E-Mobility+ Aug-Sep Issue 2023

VOLUME 4

AUG-SEP 2023 | ISSUE 5

POWERING SMART, ELECTRIC, EFFICIENT MOBILITY

E X P L O R I N G

OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES IN INDIA'S INDIGENOUS

BATTERY MANUFACTURING ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND BATTERIES POST-MONSOON?

How Recycling Companies Drive Sustainable Resource Management

TOWARDS NET ZERO 2070 Through Sustainable Battery Storage Adoption in India

CONTENT NEWS

IN CONVERSATION

04 Business News

06

TECH INSIGHTS 14 COMSOL

THINKTANK ROUNDUP 16

EMOBILITY+ RESEARCH 17

POLICY DEBRIEF

21

SPECIAL STORY

SETUL SHAH

Founder & CEO, VerdeMobility India Pvt. Ltd.

Founder RunR Mobility

RAJESH GUPTA Founder & Director RecycleKaro

Net Zero 2070 Through Sustainable 20 Towards Battery Storage Adoption in India

COVER STORY

PARESH PATEL

10

EV battery demand in India is expected to touch at least 60 GWh by 2030; development of domestic cell manufacturing ecosystem critical

12

08

OPINION 18

How to take care of your Electric Vehicles and batteries post-monsoon?

the layers of the Indian Battery 22 Navigating Landscape Economy: How Recycling Companies 24 Circular Drive Sustainable Resource Management Act: Pros and Cons of Charging 26 Balancing Speed for Lithium-Ion Batteries

28 TECHNOLOGY INSIGHT 29 POLICY INSIGHT 30 MARKET STATISTICS

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CONTENT

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ADVERTISING

CIRCULATION

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BUSINESSNEWS AUG-SEP 2023

RunR Mobility Makes Striking Debut in Direct-to-Consumer Market A distinguished leader in the B2B sector, RunR Mobility is thrilled to announce its confident entry into the Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) market with the planned deployment of 200 electric vehicles by the month’s end. This move signifies a significant leap in RunR Mobility’s growth strategy, aiming to meet the diverse needs of both dealers and customers in the EV market.

Altigreen Partners With MathWorks To Accelerate Electric Three-Wheeler Development Altigreen, the electric threewheeler manufacturer, has announced its partnership with MathWorks, a developer of mathematical computing software, to accelerate the development of Altigreen’s flagship electric three-wheeler, known as the NEEV. These electric three-wheeler are designed and priced to make them accessible to small business owners, independent drivers, and fleet operators in India.

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Mercedes-Benz Expands EV Charging Network To All Brands In India Mercedes-Benz India, the renowned German luxury car manufacturer, has announced the expansion of its electric vehicle (EV) charging network to accommodate customers of other brands in a bid to promote the adoption of EVs in India.

Ashok Leyland Secures Contracts for 1,282 Buses from Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation Ashok Leyland, the flagship company of the Hinduja Group and a prominent player in India’s commercial vehicle manufacturing sector, has successfully secured a substantial order for 1,282 fully built buses from the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC).

Standard Chartered Bank And GreenCell Mobility Forge Partnership For Electric Mobility In India GreenCell Mobility has secured a green financing deal with Standard Chartered Bank to fund its Surat E-Mobility project, marking a significant partnership in India’s electric mobility industry. Standard Chartered Bank acted as the exclusive mandated arranger, lender, and green loan coordinator for the Rs 1.25 billion Project Finance Facility.

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I N C O N V E R S A T I O N

VerdeMobility's Impressive FY 2022-23 and Expectations for FY 2023-24

Paresh Patel

Founder & CEO, VerdeMobility India Pvt. Ltd. CONVERSATION HIGHLIGHTS VerdeMobility is committed to leading the way in creating a sustainable and efficient EV charging ecosystem for EV users, by providing advanced EV charging solutions.

VerdeMobility's impressive performance in FY 2022-23, coupled with our focus on expanding the charging network, marks our commitment to a greener, more efficient future for EV charging.

What is the vision and mission of VerdeMobility as a global electric vehicle charging infrastructure OEM (EVSE)?

Can you please give us a brief insight into VerdeMobility's products?

By combining our vision to transform mobility with our mission to provide advanced EV charging solutions, VerdeMobility is committed to leading the way in creating a sustainable and efficient EV charging ecosystem for EV users. Our extensive selection of electric vehicle (EV) chargers has been meticulously crafted to cater to a multitude of scenarios and purposes, guaranteeing convenience, easy access, and compatibility for EV owners.

Whether you require a charger for residential use, commercial settings, or public charging stations, our range of chargers has been thoughtfully designed to accommodate a variety of different use cases. We understand that EV owners have diverse needs and preferences, and our EV chargers are engineered to meet those requirements while ensuring a seamless and user-friendly EV charging experience.

In addition to our range of EV chargers, VerdeMobility offers a complete turnkey solution. Our products include Charge point Management System (CMS), EV Life mobile app, EV charge controllers, and an EV simulator Kit. This comprehensive suite of offerings ensures that we not only provide the hardware necessary for efficient EV charging but also the software and tools needed to create a seamless and user-friendly EV charging experience.

Whether it's residential, commercial, or public charging, VerdeMobility is your onestop solution provider.

How VerdeMobility as a charging infrastructure OEM is developing solutions to optimize charging patterns, manage peak loads, and support grid stability?

According to you, what is the importance of grid integration and smart charging solutions in India's charging infrastructure?

VerdeMobility leverages years of research and development performed by its parent company, System Level Solutions (I) Pvt. Ltd., for the UK Smart Metering program which explored the role of EV Chargers for demand response and grid balancing. The increasing popularity of Electric Vehicles requiring both AC and DC chargers also increases grid burdens for the DISCOMs to provide the requisite amount of energy. By judiciously integrating intelligent charging technologies, such as V2X, demand response, and balancing algorithms, into India's charging infrastructure, we can overcome many DISCOM burdens, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the EV charging ecosystem.

How VerdeMobility as a charging infrastructure OEM is adhering to international standards such as CCS (Combined Charging System) and CHAdeMO to ensure compatibility and ease of charging for EV users? Kindly evaluate the progress made in establishing interoperability across different charging networks?

VerdeMobility's adherence to international standards such as CCS and CHAdeMO demonstrates our commitment to ensuring compatibility and ease of charging for EV users. We have made substantial progress in establishing interoperability across different charging networks, fostering a seamless charging experience to promote the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

To achieve this, we actively utilize industry-

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standard protocols and data models such as IEC61851, OCPP, OCPI and OpenADR to ensure demand Response, communication between our charging infrastructure and various EVs and charging networks.

Additionally, we implement advanced encryption methods and security measures, to safeguard data transmission and protect user privacy.

These technologies play a vital role in providing a robust charging solution that not only adheres to international standards but also prioritizes the security and reliability of the EV charging experience. By collaborating with stakeholders and adopting these cutting-edge technologies, VerdeMobility continues to enhance interoperability and offer EV users a convenient, secure, and seamless charging infrastructure.

Can you please briefly describe VerdeMobility's performance in the last financial year, i.e., FY 2022-23? What are your expectations in the current financial year, i.e., FY 2023-24?

VerdeMobility's performance in FY 2022-23 was impressive, with significant achievements in terms of customer acquisition, market expansion, and revenue growth. In FY 2023-24, our focus remains on expanding our charging network and delivering a hassle-free charging experience for EV users, already achieving 275% from FY 2022-2023.

Beyond monetary performance, VerdeMobility actively invests in research and development introducing the latest technologies in our existing and new products.

Furthermore, we are open to collaboration with businesses that share our vision for a sustainable and efficient EV charging ecosystem. We believe in the power of partnerships to drive innovation and expand the reach of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Together, we can contribute to a greener future and shape the way we are Charging Into The Future!

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I N C O N V E R S A T I O N

The Roadblocks and Progress of India's Battery Swapping Policy

Setul Shah Founder RunR Mobility

CONVERSATION HIGHLIGHTS Our mission is to make high-speed, smart, and affordable electric scooters that are designed to be cost-effective for consumers.

RunR Mobility aims to make a significant impact on the EV market in India by offering accessible, sustainable, and technologically advanced electric vehicles.

Battery swapping in the EV industry faces key challenges that hinder its widespread adoption.

Kindly talk about RunR Mobility and its special offerings. What are the business objectives and Future plans of RunR Mobility ?

RunR Mobility, also known as MECPower Mobility, is an indigenous electric vehicle (EV) brand based in Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Their mission is to make high-speed, smart, and affordable electric scooters that are designed to be cost-effective for consumers.

One of their distinctive offerings is the use of interchangeable batteries, enhancing convenience and reducing downtime for users. Their primary business objectives include making their EVs more affordable and accessible to a broader consumer base while promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

In terms of future plans, RunR Mobility is committed to expanding its footprint in the EV market. They are set to deliver 2000 advanced electric vehicles to Nisarg Green within a quarter, demonstrating their commitment to rapid growth. The company has ambitious goals for the current financial year, with plans to facilitate the adoption of 5,000 to 6,000 electric vehicles and establish approximately 40 swapping stations. Their focus on sustainability reflects a broader industry trend towards eco-friendly transportation solutions. Overall, RunR Mobility aims to make a significant impact on the EV market in India by offering accessible, sustainable, and technologically advanced electric vehicles.

What are the roadblocks hindering the Implementation of the Battery Swapping Policy two years after Its draft release?

Two years after the draft release of the Battery Swapping Policy, several roadblocks continue to hinder its implementation. Firstly,

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there may be a lack of comprehensive regulations and standards, which are crucial for ensuring safety, interoperability, and compatibility among different EVs and swapping stations. Second, the high initial infrastructure setup costs pose a significant challenge, especially for smaller businesses and startups looking to enter the battery swapping market. Third, addressing range anxiety concerns and ensuring an adequate network of swapping stations across the country remains a challenge. Additionally, educating and incentivizing consumers to adopt battery swapping as a viable charging alternative is essential. Moreover, the policy may face bureaucratic delays and varying state-level regulations, further impeding its uniform implementation.

Overall, overcoming these roadblocks will require collaborative efforts from governments, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies to promote battery swapping as a viable and widespread solution in the electric vehicle ecosystem.

Can you please briefly describe the specification of a Battery Swapping charging station in India?

Battery Compatibility: These stations are designed to accommodate different electric vehicle (EV) models and battery types, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of EVs. Automated Swapping Equipment: Battery swapping stations are equipped with automated systems, such as robotic arms or conveyors, to efficiently and safely replace depleted batteries with fully charged ones.

Battery Storage: The station includes a storage area for housing fully charged batteries, ensuring they are readily available for swapping.

Control Software: Advanced software manages the entire swapping process, including vehicle identification, battery compatibility checks, and the execution of the swap. It also monitors battery health and performance.

Safety Features: Safety mechanisms are in place to prevent accidents, including measures to secure the vehicle during the swap and verify the condition of the swapped battery.

Multiple Bays: Many stations have multiple swapping bays to serve several vehicles simultaneously, reducing wait times for users.

Payment and Connectivity: These stations typically offer integrated payment systems and connectivity features for monitoring and remote management.

Kindly talk about the battery swapping challenges and its adoption in the EV industry?

Battery swapping in the EV industry faces key challenges that hinder its widespread adoption. The lack of standardization among battery sizes, shapes, and technologies makes it hard to create universal swap stations. Ensuring battery safety and integrity is crucial, as damage can affect vehicle performance and safety.

Setting up and maintaining swap infrastructure is costly, and range anxiety is a concern if stations are limited in some areas.

Additionally, consumer habits favor home charging or fast-charging networks over swapping.

Despite these hurdles, battery swapping has found use in commercial fleets and certain markets like China, offering advantages such as reduced downtime and quicker refueling for taxis and delivery services. To gain broader acceptance, addressing these issues such as standardization, safety, infrastructure costs, and range coverage is essential to make battery swapping a convenient option for everyday EV users.

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I N C O N V E R S A T I O N

RecycleKaro's Vision and Mission for Sustainable Lithium-ion Battery Recycling

Rajesh Gupta Founder & Director RecycleKaro

CONVERSATION HIGHLIGHTS Our Vision is to be a global leader in sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling, driving the transition to a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact of battery waste.

At RecycleKaro, our mission is to revolutionize the lithium-ion battery recycling industry by employing cutting-edge technologies and innovative processes.

Proper recycling requires expertise, specialized equipment, and a commitment to minimizing environmental impact while maximizing material recovery.

What is your vision and mission in the field of Battery recycling industry?

Vision: Our Vision is to be a global leader in sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling, driving the transition to a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact of battery waste.

Mission: At Recyclekaro, our mission is to revolutionize the lithium-ion battery recycling industry by employing cutting-edge technologies and innovative processes. We are committed to providing a sustainable solution for end- of-life batteries, minimizing the depletion of natural resources, and mitigating environmental pollution. Our goal is to recover valuable materials with the highest efficiency, while adhering to the highest standards of safety and environmental responsibility.

Through collaboration, research, and continuous improvement, we aim to contribute significantly to a greener and more sustainable future.

How will the Battery recycling industry contribute to the transport sector's decarbonization and circular economy?

The lithium-ion battery recycling industry will play a significant role in advancing the transport sector's decarbonization and the circular economy in several ways: Resource Recovery and Reuse: Lithiumion batteries contain valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare Earth elements. Recycling these batteries allows materials to be extracted,

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processed, and reused in the production of new batteries. This reduces the demand for virgin raw materials, conserving natural resources and reducing the environmental impact of mining and extraction.

Reduction of Carbon Emissions: Recycling lithium-ion batteries reduces the need for new battery production, which is energy-intensive and contributes to carbon emissions. By reusing recovered materials, the carbon footprint associated with battery manufacturing is lowered, contributing to the overall decarbonization of the transport sector.

Waste Minimization: Proper recycling of lithium-ion batteries prevents them from becoming hazardous waste and ending up in landfills or incinerators. This minimizes the risk of environmental contamination and pollution.

Circular Economy Integration: By recycling lithium-ion batteries, the industry aligns with circular economy principles by promoting the continuous flow of materials through recycling loops, reducing waste, and minimizing the need for new resource extraction.

Promotion of Sustainable Mobility: The availability of recycled materials supports the scaling of electric vehicles (EVs) and other electrified transport modes. This, in turn, reduces the carbon emissions from transportation and contributes to broader efforts to decarbonize the transport sector.

Promotion of Environmental Awareness: The recycling industry raises awareness about the importance of proper end-oflife battery management, educating consumers and industries about recycling options and the environmental benefits of recycling lithium-ion batteries.

In summary, the lithium-ion battery recycling industry is a critical component of the transport sector's efforts to decarbonize and transition toward a circular economy. By recovering materials, reducing waste, and supporting the sustainable production of batteries, the industry contributes to a more environment friendly and resource-efficient transportation ecosystem.

Can you please briefly describe the process of Battery recycling?

The process of lithium-ion battery recycling involves several key steps to recover valuable materials and components.

Collection and Sorting: Used lithium-ion batteries are collected from various sources, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and energy storage systems. Batteries are sorted based on their size, chemistry, and other characteristics to ensure safe handling and appropriate processing.

Discharge: Before processing, batteries are discharged to reduce the risk of thermal events during dismantling and recycling. This involves safely draining any remaining energy from the batteries.

Dismantling: Batteries are disassembled to separate the different components, such as the battery cells, electronic components, and casing. This step involves combination of manual and automated methods.

Cell Extraction: The battery cells are removed from their casings. This is a delicate process to avoid damaging the cells and releasing potentially hazardous materials.

Shredding: The extracted cells are shredded using a mechanical process, where 98% of copper, aluminium and plastic are separated. The remaining part will be a black powder or black mass. This black mass contains critical metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese.

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Material Recovery: The black mass is further processed using hydrometallurgy process of leaching and solvent extraction to recover the critical metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese.

Metal Refining: The recovered metals are further refined and processed to meet industry standards and specifications for use in different manufacturing industries.

Environmental Compliance: Throughout the process, the recycling facility adheres to environmental regulations and safety measures to prevent the release of hazardous materials and ensure worker safety.

We have a zero-discharge facility which means no solid waste or liquid waste is discharged and the end product coming out of the lithium-ion battery recycling process is also as sellable and useful for different manufacturing processes.

Proper recycling requires expertise, specialized equipment, and a commitment to minimizing environmental impact while maximizing material recovery.

What domestic policies and guidelines need to be followed for the Battery recycling ecosystem?

As of recent updated policies and guidelines related to battery recycling in India below are some of the key policies and guidelines that are relevant: Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 (New Delhi, the 22nd August, 2022): The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in India introduced the Battery Waste Management Rules in 2022. These rules provide a framework for the environmentally sound management of used batteries, including collection, recycling, and safe disposal. The rules outline the responsibilities of manufacturers, importers, and dealers in ensuring the proper collection and recycling of batteries.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The Battery Waste Management Rules also establish the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).

Under EPR, battery manufacturers, importers, and dealers are required to take responsibility for the proper collection, recycling, and disposal of the batteries they introduce into the market.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Guidelines: The Central Pollution Control Board, under the MoEFCC, provides guidelines for the environmentally sound management of hazardous waste, including batteries.

These guidelines offer detailed information on the collection, transportation, storage, recycling, and disposal of various types of batteries.

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Hazardous Waste Management Rules: Apart from the Battery Waste Management Rules, hazardous waste management regulations also apply to the handling of batteries due to their potential environmental and health impacts. Proper labelling, transportation, and disposal practices are outlined under these rules.

Certification and Authorization: Recycling facilities in India need to obtain necessary certifications and authorizations from relevant authorities, such as state pollution control boards.

Compliance with environmental and safety standards is a critical aspect of obtaining these approvals.

Collaboration and Reporting: Producers, importers, and dealers of batteries are required to collaborate with authorized recyclers and report their activities to regulatory bodies. This includes submitting plans for EPR implementation and periodic reports on collection, recycling, and disposal.

Import and Export Regulations: If your battery recycling activities involve the import or export of batteries or battery waste, we also need to consider customs regulations and any additional requirements imposed by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).

What are the occupational health and safety hazards and quality assurances that need to be taken care of by a Battery recycler in India?

A lithium-ion battery recycler in India needs to be particularly vigilant about addressing specific occupational health and safety hazards and quality assurances due to the unique characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Here's a comprehensive overview of the hazards and quality considerations: Occupational Health and Safety Hazards: Chemical Exposure: Lithium-ion batteries contain electrolytes that are flammable and potentially harmful if inhaled or contacted. Workers must be trained in handling hazardous chemicals, wearing appropriate PPE, and following safe storage and disposal practices.

Fire and Thermal Runaway: Lithium-ion batteries are known for the potential of thermal runaway (lithium-ion cell enters an uncontrollable, self-heating state), which can lead to fires and explosions.

Specialized training, fire prevention measures, and rapid response protocols are essential to mitigate this hazard.

Electrical Hazards: Even after discharge, lithium-ion batteries can hold residual electrical energy that poses risks during disassembly. Proper procedures for safe discharge and isolation must be followed.

Respiratory Hazards: The recycling process can generate dust, fumes, and

particulates that are harmful if inhaled.

Respiratory protection and proper ventilation are essential to protect workers.

Heat and Thermal Exposure: Some battery recycling processes involve heat generation. Adequate ventilation and cooling systems should be in place to prevent heat-related health issues for workers.

Heavy Metal Exposure: Lithium-ion batteries contain metals like cobalt, nickel, and lithium, which can pose health risks if workers are exposed.

Proper handling, PPE, and safety measures are crucial.

Quality Assurances: Material Identification and Separation: Ensuring proper identification and segregation of different types of lithium-ion batteries is essential to prevent cross-contamination and maintain material quality.

Process Control: Maintaining strict control over recycling processes is necessary to consistently produce highquality materials and prevent deviations that could lead to contamination.

Testing and Analysis: Regular testing and analysis of recovered materials ensure they meet industry standards and specifications for reuse in new battery production or other applications.

Traceability: Implementing a robust tracking system helps monitor the entire recycling process and provides transparency for stakeholders.

Environmental Compliance: Adhering to environmental regulations related to hazardous waste, emissions, and waste disposal is crucial to prevent pollution and maintain responsible practices.

Certification and Auditing: Obtaining relevant certifications and undergoing regular audits demonstrate commitment to quality, safety, and compliance.

Worker Training: Thoroughly trained workers are more likely to adhere to quality assurance protocols and safety measures, reducing the likelihood of errors or accidents.

Data Management: Maintaining accurate records of material inputs, processing steps, and outcomes enables effective quality control and facilitates improvements.

By addressing these specific hazards and quality considerations associated with lithium-ion batteries, a battery recycler in India can create a safe working environment, produce highquality recycled materials, and contribute to sustainable practices in the industry. It's crucial to stay updated with the latest regulations and best practices to ensure ongoing compliance and continuous improvement.

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COVER STORY

Exploring Opportunities and Challenges in India's Indigenous

Battery Manufacturing

Introduction India is standing at the precipice of a green energy revolution, with electric vehicles (EVs) poised to play a pivotal role in reducing carbon emissions and transforming the transportation sector. At the heart of this transformation lies the indigenous manufacturing of batteries. As the demand for electric vehicles surges, the development of a robust and sustainable battery ecosystem within the country is essential.

This article delves into the opportunities and challenges India faces in its quest to establish a thriving indigenous battery manufacturing industry. Li-ion batteries makeup the most expensive component of an electric vehicle, accounting for 40-50% of its cost. Apart from electric vehicles, other applications such renewable energy integration in the grid i.e. BESS system will boost the demand of Liion battery further. According to Niti-Aayog, India will need minimum of 10GWh of li-ion cells by 2022, about 60GWh by 2025 and 120GWh by 2030.

Job Creation and Economic Growth: Establishing battery manufacturing plants could create thousands of jobs and contribute significantly to the country's economic growth.

Innovation and R&D: Developing indigenous battery technologies fosters innovation and encourages research and development efforts, potentially leading to breakthroughs in energy storage.

Export Potential: With the right infrastructure and quality control measures, India could become a hub for battery exports, tapping into the global market.

Challenges on the Road Ahead Technology Gap:

The Rise of EVs and Battery Demand

India currently lags behind in lithium-ion battery technology.

Bridging this technology gap is crucial for competitiveness.

Raw Material Dependency: The adoption of electric vehicles in India has been gaining momentum, driven by both environmental concerns and government initiatives. The ambitious Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme, among other incentives, has accelerated the transition. However, this increased EV adoption has led to a surge in demand for batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries require rare earth metals, most of which are imported. Securing a stable supply chain for these materials is vital.

India and Bolivia forged a partnership to develop Bolivia's vast lithium deposits and Bolivia would facilitate its supply of Lithium.

Recently, India has discovered 5Mt raw lithium reserve in Jammu & Kashmir province.

Quality Control:

Opportunities in Indigenous Battery Manufacturing

Ensuring the quality and safety of indigenous batteries is essential to gain consumer trust and meet international standards.

Cost Efficiency: Reduced Dependence on Imports: Historically, India has relied heavily on battery imports, primarily from China. Indigenous manufacturing would reduce this dependence and enhance energy security.

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Achieving cost parity with imported batteries is a significant challenge, as established global manufacturers benefit from economies of scale.

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COVER STORY

Government Initiatives and Policies The Indian Gov has recognized the importance of indigenous battery manufacturing and has initiated several measures to support the industry's growth. These include incentives, subsidies, and collaborations with research institutions to spur innovation. However, sustained efforts and a long-term vision are required to overcome the challenges. The government wants to encourage the local manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries through advanced battery chemistry linked FAME incentives and increments in import duties.

In May 2021, Cabinet approved the DHI proposal for the implementation of the PLI (Performance Linked Incentive) scheme for 'National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage for a financial outlay of Rs.18,100 Cr over next 5 years period.

A cumulative capacity of 50GWh per year will be allocated. The allocation will be subject to a minimum 5GWh and a cumulative maximum of 20GWh to a single bidder. Further, it increased import duty of li-ion cell and batteries to 10% and 15% from 5% respectively.

Following are the companies applied for ACC PLI scheme: Reliance New Energy Solar Ltd. Hyundai Global Motors Company Ltd. Ola Electric Mobility Pvt Ltd. Lucas-TVS Ltd. Mahindra & Mahindra Amara Raja Batteries Ltd. Exide Industries Ltd. Rajesh Exports Ltd. L&T Ltd. IPCL. Ola Electric qualified for the PLI ACC scheme final selection (20GWh), alongside Hyundai Global Motors (20GWh), Reliance (5GWh) and Rajesh Export (5GWh). Later Hyundai Global was disqualified.

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Collaborations and Research Several Indian companies are collaborating with global battery manufacturers to acquire technology and expertise. Additionally, research institutions and startups are actively working on developing alternative battery technologies, including solid-state batteries, which have the potential to revolutionize the industry.

Conclusion The development of an indigenous battery manufacturing industry is not only vital for India's EV ecosystem but also presents a significant economic opportunity. While challenges exist, a concerted effort from the government, private sector, and academia can pave the way for India to become a global player in battery manufacturing. With innovation, investment, and a commitment to sustainability, India can establish itself as a leader in this critical component of the green energy revolution, driving both economic growth and environmental sustainability.

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TECH INSIGHT

Modeling Considerations for Optimizing EV Motors

Certain aspects of electric vehicle (EV) motors need to be carefully investigated and optimized, such as the torque and temperature rise. The most effective way to perform such analysis and optimization is by using multiphysics modeling and simulation.

Beth Beaudry April 2023 Optimizing EV motors before they hit the market is crucial. As the demand for clean energy vehicles grows, customers need assurance that their chosen vehicle is reliable and fulfills sustainability promises. The best way to accomplish this is to use multiphysics modeling and simulation during the optimization process. For the engineer working on the optimization, there are several modeling aspects that are important to consider when it comes to EV motors. We will dive into these considerations here.

Figure 2. Example model of a 10-pole PM motor with 12 slots.

Because the torque relies on the synchronization of the magnetic fields produced by the rotor and the stator, the optimum angle offset between the rotor and stator fields must be determined. The offset angle can be found by either rotating the rotor with an angular span corresponding to an electrical period or by cycling the stator current through an electrical period, with the rotor at rest.

Once the optimum angle offset is determined, the engineer can begin investigating ways to improve efficiency and save material use. There are of course many ways one can do this, but here, we will discuss one method: examining the dependency between the stator iron material, current loading, and torque output. This can be found by analyzing the thickness of the iron core and its impact on efficiency.

The engineer should simulate different variants of iron thickness, focusing on the effects that each level of thickness has on the rotor torque. By doing this, an iron thickness value that maintains optimal torque and stays within size (compactness), weight, and pricing restrictions or goals can be determined.

For the example motor seen in Figure 2, it is found that the optimal iron thickness is 2 mm; using a thickness under this value will negatively impact the torque. For example, as seen in Figure 3, a thickness of 1 mm resulted in lower torque. Going thicker than 2 mm, however, is not the optimal solution, as it requires an increase in material and therefore increases in weight and cost without a substantial increase in torque.

Figure 1. An electric motor modeled in the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. This model shows the magnetic flux density in the laminated iron and the current density in the stator hairpin conductors.

Investigating Torque and Iron Thickness When starting the optimization process for an EV motor model, particularly a compact permanent magnet (PM) motor, it is essential to find a balance between compactness and efficiency, as these factors conflict. Achieving efficiency goals while limiting the size of machine components is challenging.

Efficiency equates to less energy consumption, and finding a way to limit this involves examining the motors’ current loading, which represents the amount of current applied to the stator winding. In a PM motor, the magnetic fields generated by the rotor magnets and the stator current rotate in synchronization. The interaction between these magnetic fields generates the net torque that converts the stator winding currents into mechanical power. A maximum amount of mechanical torque needs to be exerted on the rotor so that it will rotate with as much force as the engineer wants, and in the direction they want. All of this considered, the engineer will want to determine whether the current loading is maintainable or too high, as having a too-high current loading will cause the core material to go into heavy saturation, which will result in a decline of mechanical power.

The best way to examine the current loading and torque is by testing the model setup. To better visualize the topics discussed here, consider a 10pole PM machine with 12 slots (Figure 2).

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Figure 3. A plot showing variations of the example motor's rotor torque and iron thickness.

Determining Losses, Temperature Rise, and Cooling Solutions Once the optimal iron thickness is determined, it is time to calculate the iron and copper losses. An increase in speed (and the consequent losses) can make it difficult to keep a motor cool, which will cause a motor to reach its thermal limit. When this spike in motor temperature occurs, the motor flux density can decrease, having a domino effect on the torque and overall efficiency. For these reasons, one should look at iron and copper losses first, and then at temperature rise and cooling solutions.

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TECH INSIGHT Iron losses occur due to time-varying magnetic flux density and they include hysteresis and eddy current losses. Copper losses, on the other hand, happen because of conduction current flow, and they include ohmic losses within the stator coil. Both types of losses can be calculated in the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The software offers a built-in feature for loss calculation as well as features for creating plots of the losses and their important characteristics, such as how they vary as functions of both speed and current amplitude.

From there, it is useful to compute the losses in combination with heat transfer phenomena using simulation software. This makes it possible to visualize how much the motor will rise in temperature and how different forms of cooling, such as forced or natural air convection or forced water cooling, can help subdue it. Obtaining a visualization of these conditions will help in determining the needed insulation class. For example, assume that for the model shown here, forced air convection is the preferred method. When forced convection with 1 m/s flow velocity is applied to the model, the results indicate that the most beneficial insulation class in this case would be 130 (B), which means that 130°C would be the maximum hot spot temperature for the design (Figure 4).

If satisfied with the energy conservation results that the efficiency map shows, the engineer will have optimized the motor effectively and can begin the next stage of development.

Analyzing an Efficiency Map In addition to optimizing the motor's functionality and sustainability, a crucial aspect must be taken into account: motor acoustics. EVs are significantly quieter than their conventional counterparts, which initially raised safety concerns due to the difficulty in alerting nearby cyclists and pedestrians. As a result, it has become standard practice for EV designers to incorporate a warning sound. Multiphysics modeling and simulation can be used to manage this sound as well as the overall acoustics of the vehicle, enabling engineers to ensure that it produces ideal sound before spending time and money to make a prototype.

To determine the acoustic behavior, there are three analyses the engineer should perform. First up is a transient analysis to determine the electromagnetic forces in the time domain for a given rotation speed. A time-dependent analysis is needed for electric machines since timeharmonic analyses do not account for motion.

Next, the Fourier transform can be used to convert the time-domain forces into frequency-domain harmonics. This allows for an efficient computation of the vibrations and noise emitted from motor housing.

The third step is to perform a vibroacoustic analysis of each harmonic at different speeds of rotation. These harmonics can be plotted using a Campbell diagram (Figure 6), which shows loudness as a function of speed and frequency for a set of harmonics. With this, the engineer can find the frequency and intensity of the emitted noise (also known as the sound pressure level).

Figure 4. The temperature results when forced air convection with 1 m/s flow velocity is applied.

Analyzing an Efficiency Map The data collected thus far can be combined and accounted for in an efficiency map (Figure 5), which shows the efficiency as a function of speed and torque. This makes it possible to first estimate the overall energy used by a motor during a complete drive cycle and then to deduce the range of the vehicle after a single charge for a given battery size. Given that an EV motor's marketability depends on how well it utilizes electrical power, it is safe to say that taking the time to create an efficiency map is worthwhile.

Efficiency maps use color and contour to help visualize the efficiency. In Figure 5, the blue, yellow, and green regions have low efficiency, and the vehicle altogether consumes less power at the low speed or low torque points as compared to the red region, where both speed and torque are high.

Figure 6. A Campbell diagram for analyzing motor frequency. This plot focuses on a given microphone position. Each line represents a harmonic, and on the color scale, red represents louder noise.

With COMSOL Multiphysics®, the engineer can export the noise plots to WAV files and hear how the motor will sound. Depending on the results, they can make any adjustments they wish to the rotor slot sizes, position, and shapes until the motor produces ideal noise.

Concluding Thoughts The optimization of an EV motor involves a careful examination of numerous factors, such as torque, iron thickness, and temperature rise.

Multiphysics modeling and simulation make it easy for engineers to see how the different physics phenomena within an electric motor interact and optimize their design accordingly.

Figure 5. An efficiency map from a parametric simulation. The numbers labeled in the map (65, 75, and 85) refer to the color scale shown on the right.

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This article was written based on previously published posts on the COMSOL Blog: www.comsol.com/blogs/analyzing-electric-motor-and-generatordesigns-with-comsol, www.comsol.com/blogs/computing-losstemperature-and-efficiency-in-electric-motors, and www.comsol.com/blogs/a-quiet-revolution-analyzing-electric-motornoise-via-simulation.

COMSOL Multiphysics is a registered trademark of COMSOL AB. AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 15

THINKTANK ROUNDUP

EV battery demand in India is expected to touch at least 60 GWhby 2030; development of Domestic Cell Manufacturing Ecosystem Critical

The transition from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) to Electric Vehicles (EVs) in India is gaining momentum, driven by government support, public awareness, and expanding product portfolios. This prelude sets the stage for the growing EV market in India and its potential impact on the automotive industry.

AUTHOR SHAMSHER DEWAN Senior Vice President & Group Head Corporate Ratings, ICRA Limited

The transition from Internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric vehicles (EVs) in India has received significant momentum in recent years, supported by the Government of India and various state governments’ proactive measures, on both demand and supply aspects. Further, there is growing awareness among the public about EVs and the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have been expanding their EV product portfolio, with longer-range options. Also, charging infrastructure is gradually improving and investments for developing a local vendor ecosystem have gained traction. All of these are collectively expected to result in a healthy rise in EV penetration in India, particularly in the e-2W, e-3W and e-bus segments, although other powertrains would also co-exist at least in the foreseeable future. ICRA estimates e-2W penetration to reach ~30% of new vehicle sales by FY2025, while e-3W and e-buses are expected to be at ~40%, respectively. However, technological advancement, leading to lower dependence on imports and more options for the consumers, and availability of adequate financing are critical for acceleration in the EV adoption.

In EVs, battery remains the most critical component, accounting for almost 35-40% of the vehicle price. At present, battery cells are not manufactured in India and thus most OEMs rely on imports, and their operations in India are limited to assembly of battery packs. The ability of OEMs and battery manufacturers to enter into agreements / alliances with players across the value chain to mitigate these risks, coupled with the creation of a robust framework for recycling would be critical.

In ICRA’s view, the demand for EV battery demand in India (for domestic sales alone) is expected to touch ~15 GWh by 2025 and

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be at least 60 GWh by 2030. Given the potential, several entities have already committed significant investments in this segment.

The Government of India (GoI) has also signed agreements with three companies for incentives under its Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage, focusing on enhancing domestic value addition and capability development in this sunrise sector. Investments in cell manufacturing are estimated to exceed Rs. 70,000 crore by 2030.

However, multiple challenges exist in establishing a domestic cell manufacturing ecosystem, including technological complexity, high capital intensity and raw material availability. Battery cell manufacturing is a highly complex process, with several interdependencies and high sensitivity to ambient conditions; complexity makes it difficult to control parameters such as quality, cost of production and achieve committed indigenisation levels. In addition, cell manufacturing requires significant fund commitment to set up gigawatt scale factories. ICRA estimates that a capex of ~Rs. 400-500 crore would be required per GWh of battery cell capacity. Also, strong ramp-up in production levels is critical to ensure healthy return on investments. Mining and processing of minerals required for cell manufacturing is also currently concentrated in specific geographies, leading to significant supplychain risks. Developing new mines and scaling up also has long gestation periods. Thus, ensuring a stable supply of raw materials is key for maintaining stable production levels.

Given that the charging infrastructure penetration will only improve gradually, improvements in energy efficiency also remain imperative. Locating cell manufacturers close to the OEMs would lower supply-chain risks and facilitate creation of a research and innovation ecosystem, aiding development of energy-efficient batteries, which are also better suited to Indian climatic conditions.

Currently, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the choice for EVs, given their high energy efficiency, decent thermal stability and low self-discharge. Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (NMC) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) are the most prevalent cathode chemistries currently. Multiple other chemistries are also under development, even as their commercial viability may take time.

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 16

EM+ RESEARCH

Policy Debrief

Revolutionizing Public Transportation:

The PM-e-Bus Sewa Initiative PM e-Bus Sewa

The Cabinet on Aug 2023, approved electric bus scheme called “PMe-Bus-Sewa” under which 10,000 e-buses will be rolled out on public-private partnership model, according to a government press release. The ‘PM-eBus Sewa’ was given the green-light with the goal of augmenting city bus operations, and will see e-buses deployed across 169 cities. The Cabinet has approved the ₹57,613 crore PMeBus Sewa scheme in public-private partnership (PPP) mode, of which the government will provide ₹20,000 crore.

Tamilnadu Electric Vehicle Policy 2023 On Feb 2023,Tamilnadu Electric Vehicle Policy 2023, was released

by Chief Minister M.K. Stalin, which provides a capital subsidy for public and private charging stations and battery swapping stations. In its latest policy, the government shall develop a road map to electrify public and institutional fleets operating in the State in phases. The State shall endeavour to increase the share of electric buses to 30% of the fleet by 2030.While the 2019 policy provided for waiver of road tax, registration charges and permit fees till December 31, 2022, the latest policy extends them by three years and further provides for special demand- side incentives till March 31, 2026. However, these incentives would be applicable to vehicles manufactured, sold and registered in Tamil Nadu.

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The new policy provides for 25% of the capital subsidy on the cost of equipment and machinery for 200 public fast charging stations (up to ₹10 lakh), 500 public slow charging stations (up to ₹1 lakh) and private fast charging stations (up to ₹10 lakh). It also provides for 25% of the capital subsidy on the cost of equipment and machinery for 200 battery-swapping stations (up to ₹2 lakh).

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 17

OPINION

How to take care of your

Electric Vehicles and batteries post-monsoon?

Dr. Anshul Gupta is the Managing Director of Okaya Electric Vehicles. He is responsible for spearheading the overall growth and profitability of the company within the country as well as across the globe by driving strategic excellence in market performance across the company’s exclusive EV portfolio. He is currently heading Lithium, Infocom IT business, EV Charger business, auto components business along with vehicle business for Okaya.

Anshul strongly believes in the power of technology and its inherent potential of transforming the world. An astute business leader he is passionate about creating a sustainable future of the world and in due course he is committed to making Okaya a leader in the fast growing EV space. He is also a strong advocate of the ‘Make in India’ initiative and is actively involved in contributing and taking the development of the EV industry to the next level in India.

An alumnus of the University of Bath, UK. Anshul holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering. He started his career in the year 2015 as the Managing Director of Microtek Infrastructures and over the years he has emerged as one of the growth catalysts, infusing the immense productive energy in Okaya. A tech enthusiast and an inspiration for his team he remains eager to adapt and grow at any point of time. A next-gen entrepreneur, he holds a keen interest in following the latest news and research in business, technology, economic and political arenas all together.

Dr ANSHUL GUPTA

The EV (electric vehicle) transition in India is pacing rapidly, and the industry is witnessing perpetual growth owing to its eco-friendliness and cost efficiency. With EVs becoming the norm in India, the next step that is pertinent for a consumer is maintenance. However, the monsoon season is the most crucial one where one must take utmost care of their vehicle owing to lashing rains, strong winds, and waterlogged roads.

The fact that EVs and their batteries and chargers are made weatherproof, means they are built up to certain safety standards that protect them from dust, water, or any foreign material penetration. However, there can be certain issues in this monsoon season, which means that EVs might need some extra care. When not taken proper care of, EVs can pose certain challenges which include corrosion, electrical short circuits, water ingress, deteriorating battery health, and overall reduced performance.

In a bid to ensure optimum performance of EV and its battery postmonsoon, proper planning, care, and maintenance are required.

Therefore, EV owners must take these crucial steps to ensure proper care of their vehicles.

Beyond the downpour: taking care of your EV The monsoon season can be challenging for EV owners due to excessive moisture and unpredictable weather conditions. However, proper care and maintenance after the rainy season can ensure the optimum performance and longevity of EV. Let us discuss some steps that an EV owner must take after the rainy season.

Cleaning and drying the vehicle After the monsoon season, the exterior of the EV might be covered in dirt, mud, and grime. It is essential for you to check for signs of rust on the components. Therefore, it is crucial for an EV owner to get exterior cleaning in a bid to maintain the finish of the vehicle and reduce further damage caused by the abrasive nature of the dirt. Moreover, in the exterior cleaning, you will also be able to know the condition of the undercarriage, which can be exposed to dirt and moisture. In addition, due to the monsoon season, moisture can find its way inside the EV. Therefore, in a bid to avoid odour and mould, it is necessary to ensure all the surfaces of the vehicle are dried out. Use a clean and dry cloth in order to wipe the water from your two-wheeler. In the event of any internal moisture issue, it is relevant to contact your official service technician. In addition, it is crucial to check all the lights and indicators to ensure they are functioning well. Furthermore, inspecting the charging port and connectors for cleanliness and dryness is another crucial step to negate any risks of moisture building and short circuiting.

MANAGING DIRECTOR, OKAYA ELECTRIC VEHICLES

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AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 18

OPINION

Check battery health Keeping the battery dry is a crucial step in ensuring the battery of your EV performs well and has a longer shelf life. In a bid to ensure the safety of the battery pack, smart BMS (Battery Management Systems) are also installed, which also takes care of the efficiency and performance of the battery. After a ride in the monsoon season, always check your battery for any moisture or water ingress. Owing to an ingress protection (IP) system, your EV is evidently safe from water and dust. A typical IP rating of the vehicle can be IP65 or IP67, and the higher the number, the better the protection. Modern-day EV batteries have an IP67 rating, which allows a vehicle to be submerged in water for 30 minutes up to a depth of 1 metre.

Moreover, you must also check the state of charge of the battery (SOC). In cases of low SOC (below 20%–30%), consider charging the battery level up to a safe level in a bid to avoid deep discharge.

However, if you still find that there is an issue with the battery or that water has accumulated in an area, contact a technician to address the issue. Furthermore, in order to ensure optimum battery safety, it is recommended to consider an AIS 156 phase 2 certified scooter.

Schedule regular maintenance Your EV is a dependable travel companion during the monsoon season, but it is always a good decision to have a professional inspect it. After the monsoon season, you might want to get your electric 2-wheeler checked out by a professional mechanic or service facility. Expert technicians may thoroughly examine your EV during these inspections, spot any potential problems, and carry out the required maintenance. This guarantees that your EV is in top shape and lowers the possibility of unexpected problems.

Additionally, scheduling routine maintenance for your EV twowheeler is crucial to guaranteeing its durability and sustained maximum performance. The battery, electrical connections, and brakes might all be affected by the monsoon's acidic and wet conditions. In this context, early detection and avoidance of

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potential issues brought on by moisture exposure are made possible by proper maintenance. It maintains the effectiveness of the EV's systems and guarantees the safety of the vehicle, battery, and passenger. As a result, you can increase the lifespan of your electric two-wheeler and enjoy a smoother, more reliable ride.

All things considered For owners of electric vehicles, the monsoon can offer certain concerns in terms of damage to electrical components, moisture infiltration, battery health, and more. However, automakers have made sure that today's electric vehicles follow all safety regulations and are built to resist harsh weather conditions. As a result, it is always important to adhere to the fundamental recommendations provided by the OEM to ensure safety and peak performance after the rainy season.

Moreover, in order to ensure your vehicle functions optimally postmonsoon at your end, it is crucial to regularly clean and dry the vehicle, check for electrical components, pay attention to battery health, and schedule regular maintenance. By following these steps, you can enjoy a safe and efficient riding experience with your EV long after the rainy season has ended.

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 19

THINKTANK ROUNDUP

Towards Net Zero 2070 Through Sustainable Battery Storage Adoption in India

The authors work in the area of renewables and energy storage systems at the Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP), a research-based think tank.

AUTHOR DR AMMU SUSANNA JACOB Research Scientist (CSTEP)

AUTHOR VINAY KUMAR Intern (CSTEP)

The penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy— the foremost measure for cutting greenhouse gas emissions—has been growing in India. But sustaining this progression requires adequate energy storage systems.

India's commitment to the EV30@30 initiative that targets at least 30% of vehicle sales to be electric by 2030 translates into adding 24 million two-wheelers, 2.9 million three-wheelers, and 5.4 million four-wheelers to its EV fleet by 2035. To meet this demand and reduce its reliance on global EV-component markets, India requires around 3,400-4,100 GWh of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by 2035, estimates the International Council on Clean Transportation.

Further, India's clean energy transition faces challenges due to the variable and intermittent nature of renewable sources like solar and wind. Energy storage systems are crucial for reducing generation variability and improving grid stability, while reducing peak-load and emissions. The Central Electricity Authority projects India’s battery storage requirement to be 236 GWh (47 GW) by 2031-32. This emphasises the urgency to set up domestic gigafactories to enhance competitiveness and reach our Nationally Determined Contributions.

Thus, India's commitment to net-zero emissions by 2070 hinges on significantly expanding its battery storage capacity sustainably.

Among the different battery technologies available, LIBs, with their high energy density and rapid charge/discharge rates, are the most suitable for electric vehicles, portable devices, and renewable energy integration.

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What is hindering the sustainable growth of battery storage in India?

Supply-chain complexity: India encounters obstacles in establishing local lithium-ion battery supply chains due to a lack of domestic manufacturing technology and restricted access to key raw materials (like lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese), which have major implications for battery cost.

While the global LIB pack prices reached $151/kWh in 2022, experiencing a 7% surge due to increased raw material costs and inflation, India already bears higher costs due to its dependency on imports, with batteries priced at approximately USD 300/kWh. Inadequate standards and regulations: Though India has made headway in boosting battery production and streamlining wastage via policies and regulations, more needs to be done. The Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell, which incentivises setting up domestic battery manufacturing units, misses to provide strict guidelines for ensuring adherence and auditing transparency from the producers.

Similarly, while the 2022 Battery Waste Management Rules aim at sustainable battery waste management, they do not adequately address issues of regulatory standards, battery labelling, and sufficient compliance incentives.

What can be done?

For easing the supply-chain complexities, lithium nickel-manganesecobalt-oxide (NMC) and lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) chemistries should be prioritised under the “Make in India” initiative, as they are costeffective and safe, and can help in addressing material shortages as well.

Considering alternative battery technologies beyond LIBs is also imperative for a stable supply, mandating R&D efforts in advanced lithium-ion as well as other battery variants.

Fostering sustainability in battery storage entails exploring "second life" batteries, particularly repurposing used EV batteries for grid-scale storage. This can optimise resource utilisation and extend the functional lifespan of these batteries, reducing electronic waste. Prioritising battery recycling initiatives that extract valuable materials from used batteries to produce new ones can also help in nurturing a circular economy. Further, by harnessing these materials efficiently, India can reduce its dependence on imports, lower carbon emissions associated with primary material extraction, and promote sustainability by recovering critical materials.

Thus, for moving closer to its net-zero target via sustainable battery storage capacity expansion, India needs to take a holistic approach that includes prioritising critical chemistries, embracing alternative battery technologies, and enhancing recycling initiatives.

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 20

EM+ RESEARCH

Special Story

Contract Manufacturing in India's Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Industry Accelerating Growth and Innovation The Indian electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing industry is experiencing a significant transformation as it strives to meet the growing demand for eco-friendly mobility solutions. Amid this evolution, contract manufacturing has emerged as a strategic approach to drive efficiency, scalability, and innovation. In this article, we explore the role of contract manufacturing in India's EV sector, its benefits, and the factors contributing to its rapid growth.

The Rise of Electric Vehicles in India With concerns about pollution and climate change on the rise, India is making a concerted effort to transition towards cleaner transportation options. Electric vehicles, powered by batteries or fuel cells, have gained prominence as a sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Government incentives, reduced operating costs, and increasing environmental awareness are propelling the adoption of EVs.

Contract Manufacturing Defined Contract manufacturing, often referred to as "outsourcing" or "subcontracting," is a business arrangement where one company (the manufacturer or contractor) produces goods for another company (the client or brand owner) under a mutually agreed-upon contract. In the context of India's EV industry, contract manufacturing involves specialized firms manufacturing electric vehicles, components, or sub assemblies on behalf of OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) or EV startups.

Key Benefits Cost Efficiency: Contract manufacturing allows companies to leverage the expertise and infrastructure of established manufacturers without the high upfront capital investment in production facilities.

Focus on Core Competencies: OEMs and EV startups can concentrate on innovation, design, marketing, and R&D while outsourcing manufacturing to experts in production and assembly.

Scalability: Contract manufacturers can quickly scale production up or down according to market demand, ensuring flexibility and adaptability.

Access to Expertise: Specialized contract manufacturers often possess extensive knowledge and experience in EV manufacturing, resulting in higher-quality products and faster time-to-market.

Reduced Time to Market: Collaborating with contract manufacturers can significantly reduce the time required to bring a new EV model from concept to market.

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Factors Driving Contract Manufacturing in India's EV Industry Expanding Market: The increasing demand for electric vehicles in India, coupled with a shortage of manufacturing capacity, has prompted OEMs and startups to seek contract manufacturers to meet production targets.

Technological Expertise: Contract manufacturers often have access to cutting-edge technology and manufacturing processes, ensuring the production of high-quality EVs. Regulatory Compliance: EV manufacturing in India is subject to various regulations and standards. Contract manufacturers are well-versed in ensuring compliance with these requirements.

Rapid Innovation: Contract manufacturers can help EV companies stay competitive by quickly incorporating new technologies and design improvements into their products.

Reduced Risk: Contract manufacturing reduces the financial risks associated with building and maintaining manufacturing facilities.

Challenges and Considerations While contract manufacturing offers numerous advantages, it is not without challenges: Quality Control: Maintaining consistent quality across multiple production locations can be challenging, requiring stringent quality control measures.

Supply Chain Management: Efficient supply chain management is crucial to ensure timely access to components and materials, especially given the global supply chain disruptions.

Intellectual Property Protection: OEMs must take steps to safeguard their intellectual property when collaborating with contract manufacturers.

Flexibility: The terms of contracts must allow for flexibility to adapt to changing market conditions and production requirements.

Conclusion Contract manufacturing is becoming an integral part of India's electric vehicle manufacturing landscape. It offers a strategic advantage for OEMs and EV startups, enabling them to tap into the expertise and capabilities of specialized manufacturers. As the EV market continues to grow and evolve, contract manufacturing is likely to play an increasingly pivotal role in driving innovation, efficiency, and scalability within the Indian EV sector. By embracing this approach, India's EV industry can accelerate its journey towards sustainable and environmentally friendly mobility solutions.

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 21

OPINION

Navigating the layers of the

Indian Battery Landscape

Servotech Power Systems Ltd., founded and managed by Mr. Raman Bhatia, is at the forefront of the Indian battery ecosystem. With a strong commitment to environmental sustainability, this company has played a pivotal role in India's battery market growth. As the demand for batteries surges, Servotech Power Systems Ltd. contributes to a cleaner future by offering innovative power backup solutions and integrating renewable energy into the grid. The company's dedication to domestic value addition aligns with India's vision of a robust and sustainable battery landscape.

A core feature of Servotech's approach is their unwavering commitment to domestic value addition, which aligns perfectly with India's goal of building a robust and sustainable battery ecosystem. The company, under the visionary leadership of Mr. Raman Bhatia, is dedicated to reshaping India's energy landscape towards a cleaner and greener future.

India's journey towards energy security hinges on the development of an 'Aatmanirbhar' battery ecosystem, with lithium-ion batteries currently playing a pivotal role.

RAMAN BHATIA FOUNDER & MANAGING DIRECTOR SERVOTECH POWER SYSTEMS LTD.

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The pressing need to develop a robust Indian battery ecosystem is the tangible evidence of a desire to improve our environment, simultaneously, create a more sustainable environment. Demand for batteries is increasing, driven largely by the need to reduce climate change through the electrification of mobility and broader energy transition. Using batteries can prove to be extremely beneficial since they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. Batteries can help integrate more clean energy into the grid, displacing fossil fuels and reducing carbon footprint as well as reduce the need for building new power plants or transmission lines, saving land, water, and resources.

The Indian battery market, over the years, has witnessed significant growth and transformation and will continue to develop in the upcoming years. According to the latest reports, India’s battery market is estimated to be at USD 16.77 billion by the end of this year and is projected to reach USD 27.70 billion in the next five years, registering a CAGR of over 10.56% during the forecast period. This change in dynamics of the Indian Battery Market is due to factors like increasing demand for electric vehicles, renewable energy integration and a strong need for reliable power backup solutions. Apart from this, the government has also launched its production linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the production of 30 GWh of advanced chemistry cell(ACC) batteries. Furthermore, the ministry has awarded an additional 20 GWh capacity, with a target to achieve 50 GWh ACC production capacity by 2030. A core feature of the scheme is its unwavering commitment to domestic value addition. Steps likes these reinforces India’s commitment towards building a robust and sustainable Indian Battery Landscape.

Rise of Lithium- ion Battery in the Indian Battery Landscape Demand for lithium-ion batteries is expected to escalate over the next decade and this is majorly due to these factors. Firstly, there has been a swift but fast transition towards the need of cultivating a greener environment. There has been a regulatory shift towards sustainability which includes new net zero targets and guidelines. The second reason is the increasing awareness of greener solutions and technologies among the masses. The generation of the modern times is becoming more and more environment-conscious.This transformed consciousness has resulted in greater customer adoption rates as well as increased consumer demand for greener technologies. Lastly, government has made a remarkable contribution by introducing policies and incentives. These government introduced policies and incentives have contributed tremendously towards the growth of India's battery ecosystem.

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 22

OPINION

Atmanirbhar Bharat and Lithium-ion Battery India's journey to energy security will be powered by the creation of an ‘Atmanirbhar’ battery ecosystem. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the dominant technology for electric vehicles (EVs) in India and globally. The government has been promoting the production of lithium-ion batteries in India to power the dream of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

India produces 81 percent of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in the country. They are also fast emerging as the preferred choice for battery energy storage systems (BESS) for large-scale penetration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind.

Lithium ion batteries are widely considered as one of the life changing technological advancements due to their ability to create a significant impact on various industries and modern life. Lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the automotive industry by serving as the primary source fro electric cars. They offer high energy density, quick charging capabilities and a longer lifespan as compared to other battery technologies which has advanced the transition towards sustainable transportation. Lithium ion batteries enhance gird stability and reliability. They manage to provide power during peak demand, prevent power outrages and smooth out fluctuations in electricity supply, which is imperative to maintaining a stable and resilient electrical grid. In this era where there is a shift towards sustainable energy, lithium ion batteries contribute to increased energy efficiency across various industries. They enable energy storage and management solutions that reduce waste and optimize the use of electricity. Lithium ion batteries help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease the reliance on fossil fuels, playing a key role in a cleaner and greener future. Ongoing research and development into improving lithium ion battery technology has led to further innovations in energy density, safety and cost reduction. As technology continues to grow multiple folds , lithium ion batteries are likely to become an indispensable part in the process of shaping our future.

Providing Alternatives; Emergence of Solid State Batteries, Zinc Batteries, Battery demand is growing and so is the need for creation of alternatives of lithium ion batteries along the value chain.

Lithium reserves are limited and almost 60 percent of today’s lithium is mined for battery-related applications, a figure that could reach 95 percent by 2030. Lithium reserves are well distributed and theoretically sufficient to cover battery demand, but high-grade deposits are mainly limited to Argentina, Australia, Chile, and China.

With technological shifts toward more lithium-heavy batteries, lithium mining will need to increase significantly. In order to prevent the overexhaustion of lithium resources, ultimately, leading to a complete stoppage of lithium ion batteries production. It becomes important to develop alternatives of lithium ion batteries and there have been developments towards this direction.

One of the significant step taken towards this direction is the invention of solid state batteries. Solid state batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that uses solid electrolytes. These batteries have garnered significant attention due to their potential to offer several advantages over conventional batteries.These batteries with their solid electrolyte, are expected to provide greater safety and performance. Solid-state batteries just like lithium ion batteries reduce the carbon footprint of an electric car battery. Solid state batteries also can reduce climatic impact of batteries significantly. They are compact and possess a high energy density as well.Another noteworthy development is the introduction of zinc batteries. They refer to a category of batteries that

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use zinc as one of the primary components , typically as the anode.

Zinc batteries are yet to reach the indian market. This innovative and promising battery is cost effective and offers good performance, enhanced safety features and long lifespans.

Promoting Sustainability through Recycling of Lithium- ion Battery Recycling of lithium ion batteries can prove to be a good solution for maintaining the sustainable battery ecosystem that is being cultivated apart from making use of the alternative battery technology because alternative battery technology like zinc batteries will take time to reach the indian market. Recycling of lithium ion batteries aim at recovering valuable material and reducing environmental impact.

Recycling these batteries help recover valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese while minimizing the environment footprint associated with battery production and disposal. The process of recycling involves collection, sorting , dismantling, crushing and shredding of the battery. Lithium ion battery recycling not only conserves valuable resources but also reduces the environmental impact associated with mining and processing raw materials. It also help mitigate the risk of environmental pollution.

Many countries including india have established regulations and incentives to proote lithium ion battery recycling as it plays a crucial role in the sustainability of electric vehicles and the transition to cleaner energy sources.

Path forward.

In conclusion, the development of a robust Indian battery ecosystem is not only a pressing need but also a critical step towards improving the environment and creating a more sustainable future. The demand for batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries, is on the rise due to the imperative to combat climate change through electrification and the broader transition to cleaner energy sources. Several factors are driving the demand for lithium-ion batteries, including a global shift towards sustainability, increased awareness of greener technologies, and government policies and incentives. India's journey towards energy security hinges on the development of an 'Aatmanirbhar' battery ecosystem, with lithium-ion batteries currently playing a pivotal role.

Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized multiple industries, offering high energy density, quick charging, and longer lifespans. They enhance grid stability, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to a cleaner and greener future. Research and development efforts continue to improve battery technology, ensuring their continued importance in shaping the future.

However, as demand for lithium-ion batteries grows, concerns about the limited availability of lithium reserves emerge. To prevent overexhaustion of these resources, alternative battery technologies like solid-state and zinc batteries are being explored.

In addition to exploring alternative technologies, recycling lithium-ion batteries is essential for maintaining a sustainable battery ecosystem.

Recycling helps recover valuable materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese while reducing the environmental impact associated with battery production and disposal. Many countries, including India, are implementing regulations and incentives to promote battery recycling as a crucial step in the transition to cleaner energy sources.

India's journey towards a sustainable and environmentally friendly future heavily relies on the development of a robust battery ecosystem. This ecosystem must address challenges, embrace alternative technologies, and prioritize recycling to ensure a cleaner and greener environment for generations to come.

AUG-SEP ISSUE 2023 | PG 23

OPINION

Circular Economy:

How Recycling Companies Drive Sustainable Resource Management The need of the hour is an effective solution to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable practices by eliminating waste. With a growing emphasis on sustainable economic models, the circular economy concept has gained significant attention in recent years.

Shubham pursued his Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.), Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IIT-R). During his college years, Shubham had led the Student Innovation Club as its convener, working towards creating a suitable environment for innovation and entrepreneurship at IITRoorkee. He was also Research Associate at the Extractive Metallurgy Lab of IIT-Roorkee, where he worked on Li-ion battery recycling for the first time in his career.

It all started when Shubham approached one of his professors in college for help, who introduced him to a recycling process that was printed on a paper and told him to “go find something better”! Motivated by the challenge, Shubham took it upon himself to design environment friendly and cost-efficient processes from the scratch for metal extraction from end-of-life Li-ion batteries, and from then onwards, there was no more looking back. Over time, he gained invaluable expertise in taking the idea from lab scale to industrial scale in terms of pioneering in India firstof-its-kind, chemical-free technology and system to extract a wide range of materials from lithium-ion batteries in an eco-friendly manner.

After completing his B. Tech, Shubham worked for a few years as Associate Manager at National Engineering Industries Ltd. (NBC Bearings) to gain industry experience, where he was responsible for advanced process development for the bearing industry and worked on developing and patenting 2 new technologies during his tenure there.

At Metastable, Shubham considers himself to be the “First Among Equals” and leads the process innovation team at the company. His typical workday is an oscillation between the lab, office, shop floor, and vendors. With Metastable, he is working toward environment-friendly, scalable processes for urban mining to move to a circular economy goal to tackle EOL LiB waste challenge over the short term; however, his long-term goal is to remodel the recycling industry’s entire operations after the metals extraction or ‘urban mining’ industry.

A circular economy is based on the principle of maximum utilization of resources and minimal waste. Traditional use of resources in a linear economy is based on extraction, usage, and disposal. Contrary to this approach, a circular economy maximizes the maintenance of resources within the economic system for the longest period possible. Resource management is a key aspect that drives the circular economy concept forward, and recycling companies play a notable role in achieving the goal.

Reduce, recycle, and reuse are the golden principles of circular economy. Accordingly, recycling companies are critical for the implementing circular economy principles. They aid the process by performing several functions to collect and process discarded materials and transform them into useful resources.

Thus, recycling companies reduce the excessive pressure on natural resources and alleviate the impact of waste disposal on the environment.

Now let us delve into how sustainable resource management is driven by the recycling companies in an attempt to make the Earth a better place.

Waste Reduction: Recycling companies play a crucial role in reducing the volume of waste materials that end up in landfills and burning grounds. These companies collect recyclable materials like EWaste, Scrap batteries diverting significant waste from disposable grounds. These recyclable materials are then extracted and put back into the system. This is just the small start to a big change.

Resource Conservation: The recycling companies lend active efforts to extracting recyclable materials from the disposed material. They extract valuable materials from discarded products. This showcases the conservation potential of recycling.

Energy Savings: Using recycled materials to produce goods is more energyefficient and reduces carbon emissions compared to using virgin resources. The recycling companies are striving for their best in this.

Closed-Loop Systems: SHUBHAM VISHVAKARMA FOUNDER AND CHIEF OF PROCESS ENGINEERING, METASTABLE MATERIALS

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The recycle companies mostly engage in closed-loop systems.

In this, the companies work towards easy disassembly and recycling of the products. Through this method, recycling companies aim to keep materials within the production cycle, and waste generation remains highly in moderation. These lies the idea once a metal is out of earth it should never go back.

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OPINION

Economic Growth: With rising unemployment due to the post-covid scenario, recycling companies shoulder to shoulder with rest of industry worldwide are opening up opportunities at various stages of the value chain. They are offering more jobs to deserving people.

Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The processing and extraction of raw materials mostly result in significant Greenhouse gas emissions. With the help of recycling, we are reducing the dependency on extraction and simultaneously lowering manufacturing-based carbon emissions.

Thus reducing the harm caused by extraction and simultaneously reducing the carbon footprint.

Recycling companies are potent actors in achieving a circular economy while driving sustainable resource management. Their efforts in collecting, processing, and transforming waste materials into valuable resources are commendable. Additionally, their active engagement shows a rigid commitment to sustainable resource management.

Companies all over the world are driving positive change and paving the way for a more sustainable future by reducing waste, conserving resources, saving energy, and fostering economic growth. As societies recognize the importance of caring for resources, the role of recycling companies will get even more crucial in shaping a world valuing sustainability and responsible resource management.

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OPINION

Balancing Act: Pros and Cons of Charging Speed for

Lithium-Ion Batteries

In our fast-paced world, where time is of the utmost importance, there has never been a greater need for rapid and convenient charging options for our electronics and electric vehicles. Because of its high energy density and efficiency, lithium-ion batteries have become the preferred choice for portable devices, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy storage.

When it comes to charging these batteries, however, there is a delicate balance to be struck between speed and battery health.

The Slow and Steady Approach Karthikeyan has a strong foundation in engineering principles and their application to real-world problems thanks to a Bachelor's degree in Production Engineering.

Karthik has been a driving force in the development of critical components such as the Battery Management System, Vehicle Control Unit, and Motor Controller over the last three years. He has a proven track record of leading high-performing teams to achieve their goals as the leader of several teams, including Electronics, Hardware, Software, Embedded Systems, and Power Electronics.

His knowledge of embedded hardware and software has been critical in the development of cutting-edge technologies that have contributed to the product's growth.

Benefits Battery Health: Slow charging, often known as trickle charging, is well-known for its gentle approach. It entails charging a battery at a low current rate, which reduces heat generation and increases battery lifespan. This is especially important for high-priced products and electric automobiles, since battery replacement can be costly.

Safety: Slower charging generates less heat, which reduces the risk of thermal runaway—a harmful occurrence that can occur when a battery is overheated during charging. Slow charging is thus a safer option.

Compatibility: Slow charging is extensively supported across a wide range of devices and charging infrastructure. Most lithium-ion batteries use this strategy by default.

Drawbacks Time-Consuming: Slow charging is time-consuming, which is its major disadvantage. In today's fast-paced world, waiting for hours to charge your smartphone or electric vehicle might be inconvenient.

In the world of gadgets and tech, the charging speed of a lithium-ion battery pack can make or break your user experience. It's the delicate dance between instant gratification and longterm device health.

Limited Fast-Charging Features: While most smartphones allow slow charging, when connected to a slow charger, they may not fully utilize fast-charging features. This can increase the time required for a complete charge.

The Need for Speed Benefits Quick Charging: When you're in a rush, quick charging is a game changer. It drastically decreases charging time while providing a rapid power boost to your gadgets.

Emergency Charging: Fast charging is invaluable in circumstances when you need to quickly top up your battery to make an urgent call or navigate to your destination.

KARTHIKEYAN COFOUNDER & VP - ELECTRONICS, RAPTEE

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Convenience: With the rising availability of fast-charging infrastructure in public locations such as malls and gas stations, fast charging has become extremely convenient for EV owners and smartphone users on the go.

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Drawbacks Battery Stress: The main disadvantage of fast charging is the strain it puts on the battery. Rapid charging generates greater heat, which might eventually wear out battery cells. This can result in capacity loss and a reduction in overall battery longevity.

Safety Concern: Fast charging, if not properly managed, might lead to a safety issue. When a battery gets too hot during fast charging, the potential of thermal runaway and other safety issues increases.

Compatibility: Because not all gadgets or battery packs enable rapid charging, you may require additional hardware and chargers. If you leave your fast charger at home, this can be inconvenient.

Cost: When compared to regular chargers, fast-charging infrastructure, like high-wattage chargers and suitable cables, might be more expensive.

The Balanced Approach Benefits Many modern devices and charging systems use a balanced approach to alleviate the problems of both slow and quick charging. Intelligent charging algorithms are used in these systems to balance speed and battery health.

Battery Health: Balanced charging solutions try to increase battery lifespan by switching from fast charging to slower charging when the battery nears full charge. This blends fast charging's immediate initial boost with slow charging's gentler, less heat-producing qualities.

Quick Start: Users continue to benefit from a speedy charge at the start of the charging cycle, so they are not left waiting for hours.

Extended Battery Life: By optimizing charging based on the battery's state of charge, these technologies can help increase the battery's total lifespan.

Drawbacks Complexity: To implement these optimum charging procedures, more complicated charging control algorithms and hardware are required. This increased complexity might increase the device and infrastructure expenses.

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Compatibility: In order for customers to benefit from the balanced approach, devices and chargers must support these enhanced charging protocols.

Finally, when it comes to the health and convenience of your gadgets, the charging speed of a lithium-ion battery pack is critical. Slow charging is gentle on the battery but timeconsuming, whereas fast charging provides immediate power but stresses the battery. A balanced strategy seeks to provide the best of both worlds, promoting battery health without sacrificing charging speed excessively. The charging speed you select should be based on your personal demands, the capabilities of the device, and your willingness to trade off speed for battery longevity.

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EM+ RESEARCH

Technology Insight

Battery Thermal Runaway in Electric Four-Wheeler Cars:

Understanding the Risks and Solutions Introduction Electric four-wheeler cars, also known as electric vehicles (EVs), have emerged as a promising and eco-friendly alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. These vehicles are powered by lithium-ion batteries, which store and provide the energy needed to propel the car. However, as with any technology, there are potential risks, and one of the most significant concerns in the EV industry is battery thermal runaway.

This article delves into what battery thermal runaway is, its causes, and the measures being taken to mitigate this risk.

Understanding Battery Thermal Runaway Battery thermal runaway is a chain reaction of events that occurs when a lithium-ion battery overheats, leading to the rapid release of stored energy in the form of heat and gas. This can result in a violent and uncontrollable fire or explosion. While thermal runaway is relatively rare in electric vehicles, it remains a critical safety concern due to its potential severity.

Advanced Battery Management Systems (BMS): BMSs monitor and regulate the battery's temperature, voltage, and current, helping to prevent overcharging and overheating.

Thermal Management: Many EVs are equipped with advanced thermal management systems, including liquid cooling or air cooling, to dissipate excess heat and maintain optimal operating temperatures.

Battery Cell Design: Ongoing research is focused on developing safer battery cell designs with materials that are less prone to thermal runaway.

Emergency Venting: Battery packs often include pressurerelief mechanisms or emergency venting systems to release gas and reduce pressure in case of overheating.

Fire Suppression Systems: Some EVs are equipped with fire suppression systems that can activate in the event of thermal runaway to contain or extinguish fires.

Training and Education: Proper training for emergency responders and education for EV owners are essential to handle potential incidents safely.

Causes of Battery Thermal Runaway Several factors can trigger battery thermal runaway in electric four-wheeler cars: Overcharging: Charging a lithium-ion battery beyond its recommended voltage can lead to excessive heat generation and, ultimately, thermal runaway.

Physical Damage: Physical damage to the battery, such as punctures or impacts, can compromise the internal structure and trigger thermal runaway.

Overheating: Extreme external temperatures or aggressive driving conditions can cause the battery to overheat, especially if it lacks proper thermal management systems.

Manufacturing Defects: Rarely, manufacturing defects, such as contamination during production or poor cell assembly, can create conditions conducive to thermal runaway.

Mitigation and Safety Measures

Government Regulations and Standards Governments worldwide are implementing regulations and safety standards to ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles.

These standards cover battery testing, crash safety, and fire safety, with the aim of reducing the risk of thermal runaway.

Conclusion Battery thermal runaway in electric four-wheeler cars is a serious concern, but it is also a challenge that the automotive industry is actively addressing. With advancements in battery technology, enhanced safety measures, and strict regulations, the likelihood of thermal runaway incidents has significantly reduced. As electric vehicles become increasingly popular, continuous research, innovation, and vigilance are essential to ensure the safety of both EV occupants and the environment. Electric vehicle manufacturers, government agencies, and stakeholders must collaborate to minimize the risks associated with battery thermal runaway, further bolstering the appeal and safety of electric mobility.

To address the risk of battery thermal runaway in electric fourwheeler cars, manufacturers and researchers have implemented several safety measures and innovations:

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EM+ RESEARCH

Policy Insight

Transforming Indian Cities:

The PM-e-Bus Sewa Electric Bus Scheme The PM-eBus Sewa The Cabinet on Aug 2023, approved electric bus scheme called “PM-e-Bus-Sewa” under which 10,000 e-buses will be rolled out on public-private partnership model, according to a government press release. This scheme was announced by the Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, in her 2021-22 budget speech, on February 1, 2021. The ‘PM-eBus Sewa’ was given the green-light with the goal of augmenting city bus operations, and will see e-buses deployed across 169 cities. The scheme will cover cities with a population of more than 3 lakh, and priority will be given to those that do not have organised bus services. The project will be run on a publicprivate partnership (PPP) model. Under the model, the government will pay the bus operator a fixed sum per km of operation. When the scheme was mooted two years back, a government subsidy of ₹21 per km of run, for 12 years, was envisaged.

The central government will not make an upfront investment in the ₹57,613 crore PM-eBus Sewa scheme, but stagger it over a period of seven years and release funds based on the distance travelled by these 10,000 e-buses on a per kilometre basis. The Cabinet has

approved last month the ₹57,613 crore PM-eBus Sewa scheme in public-private partnership (PPP) mode, of which the government will provide ₹20,000 crore. Under the scheme, while states are responsible for running the bus services and making payments to the bus operators, the centre will support these bus operations by providing subsidies.

Electric buses could herald a new era in public transportation across Indian cities. Here are some areas that will see a change once the project takes off: Pollution, Urban Infrastructure, EV Manufacturing, Job Creation, Cost Efficiency & EnergyIndependence.

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EM+ RESEARCH

Market Statistics TOP 10 ELECTRIC OEM TWO WHEELER (E2W) COMPANY AUG 2023 SALE

TOP 10 ELECTRIC OEM THREE WHEELER (E3W) COMPANY AUG 2023 SALES

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TOP 10 ELECTRIC OEM FOUR WHEELER (E4W) COMPANY AUG 2023 SALES

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TOP 10 ELECTRIC OEM TWO WHEELER (E2W) COMPANY SEP 2023 SALES

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TOP 10 ELECTRIC OEM THREE WHEELER (E3W) COMPANY SEP 2023 SALES

TOP 10 ELECTRIC OEM FOUR WHEELER (E4W) COMPANY SEP 2023 SALES

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