Materials Magazine 2

DS 224

FALL 2021

Soft as a Feather

GLASS

HADLEY, JOSIE, KAYLIN, BROOKE

Glass Tiles BROOKE

01

Characteristics Glass tiles are small shapes of glass that have a colored material underneath. This colored material depends on the manufacturer. Glass tiles are durable and long-lasting. They are also water resistant as glass is nonporous. Because of this, glass tiles are often used on walls in areas of high humidity.

Method of Production Glass is made mostly of sand, which is heated at extreme temperatures to form a liquid. This molten glass is then poured into a tile form and cooled rapidly. Limestone is added to keep the glass from being soluble. Finally, the chosen colored material, usually glaze, is fused to the back of the glass tiles.

03 Shower Backsplash

Source The composition of glass comes from natural and abundant raw materials. These materials consist of sand, soda ash, and limestone. Although glass has the qualities of a solid, it is considered a liquid. The colored material that is fused to the back of the tiles is oftentimes glaze.

02 Kitchen Backsplash

Sustainable Characteristics Although glass tiles have many sustainable characteristics like being nonporous, having no impact on indoor quality, and having a long lifespan, it is important to look at the sustainable characteristics of the grout used in it's installation and the glaze fused to the tiles. Grout can harbor mold and bacteria, which can have a negative impact on indoor air quality. In the past, many glazes contained lead which can emit toxic substances into the environment. However, most glazes today do not contain lead.

Maintenance Glass contains very little maintenance, and can be clean easily with a wipe and some glass cleaner. However, grout can take a little more elbow grease and require a brush to remove mold or bacteria.

04 Shower and Bath Backsplash

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs As previously mentioned, glass tiles are primarily made from abundant materials.

They do not give off gas and have no effect on indoor air quality. They do not degrade over time and can outlast most building materials. However, the production of glass can use a large amount of energy when it is heated at extremely high temperatures.

05

06 Bathroom Backsplash Kitchen Backsplash

WALLS

07

Finishes - Glass - makes a shiny surface

ASTM Standards

Profile - Sturdy, uniform

ASTM C-1026-13 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile to Freeze-Thaw Cycling

Texture - Varies Widely Organizations National Tile Contractors Association The Tile Council of North America National Glass Association

ASTM C1663 - 18 Standard Test Method for Measuring Waste Glass or Glass Ceramic Durability

by Vapor Hydration Test

Glass Blocks JOSIE

01

02

Characteristics Glass blocks allow light transmission, opacity, sound insulation, low thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. Glass blocks are also very high in strength since they are produced with two individual blocks put together. Glass blocks are also able to be found in many areas in interiors and exteriors because of its high strength.

Effects on Indoor Air Quality

Method of Production

03

Glass blocks are made from a mixture of silica sand, soda ash, and limestone which are then melted into tanks that are heated and then poured into a half block mold. Two of the half molds are then put together and fed into an oven to strengthen which is known as the annealing process. Each block is then coated and tested for use.

Source The composition of glass comes from natural and abundant raw materials. These materials consist of sand, soda ash, and limestone. Although glass has the qualities of a solid, it is considered a liquid. The colored material that is fused to the back of the tiles is oftentimes glaze.

Window

Glass Blocks

House Structure

Glass blocks and in fact glass as a whole is made from mainly abundant materials which allow it to have a positive impact on the indoor air quality.

Glass does not have any major affect on air quality at all and also does not give off any pollutants or gas which allows this positive result to occur. Glass also allows the fresh outdoor weather and sun reflect on the interior of spaces bringing the air quality in interiors better, depending on the region of the world, and allowing a breath of fresh air feeling into a home.

01

Staircase

05

04

Maintenance Requirements Glass contains very little maintenance, and can be clean easily with a wipe and some glass cleaner. However, grout can take a little more elbow grease and require a brush to remove mold or bacteria. If Glass gets dirty, it should be cleaned with a soft cloth containing the cleaning solution. It can be rinsed, but it is important to remove all of the water or cleaner from the glass during its treatment to prevent smudges or smears that may appear on the surface of the glass.

Exterior Wall

Environmental Impact Glass does not have a major affect on the environment. It has more positive affects on the environment than negative when it is being used, the production of glass uses a high amount of energy when it is being produced since it must be heated at very high temperatures.

Sustainable Characteristics Glass has many sustainable characteristics including being nonporous, and having little to no impact on indoor air quality.

One issue containing glass would be the grout in glass. Grout can gather and create mold and other bacteria which can be decreased by the glazes used, so it is not known as a big issue relating to glass. The mold can have a negative impact on indoor air quality if the glass is not treated correctly.

06

Life Cycle Costs Glass is known to have a very long lifespan. It can be found throughout many interiors and exteriors and do not need to be replaced if there is no damage. In fact, glass sometimes outlives many other materials that it may be worked around.

Glass can become flimsy over time, but it is known to have a very long life span.

Interior Wall

WALLS

07

Finishes - Shiny Surface

ASTM Standards

Profile - Sturdy, uniform

ASTM C1663 - 18 Standard Test Method for Measuring Waste Glass or Glass Ceramic Durability

by Vapor Hydration Test

Texture - Varies Widely Organizations

ASTM C203 - Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Properties of Block-Type Thermal Insulation

National Glass Association

ASTM C240 - Test Methods for Testing Cellular Insulation Block

Textured Glass HADLEY

01

02

Characteristics Textured Glass restricts vision while still allowing the transmission of light. This allows for full privacy, making it great for public spaces such as offices. Textured glass comes in hundreds of textures or patterns, some obstructing vision more than others. Other names for textured glass include; obscure glass, patterned glass, figured glass, or decorative glass

Maintenance Requirements

Method of Production Textured Glass, is also known as kiln-cast glass because it is made by laying sheet glass over handmade moulds in kilns. The kilns are then fired at extremely hot temperatures and the glass melts into the mould. After cooling, the glass panel is textured with the pattern from the mould (known as the Textured face) and is smooth on the other side.

Another method of production includes embedding a pattern into the surface of the glass through a roller.

03

Source The composition of glass comes from natural and abundant raw materials. These materials consist of sand, soda ash, and limestone. Although glass has the qualities of a solid, it is considered a liquid. The colored material that is fused to the back of the tiles is oftentimes glaze.

Divider

Textured Glass

Wall

In general, glass requires less maintenance than other materials. Textured glass specifically, can be more difficult to clean than regular glass as it contains many ridges and crevices for dirt to settle into. The more that dirt settles into the crevices of the glass, the harder it is to clean.

Thus, it is important to schedule a weekly cleaning of textured glass to ensure there is not a dirt buildup. To get the dirt out of the crevices, use a cleaning solution and allow it to sit, to break up any grime. Then use a soft brush or old tooth brush to scrub out the dirt. Finally rinse and wipe down with a cloth

01

05

04

Cabinetry

Effects on Indoor Air Quality Glass does not have a huge impact on indoor air quality other than the energy used during production. Most research on glass indoor air quality impact mentioned fiber glass and stain glass as having notable issues. No research indicated textured glass has any further impact than average glass.

Door

Environmental Impact Glass does not impact the environment all too much. The largest impact it has is the large amounts of energy used in the produced process, mainly the form of heating the glass at extremely high temperatures.

Sustainable Characteristics Glass is a sustainable, fully recyclable material which provides great environmental benefits such as contributing to mitigating climate change and saving precious natural resources. It is also highly appreciated in many applications for its inert nature and its contributions to safeguarding people’s health and well being.

06

Life Cycle Costs Most glass can outlive other building materials.

Triple pane glass units have a much shorter life than double pane glass units. This is because of the much greater stress on their edge seals resulting from changes in temperature and atmospheric pressures across multiple glass panes and multiple seals. Good quality conventional double pane glass units will commonly have a life of 25 to 30 years. Textured glass is typically used for decorative and accent purposes rather than large exterior windows, however the life cycle cost is similar to the paned units mentioned above.

Light Fixture

SHOWER

07

Finishes - Ribbed, pebble, reeded, square, water, rain, cord, imprinted and more Profile - Solid, opaque, ridged Texture - Varies with each type, never smooth OrganizationsNational Glass Association Glass Alliance Europe

ASTM Standards C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products ASTM C1663 - 18 Standard Test Method for Measuring Waste Glass or Glass Ceramic Durability

by Vapor Hydration Test

Tempered empered Glass

KAYLIN

Characteristics Tempered glass is very strong, being around four times stronger than regular glass. To add, when broken, tempered glass does not shatter into sharp shards. Instead, it fractures into small, relatively harmless pieces making considered a safety glass. Tempered glass also has high thermal strength.

Source Tempered glass is made from different natural elements. In order to make glass, typically soda ash, sand, and limestone are combined and melted to form a liquid, which when cooled and pressed becomes glass.

Tempered Glass Shower Door

Method of Production In order to turn ordinary glass into tempered glass, first regular glass sheets are cut to desired dimensions. Once the glass is cut, it is then washed to make sure nothing interferes with the heating process. Then, the glass is put into a furnace where it is heated to over 1,000°F. Then, the very hot glass undergoes a cooling process where it receives blasts of cold air. This process cools down the surface of the glass faster than the center. Because of this, the interior of the glass stays in tension while the surface goes into compression, which is what makes tempered glass so strong.

Tempered Glass Window

Sustainable Characteristics Tempered glass is a very sustainable material to use in the home. It does not break easily, is durable, and lasts a very long time. One thing to note is that tempered glass itself cannot really be recycled. However, tempered glass scraps can be easily de-tempered and then 100% recycled.

Maintenance Glass can tend to show finger prints, smears, residue, etc.

However, glass is easy to clean and can easily be kept up with.

To clean tempered glass, it is recommended to mix dish soap with water and scrub with a sponge. Harsh chemicals are not recommended for cleaning tempered glass. Overall, glass is an easy material to maintain in a home.

04 Tempered Glass Windows

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs Some negative environmental impacts that tempered glass has is that if not recycled, it is not biodegradable. To add, the melting process of creating glass releases CO2 emissions into the environment. However, overall tempered glass does not have much negative environmental impact, as it can be 100% recycled, is durable, and lasts a very long time. Tempered glass has a very long lifespan because of its durability and is a good material choice because of how long it0can 5 last.

Tempered Glass Shower Door

Tempered Glass Windows

GLASS WALL

Profile - Flat, shiny, durable

ASTM Standards

Texture - Smooth, flat

C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products

Organizations

C1036 Specification for Flat Glass

National Glass Association

C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass

Resources Glass Tiles Photos: 1. https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/81973/how-should-i-grout-when-theres-a-combination-of-naturalstone-and-glass-tiles 2. https://www.tileclub.com/blogs/news/the-best-glass-tile-backsplash-designs-for-2021 3. https://www.houzz.com/photos/glass-tile-bathroom-ideas-phbr1-bp~t_712~a_29-204 4. https://www.decorpad.com/photo.htm?photoId=166132 5. https://www.hgtv.com/design/remodel/kitchen-remodel/glass-backsplash 6. https://www.decorpad.com/photo.htm?photoId=146450 7. https://www.azuremagazine.com/spec-sheets/tomei-modules-tiles-lunada-bay-tile/ Information: https://www.arizonatile.com/the-practical-beauty-of-glasstile/#:~:text=Characteristics%20of%20Glass%20Tile&text=Durable%20Strong%20and%20long%2Dlasting,with%20 just%20a%20few%20wipes. https://thepotterywheel.com/pottery-clay-eco-friendly/ https://www.glass.org/ https://www.tile-assn.com/ https://www.tcnatile.com/ https://www.astm.org/Standards/C1026.htm https://www.astm.org/Standards/C1663.htm

Glass Blocks Photographs and Information: 1. https://www.archdaily.com/951893/neobridge-hotel-xing-design/5fba76f663c017d62c000535-neobridgehotel-xing-design-image 2. https://archello.com/project/glass-block-micro-house 3. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/glass-blocks-are-cool-again-heres-why-you-should-care 4. https://www.rockymountainwindows.com/glass-block-window-trends-for-todays-homes/ 5. https://www.contemporist.com/walls-of-glass-blocks-surrounding-these-stairs-help-to-provide-natural-lightwhile-maintaining-privacy/ 6. https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/article_print.php?L=99&C=361 7. https://www.astm.org/Standards/C552.htm 8. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/11/18/glass-brick-house-ho-chi-minh-city-room-design-build/ 9. https://www.jhglassblock.com/info-14.html 10. https://www.agc-glass.eu/en/news/blog-article/how-good-your-indoor-air-quality

Tempered Glass 1. http://www.glassacademy.com/temperedglass2/#:~:text=Characteristics%20of%20Tempered%20glass%3A,considered%20as%20a %20safety%20glass.

2. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-is-tempered-glass-mad/ 3. https://www.astm.org/Standards/C162.htm 4. http://yr-architecture.com/5-simple-modern-interior-window-trim-details/ 5. https://uphomely.com/tempered-glass-environmentallyfriendly#:~:text=The%20main%20reason%20tempered%20glass,that%20it%20is%20100%25%20recyclable.&text= Thanks%20to%20its%20recyclability%2C%20the,during%20manufacturing%20is%20extremely%20low.

6. https://www.buildingenclosureonline.com/articles/87240-sliding-glass-wall-systems 7. https://homiku.com/index.php/2018/02/20/38-beautiful-lake-house-decorating-ideas/ 8. https://thearchitecturedesigns.com/most-beautiful-large-windows-design-ideas/

Textured Glass Photos: 1. https://h2rdesign.com/portfolio-item/gia/ 2. https://www.behance.net/gallery/109944947/Reception-and-dining 3. http://www.architecturelist.com/2010/05/25/design-mastermind-ab-concepts-latest-fine-dining-restaurant-the-french-windowhonoured-with-new-york-award/ 4. https://thesavvyheart.com/fluted-and-ribbed-textured-glass-the-seasonal-edit-summer-2019/ 5. https://www.schulercabinetry.com/cabinet/glass-doors-with-horizontal-reeded-textured-glass/ 6. https://www.build.com/product/summary/1732021?uid=4097770&jmtest=gg-gbav2_4097769&inv=1&source=gg-gbapla_4097769%21c1710655145%21a67979306878%21dc%21ng&gclid=CjwKCAiA7dKMBhBCEiwAO_crFE7oc28QRFRrpt622CzNtmwMb BT92eKh15fbEo8W5SeFER-8pCwJVRoCUK0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds 7. https://www.livingetc.com/spaces/interior-inspiration/stunning-shower-room-ideas-196943 Information: https://www.core77.com/posts/59214/Designers-Resource-Different-Types-of-Textured-Glass https://www.floatglassdesign.co.uk/textured http://www.glensideglass.com/ggc_lr_glass_obsc.html

DS 224

FALL 2021

Soft as a Feather

PAINT

HADLEY, JOSIE, KAYLIN, BROOKE

Epoxy

BROOKE

01

Characteristics Epoxy coatings are well known for their high strength, versatility and excellent adhesion to variety of surfaces.

Epoxy coatings are typically used on concrete and steel to give resistance to water, alkali, and acids.

Method of Production Epoxy coatings are an epoxy resin that is cross-linked with a co-reactant or hardener. They are formulated based on the performance requirements for the end product. They consist of strong solvents, so good ventilation is required in the process of production. When the epoxy coatings are produced and ready to be applied, good surface preparation is important to making sure the coating applies properly. Epoxy coatings are then cured at room temperature.

03 Countertop

Source 02 Flooring

The raw materials used for epoxy are today include petroleum derived, although some plant derived sources are now becoming commercially available.

04

Sustainable Characteristics Epoxy coating can be of the most environmentally-friendly methods of protective coating when it comes from organic plant sources. It is manufactured in a way that releases no bio-hazards to the environment, and when applied as protective coating, it has no contaminants that could endanger the safety of humans and the environment. Because of its durability and impermeability, epoxy coatings also have long life cycle.

Maintenance Epoxy coatings contains very little maintenance, even on floorings. They can be cleaned easily with mild soap or water.

Just some sweeping on epoxy coating flooring can reduce the likelihood of scratches.

Staircase

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs As previously mentioned, some epoxy coatings can be harmful to the environment and human beings during its production process. However, many manufacturers are switching over to an epoxy that comes from organic plant sources which significantly reduces the amount of toxins that are put into the air during production.

06 Table

05 Side Table

FLOORING

07

Finishes - Glossy, shiny finish

ASTM Standards

Profile - Sturdy, reflective

ASTM D1652-11 Standard Test Method for Epoxy Content of Epoxy Resins

Texture - Smooth Organizations National Paint and Coatings Association American Coatings Association

ASTM D4142-89 Standard Guide for Testing Epoxy Resins ASTM D1726-11 Standard Test Methods for Hydrolyzable Chloride Content of Liquid Epoxy Resins

Lacquer KAYLIN

Characteristics Lacquer is a type of hard, and usually shiny finish that can be applied to materials and surfaces to give them a protective, durable finish. The finish can be any sheen level, from matte to high gloss. Lacquer is useful because it provides a durable and water resistant finish. However, although it can provide a durable, water resistant finish, it can deteriorate in ultraviolet light, and is highly flammable.

Method of Production In order to produce lacquer, nitrocellulose, plasticizers, and pigments are dissolved together. Once dissolved, they are all combined in a mixture of volatile solvents. Sometimes shellac is added to the lacquer mixture, which makes it high gloss. Interestingly, shellac is a secretion produced by the female lac bug, which is harvested from trees to be added to the lacquer mixture. An estimated 50,000 to 300,000 lac bugs are needed to produce 1 kilogram of shellac.

03 Lacquer Floor

Source

Lacquer End Table

The main ingredient in lacquer is nitrocellulose, which is a compound that is created by nitrating cellulose by mixing it in nitric and sulfuric acid. In addition to nitrocellulose, the pigments used in lacquer are derived from coal tars and other petrochemicals. Finally, shellac is sourced from secretions of lac bugs.

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs

Lacquer is not good for the environment and has even been banned in the state of California. Lacquer is bad for the environment because it contains lots of volatile compounds which damage both indoor and outdoor air quality. In fact, lacquer is one of the worst finishes when it comes to emitting VOCs into your home. In terms of lacquer's life cycle, it can have a higher or lower lifecycle depending on what application it is used for. Lacquer has been known to last anywhere from a few years to decades.

Maintenance

Lacquer is easy to clean and maintain. It can be cleaned using mild and soap and water. One thing to take note of, however, is that lacquer can scratch easily, and may have to be refinished occasionally.

Staircase Lacquer Walls

Sustainable Characteristics Lacquer is not known to be very environmentally friendly or sustainable. However, the most sustainable characteristic that lacquer possesses is that it is durable.

05 Lacquer Ceiling Lacquer Cabinets

WALL

Finishes - Ranges from matte to high gloss

ASTM Standards

Profile - Flat, glossy, matte

ASTM D1475-85 Standard Test Method for Density of Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products

Texture - Smooth Organizations National Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer Association

ASTM D3924-80 Standard Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials ASTM D1476-88 Standard Test Method for Heptane Miscibility of Lacquer Solvents

Latex & Acrylic HADLEY

01

Characteristics Both acrylic and latex paints are made with acrylic resin and polymers. The main difference between acrylic and latex paint is that acrylic paint is chemical-based, and latex paint is water-based. The name “latex paint” can be a little bit misleading. There's no rubber latex in paint with the name.

Acrylic paint is water-resistant when they dry as well as sun resistant, making it great for exterior paint jobs.

Method of Production Acrylic paint is composed of minute particles of plastic acrylic resin suspended in water (acrylic polymer emulsion) and pigment. As the water evaporates the resin particles fuse together forming a strong durable paint.

03 Interior wall

Source Latex paint consists of resins (binder), titanium dioxide (pigment), limestone (extender), and water (thinner), which are mixed together until they form an emulsion. Acrylic paints are made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer

02 Kitchen Cabinets

emulsion and plasticizers, silicon oils, defomers, stabilizers, or metal soaps.

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs

Latex paint offers a lower environmental impact than oil paint because of its lower VOC content and the fact that clean-up is done with water rather than dangerous chemicals. When stored correctly, latex paint has a shelf life between 2 and 10 years.

Latex-based exterior paints are generally the best choice for outdoor painting projects since they are so durable and weather resistant. Since there are so many chemicals involved in the making of acrylic paints, they can leech out into our waterways and contaminate our soil.

Sustainable Characteristics 04 Acrylic Painting

Acrylic paint can produce dangerous fumes so it is important to have proper ventilation when installing. Latex paint is safer for the environment than oil-based paints, however it needs to be used with care due to the strong terpenes. Latex paints have low VOC's

Maintenance Since Latex paint is water-based, it’s easier to clean up with just soap and water. Acrylic paint needs paint thinners since it’s chemical-based. It’s chemical composition also requires extra care when handling.

05

Matte Interior Wall

06 Acrylic Painted Buffet Table

EXTERIOR

Profile - flat, satin, velvet and semi-gloss sheens Texture - smooth Organizations- The National Society of Painters in Casein and Acrylic

ASTM Standards D7488-11 - Standard Test Method for Open Time of Latex Paints D5098-16 -Standard Specification for Artists' Acrylic Dispersion Paints D6900 10 (2015) - Standard Test Method for Wet Adhesion of Latex Paints to a Gloss Alkyd Enamel Substrate

Alkyd Based Paint

JOSIE

01

02

Characteristics Alkyd based paint typically has thinners that mare made from alcohol or mineral spirits. The thinner for this paint indicates how much the paint will flow and dry. This paint is strong and sturdy so it is used for areas that may get beaten up or easily scratched.

Alkyd paint can be applied over a latex paint or unfinished wood which allows less preparation and no need to strip the old paint beforehand.

Environmental Impact Alkyd paint's main setback is that it is known to not be environmental friendly. Because this paint uses chemical solvents, it emits volatile organic compounds which are toxic and exposure to it can cause health problems. These problems include breathing disorders, nausea, headaches, and is dangerous to babies and pregnant women. Since this paint can be very dangerous for people, alkyd paint is discouraged for use in several areas. If it is being used, the proper ventilation must be considered and put into action when applying this paint in interior settings.

Method of Production Alkyd paint is formed by an alkyd resin which is dissolved in a thinner. The pigment gives the paint its color and the binder golds it in place once it is dry.

Alkyd paint is then only used on special surfaces where a different type of chemical binding is needed or on a specific area where the durability and finish are very important.

Source Alkyd paint was developed in the mid 1900s in between oil paint and water based acrylic paint. Alkyds are derived from polyols and organic acids that include acids and oils. They are made from alcohol and organic acids.

Alkyd is also the most dominant resin which indicates its durability and strength.

03

Alkyd Paint

Cabinets

Staircase

01

Trim

05 04

Maintenance Requirements Alkyd paint can be cleaned easily and does not need much maintenance because it is made for high traffic areas. To clean Alkyd paint, it can be wiped down with water and is known to be an easy paint to clean. Stains are also not absorbed easily and the discoloration stains usually give does not set in. Alkyd is known to retain its sheen for a long time and will not have to be replaced for a while after application.

Exterior Door

Effects on Indoor Air Quality Alkyd paint is oil based which means that it can be toxic and have strong fumes if it is not properly ventilated. While working with Alkyd based paint, it is important to open windows and turn on fans so the air can be circulated properly.

Sustainable Characteristics Alkyd paint does not have many sustainable characteristics since it releases toxic fumes during the application process.

Alkyd paint does not have to be replaced often which can create a sustainable characteristic because it does not need get touched up or replaced for a while after it is applied because of its durability.

06

Life Cycle Costs Alkyd paint forms harder and is very long-lasting.

It is also very strong and durable so it is used in areas where it may be touched a lot. For any areas where the finish must be durable, Alkyd paint is used which is most common on trim and cabinets because it is resistant to moisture.

Island

WALLS

07

Finishes - Shiny or Matte Surface

ASTM Standards

Profile - Durable, Strong

D6900 10 (2015) - Standard Test Method for Wet Adhesion of Latex Paints to a Gloss Alkyd Enamel Substrate

Texture - Smooth Organizations

D4302 14 - Standard Specification for Artists Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd Paints

National Paint and Coatings Association

D6900 10 (2015) - Standard Test Method for Wet Adhesion of Latex Paints to a Gloss Alkyd Enamel Substrate

Resources Epoxy Photos: 1. https://www.etsy.com/listing/779783031/10ft-epoxy-resin-ocean-table-epoxy-resin 2. https://www.wayfair.com/Arditi-Collection--Sled-Coffee-Table-CTRC1-L441-K~ADTI1058.html? refid=GX528106115457ADTI1058_44712373_44712374&device=c&ptid=901217203822&network=g&targetid=aud-354999624671:pla901217203822&channel=GooglePLA&ireid=99802667&fdid=1817&PiID%5B%5D=44712374&PiID%5B%5D=44712 373&gclid=Cj0KCQiA-eeMBhCpARIsAAZfxZD8vdOIrvHE--D5rlauwk3p6Jb594lX1aCKT9RRkigJkK6hKHh9pYaAvstEALw_wcB 3. https://www.theepoxyresinstore.com/products/crystal-clear-epoxy-resin-tabletops-bars-woodcrafter 4. https://epoxyafrica.com/projects/stair-3d-epoxy/ 5. https://www.woohome.com/ideas/the-most-fabulous-15-epoxy-resin-wood-tables 6. https://paradigmconcretefl.com/unique-epoxy-floors/ 7. https://mydecorative.com/how-epoxy-flooring-is-changing-interior-design/ Resources https://www.raiderpainting.com/blog/why_epoxy_coatings_are_eco_friendly/#:~:text=Epoxy%20coating%20i s%20one%20of,the%20safety%20of%20humans%20and https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/epoxy-resins-a-to-z-technical-review-of-thermosettingpolymer https://www.astm.org/catalogsearch/result/index/?p=2&q=epoxy https://www.raiderpainting.com/blog/professional_organizations_for/

Alkyd Based paint Photographs and Information: 1. https://www.benjaminmoore.com/en-ca/contractors/job-solutions/project-advice/alkyd-paint 2. https://www.roepaint.com/everything-need-know-alkyd-paint/ 3. https://www.islandpaints.com/home-decorating-tips/interior-paint-101-should-you-use-alkyd-or-acrylic/ 4. https://www.doityourself.com/stry/all-you-need-to-know-about-alkyd-paint 5. https://www.goldenboyspainting.com/blog/alkyd-paint-what-is-it 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyd 7. https://www.homedepot.com/p/BEHR-PREMIUM-1-gal-1350-Ultra-Pure-Black-Urethane-Alkyd-Semi-GlossEnamel-Interior-Exterior-Paint-393001/302141235#overlay 8. Paint Lecture (DS224 Paint and Coatings) 9. https://www.astm.org/d4302-05.html 10. https://www.benjaminmoore.com/en-us/project-ideas-inspiration/interiors/kitchen-cabinets-ideas-inspiration

Acrylic & Latex 1. https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hand-painted-backgrounds-pink-white-and-yellow-mixed-acrylicpaints-liquid-marble-gm1129552868-298424575 2. https://www.hgtv.com/design/topics/interior-paint-colors 3. https://www.sherwin-williams.com/ 4. https://paintkiya.com/product/acrylic-painting/ 5. https://www.sherwin-williams.com/ 6. https://www.wayfair.com/furniture/pdp/east-urban-home-iveta-abolina-antonia-i-sideboard-ebic6935.html 7. https://www.homedepot.com/p/Glidden-Premium-1-gal-PPG1075-5-Ranch-Mink-Satin-Exterior-Latex-PaintPPG1075-5PX-1SA/309718259 Information: https://www.freelandpainting.com/whats-the-difference-between-oil-and-latexpaint/#:~:text=Latex%20Paint%20Is%20Our%20Go%2DTo%20Choice&text=In%20addition%2C%20latex%20paint %20offers,water%20rather%20than%20dangerous%20chemicals. https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/greenpainters/paint-industry-impacts-environmentgreenpainters#

Lacquer Photos: https://annieelliottdesign.com/lacquered-walls-why-when-and-how/ https://www.google.com/search?q=lacquer+ceiling&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjAwKaBmK30AhWEUM0KHdkOCSwQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=lacquer+ceiling&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQgAQyBggAEAUQHjIECAAQGDoECAAQQzoGCAAQBxAeOgYIAB AIEB5QtgtYpxdgsRhoAHAAeAKAAdQCiAHZCpIBBzQuNC4xLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=TzCcY YDdIIShtQbZnaTgAg&bih=664&biw=1536&rlz=1C1CHBD_enUS894US894#imgrc=MdnF_HajCOiLbM https://www.archdaily.com/609675/ngrs-recruiting-company-hq-crosby-studios https://luxesource.com/a-lakefront-chicago-home-nods-to-maines-classic-seaside-dwellings-phillip-liederbach/?utm_campaign=laterlinkinbio-luxemagazine&utm_content=later-16771413&utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkin.bio#.YZwxg9DMJPZ https://www.invitinghome.com/product-category/furniture/cabinets-chests-and-shelving/cabinets-and-credenzas/painted-cabinets/ https://www.astm.org/catalogsearch/result/index/?p=3&q=lacquer https://www.pedinimiami.com/what-is-lacquer/ http://thegreenvegans.com/what-is-shellac/ https://luxesource.com/design-library/#.YZxF89DMJPY?filter=y

DS 224

FALL 2021

Soft as a Feather

PLASTIC

HADLEY, JOSIE, KAYLIN, BROOKE

Acrylic

BROOKE

01

Characteristics Acrylic plastic, also known as plexiglass, is a useful, clear material that resembles glass, but offers better transparency and weighs 50% less than glass of equal thickness. It can be used in a variety of different ways in interior architecture.

Method of Production Making acrylic plastic involves mixing a monomer with a catalyst, which creates a polymer. Once thoroughly mixed, this molten mixture will become transparent. During this part of the mixing process, color can be added. These colors can be mixed and matched, allowing very specific shades. The molten plastic is then poured into a mold of its desired shape. Once the acrylic plastic is removed from the mold, edges are sanded down to ensure that the acrylic plastic is smooth and ready for consumers.

03

Source

02 Wall

Ceiling

Acrylic plastic is a thermoset plastic so its shape cannot be altered after production. It is a synthetic material meaning that two or more substances are combined to make a product that does not occur naturally. Acrylic plastics are large molecules called polymers which are made from repeating units of carbon-containing compounds called monomers.

04

Sustainable Characteristics Because it is a thermoset plastic, it is difficult to recycle acrylic plastic into new products. However, it is being done! While traditional acrylic plastic is made from virgin oil-based raw materials, Ecocrylic and Green Cast are two types of acrylic made from recycled materials. Recycled acrylic is just as transparent and UV-resistant as its non-recycled counterparts. New technology and materials allow it to be recycled and reused multiple times.

Maintenance Acrylic plastic contains very little maintenance, even on countertops. It can be cleaned easily with mild soap or water, and its durability is great with resisting any scratching on the surface.

Wall

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs Acrylic plastic has a long lifestyle due to its durability. However, the production of 1 kilogram of acrylic plastic requires approximately 2 kilograms of oil and releases 5.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide into the ecosystem, which is detrimental to the environment considering how much acrylic plastic is produced every year.

06 Bar

05 Countertop

WALLS 07

Finishes - Shiny or Matte Surface

ASTM Standards

Profile - Durable, Strong

ASTM D4802-16 Standard Specification for Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Acrylic Plastic Sheet

Texture - Smooth to Rough Organizations The Plastics Industry Association

ASTM F484-08 Standard Test Method for Stress Crazing of Acrylic Plastics in Contact with Liquid or Semi-Liquid Compounds ASTM JTEVAB Fracture Toughness of Stretched Acrylic Plastic

Plastic Laminate

JOSIE

01

02

Method of Production Plastic laminate is made from kraft paper, resin, and adhesives. Multiple layers of kraft paper are soaked in resin and then they are pressed together at a high temperature and pressure to form a single sheet.

Plastic laminate adhesive is then used as a decorative layer for the plastic as the top layer. Once those steps are completed, the protective coating is then layered on top for use.

Environmental Impact

Desk

Characteristics

03

Plastic Laminate is light in weight and have strength.

It does not corrodes and can also help prevent corroding in metal parts. Plastic laminate has a high thermal expansion and is also able to absorb some of the environmental moisture. It is easy to install and available in many colors and patterns. Plastic laminate is also water resistant which is why it is used in places like bathrooms and kitchens more commonly. It is also less durable than other materials, but strong for plastic and what it is used for.

Source Plastic Laminate is made from kraft paper, resin, and adhesives. It was first made because of its very similar look to raw materials, but at a much lower price and affordable for areas like commercial spaces.

Bathroom Partitions

Plastic Laminate

Plastic laminate is not known to be very environmentally friendly. Once plastic laminate is damaged, it must be replaced because it can not be easily fixed or refinished if it is damaged by things such as very hot surfaces or heavy impacts.

Once its lifespan is over, it will most likely get thrown into a landfill where it can not be easily decomposed. Although plastic laminate is convenient and very useful when it is in use, after its lifespan is when it has a negative impact for the environment. Additionally, plastic is durable and degrade very slowly.

01

Countertop

04

05

Maintenance Requirements Plastic Laminate is easy to clean and take care for. To clean the plastic, all that is needed is a damp cloth and mild detergent.

The surface can be cleaned and wiped dry. Plastic surfaces resist spills, fingerprints, and most food stains which means that it does not need to get cleaned the amount of other materials. If stains do persist, baking soda can be used on the surface with warm water to eliminate the stain on the plastic laminate.

Sustainable Characteristics Cabinets

Effects on Indoor Air Quality

Plastic Laminate has been found to hold formaldehyde which can interfere with the indoor air quality that the product is in. This is a gas that is colorless but smells which can cause a burning sensation in the eyes, nose, and throat, coughing, nausea, and skin irritation if it is inhaled from being in the same air that people live in. When plastic burns, it can release toxic fumes.

Plastic laminate is sustainable in use, but not after its life cycle is done. A positive for this laminate plastic is that it does not wear easily so it does not need to be replaced as much as other materials. This is sustainable because it is not forcing production to make this material as much. Once its life span is over, it is not able to be reused and can not be easily decomposed which is not sustainable.

06

Life Cycle Costs Plastic laminate can simulate natural materials such as wood and stone and can be easily installed making it a cheaper option for interior spaces. This is a good option for schools because it is not as expensive as real wood or marble may be since it also has to withstand much more if it were in a location like that one.

Bookshelves

WALLS

07

Finishes - Shiny or Matte Surface

ASTM Standards

Profile - Durable, Strong

ASTM D709 - Standard Specification for Laminated Thermosetting Materials

Texture - Smooth to Rough Organizations North American Laminate Floor Association Dual Laminate Fabrication Association High Pressure Laminates - Composite Panel Association

ASTM C1775-14 - Standard Specification for Laminate Protective Jacket and Tape for Use over Thermal Insulation for Outdoor Applications ASTM F904-16 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials

Vinyl Wallcovering

KAYLIN

01

02

Method of Production In order to create vinyl wallpaper, first a backing is made. The wallpaper backing is most commonly made from wood pulp, ground wood, or sometimes even cotton. Once the backing is made, the wallpaper gets coated with vinyl. Vinyl coatings enhance wallpaper by making it stronger and more durable. Finally, once the vinyl coating is applied, printers use ink to create patterns and designs on the wallpaper sheets.

Environmental Impact Vinyl wallcoverings have some negative environmental impacts. One negative environmental impact it has is that vinyl is made from chlorine and fossil fuels.

Chlorine can be a very toxic chemical to produce when in high amounts, and fracking of fossil fuels are known to contribute to climate change. To add, vinyl can harm air quality because it contains VOCs and phthalates.

Characteristics

03

Vinyl is a synthetic plastic material that is very commonly used in construction. Vinyl wallcoverings have been used in interiors for over a century now because of their durability and effectiveness. Vinyl wallpaper has a base and vinyl film that is placed on top. The two layers are used to create a durable wallpaper that is thick, easy to maintain, and lasts long.

Source The vinyl that is used to produce vinyl wallpaper is made from a mixture of chlorine and crude oil. Chlorine is created by electrolysis of seawater, and crude oil is made from fossil fuels that is fracked from deep underground.

01

04

Maintenance Requirements Vinyl wallcoverings are easy to maintain. Dirt and smudges can be removed from vinyl wallcoverings using mild soap and warm water. If smudges are bad or on a textured wallcovering, a bristle brush may also be used to help scrub the surface. It is recommended to clean the wall from the bottom up, allow the soap and water mixture to sit for several minutes, and finally dry the wallcovering with a soft cloth.

Sustainable Characteristics

Effects on Indoor Air Quality

Vinyl wallcoverings can negatively impact indoor air quality. Vinyl wallcoverings contain VOCs, which can be emitted into the air and cause health problems. To add, if vinyl wallpaper is used in high-moisture areas, it can create a vapor barrier that traps moisture in the wall which can encourage mold growth in an interior.

Life Cycle Costs Vinyl wallcoverings have a reasonable life cycle cost. Vinyl wallpaper can cost more up front than other materials such as paint, but because of its durability and long-lasting qualities, it ends up being a cheaper investment than paint by the end of its life.

Vinyl wallcoverings have lots of sustainable characteristics.

One great sustainable quality of vinyl is that it can easily be recycled. To add, another sustainable quality of vinyl wallcoverings is that they are durable and last a very long time.

Finally, the vinyl used in vinyl wall coverings don't use a ton of energy in the manufacturing process, and does not release high amounts of carbon emissions into the environment.

WALLS

Finishes - Shiny or Matte Surface Profile - Durable, Strong, Flat Texture - Smooth to Rough Organizations The Global Vinyl Council Vinyl Sustainability Council

ASTM Standards E2404-08 Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Textile, Paper or Vinyl Wall or Ceiling Coverings to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

Vinyl Composition Tile

HADLEY

01

Method of 02

Production Vinyl Composition Tile (VTC) is made from natural limestone, color pigments, filler materials, and thermoplastic binder. These chips are then fused together with heat, to form solid sheets that will then be cut into tiles. VCT tiles usually have a dry back application, therefore you’ll need glue to keep the tiles in place.

Environmental

Flooring

Characteristics

Vinyl flooring also reduced volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions below most stringent green building standards and implemented programs to reclaim flooring and enable a circular economy. Vinyl’s small footprint is due to both its inherent properties and the fact that the industry has a long track record of innovation, including the abilities to recycle products and develop smarter manufacturing processes.

03

VCT is the least expensive and most brittle of the resilient flooring products. It is easy to install and cost effective. VCT is a durable material that will withstand bumps and scrapes it does not absorb pollutants and dust mites as carpet does, however it does absorb sound better than hardwood flooring. it is comfortable to walk on and is available in many colors and patterns to meet your taste preferences.

VCT comes in a variety of patterns, colors and textures which can cause dangerous illusions to elderly eyes.

Source VCT is composed of natural limestone, color pigments, filler materials, and thermoplastic binder.

Bathroom Partitions

Vinyl Composition Tile

Impact

01

04

05 Backsplash

Maintenance Requirements VCT maintenance is fairly simple, however it can be costly.

Maintenance includes proper cleaning and applying multiple coats of high-quality floor polish. Depending on the use of the floor, coats of polish may increase as time goes on. There will also be additional maintenance like scrubbing and restorative maintenance for when polish needs to be stripped and reapplied.

Walls

Effects on Indoor Air Quality vinyl floors could be giving off harmful chemicals known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

When dealing with vinyl flooring, the main concerns are dioxins. These chemicals are not only harmful to human health but can also have disastrous environmental impacts. Dioxins have been associated with several forms of cancer, including but not limited to cancers of the larynx, esophagus and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Sustainable Characteristics Vinyl flooring is a sustainable choice because it can effectively be recycled—giving the old materials new life in new floors.

Additionally, 100% of luxury vinyl tile can be recycled. VCT offers good dimensional stability, durability, impact resistance, UV light stability and heat stability.

06

Life Cycle Costs VCT has a relative low lifecycle cost. VCT an installation cost of $3.91, a life cycle cost of $18.35 and an expected lifespan of 10 years.

This calculates to a cost of $1.83 per year per square foot.

Wood pattern samples

FLOORING

07

Finishes - Shiny or Matte

ASTM Standards

Profile - Brittle

ASTM F1066-04(2018) - Standard Specification for Vinyl Composition Floor Tile

Texture - Solid, colorful, striped scratched, wood, patterned Organizations: The Vinyl Institute +Vintage Vinyl

ASTM F1066-04- Standard Specification for Vinyl Composition Floor Tile

Resources Acrylic Photos: 1. https://www.cutplasticsheeting.co.uk/decorative-coloured-acrylic-sheets/ 2. https://tilarainteriorandarchitecturematerial.wordpress.com/2017/02/05/use-of-gpps-plastic-sheet-material-in-your-interiordesign-and-lighting/ 3. https://www.duralightplastics.com/acrylic-sheet-colored.html 4. http://www.ecoomaterials.com/decorative-materials/art-resin-decorative-materials/acrylic-sheet-interior-design.html 5. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/kitchen-counter-top-acrylic-solid-surface-sheet-20482188830.html 6. https://m.made-in-china.com/product/Commercial-Acrylic-Product-Light-Bar-Table-Countertop-Acrylic-Sheet-1926674645.html 7. https://www.stonecontact.com/products-a761760/pure-color-acrylic-plastic-sheet-for-wall-panel Information https://www.acmeplastics.com/acrylic#:~:text=Acrylic%20Plastic%2C%20also%20known%20as,a%20wide%20variety%20of%20applicati ons. https://www.acmeplastics.com/content/how-are-acrylic-sheets-made/ https://www.renewablematter.eu/articles/article/the-unsustainable-prevalence-ofplexiglass#:~:text=Eco%2Dfriendly%20plexiglass&text=Recycled%20acrylic%20is%20as%20transparent,acrylic%20made %20from%20recycled%20materials. https://www.plasticsindustry.org/

Plastic Laminate Photos & Information: 1. https://gustafs.com/architect-support/laminate/ 2. https://beavercreekindustries.com/care-maintain-new-plastic-laminate-countertops-cabinets/ 3. https://www.diamondcabinets.com/products/tranter/contemporary-laminate-kitchen-cabinets 4. https://www.archdaily.com/catalog/us/products/12615/chromacore-laminate-lamitech/119110? ad_source=neufert&ad_medium=gallery&ad_name=next_image 5. https://www.accutecmfg.com/plastic-laminate-partitions.html 6. https://greenhomeguide.com/askapro/question/are-laminate-countertops-such-as-formica-wilsonart-etcmore-eco-friendly-since-they-don-t-have-to-be-mined-and-shipped-around-the-world 7. https://www.homequestionsanswered.com/what-is-plastic-laminate.htm 8. https://hawkenvironmental.com/flooring-air-quality/ 9. https://www.machinedesign.com/materials/article/21812671/laminated-plastics 10. https://homeguides.sfgate.com/paint-over-laminate-wood-walls-41467.html

VCT Photos:

1. https://www.armstrongflooring.com/commercial/en-us/products/vinyl-composition-tile/raffiastream/item/55929.html 2. https://www.wallpapermural.com/products/inglans-wall-mural?variant=33645452263512 3. https://www.wallanddeco.com/en-us/catalog/families/contemporary-wallpaper-collection-2021stencil/#lg=1&slide=0 4. https://www.decorsnob.com/can-you-use-vinyl-flooring-on-bathroom-walls/ 5. https://www.decorsnob.com/can-you-use-vinyl-flooring-on-bathroom-walls/ 6. https://www.spectracf.com/commercial-vinyl-flooring/ 7. https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/vct-tile-floor-patterns-that-look-great-anywhere-250060 Information: https://vantagevinyl.com/the-sustainability-of-vinyl-flooring/ https://hawkenvironmental.com/flooring-air-quality/ https://www.spectracf.com/incorporating-value-engineering-life-cycle-costing-commercial-flooring-projects/

Vinyl Wallcovering 1. https://knowledgebank.materialbank.com/articles/vinyl-wallcoverings-the-differences-between-type-i-type-iiand-type-iii/ 2. https://www.wallpapermural.com/products/inglans-wall-mural?variant=33645452263512 3. https://www.wallanddeco.com/en-us/catalog/families/contemporary-wallpaper-collection-2021stencil/#lg=1&slide=0 4. https://athomewithashley.com/chinoiserie-removable-wallpaper/ 5. https://www.dropitmodern.com/products/wallpaper-crosshatch-navy?variant=39283483312190 6. https://www.dropitmodern.com/products/wallpaper-terrain-nile?variant=39283464765502 7. https://gharpedia.com/blog/vinyl-wallpaper/ 8. https://www.lavmi.com/wallpapers-material 9. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=987 10. https://www.whatisvinyl.com/ 11. https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/80th/print/chlorine.html#:~:text=Elemental%20chlorine%20does%20not%20exist,p resent%2Dday%20Great%20Salt%20Lake.

12. https://newmor.com/what-is-vinyl-wallcovering/ 13. https://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/For-fresher-air-find-alternatives-to-vinyl-walls-2493828.php 14. https://www.wallcoveringinstallers.org/consumers/why-wallpaper/ 15. https://www.astm.org/catalogsearch/result/index/?p=3&q=vinyl+wall

DS 224

FALL 2021

Soft as a Feather

FIBERS & TEXTILES

HADLEY, JOSIE, KAYLIN, BROOKE

Silk

BROOKE

01

Characteristics Silk is a low denier fiber known for its soft and shiny texture.

It is a lightweight, breathable fabric that is often used for clothing, furniture, bedding, and curtains. Silk reflects light, has high tensile strength, is a good insulator, has antibacterial properties, and resists mildew.

Method of Production The production of traditional silk begins with raising silkworm caterpillars. Once the caterpillars have grown into cocoons, silk is produced by boiling the cocoons with live larvae inside. This is done in order to extract an intact fiber.

The silk is then dyed to its preferred color and spun and woven into the popular fabric used today.

02

03 Chair Tassels

Source Silk was first developed in ancient China. It comes from the cocoon of a silkworm that is raised from its early stages as a caterpillar. The true name of a silkworm is the bombyx mori.

Pillows

04

Sustainable Characteristics Although some issues arise with animal rights in the production of traditional silk, there are some newer vegan options, one including the company Bolt Threads. However, the production process is very similar, meaning that it uses the same amount of water, chemicals, energy, and labor as traditional silk. This means that vegan silk is equally as sustainable as traditional silk.

Maintenance Silk is best washed by hand with a mild detergent in lukewarm water. Silk should be rinsed well, and a surplus of moisture should be squeezed out by rolling in it a towel and hanging it to dry. Never soak, boil, bleach wring or leave silk crumpled in a towel to dry as it wrinkles easily.

Chair

Environmental Impact & Life Cycle Costs It is a natural fiber and will biodegrade.

Mulberry trees that sustain most silkworms require few pesticides or fertilizers, can be grown organically, and require less water than cotton. However, its production process requires a large amount of water, chemical use, energy, labor, and problems arise with animal rights.

06

Curtains

05 Bedding

FURNITURE - CHAIR

07

Finishes - Shiny Surface

ASTM Standards

Profile - Delicate

ASTM JTEVAB Characterization of Recycled Silk Fiber PP Composites with Optimal Performance of Silk Fibers by Response Surface Methodology

Texture - Smooth, silky Organizations Association for Contract Textiles International Silk Association International Silk Union

ASTM D629-99 Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel test

Cotton

JOSIE

01

02

Method of Production Cotton takes about six to eight weeks after it is planted in order for the bloom to appear. It is grown in warm climates across the globe. The plants are then fertilized and weeded allowing the cotton plant to further develop. Cotton fiber is grown in a boll which forms around the seeds of a cotton plant.

Cotton fibers are almost pure cellulose and contain waxes, fats, pectins, and water. Once cotton is ready to be harvested, it is then compressed and sent to the gins where the fibers are split from the seeds. The cotton is then transported to textile mills and ready for production.

Environmental Impact

Characteristics Cotton is soft and fluffy staple fiber. It is also durable and resistant and is known to be a good material used for those with sensitive skin. Cotton is also able to withstand temperature moderation making it a great fiber for any location. Cotton is also a very absorbent fabric because of the spaces between the cotton fibers and holds bye very well and can be produced in a wide variety of colors. Cotton is very breathable and does not conduct electricity. The four types of cotton include pima cotton, egyptian cotton, upland cotton, and organic cotton.It has high heat resistance, it is also washable, absorbent, and comfortable.

03

Life Cycle Costs Cotton in furniture, if 100% cotton, it can outlive any other material. If the cotton is not stained or damaged in any way, it can have a long lifespan which makes it more appealing. Cotton fabric is also cheaper than other fabrics and traditional cotton is also 30% cheaper than organic cotton.

Chair

Cotton

Drapes

Cotton has a very minimal impact on the environment. Cotton has a positive affect on the environment and does not produce any toxic gasses or bad qualities because it is an all natural fiber and starts in the ground. The transportation process of cotton is the only negative quality to this natural fiber. In addition, cotton stimulates business around the world making it helpful for the U.S. economy. It also relies on a large amount of water for its cultivation and production process.

01

Couch

04

05

Maintenance Requirements In order to clean cotton, it must be washed in cold water by a washing machine or can be washed by hand. The water can be 30°C or below in order for it to be cold enough. The item being washed must be air dried instead of putting them in the dryer.

It is important to not use bleach because that can weaken the cotton fibers. To clean grease or oil stains, white vinegar can be used before soaking in cold water. Must pass levels of testing for commercial settings in order to meet code.

Sustainable Characteristics Rug

Source Cotton is grown in 17 states around the world, mainly the southern part of the United States. This fiber can be dated back to the fifth millennium B.C. and starts from a single cotton plant seed. New technologies throughout the years have created this production to become easier for manufacturers and allow this process to become much quicker.

Cotton is sustainability farmed before it gets used for furniture pieces. It is an all natural fiber that has been in use for many years. It has many sustainable qualities, but it is partially unsustainable because the transportation process from the field to the textile mills and beyond requires a lot of energy and gasoline adding a lot of toxins in the world and taking up a large around of the world's energy.

06

Effects on Indoor Air Quality

Cotton has no harmful dyes and is very safe for people. It is known to be beneficial for those with sensitive skin and respiratory diseases meaning that it does not add any negative pollutants in the air. Cotton also does not use any pesticides while growing.

Hanging Wall Piece

FURNITURE - SOFA

07

Spot Resistant Coating - Repels Water, Acids, Bases, and Organic Solvents - "Layerby-Layer" Profile - Comfortable, Fluffy Texture - Soft Organizations The National Cotton Council U.S. Cotton

ASTM Standards ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers ASTM D1445/D1445M-12(2021) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers ASTM D2812-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton ASTM 2859 Methenamine Pill test ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel test

Nylon

KAYLIN

Method of Production Nylon is a kind of plastic that is usually derived from crude oil. In order to create nylon fibers, first this plastic is put through a chemical process called condensation polymerization. Nylons are a type of material called polyamides which are made from reacting carbon-based chemicals in a hot, high-pressure environment. This chemical reaction, condensation polymerization, forms a large polymer, also known as a sheet of nylon. In order to make nylon fabric, nylon sheets are broken into chips, melted, and then drawn through a mechanical spinneret to create individual fibers that can be woven into fabric.

Environmental Impact

Nylon Carpet Tile

Nylon is known to have negative environmental impacts.

One way that nylon affects the environment is through its production process. The production process of nylon uses vast amounts of energy, and in addition, petrochemicals are often used to create nylon which have been known to contribute to global warming. To add, at the end of nylon’s life, if it is not recycled and ends up in a landfill, it is not biodegradable and can also contribute to microplastic contamination.

Characteristics Nylon is a type of synthetic polymer that is most commonly used to make rugs and upholstery. Nylon is known for its strength, durability, and flexibility.

When used for carpeting and upholstery, nylon is not usually used on its own, but instead is blended with another fiber, such as cotton. Adding nylon to fibers to other fibers like cotton can be a cost effective choice because nylon can cover a large surface area due to its stretchiness. Although very durable, nylon has low sunlight resistance, so too much direct sunlight may damage nylon.

Life Cycle Costs Nylon is a very cost effective fiber because of how it can cover more surface area than other fibers can.

This means that less of it is required to cover more of an area. To add, nylon is very durable and can hold up for a long time, making it a cost efficient choice in interiors due to its low price tag and long lifespan.

Nylon Curta 0i1n s

Nylon Couch

Maintenance Requirements In order to maintain nylon carpets and upholstery, it is necessary to keep them clean and looking fresh. It is recommended that nylon fabrics and upholstery are hand washed, and only cool to luke-warm water temperatures are used when washing. To add, bleach should not be used for cleaning nylon. To maintain nylon carpeting, it should be vacuumed regularly. If nylon carpeting is in need of a deep clean, steam cleaners and detergents can be used.

Nylon Carpet Tile

Source Nylon is primarily made from crude oil that is fracked from the Earth. From there, nylon is created synthetically using a reaction called condensation polymerization.

Sustainable Characteristics Nylon is a somewhat sustainable material because of its ability to easily be recycled. Recycling nylon keeps it away from landfills where it cannot biodegrade. To add, recycling nylon uses less water, energy, and fossil fuels than creating new nylon. Commonly, old nylon carpet is recycled and turned into new nylon carpet. The most sustainable kind of nylon is Type 6 because it can be recycled infinitely.

Effects on Indoor Air Quality

The presence of nylon products used in interior settings are not known to impact indoor air quality. However, the production process of nylon does emit greenhouse gases.

Nylon Pillowcase

FURNITURE - SOFA

Profile - Shiny or matte

ASTM Standards

Texture - Rough or smooth

ASTM F1740-96 Standard Guide for Inspection of Nylon, Polyester, or Nylon/Polyester Blend, or Both Kernmantle Rope

Organizations Association for Contact Textiles

ASTM JFS12908J Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to Identify Cuts and Tears in a Nylon Fabric ASTM 2859 Methenamine Pill test ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel test

Rayon

HADLEY

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Production Although the production of rayon involves chemical processing, the components used are all natural. Wood is the primary source from which rayon is extracted. A solution of caustic soda is used for treating the wood and this transforms it into cellulose. The cellulose formed after the wood treatment is then converted into a unique viscose solution.

This solution is forced through a spinning machine and forms filaments that are treated with a sulphuric acid solution. The process leads to the solidification of the viscose and the filaments formed are called ‘regenerated cellulose’.

Rayon is a biodegradable fabric and hence more eco-friendly as compared to other textiles.

However, Rayon production is very toxic. The manufacturing process emits poisonous gas. The chemicals used during rayon fabrication also pollute drinking water, the air, and soil, damaging ecosystems, plants and animals' health. An enormous amount of water gets polluted during the production of viscose and rayon fibers Rug

Characteristics

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Rayon is a super soft fabric with a luscious fall and better absorbing qualities than cotton. One of the biggest advantages of rayon is that it is a very breathable fabric and can be easily dyed into different colours, and retains colour extremely well!

The discovery of this fabric dates back to 1924, when it was finally renamed ‘rayon’ from artificial silk. It is also the first semi-artificial fabric crafted by man.

Rayon is known for its unmatched absorbency, softness and strength. It is the perfect fabric to make active wear clothing and summer garments such as shirts, blouses, kurtas and flowing dresses.

Source Rayon is made from natural sources of regenerated cellulose, such as wood and related agricultural products Window Treatment

Vinyl Composition Tile

Environmental Impact

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Sofa

Maintenance Requirements Wash Rayon in cold water on the delicate cycle with a low spin cycle. It's best not to machine-dry a rayon item, as it can destroy the fabric. Rayon may lose up to 70 percent of its strength when wet, meaning it might rip during extraction cleaning. This damage may be avoided by using a tool with a perforated opening, such as a drapery tool or a tool with a glide attached. A non-metallic screen could also be used as a barrier between the fabric and the tool.

Sustainable Characteristics Drapes

Effects on Indoor Air Quality The finished material Rayon does not have much of an impact on indoor air quality, however as mentioned before, the production process emits gasses that could impact it.

To produce the fiber, the plant cellulose goes through a process involving a lot of chemicals, energy and water. Rayon can have significant negative impacts on people, the environment, and biodiversity along its lifecycle. The wood pulp used to make rayon can be sustainably harvested, but often it isn’t. According to Canopy Planet, roughly a third come from ancient and endangered forests.

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Life Cycle Costs The life cycle cost of rayon is fairly comproable to other textiles. Imported rayon is subject to large duties, so clothes and furniture made from it often cost more than linen or cotton. One study found that viscose rayon actually decomposes faster than cotton (6 weeks vs 11 weeks) making it more sustainable but not necessarily giving it a longer life cycle.

Pillows

FURNITURE - CHAIR

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Spot Resistant Coating - resistant to abrasion and static Profile - soft, breathable Texture - Woven Organizations: Association for Contact Textiles (ACT)

ASTM Standards ASTM D629-15 Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles ASTM D885/D885M-10A(2014)e1 Standard Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured Organic-Base Fibers ASTM 2859 Methenamine Pill test ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel test

Resources Silk Photos: 1. https://unsplash.com/s/photos/silk 2. https://www.makaan.com/iq/living/different-ways-drape-your-home-in-silk 3. https://www.1stdibs.com/furniture/seating/armchairs/wind-swivel-armchair-silk-fringes-21st-century-green/id-f_23474772/? utm_content=condensed&allowUniversalLink=no&gclid=CjwKCAiAhreNBhAYEiwAFGGKPKkWRmoqbhgYKZEoBFsRzfBQ7C3JeCZBBfSkMiPZhMa8ckGfwNefxoCPk4QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds 4. https://www.fabulousandbaroque.com/products/absolom-roche-chair-gold-cream-silk?variant=238440275 5. https://www.ubuy.co.id/en/product/6LRYY4OQ-thxsilk-19-momme-silk-duvet-cover-set-4-piece-silk-sheets-luxury-bedding-setsultra-soft-machine-was 6. https://www.homestratosphere.com/types-curtains/ 7. https://3dbaza.com/blue-silk-chair-147840 Information: https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100039254 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020418000068 https://cfda.com/resources/materials/detail/silk#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20silk%20is%20considered, energy%20input%2C%20and%20labor%20practices. https://www.aytengasson.com/blogs/news/11674289-is-vegan-silk-really-vegan-what-should-we-call-our-cruelty-free -silk http://www.silk.org.uk/caringforsilk.php#:~:text=Normally%20silk%20is%20best%20washed,it%20crumpled%20in%20a %20towel.

Cotton Photos & Information: 1. https://sixpenny.com/products/neva-sofa?variant=34455571169324 2. https://www.overstock.com/Home-Garden/nuLOOM-Handwoven-Natural-Fiber-Jute-Cotton-Rug-76-x-9676-x-96/18656567/product.html 3. https://www.article.com/pla/12860/gabriola-ivory-boucle-lounge-chair? artcl_campignID=901468458&artcl_network=g&artcl_adgroupid=43368917245&artcl_keyword&artcl_source= google&gclid=Cj0KCQiA-eeMBhCpARIsAAZfxZDXiKukMzGALGQUrdR0HJwxopxJY1BGJDEKnbXm9YT2Qyvd_kIy0gaAq_FEALw_wcB 4. https://farmflavor.com/lifestyle/field-fabric-cotton-grown/ 5. https://www.potterybarn.com/products/custom-emery-linen-cotton-rod-pocket-curtain-ivory/? catalogId=84&sku=6349975&cm_ven=PLA&cm_cat=Google&cm_pla=Windows%20%3E%20All%20Curtains&c m_ite=6349975&gclid=Cj0KCQiA-eeMBhCpARIsAAZfxZBVflfkQEXdqS8VNKIiQyqfgi4iPPQqXD447N7Gs4SpFtK3vu1xt4aAgSyEALw_wcB 6. https://www.wayfair.com/furniture/pdp/dwellstudio-126-wide-cotton-sofa-chaise-dwl12931.html 7. https://www.loveyourclothes.org.uk/guides/how-care-cotton 8. https://www.aestheticstories.com/cotton-vs-organic-cotton/ 9. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2011/acs-presspac-april-25-2011/beyond-stainresistant-new-fabric-coating-actively-shrugs-off-gunk.html 10. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-cotton#where-did-cotton-originate 11. https://www.astm.org/d2812-07r21.html

Rayon 1. http://www.glass-academy.com/temperedglass2 2. https://www.article.com/pla/1831/texa-fog-gray-rug-5-x-8? artcl_campignID=901471407&artcl_network=g&artcl_adgroupid=48665546041&artcl_keyword&artcl_source= google&gclid=CjwKCAiAhreNBhAYEiwAFGGKPIqrQpxQs4uM1JAUlg68o5qz5tTq-G9f2jbJ1curwXrpAuIVoYzcxoCQ5QQAvD_BwEhttps://www.homedepot.com/p/Elrene-White-Rod-Pocket-Room-DarkeningCurtain-30-in-W-x-36-in-L-Set-of-2-026865775129/302768633#product-overview 3. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/844847211327331533/ 4. https://bddw.com/furniture/fabric/fabric_62 https://cleanfax.com/upholsteryfurniture-cleaning/rayon-the-most-challenging-fiber/ http://www.silk.org.uk/caringforsilk.php#:~:text=Normally%20silk%20is%20best%20washed,it%20crumpled%20i n%20a %20towel. https://cfda.com/resources/materials/detail/rayon-viscose

Nylon https://www.treehugger.com/what-is-nylon-and-is-it-sustainable5086614#:~:text=Conventional%20nylon%20is%20not%20biodegradable,lead%20to%20further%20microplastic%20contamination.&text= As%20a%20result%2C%20nylon%20is,isn't%20a%20simple%20process. https://www.craftechind.com/uses-of-nylon/ https://goodonyou.eco/material-guide-nylon/ https://www.uniquecarpetsltd.com/nylon-maintenance https://homequicks.com/how-to-care-for-nylon-fabrics https://www.aboveleft.com.au/images/technical/maintenance/Maintenance_Guidelines_-_Royal_Thai.pdf https://pristinecarpetcleaning.net/top-4-tips-for-cleaning-nylon-carpet-anaheim/ https://www.ipaa.org/fracking/ https://www.astm.org/f1740-96r18.html https://coophomegoods.com/products/camping-pillowcase? gclid=Cj0KCQiAzMGNBhCyARIsANpUkzNoj1T8nK5VxHkEx6yhJBP5YEKBnT3T3TEebjTcWtClUMfyGKXexoaAjWdEALw_wcB&variant=31722826170421