a few-have become as familiar a part of the city's cultural lexicon as the names of its great stage personalities.

While it is true that the winter seasons of theatre, opera, and dance that are enlivening other major cities do depend partly on New York companies and stars, recently there has been a fine strengthening of the now established trend towards regional independence and individualism in the arts. The San Francisco Opera Company, for example, which once depended for its singers upon New York's grand dame of opera, the Metropolitan Opera Company, has been hiring its own, both American and European. The Louisville (Kentucky) Symphony has commissioned many new compositions since 1950.

The most important and wide-spreading innovation in U.S. theatre in recent years-arena staging-got its major impetus in Dallas, Texas, where Margo Jones founded and for many years directed the first professional "theatre-in-the-round" in this country. Today Washingtonians can point to their Arena Stage as the peer of any Greenwich Village in-the-round theatre. The patrons of the stately Boston and Philadelphia Orchestras certainly need fear no invidious comparison with New York's Philharmonic, now incidentally under the baton of Leonard Bernstein. Californians argue that the most important advances in "progressive" or "cool" jazz are being made by the blooming school of musicians-including cellists and flutists-who play fanciful counterpoint along the Pacific Ocean.

The growth of community orchestras both in smaller communities and large ones (Los Angeles now has some fifty suburban orchestras within commuting distance of the city) and opera groups (at last count about 800 across the nation)-with similar burgeoning in the other arts-is perhaps the most tangible symptom of a cultural flowering that the country itself is only beginning to appreciate.

Although not cultural in the sense of art, the major American sports-baseball, football, basketball, track, boxing-stand very near the core of U.S. culture in its broader sense. The country's athletes have always been its favourite heroes. The sports mentality-love of competition; admiration of stamina, speed, and health; insistence on fair play; the reckless spending of one's energies-has powerfully infused the American character. This exuberance can be seen in the conduct and tempo of business, politics, family life, and, even indeed, art. In U.S. ballet, for example, athleticism of American women has had a strong effect on choreography.

In the world of indoor competitive sports, winter means one thing: basketball, and for the most rabid fans it is high school

basketball that is the winter's grand passion. Already sateen jackets in school colours are to be seen around town announcing who has been chosen for the school teams.

Every Friday night the same relentless drama will be ena¡cted in high school gymnasiums across the nation. From the time the young (sixteen to eighteen) gladiators take the floor, weaving, passing, feinting, storming down the court until, choking and heaving, numb with exhaustion, they straggle to the locker room, the whole town watches in agony of suspense: cheering, shouting advice ("Don't hold it! Shoot! Shoot!"), criticizing the referee-and hoping. Small towns in the most fervid States of the basketball belt-Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa-have high school gymnasiums which seat more people than live in the towns-and still hundreds are turned away on the night of an important game! No other sport creates the tension, the desolate disappointment and exultant joy in its partisans that basketball does-particularly in the Midwest.

As non-competitive, for the most part, as basketball is competitive, the big outdoor winter sport is skiing. Twenty years ago hardly anyone skied. Today four million devotees thrill to a fast down-hill run. Cross-country skiing is still a connoisseur sport as far as most U.S. enthusiasts are concerned. Every Friday night, trains, buses, and long lines of cars bristling with skis and poles stream out of the cities to the mountains, where skiers by the thousands jam into the ski areas and crowd the tows, r~tu.rning to their jobs sore and bruised to recuperate for . the next week-end.

These, then, are some of the things Americans are doing and seeing this winter season. They are, of course, merely some of the highlights. Most of the time, for most Americans winter is what it has always been: a season to be indoors, a season when the family is closer knit, when there is time to read books and have long discussions about the world situation and what can be done about it. At the moment national politics has given way to talk about local politics-the governors, mayors, and judges elected in cities and States throughout the nation. Despite the fact that the ballots were cast and counted in November, verbal post mortems continue: Who lost and why? Will he try again in the next election?

On the national level, members of Congress used their recess to sound out their constituencies at home on such issues as foreign aid and housing, on school and road construction, on foreign trade legislation, and a hundred other things they needed to know when they convened in January in Washington to take stock of what needs to be done.

Along with them, the people of the country are pausing at the beginning of a new year. Magazine and newspaper writers, television round-table speakers, and radio commentators have been exhorting their audiences to review with them the past year in every field from stamp collecting to politics, and to readjust and start planning for the year ahead. Hardly a person has let New Year's Eve go by without making some kind of resolve for the coming twelve months-for the schoolboy perhaps it is to make better grades in arithmetic; for his father, to stop smoking; for his mother, to start a vacation bank account. A few New Year's resolutions may soon be broken, the way resolutions sometimes are, but broken or not they meant that people were summing up and reconsidering how they and the world could be a little bit better before the mid-winter plunge into the new year of 1965.

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41.

Opera's opening is gala.

The music lesson.

Broadway is a mixture of commercialism and elegance.

Thousands attend ice hockey games in northern States.

Sleds offer thrills.

THE

ARTS

A capsule review of cultural highlights in the United States A RECENTEXHIBITof sketches and paintings enabled Washingtonians to see the late President John F. Kennedy through the eyes of a perceptive artist.

It is not often that the public can share an artist's search for the elusive spirit of her subject, and because of this the series of informal drawings and finished paintings at the Washington Gallery of Modern Art had an added poignancy.

In sketch after sketch, painting after painting, some facet of Mr. Kennedy's vibrant personality was caught by charcoal or brush.

Among all her Kennedy portraits Elaine de Kooning considers this painting best.

The project which grew into the exhibit began in 1962, when Elaine de Kooning, noted abstract expressionist painter and wife of Willem de Kooning, was commissioned to paint a portrait of President Kennedy for the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri.

The artist first met President Kennedy in December 1962, at Palm Beach, Florida, where the Kennedy family was spending the winter holidays, and where the portrait was to be painted.

"When I first saw him, he was bigger than life," the artist later recalled. "It wasn't that he was really taller than the others. But he seemed to be in a different dimension. The eyes were a total surprise to me. I have never seen the colour in photographs-the violet of grapes."

As the President worked, she made

fragmentary charcoal or pencil sketches of an eye, hand, expression or pose. The first session alone produced about thirty sketches which she quickly took to a studio placed at her disposal by a local art gallery. There she made further sketches, combining various fragments and her memory of certain gestures in a search for the most successful composite image that could be developed into a painting.

For all their informality and apparent spontaneity, the paintings represented the considered search of a sensitive artist for the elusive spirit of a man in the public eye-a man who represented many different things to many people all over the world. She had to capture not only the well-known Kennedy sense of humour, but the great awareness of responsibility that never left the President.

Washingtonians are grateful to the artist for sharing with them her impressions of him. Adding its own poignant touch to the exhibition was a separate display of photographic observations made by Peter Pettus in Washington during the week of Presid.ent Kennedy's funeral. Their evocation of shock and loneliness formed a fitting accompaniment to the studies of the fallen leader.

REALMSOFGOLD: A JOURNEYIN SEARCH

By Leonard Cottrell.

OFTHEMYCENAEANS. New York Graphic Society.

Judging by the number of books about it published every year, archaeology is a subject of unfailing interest.

Some of these books are technical and not intended for the general public. Some are so beautifully illustrated that their pictures take precedence over their texts.

And some are the work of writers who have made a speciality of popularizing the mysteries and even the controversies of archaeology. One of the most industrious and expert of these is Leonard Cottrell, whose eighteenth book is Realms of Gold: A Journey in Search of the Mycenaeans. This is an informal and personal exploration of a subject about which the professionals are by no means agreed. Mr. Cottrell has read the available learned works and he quotes from them copiously. He has talked to many of the archaeologists and he has visited major sites. And he has read all the Greek plays and poems that incorporate

legendary material that may shed light on the Mycenaeans.

These Late Bronze Age Greeks-who flourished rougWy between 1700 and 1200 B.C.-were aristocratic warriors who ruled over a peasant population, and were divided into many independent kingdoms. They built palace-fortresses on hilltops, buried their dead in shaft graves and beehive tombs and buried with them weapons and gold ornaments. Ruins of their palaces have been found in many sites, notably at Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes. Nearly all their palaces were sacked and burned at the end of the thirteenth century B.C., presumably by the Dorian invaders who were responsible for a dark age in ancient Greece.

It isn't finally proved, but Mr. Cottrell believes that Homer's heroes who fought at Troy were Mycenaean kings. He is most persuasive. And he is particularly interesting in his accounts of archaeological research at the most important sites. Interviewing Professor Carl Blegen, discoverer of a Mycenaeanpalace-fortress believed to be that of Nestor at Pylos, Mr. Cottrell asked how the ruins were found. Professor Blegen replied: "Well, we asked ourselves, 'If you were a Mycenaean king and wanted to build a palace near the Bay of Navarino, which site would you choose?' Having chosen such a site, we began digging." He paused and smiled. "And there it was!"

The past is always present in Greece, Mr. Cottrell says. Once a bus unexpectedly stopped and a Greek girl said, "Here you get out, because here there is something you must see."

"It was very quiet, save for the distant sound of the radio and the far-off bleating of sheep. We stood looking down the slope to where three lanes met beside a bridge. Then Zoe said, 'That is where Oedipus killed his father.'"

-ORVILLE PRESCOTT.Š 1963 by The New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission.

As A PLAYThornton Wilder's The Matchmaker vibrated with unheard melodies and unseen dances. Michael Stewart, Jerry Herman and Gower Champion apparently heard and saw them, and they have conspired ingeniously to bring them to shining life in a musical.

Hello, Dolly! has qualities of freshness and imagination that are rare in the run of our machine-made musicals. It transmutes the broadly stylized mood of a mettlesome farce into the gusto and colours of the musical stage. What was larger and droller than life has been

puffed up and gaily tinted without being blown apart. The conception as a whole, despite an occasional excess of exuberance is faithful to the spirit of Mr. Wilder's broad, chuckling jest. Mr. Stewart's book holds fast to Mr. Wilder's atmosphere and style even if it trots off into Broadwayese now and then. Mr. Herman's songs are brisk and pointed and always tuneful and Mr. Champion's direction at its happiest darts and floats on stylized patterns of choreography.

The basic story, deliberately calculating in its simplicity, is unchanged. Here in a shrewdly mischievous performance by Carol Channing is the endlessly resourceful widow, Mrs. Dolly Gallagher Levi, matchmaker and lady-of-all-trades. who sets her enormous bonnet crested by a huge pink bird for the half-millionaire, Vandergelder, and lands him on her pleasure-loving terms. Miss Channing's Dolly is all benevolent guile. She can talk faster than a con man without losing her big-eyed innocent gleam. She can teach

Carol Channing, longtime Broadway favourite. has leading role in Hello, Dolly!

"Dancing" to Mr. Hernlan's gliding three-four muse. Resplendent in scarlet gown embroidered with jewels and a feathered head-dress, and looking like a gorgeous, animated kewpie doll, she sings the rousing title song with earthy zest and leads a male chorus of waiters and chefs in a joyous promenade.

Here is David Bums as the curmudgeon Vandergelder, bellowing nasally. His intransigence in the face of warmth and kindness is a comfort in a Pollyanna world. When he roars that he is "rich, friendless and mean, which in Yonkers is as far as you can go," you are bound to share his pride. And when, standing

on a dismantled parade float that is being pulled out of sight, he roars, "Where are you taking me?" he has the righteous wrath of a Horatius defending a sinking bridge.

What gives Hello, Dolly! its special glow is its amalgamation of the lively theatre arts in the musical numbers.

Mr. Champion has provided fragments of dance for the overture-less opening that are all the more attractive because they are spare and unexpectedly spaced.

When he fills the stage for the ebullient "Put on Your Sunday Clothes" at the Yonkers Depot and has his lavishly garbed cast promenading along the oval runway out front, the theatre throbs with vitality. And the stage magicians have provided a railroad car pulled by an engine that spits smoke and ashes.

For a 14th Street parade Mr. Champion has deployed his forces in a cheerful old New York version of mediaeval guilds.

To a bouncing gallop by Mr. Herman, Mr. Champion has set a corps of waiters with trays, spits and jeroboams at the ready, dancing a wild, vertiginous rout. To Mr. Herman's lightly satirical "Elegance," Mr. Champion has fashioned a delightfully mannered routine for a quartet of singers.

Making the necessary reservations for the unnecessary frenzied touches, one is glad to welcome Hello, Dolly! for its warmth, colour and high spirits.HOWARD TAUBMAN.Š 1964 by The New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission.

EVEN THOUGHthis month marks the 156th aruliversary of his birth-he was born on February 12, 1809-Abraham Lincoln still remains the most talked about and the most written about of all historical figures of the United States. It might seem an irony of history that to countless scholars, novelists, poets and playwrights the figure of Lincoln should assume the proportions of a legendary hero, when one remembers Lincoln's own critical comment on most biographies.

"Biographies, as generally written," he once said, "are not only misleading, but false. The author makes a wonderful hero of his subject. He magnifies his perfections, if he has any, and suppresses his imperfections. History is not history unless it is the truth."

A considerable body of Lincolniana is not free from such idolatrous excesses and imperfections as referred to by Lincoln.

Historians have repeatedly pointed out fakes and frauds which abound in Lincoln literature. Speaking on the incorrect

Lincolniana items, Reinhard H. Luthin, reputed historian and Lincoln scholar, cites a particular instance: " 'Composite' pictures of Lincoln are still numerous today and may be seen everywhere."

However, in contrast to these exaggerated efforts by some, the march of Lincolnian scholarship through the ages has been sustained and impressive. Some of the finest works on Lincoln include the six richly human volumes, now a classic,

by Carl Sandburg, the four keenly analytical volumes on Lincoln's Presidential years by James G. Randall, and two distinguished one-volume studies by Lord Charnwood and Benjamin P. Thomas.

The sheer bulk of Lincolniana is overwhelming, hardly a season, let alone a full year, passing without a new flood of writings and printed speeches concerning the Civil War President. A few recent additions to Lincoln literature are included here.

Lincoln's Manager, David Davis, a biography by William L. King, focuses sharply on the dilemma faced by Lincoln and Judge Davis when the revolutionary forces of their age swept away all the previously held notions of politics. Three Against Lincoln, a new edition of Murat Halstead's Caucuses of 1880 edited with an introduction by William B. Hesseltine, treats the same subject of political unrest prevalent in those turbulent days.

Victor Searcher's Lincoln's Journey to Greatness is a scholarly and "factual account of the twelve-day inaugural trip," and brings new insight into some aspects of Lincoln's personality. Somewhat on the same vein is Lincoln's Administration, a compilation by Albert Mordell of selected essays by Gideon Welles, dealing with Lincoln's nomination, ejection, first Presidential term and re-election.

Reinhard H. Luthin's latest work The Real Abraham Lincoln-his previous Lincoln books are The First Lincoln Campaign and Lincoln and the Patronage -has contributed much towards a fuller understanding of Lincoln's life and times. Here in one volume is brought into new focus the whole story of Lincoln.

Lincoln was certainly aware of himself as a figure of history. "Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history," he once said.

"We of this Congress and this administration, will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance, or insignificance, can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honour or dishonour, to the latest generation."

But even for this awareness, it seems unlikely that Lincoln could imagine the enormous volume of writing which con¡ tinues to flow a century after his death.