January 15 2016

January 15, 2016 

NASA—Weather & Climate

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Science Textbooks Out-of-Date

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World Statistics Day

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Oregon Tech Ranks High

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Rural Development Initiatives

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Klamath County

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Great Leaders

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Advertising Agreement

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NASA - What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?

Latest three month average temperature and precipitation anomalies for the United States.

Credits: NOAA

The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.

When we talk about climate change, we talk about changes in long-term averages of daily weather. Today, children always hear stories from their parents and grandparents about how snow was always piled up to their waists as they trudged off to school. Children today in most areas of the country haven't experienced those kinds of dreadful snow-packed winters, except for the Northeastern U.S. in January 2005. The change in recent winter snows indicate that the climate has changed since their parents were young.

If summers seem hotter lately, then the recent climate may have changed. In various parts of the world, some people have even noticed that

springtime comes earlier now than it did 30 years ago. An earlier springtime is indicative of a possible change in the climate.

In addition to long-term climate change, there are shorter term climate variations. This socalled climate variability can be represented by periodic or intermittent changes related to El Ni単o, La Ni単a, volcanic eruptions, or other changes in the Earth system.

What Weather Means Weather is basically the way the atmosphere is behaving, mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities. The difference between weather and climate is that weather consists of the short-term (minutes to months) changes in the atmosphere. Most people think of weather in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, visibility, wind, and atmospheric pressure, as in high and low pressure.

In most places, weather can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space.

An easy way to remember the difference is that climate is what you expect, like a very hot summer, and weather is what you get, like a hot day with pop-up thunderstorms.

Things That Make Up Our Weather There are really a lot of components to weather. Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains from a cold front or warm front, excessive heat, heat waves and more.

In order to help people be prepared to face all of these, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric NWS also issues a lot of notices 2

concerning marine weather for boaters and others who dwell or are staying near shorelines. They include: Coastal Flood Watches and Warnings, Flood Watches and Warnings, High Wind Warnings, Wind Advisories, Gale Warnings, High Surf Advisories, Heavy Freezing Spray Warnings, Small Craft Advisories, Marine Weather Statements, Freezing Fog Advisories, Coastal Flood Watches, Flood Statements, Coastal Flood Statement.

Who is the National Weather Service?

According to their mission statement, "The National Weather Service provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. NWS data and products form a national information database and infrastructure which can be used by other governmental agencies, the private sector, the public, and the global community."

To do their job, the NWS uses radar on the ground and images from orbiting satellites with a continual eye on Earth. They use reports from a large national network of weather reporting stations, and they launch balloons in the air to measure air temperature, air pressure, wind, and humidity. They put all this data into various computer models to give them weather forecasts. NWS also broadcasts

all of their weather reports on special NOAA weather radio, and posts them immediately on their Interactive Weather Information Network website at: http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/iwin/ graphicsversion/bigmain.html.

What Climate Means In short, climate is the description of the longterm pattern of weather in a particular area.

Some scientists define climate as the average weather for a particular region and time period, usually taken over 30years. It's really an average pattern of weather for a particular region.

When scientists talk about climate, they're looking at averages of precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms, and other measures of the weather that occur over a long period in a particular place. For example, after looking at rain gauge data, lake and reservoir levels, and satellite data, scientists can tell if during a summer, an area was drier than average. If it continues to be drier than normal over the course of many summers, than it would likely indicate a change in the climate.

The Little Applegate Valley Farms, Forests and a Splendid Little River.

Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS), the lead forecasting outlet for the nation's weather, has over 25 different types of warnings, statements or watches that they issue. Some of the reports NWS issues 3

are: Flash Flood Watches and Warnings, Severe Thunderstorm Watches and Warnings, Blizzard Warnings, Snow Advisories, Winter Storm Watches and Warnings, Dense Fog Advisory, Fire Weather Watch, Tornado Watches and Warnings, Hurricane Watches and Warnings. They also provide Special Weather Statements and Short and Long Term Forecasts.

scientific body in the U.S., determined that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Yet, there is still some debate about the role of natural cycles and processes.

Why Study Climate?

The reason studying climate and a changing climate is important, is that will affect people around the world. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels, and change precipitation and other local climate conditions.

Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our National Parks and National Forests may be permanently altered.

Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed although uncertanties exist about exactly how Earth's climate responds to them.

According to the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (http://www.climatescience.gov), factors such as aerosols, land use change and others may play important roles in climate change, but their influence is highly uncertain at the present time.

Who Studies Climate Change?

Modern climate prediction started back in the late 1700s with Thomas Jefferson and continues to be studied around the world today.

An example of a Monthly Mean Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) product produced from NOAA polar-orbiter satellite data, which is frequently used to study global climate change.

At the national level, the U.S. Global Change Research Program coordinates the world's most extensive research effort on climate change. In addition, NASA, NOAA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal agencies are actively engaging the private sector, states, and localities in partnerships based on a win-win philosophy and aimed at addressing the challenge of global warming while, at the same time, strengthening the economy. Many university and private scientists also study climate change.

Credits: NOAA The National Academy of Sciences, a lead 4

Mark your calendars; October 20, 2020 will be a day of celebration you should not miss.

There’s a chance you missed this event last fall.

Thanks to Dr. Wolfers for reporting on the announcement in the International New York Times on October 20, 2015.

annual World Migratory Bird Day, and their day only takes one day, while the birds somehow stretch their celebration over two days. By this measure, you might infer that migratory birds are 10 times more important than statistics.

Numbers Take a Star Turn on World Statistics Day

That said, World Migratory Bird Day has to share attention with U.N. Global Road Safety Week, while World Statistics Day has no such weekly competitor, falling as it does between World Space Week and Disarmament Week.

OCT. 20, 2015 Justin Wolfers @JustinWolfers That special tingly feeling you’re enjoying right now? It’s because today is World Statistics Day. And what better way to celebrate this special day than by running the numbers?

This is only the second World Statistics Day. The first was held five years ago, on Oct. 20, 2010, a date with far greater resonance in countries where calendar convention puts the day ahead of the month: 20/10/2010.

The United Nations General Assembly was sufficiently pleased by the fact that 130 member nations celebrated that inaugural data day that they followed up with General Assembly resolution 69/282, which decided that henceforth every Oct. 20 occurring in a year divisible by five would be a World Statistics Day. The resolution establishing World Statistics Day was initially sponsored by 72 member states; later an additional 25 sponsors joined in. Thus, 50.2 percent of the U.N.’s 193 member nations sponsored the resolution, which was eventually adopted without a vote. While American statisticians — including our own Census Bureau — are enthusiastically celebrating World Statistics Day, it is worth noting that the United States is the only country with a major economy that did not sponsor the resolution.

And while statisticians might be feeling excited about their big day, they’re getting less than 0.3 percent of the recognition bestowed upon camels, llamas and alpacas, whose achievements will be celebrated all next year in the International Year of Camelids.

But we statisticians take our recognition where we can get it. And the Secretary General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, has issued a message celebrating World Statistics Day, in which he lauds the importance of statistics for economic development. In making that argument, he cited zero statistics.

Justin Wolfers is a professor of economics and public policy at the University of Michigan.

Follow him on Twitter at @justinwolfers. The Upshot provides news, analysis and graphics about politics, policy and everyday life.

Despite our inaction, World Statistics Day has joined the exclusive list of 126 U.N.- designated International Days celebrated this year, suggesting that today is more important than at least three-fifths of all other days.

The United Nations does not formally rank the relative importance of these days, but astute statisticians would note that their quinquennial celebration is one--fifth as frequent as the

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High School Students Combine Fun and Service December, 2015

“Service Above Self” is the motto of the Rotary club and it could well be the motto of Allie Hanna, a Stayton High School student who has been involved in five service groups and just added one more to her list. Allie participated in the RDI designed and delivered Ford Institute Leadership Program in 2014, and she took the skills she learned in the training and applied them to the process of bringing an Interact group, a youth service club affiliated with Rotary, to her school.

Allie was a part of the second cohort of the Stayton/Sublimity Ford Institute Leadership Program, and she found the program to be a very beneficial learning experience. The aspects of the training that stuck with her the most were learning about personality types through the Myers-Briggs assessment, interpersonal communications (including active listening), and types of leaders. These topics helped Allie understand how to work with people who are different than she is and how to modify her leadership approach to accommodate differences across personality types and group needs. Leaders sometimes need to be more authoritative (such as in an emergency), but leaders often can use other styles depending on the situation. The course curriculum helps participants determine the right leadership style to use in different situations.

Allie wanted to find an opportunity for herself and other students to have a hands-on way to help those in the community, so this fall, with the help of her advisor, she brought the Interact Club to Stayton High School. Twentyfive students are already members of the group, with more students expressing interest in joining. Interact is open to students ages 12–18 and offers both an opportunity to work in partnership with Rotary and the chance to make a difference while having fun.

one builds understanding and appreciation for other cultures. We are currently in the process of planning our local project, and are also currently carrying out our international project.” The group’s project ideas include creating care packages for the homeless and a project to benefit the residents of a senior living facility in Sublimity. Interact members recently got together to make holiday cards to give to elderly veterans in the area.

Allie is still involved with her leadership cohort, which is in the process of constructing a pavilion in Stayton’s Pioneer Park as a community gathering place for events and celebrations. She is a part of the cohort’s Public Relations team, and she is looking forward to seeing what her leadership cohort, and the Stayton High School Interact Club, will accomplish in the future.

RDI’s programs serve community members of all ages. Since our formation in 1991, RDI has been building the capacity of rural leaders to make the changes they wish to see in their communities. We partner with the Ford Institute for Community Building to design the curriculum and deliver the Ford Institute Leadership Program geared toward helping communities develop diverse, resourceful, and motivated leaders. To find out more about how to bring our award-winning leadership development services to your community, contact RDI’s Director of Leadership Services, Gary Stewart, email: gstewart@rdiinc.org or phone: 503.537.6904.

Stayton High School Interact members with the holiday cards they made to give to elderly veterans.

Every Interact club carries out two service projects a year. According to Allie, “Both the local and international project will benefit our community in different ways. The local one will be more direct whereas the international 6

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6 Things Great Leaders Do Differently From : Forbes/Leadership JAN 13, 2016 Travis Bradberry , CONTRIBUTOR

Great leadership can be a difficult thing to pin down and understand. You know a great leader when you’re working for one, but even they can have a hard time articulating what it is that makes their leadership so effective.

It was recently rumored that Starbucks’ CEO Howard Schultz would run for president, but Schultz shut the idea down almost immediately.

What’s admirable is his desire to be a leader who serves.

Service isn’t just something Schulz gives lip service to in the press; his mission is to create a company where people are treated with respect and dignity, and he backs this rhetoric up with his money and time. Starbucks will spend $250 million over the next 10 years to put benefiteligible employees through college, and Schultz wakes up every day at 4:00 a.m. to send motivational e-mails to his employees (the email he wrote recently asking employees to show empathy for customers who have been affected by the plummeting stock market is an interesting example of this).

It’s through a leader’s actions—what he or she does and says on a daily basis—that the He wrote in an article: “Despite the encouragement of others, I have no essence of great leadership becomes apparent. intention of entering the presidential fray. I’m not “Dream more than others think practical. Expect done serving at Starbucks.” more than others think possible. Care more than others think wise.” –Howard Schultz Schultz commitment to his company over the temptation of the limelight is interesting.

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Why Every Science Textbook Is Now Out of Date

Arjun Kharpal News Assistant, CNBC EU News Digital Team

Every single science textbook in the world is now out of date after four new elements were added to the periodic table, finally completing the seventh row.

Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 were added at the very end of 2015, marking the first time new atoms have been added to the table since 2011.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) deemed that there was sufficient evidence provided by the researchers to claim the discovery of the four new elements. It approved the new elements on Dec. 30.

Element 113, which has a temporary working name of ununtrium and a symbol Uut, was discovered by a Japanese team at the Riken Institute.

Elements 115, 117, and 118, which have the temporary working names of ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctium respectively, were

discovered by Russian and American researchers.

The new elements, which are all man-made, fill out the seventh row of the periodic table, where elements are ranked according to their atomic number -- the number of protons in their nucleus.

"The chemistry community is eager to see its most cherished table finally being completed down to the seventh row," Professor Jan Reedijk, president of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of IUPAC, said in a press release.

"IUPAC has now initiated the process of formalizing names and symbols for these elements temporarily named as ununtrium, (Uut or element 113), ununpentium (Uup, element 115), ununseptium (Uus, element 117), and ununoctium (Uuo, element 118)" said Professor Jan Reedijk, president of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of IUPAC. New elements can be named after a mythological concept, a mineral, a place or country, a property or a scientist.

The proposed names and twoletter symbols will be presented for public review for five months after which the IUPAC will make a final decision.

Education giant Pearson said that it would make any changes to its textbooks.

I remember thinking when I was in high school that some education was going to prove to be a waste of time because new discoveries and inventions were going to change everything we thought was so. Here is my proof!

Oh, well, I’ll read history, because you can’t change history as long as it was told correctly in the first place. – Publisher 8

“Earnings Potential” Ranking Lists Oregon Tech Top Public University in Oregon Dec 14, 2015 Oregon’s only polytechnic university places in the top third on all lists, and in the top 16 percent of all U.S. schools based on median earnings A new ranking that evaluates the earning potential of more than 1,400 four-year colleges and universities in the U.S. placed Oregon Institute of Technology (Oregon Tech) alumni among the top of the list as the highest earning graduates of any Oregon public university.

Analyzed by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, the results are based on the U.S. Department of Education’s College Scorecard data.

The rankings use alumni data to determine which schools yield the highest salaries, and provides three different lists to evaluate. The first focuses purely on alumni earnings ten years after beginning their studies; the second adjusts for choice of major or program (which differ substantially for STEM and childhood education majors at midcareer); and the final ranking accounts for earnings, choice of major, students’ academic preparation and likelihood of graduate degree attainment.

So, how did Oregon Tech do on all three lists? Oregon’s only polytechnic university placed in the top third on all lists, and in the top 16 percent of all U.S. schools based on median earnings. Oregon Tech tops public Oregon universities on each list, and is the third highest median salary of all Oregon colleges and universities.

Rank based on median earnings: 232 Rank based on major-adjusted earnings: 470 Rank based on earnings adjusted for academic

preparation and graduate degree attainment: 443 Median earning of $50,100 Oregon Tech President, Chris Maples is proud of the new ranking: “The average debt a student incurs continues to rise across Oregon and the U.S., which makes the big picture of earning potential very important to the students who we currently serve, and future generations. We pride ourselves on hands-on education, internships, and externships, which provide our students with a greater chance of excelling quicker within their professions upon graduating.”

This ranking comes on the foot tails of the Social Mobility Index (SMI) from CollegeNET. “The Social Mobility Index measures the extent to which a college or university educates more economically disadvantaged students (with family incomes below the national median) at lower tuition, so they can graduate and obtain good paying jobs,” according to its website. The SMI lists Oregon Tech at #37 out of 931 schools with data collected through sources such as Payscale and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.

Other top rankings this year include, U.S. News and World Report #1 Top Public West Regional College, #5 Best West Regional College; PayScale #18 Annual Return on Investment; and Forbes #98 Top Colleges in the West, #527 Top Colleges in the Nation.

Founded in Klamath Falls in 1947, Oregon Institute of Technology is the only public 4-year institute of technology in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon Tech provides degree programs in engineering and health technologies, management, communication, and applied sciences that prepare students to be effective participants in their professional, public, and international communities through hands-on learning. Oregon Tech has a full-service, residential campus in Klamath Falls and an urban, industryfocused campus in Wilsonville. Visit www.oit.edu to learn more about Oregon Institute of Technology.

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Klamath County 305 Main St, Ste 224 Klamath Falls, OR 97601 (541) 883-5100 www.klamathcounty.org Population: 66,910 (2014) Square Miles: 6,135 Year Established: 1882

Klamath County The 1890 census cited a population of 2,444.

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