Reclaiming Low-lying Landscapes

RECLAIMING LOW-LYING LANDSCAPES A strategic plan for Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø

RECLAIMING LOW-LYING LANDSCAPES A strategic plan for Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø Emmeline Viktoria Skovbjerg mwt730 Sofie Mandrup Holm vbg449 30 ECTS points Master thesis in Landscape Architecture May 31st 2022 Faculty of Science Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Supervisor: Rikke Munck Petersen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We wish to thank our supervisor Rikke Munck Petersen for the supervision and her guidance throughout the process as well as Jan Støvring and Lærke Sophie Keil for a rewarding midterm critique.

Thank you to Claus Lyngby Petersen and Claus Jørgensen from Lolland Municipality for giving an insight into the problems the municipality is facing regarding tourism.

Lastly, we want to thank Nur, Laust and William for their advice and support during our parallel process.

__________________________

__________________________

Emmeline Viktoria Skovbjerg May 31st 2022

Sofie Mandrup Holm May 31st 2022

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ABSTRACT This thesis looks into solutions to local landscape problems of rising sea-levels and the increasing annual precipitation that leads to the flooding risk in the coastal landscape of Lolland, Fejø and Femø. The comprehensive plan by Schønherr regarding Kragenæs, Birket and Ravnsby does not take rising sea-levels and annual precipitation into consideration, thus we are extending the focus since it points towards the need for a strategic plan for Halsted tunnel valley, Fejø and Femø.

We propose this strategic plan for the tunnel valley landscape between Nakskov and Kragenæs, Fejø and Femø that enhances the natural qualities, existing attractions and cultural heritage by supporting low-lying landscapes and their historical linkage to water. The strategic plan is a result of a series of analyses regarding sea level rise, rain events and low-lying landscapes.

The strategic plan creates a recreational route inside the tunnel valley and on the islands, and it proposes afforestation and meadows, with a focus to enrich the biodiversity and recreational experiences in the areas. Further, the master thesis looks into how a new green connection can enhance the natural qualities of the landscape and connect the villages.

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Ravnsborg Voldsted after a period of heavy rainfall in February, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENT 3 5

Acknowledgement Abstract

13 15 19 21

01 Introduction Motivation Problem Statement Research Questions Methods and Process

27 29 31 33 35

02 National Climate Adaptation Plans National Forest Program 2018 Denmark’s Vision for Transforming Low-lying Areas Lolland’s Climate and Energy Plan 2020-2050 0-iso Baseline & Sea-level rise Sum up

39 40 53 55 62 64 68 72 76 82 86 91 93

03 Analysis History of Lolland and the islands Analysis of the Landscape Geomorphology and Surfaces Landscape Attractions Overview Map Avnede Strand Halsted Vesterborg Ravnsby Bakker Fejø Femø Album Sum up

97 99 101

04 Vision & Proposal Vision Afforestation Wet- and dry Meadows

102 105 106 109 110 117 127 139 141

Landscape Strategies Access Spatial and Experiential Rhythms in the Landscape Facilities Strategic Plan: Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø Avnede Strand Birket & Ravnsby Steps of Implementation Sum up

145

05 Outro Discussion and Reflection

150

06 Bibliology Reference list

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INTRODUCTION In this introductory chapter motivation, problem statement, research questions and choice of methods are presented to form the framework of the thesis

MOTIVATION Throughout our studies in landscape architecture, we have worked with several smaller-scale projects often in an urban context. During the master’s course Transformation Studio, we worked on a large-scale project in Lejre Municipality with a focus on access to nature and forests. The project led us to also work on a larger project for our master thesis and to explore the qualities and challenges in the landscape of Denmark. By common agreement, one of the more pressing issues to landscapes is climate change, and the issue of rising sea levels, heavy rain events and storm surges are threatening the coastal areas of Denmark.

The consequences of climate change are usually treated in a manner of how to minimise impacts. However, this is not enough. Therefore, we explore the qualities of climate change and how these can create new landscapes. As a consequence of this perspective, we emphasise the challenges to work with changes instead of only against them. Furthermore, we want to explore how existing and future landscapes can be used in a context to preserve and protect cultural heritage and nature’s ever-changing qualities simultaneously as to support recreational experiences.

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LOLLAND

KRAGENÆS

Fig. 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT The island of Lolland is situated in the southern part of Denmark (fig.

1). The island has approximately 40,100 inhabitants and is known for its many agricultural fields as well as its beautiful flat landscape and sugar beets farmings (Danmarks Statistik, 2022).

Within the years of the covid-19 pandemic, the need for outdoor recreation has grown and forced people to use the local nature and attractions as well as spend their holidays within the borders of Denmark. South Zealand is the largest holiday destination in east Denmark besides the capital. With the forthcoming Fehmarnbelt connection between Rødbyhavn and Puttgarden, the number of tourists at Lolland is expected to increase with around 500,000 more tourists from Germany in 2030 (Femern Sund Bælt, n.d.) (Erhvervshus Sjælland, n.d.).

With the increasing amount of tourism on Lolland-Falster, the need for better connections and access to historical and cultural attractions are growing. Hence an analysis made by the consulting company Seismonaut researched the need for a visitor centre in Kragenæs (Seismonaut, 2020). Lolland Municipality has asked Schønherr to develop a plan for Kragenæs and Ravnsby Bakker, and the office has developed the comprehensive plan ‘Ravnsby Bakker: Et Samlet Landskab - Et Helt Liv’ (Schønherr, 2021).

The town of Kragenæs has approximately 100 inhabitants. The town has a visitor- and transit rate of 90,000 people per year due to the ferry connection to the islands Fejø and Femø as well as its main attraction Dodekalitten (Seismonaut, 2020). The artwork consists of 12 carved stone figures which are placed in a circle at a former agricultural field in De Lollandske Alper and is a free attraction to visit (Dodekalitten, n.d.).

The sculpture has a visiting rate of approximately 40,000 guests per year, although it is expected to increase to around 100,000 guests per year in a five-year period (Kjøller, n.d.).

The comprehensive plan focuses on a new visitor centre at Kragenæs harbour, with the focus on creating a meeting spot for the visitors of Dodekalitten and for the local sailing club. Additionally, the plan suggests new connections to the historical attractions in the area and on

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FEMØ FEJØ

HALSTED TUNNEL VALLEY

Fig. 2

the islands which can handle the increasing number of tourists. The overall proposal is an infrastructural strategy to establish new connections and create better access to the 7 main attractions: Kragenæs harbour, Torrig forest, Dodekalitten, Glentehøj, Birket church, Birket gravel pits, Møllelung and Ravnsborg Voldsted (Schønherr, 2021).

OUR VIEW ON THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN The municipality of Lolland has within the project mainly focused on the visitor centre, and it is clear there has been put a lot of thought into how to make it work in this setting as well as how Kragenæs will be able to handle the increasing number of visitors every year.

After reading the comprehensive plan, we were curious about how Kragenæs is connected to the rest of Lolland and the surrounding landscape. We tried zooming out of the case area and discovered that Kragenæs and the surrounding villages were placed inside a tunnel valley landscape stretching across Lolland towards Nakskov, the biggest city on the island with around 12,500 inhabitants (Danmarks Statistik, 2022). Further, we were considering how the municipality of Lolland deals with a use and protection balance in the area, which we wanted to explore in more depth.

Through field trips, we discovered the many landscape attractions in a wider context rather than the site- and function-specific attractions that the municipality has designated for the comprehensive plan. The comprehensive plan by Schønherr proposes great suggestions for new connections and interventions for Kragenæs and the surrounding areas. We took them into consideration and developed them further as part of the tunnel valley landscape and in relation to the islands Fejø and Femø (fig.

2). We had the landscape attractions in focus and have been working on how we highlight the landscape attractions for both tourists and the residents of Lolland. Furthermore, we have imagined which types of future landscapes could emerge if we work with climate adaptation as the driving force for change, in the recreational perspective.

Further, we have looked at the Climate and Energy Plan (Lolland Kommune, 2021) and their own goals toward becoming a CO2 neutral municipality in 2050, considering how the municipality can get closer to reaching its goal towards reducing CO2 emissions.

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RESEARCH QUESTIONS How can existing attractions, natural qualities and cultural heritage structures be enhanced by the reemergence of low-lying landscapes such as marsh, bogs, meadows etc. and support their historical linkage to the water by a local landscape strategy?

How can landscape changes as climate adaptation support the cultural landscape and new low-lying areas handle extended rain events and thus together with new recreational infrastructures emphasise the qualities of the tunnel landscape and wet zones connecting Nakskov to Ravnsby Bakker and the islands of Fejø and Femø?

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Mapping photos after site visits for analysis

Historical mapping

Sketching on design

METHODS AND PROCESS During our process, we have iteratively been working with different methods to get a more comprehensive understanding of our project area and its multiple layers.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Historical maps and literature have been used for acquiring knowledge about the current and former landscape of the project area.

MAPPING Mapping has been used to understand different layers, challenges and typologies of the landscape. We have worked with different types of maps to gain information on current- and future situations in the project area.

FIELD TRIPS: PHOTO REGISTRATIONS AND MATERIAL COLLECTIONS During our field trips, we used photo registrations as a tool to frame and highlight the important elements and places of the case area. The photo registration of the site mirrors our experiences of the places and the connections in the landscape.

In addition to photo registration, we collected materials and plants from each area to investigate what is special and distinctive for each site which can be seen in the Album.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL- AND AUTOETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH A phenomenological- and autoethnographic approach has been used during field trips while exploring and getting a sense of the landscapes.

The phenomenological approach is the study of what manifests itself to one’s consciousness and how we experience and sense that object through a bodily sensation (Jørgensen, 2022). Authethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe and analyse personal experiences in order to understand cultural experience (Pink, 2021). These methods have been used in combination with each other

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Moving around the layout of our project for a better story telling

Drawing session for the strategy

to explore- and convey our experiences and perceptions of the landscape.

PHOTOGRAPHIC MAPPING The selected photographs of our registration present our experiences of the most prominent characters. Through our photographs, we revisit our field trips and thus our experiences from the different locations. It is used as a narrative tool supporting our selection, and it informs our lenses from which the design sketching emerged.

SKETCHING WITH A VERTICAL PROJECTOR Parallel with the photograph mapping, we have sketched and used a vertical projector to get an understanding of our project site and the different layers of potentials, challenges and present emergencies it faces. With the vertical projector, we have been able to dive into the different layers of former, present and future situations of the case area.

By sketching with the vertical projector, our design process is pushed forward and founded in a spatial context. The method was used on and off during the whole process.

MEETING WITH MUNICIPALITY To gain a better understanding of the comprehensive plan ‘Ravnsby Bakker: Et Samlet Landskab - Et Helt Liv’, we met with two employees from Lolland Municipality; Claus Lyngby Petersen, Chief Consultant at Strategy and Politics in Maribo and Claus Jørgensen, Planner at Technology and Environmental Authority in Rødby.

CONVERSATIONS AND SKETCHING WITH SUPERVISOR Throughout our thesis, we have been supervised by Rikke Munck Petersen. Design conversations and sketching were a part of the approach for investigating our site material in supervisions, and therefore working iteratively with our photographs, sketches and design proposals.

ALBUM The Album was used as a tool to constantly sort, select and highlight key characteristics of the site, personal observations, feelings and experiences of the case area to inform and impact our imagination, narration and storytelling and to convey these experiences to the readers.

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02

NATIONAL CLIMATE ADAPTATION PLANS This chapter presents climate action plans for Denmark and Lolland setting the framework for further analysis, sketching and design

Lienlund forest by the pumpingstation in Nakskov, 2022

NATIONAL FOREST PROGRAM 2018 The program points out landmarks for the development of the Danish forests and pays particular attention to ensuring a good balance between use and protection.

The vision of the program is to have growing, healthy and robust forests with room for diversity, opportunities to produce sustainable wood and create jobs, care for biodiversity protection of what is considered natural pearls, counteracting climate change, protecting the groundwater and mostly offer good experiences for outdoor life.

The long-term goal is to have forest landscapes cover 20-25% of Denmark within the 21st century, as well as 10% of the overall forest area to have nature and biological diversity as a primary objective (Miljø- og Fødevareministeriet, 2018).

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A low-lying fold next to Ravnsborg Voldsted after a period of heavy rain in February, 2022

DENMARK’S VISION FOR TRANSFORMING LOW-LYING AREAS Carbon-rich low-lying areas are a huge political topic in Denmark as 30% of the Danish greenhouse gases comes from agriculture (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, 2021). Thus, since low-lying areas can store CO2, it is an important place to start reducing CO2 emissions since Denmark wants the emissions to be reduced by 70% before 2030 (Aarhus Universitet, 2021). The Danish Government aims to take 100,000 Ha of carbon-rich low-lying areas out of agriculture production (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, 2021).

Carbon-rich low-lying areas are naturally moist areas as they are either at, near, or below sea level (Collins Dictionary, n.d.). When these types of areas are flooded, they bind a lot of CO2 since plant residues accumulate and cannot be metabolised or decompiled when no oxygen is present in the soil. When these areas get drained of water for agricultural usage, oxygen will get to the soil as the water is not present. This leads to old plants decomposing and a large emission of CO2 (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, 2021).

Some of the advantages of having and re-introducing wetlands in carbon-rich low-lying areas are increased habitats for the animal- and plant life, as well as enlarged areas for retaining rainwater when heavy rain events or floods occur (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, 2021).

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Windmill on the edge of agricultural fields and wetland on Skalø, 2022

LOLLAND’S CLIMATE- & ENERGY PLAN 2020-2050 The Municipality of Lolland has put the green transition as one of its main focuses for many years. One of the main goals for Lolland is to become CO2 neutral and climate robust along with counteracting floodings. The Climate- and Energy plan accommodates all actors in the climate field. One noticeable collaborator is the agricultural industry which is the municipality’s largest area manager.

VISION AND GOALS One of the prioritised areas in the Climate- and Energy plan is to reduce CO2 emissions from the Energy-, Transportation- and Agriculture sectors given the fact that 95% of the CO2 emissions come from those three.

The main goal for Lolland Municipality is to become CO2 neutral in 2050 and as a sup-goal to reduce 70% of the CO2 emissions in 2030 compared to 1990.

In this thesis, we target the two areas of Agriculture and Land Use as well as Climate Adaptation. The main goal for the municipality with Agriculture and Land Use is to support local initiatives that can reduce CO2 emissions from agriculture. Agriculture is still an important profession in the municipality since the agricultural fields are some of the finest in Denmark. The municipality aims to establish smaller wetlands and wetlands on carbonaceous soils.

The goal in the Climate Adaptation area is to secure the municipality against storm surges, erosion and cloudbursts as Lolland Municipality is one of the most vulnerable municipalities in the country (Lolland Kommune, 2021).

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8 6

4

2

0

Kragenæs

The Baltic Sea North Sea

Fig. 3

0 ISO-BASELINE & SEA LEVEL RISE The 0-iso baseline is defined as the average level of the sea level which is below elevation 0 (Borre, 2016). The 0-iso baseline goes through areas where land uplift and subsidence have dominated alternately (Krüger, 2006-13). The 0-isobase line runs through the northern part of Falster, across Fyn towards the western part of Jylland (fig. 3). Lolland is located below the 0-isobase line which causes the island to sink over time. The municipality of Lolland has calculated the island to sink 0.2 mm - 0.8 mm pr. year (Lolland Kommune, 2016).

Since 1900, the average sea level rise around Denmark has been approximately 2 mm every year, and the global mean sea level continues to rise. With the rising sea levels, the coastal landscape of Denmark is at risk of flooding which endangers cities and landscapes in low-lying areas (Klimaatlas-Rapport, 2021).

With the island of Lolland sinking and the sea levels rising, larger parts of Lolland are at risk of being permanently flooded.

Furthermore, storm surges and extreme rain events can create temporary flooding of larger areas. Storm surge events appear more often, and a 20-year rain event might happen every or every second year (Klimaatlas-Rapport, 2021).

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SUM UP Denmark’s programs for afforestation and transforming carbon-rich low-lying areas, as well as Lolland Municipalities’ goal to reduce CO2 emissions, informs the thesis project‘s designation of qualified areas to transform to support nature and climate adaptation. The urgent issue of rising sea-levels, heavy rain events and storm surges which are threatening the low-lying- and coastal landscapes of Lolland can be utilised for selecting areas for transformation to reach the goals.

The following chapter studies the landscape potentials and challenges of Halsted tunnel valley, Fejø and Femø and how sea level rise, heavy rain events and storm surges are affecting the areas.

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03

ANALYSIS The following chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the historical heritage, natural qualities and local landscape attractions of Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø

Nakskov-Kragenæs (1914-1967) and Torrig-Maribo (1924-1941) were train connections across Lolland with the main node being Torrig Station where both trains were connected. Both train connections are no longer in use (Lollandbibliotekerne, n.d.)

The island Fejø is known for its apple- and pear orchards (Winther, 2017).

The pumping station between Halsted Å and Indrefjord was established after the storm surge in 1872 to pump out the water from Halsted Å and the drained fjord Avnede Strand (Stenak, 2005).

The former fjord Avnede Strand was drained in the 1900s and the canal Halsted Å was established. Later in the 1950s, the area was drained to be used for agricultural fields. Before the drainage it was possible to sail to Halsted (Naturlandet Lolland-Falster, n.d.) (Lolland Kommune, 2013)

Fig. 4

In 1872 a storm surge flooded a third of Lolland. In Nakskov the water flooded parts of the city and further into the landscape in the tunnel valley. By the southern coast, the water flooded Rødby Fjord. To protect the low-lying landscape along the coast of Lolland, a 63 km long dike was built from Nakskov to Keldskov (Visit Lolland-Falster, n.d.) (Munksgaard, 2022).

The boulder clay soil made Lolland suitable for intensive agriculture which mostly is dominated by the production of wheat and sugar beets (Winter & Lassen, 2017)

The dam between Skalø and Fejø.

Ravnsborg Castle mound is located on the coast of Lolland in Ravnsby. The castle is today a ruin with traces of the castle on a hill 18 metres high (Ravnsborg Voldsted, n.d.).

SECTIONS

Møllelung

De Lollandske Alper Section Aa, Ravnsby Bakker, 1:5000

Golf course

Dyrehave wetland

Halsted Å

Dyrehave forest

Agriculture Section Bb, Vesterborg, 1:5000

Agriculture

Kohave forest

Halsted Å

Kohave forest Section Cc, Halsted, 1:5000

Agriculture

Halsted Å

Agriculture

Torpe forest Section Dd, Avnede Strand, 1:5000

The sections stated above show how the terrain changes throughout the landscape of Halsted Tunnel Valley.

All sections have been exaggredeted with 2 to highlight the terrain

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0.5 CONTOUR MAP

A a

B b

C c

D d

Fig 5 The diagram shows the tunnel valley landscape which is located in the northwestern part of Lolland between Nakskov and Smålandsfarvandet. The tunnel valley is more defined in Ravnsby (section Aa) and becomes less visible in the landscape around Avnede town near Nakskov Indrefjord (section Dd). Fejø and Femø have lower terrain in the middle of both islands.

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1m

2m

3m

4m

Fig. 6, 1:400,000 In Smålandsfarvandet, a 20-year event corresponds to a 1.96 m sea level rise, a 50-years event a 2.06 m and a 100-year event a 2.13 m rise.

The predictions of how much the sea level will rise over time are uncertain since the prognoses change with new constant knowledge and ever-changing climate and CO2 emissions. Since 1880, the mean sea level has risen 21-24 centimetres. However, between 2006 and 2015 the mean rise per year was 3.6 millimetres, which is 2.5 times more than the average rate of 1.4 millimetres per year. By the end of the 21st century, the mean sea level is assumed to have risen 0.3 metres above the levels from 2000. Depending on the rates of CO2 emissions and with even higher rates, the sea level could rise up to 2 metres by 2100 (Lindsey, 2020).

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2M SEA LEVEL RISE

Bridge with a lock gate Pumping station

Fig. 7 The diagram displays a 2m sea level rise scenario and how it will affect Lolland and the islands of Smålandsfarvandet. The scenario highlights the landscape and the tunnel valley of Lolland and where the sea will flood into the low-lying areas of the landscape.

Several coastal protections have been built in and around Nakskov: by Nakskov Indrefjord two pumping stations, by Nakskov harbour a bridge with a lock gate and along the southwestern coast of Lolland a 4 metre tall dike was built after the storm surge in 1872 (Stenak, 2005).

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LAND BELOW SEA LEVEL

Fig. 8 The diagram shows which parts of Lolland are below sea level. This includes parts of Nakskov and further up to Vesterborg, the southern part of Fejø and the middle of Femø.

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43MM RAIN EVENT

Lakes

Fig. 9 The diagram displays a 50-year rain event which corresponds to 43mm per hour in Lolland Municipality from 2011 to 2040. Larger parts around Nakskov will be flooded as well as smaller parts inside the tunnel valley when a rain event of 43mm happens.

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LOW-LYING AREAS WITH POTENTIAL TO BE RESTORED AS WETLANDS

Low-lying areas Low-lying areas for wetland restoration - Affirmed

Fig. 10 The diagram displays low-lying areas with the potential of being restored as wetlands. The low-lying areas with most potential for wetland restoration are located from Nakskov to Vesterborg. On Fejø, the low-lying areas are located south of Vesterby whereas on Femø the low-lying areas go from the western part of the island towards the centre.

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POTENTIAL CARBON-RICH LOW-LYING AREAS

Fig. 11 The diagram displays the potential for transforming carbon-rich low-lying soils in order to reduce agricultural CO2 emissions.

The carbon-rich low-lying areas with the most potential for transformation are located in Ravnsby Bakker on Lolland and on the islands Fejø and Femø.

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OTHER NATURE: Streams, lakes, bogs, meadows, moors, pastures, inland freshwater marshes and beach swamps

Green structures Blue structures

Fig. 12 The other nature elements are located inside the tunnel valley as well as on the edges of Fejø and Femø. The other nature elements are mostly focused in the Ravnsby area due to the many kettle holes and hilly terrain. Halsted Å is the main stream running from Vesterborg lake towards Indrefjord by Nakskov

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FOREST

Fig. 13 The tunnel valley landscape is surrounded by larger- as well as smaller forests inside the tunnel valley. Fejø has smaller areas with forests on the whole island whereas the forests at Femø are situated in the southern- and centre part of the island.

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PROTECTED NATURE

Fig. 14 Larger parts around Ravnsby are protected due to threats of gravel excavation in the central part of the landscape. Further, it is protected against raw material excavation, to ensure the landscape values of the hilly terrain. The churches in Vesterborg, Halsted and Avnede are protected through the Provost Exner protections and the Nature Conservation Act’s church building line (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, n.d.).

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AGRICULTURAL FIELDS

Fig. 15 With a general high amount of land being cultivated, only smaller parts of Lolland are remaining uncultivated. In the tunnel valley and the area of Ravnsby the low-lying or steep terrain is less cultivated (Høgedal, 2016).

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Fig. 16

Valley system

Tunnel valley

Mega-scale glacial lineation

Transgressed marginal moraine

Marine plain

Rogen moraine

Till plain

Beach ridge

Hummocky topography

Kettle holes

Glaciolacustrine laminated clay, silt and finesand

Freshwater deposits: peat, gyttja, clay silt and sand

Fig. 17

Beach ridges consisting of gravel and coarse sand on marine foreland

Glaciofluvial sand and gravel

Marine sand and clay

Till, clayey and fine-sandy

GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SURFACES The tunnel valley landscape Ravnsby Bakker and Halsted river valley is located in the northwestern part of Lolland between Nakskov and Smålandsfarvandet and stretches over 10 kilometres with a width of up to 500 metres. The tunnel valley existed before the ice ages approximately 1.3 million years ago (Lolland Kommune, 2013). The tunnel valley is defined as a hummocky topography in the northern part around Kragenæs, Ravnsby and towards Vesterborg. Smaller parts in the hummocky topography are kettle holes as well as reclaimed marine plains (fig. 16).

The hummocky topography arises when the glacier retreats, leaving behind larger lumps of ice which are buried in clay, gravel, stones and sand which the meltwater carries out in front of the glacier. The lumps of ice could be buried for hundreds of years without melting, although over time the lumps of ice would melt and cause deep depressions in the landscape and start to fill up with groundwater, forming lakes and bogs (Krüger, 2016). During the latest ice age, Ravnsby Bakker became wider and deeper since the melting ice brought soil- and lime flakes causing deep depressions in the landscape to fill up with groundwater.

One of these kettle holes in the area is Møllelung. These kettle holes are drained by runoffs to the groundwater and do not have in- or outflows (Lolland Kommune, 2013).

The landscape changes to a reclaimed marine plain landscape in Halsted and ends in a till plain landscape. The islands Fejø and Femø are characterised by a till plain topography and beach ridges (fig. 16).

The tunnel valley area consists mostly of boulder clay which contains till, clayey and fine-sandy clay along with smaller areas consisting of glaciofluvial sand and gravel. Lastly, the tunnel valley has smaller parts consisting of freshwater deposits. The islands Fejø and Femø consist mostly of boulder clays as well as smaller parts of beach ridges, marine sand and freshwater deposits (fig. 17).

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LANDSCAPE ATTRACTIONS HALSTED TUNNEL VALLEY After field trips, we have observed a handful of landscape elements that we associate with landscape attractions as a result of observing the landscape and its qualities. First, the landscape attractions we found in Halsted Tunnel Valley are presented.

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BAVNEHØJ

The burial mound Bavnehøj is the largest one at Lolland with a height of 7 metres and a diameter of 37 metres. When standing on top of Bavnehøj, it is possible to look at the landscape and spot further burial mounds within the landscape. No one knows what Bavnehøj hides since it has not been excavated (Kaul, n.d.).

THEOPHILI FOREST

Theophili Forest is adjacent to Vesterborg lake.

Inside the forest, a small cemetery for the Reventlow family is located where members of the family have been buried since the 1800s. Near the cemetery is a small half-timbered house and a jetty out into the water, which was used for excursions and bathing by the lordship of the area (Lythgoe, 2001-2022).

HALSTED KLOSTER DYREHAVE

Halsted Kloster Dyrehave is a forest owned by Halsted’s monastery, located in the river valley of Halsted. Along the forest is a low-lying meadow surrounding Halsted Å which is almost connected to Vesterborg Lake where Halsted Å runs from (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, n.d.).

Halsted Church

AVNEDE STRAND

Avnede Strand is also known as The Dry Fjord as there is no water left from the former beach. The area is part of the Naturrpark Nakskov Fjord and still has traces of the former beach’s distribution in the landscape. Avnede Strand used to go all the way up to the boulder dike at Avnede church (Naturlandet Lolland-Falster, n.d.).

Nakskov harbour Avnede Strand

Fig. 18, 1:50,000

Avnede Church

Torrig forest Kragenæs Harbour

GLENTEHØJ

Glentehøj Dodekalitten

Glentehøj is a preserved passage grave built around 3200 BC. The grave is round with a width of 3 metres and is approximately 5 metres tall.

In ancient times, it was possible to walk from Kragenæs to Glentehøj through a firm path. This was initially ploughed away and then reestablished in recent times (Lollandbibliotekerne et al, n.d.).

Birket gravel pits Møllelung Ravnsborg Voldsted Bavnehøj Birket Church

RAVNSBORG VOLDSTED

Ravnsborg Voldsted, translated to Ravnsborg Castle mounds, is located along the coast of Smålandsfarvandet. The location was central for shipping during the Mediaeval times. The castle was torn down at the beginning of the 1500s but the 18-metre tall mound is still present today (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, n.d.).

Theophili Forest and Vesterborg Lake

MØLLELUNG

Ravnsby Møllelung is one of the many excavated peat bogs and is one of the most valuable locations in the Municipality of Lolland regarding its natural values. In the northern part, the old peat pits have developed quaking bog which is a rare habitat type. Lolland Municipality has an ongoing nature conservation project with the purpose of ensuring that the quaking bog will not be overgrown by woody plants, birch trees in particular (Lolland Kommune, 2014).

Vesterborg Church

Dyrehave wetland

Build structure Lake Forest Connections Hiking connections Ferry connections Current landscape attractions Potential landscape attractions Current and potential landscape attractions Harbour Church Burial mound

LANDSCAPE ATTRACTIONS FEJØ AND FEMØ Landscape elements we observed during a field trip to Fejø and by studying maps of Femø which we associate as landscape attractions.

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AVERNAKKE HAGE

Avernakke Hage is the southernmost part of Fejø.

The area consists of wetlands and meadows with grazing animals out to the coast. The area used to be a smaller isthmus before it was transformed into agricultural fields and meadows.

RÅGØ SKALØ Skalø wetland Skalø dam

SKALØ DAM

The island Skalø is connected to the bigger island Fejø by a road dam across the isthmus. The asphalt road is close to the sea level and is easily flooded during high tides and storms.

Kagevig Fjord, wetland

FEJØ

Fejø Harbour

SKALØ WETLAND

East of the Skalø dam, a large wetland is located where a WW2 allied bomber lightened its load and threw three bombs in 1941, for which the reason is unclear. The bomb holes were visible for many years until around 2000 from the east side of the dam to Skalø (Hansen, n.d.).

Dybvig Harbour

Fejø Church

Avernakke Hage, wetland

Torrig forest Kragenæs Harbour

Glentehøj Dodekalitten Build structure Birket gravel pits Møllelung

Lake Ravnsborg Voldsted

Forest Connections

Bavnehøj

Birket Church

Hiking connections Ferry connections Current landscape attractions Potential landscape attractions Current and potential landscape attractions Harbour Church

Fig. 19 1:50,000

Burial mound

FEMØ

KAGEVIG FJORD

Femø church Femø harbour Bækkene (former wetland)

Between Vesterby and Østerby, Kagevig fjord grabs into the landscape with a wetland along the coast. At the eastern part of the fjord, a more extensive wetland with lakes and bogs moves into the low-lying landscape towards the other side of the island (fig. 29).

BÆKKENE

Sletteren (former wetland)

Through the island of Femø, a large low-lying dammed area is dividing the island in two from the west by Femø harbour through Nørreby and east to the other side of the island. Most of Bækkene is below sea level and was a wetland before it was dammed. Today, larger parts of the area are used for agriculture (Femø Beboerforening, 2022).

SLETTEREN BEACH

The beach is located towards Femø Sund in the southern part of Femø. The beach is surrounded by agricultural fields. The quality of the water is categorised as excellent (Lolland Kommune, 2012).

LILLEØ

ASKØ

AREAS OF STUDY

RAVNSBY

VESTERBORG

HALSTED

AVNEDE STRAND

1:80,000

FEMØ

FEJØ

BAKKER

AVNEDE STRAND

1

2

4 3

Fig. 20, 1:25,000, Orthophoto 2008

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Fig. 21, 1842-1899

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1 Halsted Å running through where Avnede Strand used to be. Avnede church is visible on the horizon behind hedgerows and stagnant water on the agricultural fields.

2 Avnede forests forest floor is covered with wood anemones. The forest is part of Naturpark Nakskov Fjord.

3 The pumping station connecting Halsted Å with Nakskov Indrefjord.

4 Lienlund forest is a smaller forest area behind the pumping station. The forest is connected by a path running towards Krukholm forest, a newly planted forest (Nakskov Lokalhistoriske Arkiv, n.d.).

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Halsted Å runs from Vesterborg lake, a partly artificial stream, whose lower part was a shallow arm of Nakskov Indrefjord until the storm flood in 1872. The stream ran almost to Halsted Kloster, a monastery located in Halsted town. The width of the stream varies from around 7-12 metres and has a depth of around 4-5 metres. Halsted Å is widest near the pumping station by Nakskov Indrefjord. After the storm flood in 1872, dikes were established near the outlet of the stream. Around the 1900s the last fjord, Avnede Strand, was dewatered and the channel was established (Kuhlman, 2014).

The former fjord Avnede Strand used to run up to Avnede church and is located on a promontory today facing agricultural fields (Kuhlman, 2014). The former fjord and meadows south of Nakskov have been transformed into agricultural fields. The drained fjord is distinctive by the low-lying flat landscape with open fields and the large canal cutting straight through the landscape towards the pumping station. The former fjord is currently part of Naturpark Nakskov Fjord as well as two larger forests situated parallel to Avnede Strand.

The terrain on both sides of the tunnel valley landscape is slightly rising towards Nakskov. A railway between Nakskov and Nykøbing is running across the tunnel valley by Lille Avnede on a low dam and is visible in the landscape when walking along Halsted Å.

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HALSTED

5 6

7 8

Fig. 22, 1:25,000, Orthophoto 2008

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Fig. 23, 1842-1899

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5 Halsted Å is running through the area next to Dyrehave. It tends to overflow when heavy rain events occur.

6 The forest Dyrehave has good accessibility in terms of a steady road. The road is accessible for everyone, including people with walking difficulties.

7 The forest Kohave is located southwest of Halsted with surrounding agricultural fields and is located in the low-lying tunnel valley. The agricultural fields are drained and will in periods of heavy rain be more saturated.

8 Halsted Å runs through Kohave forest where it divides the forest into two. The stream has no natural curves in this part.

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The town of Halsted is surrounded by agricultural fields as well as larger forests and a golf course stretching from the northeast of Halsted towards the south of the village. Halsted monastery is located in the western part of the town and owns large portions of the agricultural fields as well as forests surrounding Halsted. The wide meadows going from Halsted towards Vesterborg have been cultivated and drained after a streamlining of the drainage by pumping around the 1950s (Lolland Kommune, 2013).

North of Halsted, the tunnel valley landscape becomes more curved and its distinctions as a particular landscape become more visible. The golf course and Dyrehave forest frame the landscape. The area consists mostly of agricultural fields and a small portion of larger forest areas.

The fields inside the tunnel valley landscape are low-lying areas which are visible since rainwater has a hard time draining into the soil shown by darker areas on the fields. The tunnel valley is emphasised by the distinctive vegetation in terms of forest, forest islands and rows of trees near the golfing area. Many solitary trees and rows of trees are visible at the golf course around Halsted monastery. Compared to the outlet of Halsted Å around Nakskov Fjord, the stream has a more natural flow in this area.

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VESTERBORG

9

11 10 12

Fig. 24, 1:25,000, Orthophoto 2008

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Fig. 25, 1842-1899

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9 The landscape is flatter in this part of the tunnel valley along the golf courses in Vesterborg.

10 Vesterborg church on top of a hill seen from Vesterborg lake.

11 Theophili forest is located on the western side of Vesterborg lake with a view of the lake.

12 From the forest, a small jetty goes out into the lake with a view across the lake.

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The tunnel valley landscape swells and the terrain is more curved. The terrain shifts from northeast of Vesterborg lake. The hills and valleys with kettle holes become easier to identify and form alternately open and closed spaces on a medium to small scale. Halsted Å is running from Vesterborg lake towards Nakskov Indrefjord and has a more natural form to it in this area. Vesterborg lake is a dominant element in the landscape and a smaller wetland area is surrounding the lake with tall vegetation creating a good habitat for birds.

West of Vesterborg lake is Theophili forest which is the gateway towards the lake for pedestrians. When walking through the forest one gets to a clearing where Theophili cemetery is located. The cemetery is placed on a high point inside the forest with a view out to the lake.

The area around the village Vesterborg is characterised by agricultural fields as well as larger forests containing various ancient monuments in terms of burial mounds. Vesterborg church is located on the top of a hill along the tunnel valley and is also visible from Vesterborg lake.

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RAVNSBY BAKKER

13 19 14

18

20

16 15 17

Fig. 26, 1:25,000, Orthophoto 2008

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Fig. 27, 1842-1899

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13 In Ravnsby, the ice age landscape is special for its steep terrain and kettle holes which creates a changing landscape.

14 A part of Møllelung is more open and is defined by a clear water mirror.

15 The road towards Hestehaver forest is surrounded by hilly agricultural fields.

The road makes the forest accessible for trucks and pedestrians.

16 The field upfront to Hestehaver forest is located in a low-lying area causing water to build up.

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The terrain around Birket and Ravnsby is special compared to the rest of Lolland and even Denmark. The hilly ice age landscape goes from a hilly terrain to calm curve shapes and stretches over a larger area. The form of the landscape is derived from kettle holes which have melted and created the deep curves in the landscape. The largest kettle hole is the bog Møllelung. Møllelung contains rare plant species and is privately owned. Currently, Møllelung is mostly used for hunting, although Lolland Municipality have started a restoration project to preserve the peat bog (Lolland Kommune, 2014).

Opposite Møllelung, two gravel pits create larger artificial lakes in the landscape near Birket. The northern gravel pit is still in use whereas the one closest to Møllelung is a larger lake surrounded by green lawns and vegetation. The landscape shows two different landscapes - a natural bog and a man-made lake.

Another element which is located on a natural bank and appears naturally marked in the landscape towards Smålandsfarvandet is Ravnsborg Voldsted. It is situated 18 metres above sea level which gives a view of Fejø when standing on top of the hill and is one of the best-preserved ramparts from the 1330s.

The coastline along Ravnsby towards Kragenæs is varying and has a narrow shore that is overgrown. The coastline is more accessible when the water is shallow since folds are located close to the shore.

Comparing the map from 1842-1899 to the orthophoto from 2008 (fig.

27), the large wetland areas have been transformed into folds for cattle and agricultural fields.

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17 A low-lying area outside of the southern part of Hestehaver forest. This area tends to get flooded when heavy rain events occur.

18 View from the beach along the coast

by Ravnsborg Voldsted. The folds are adjacent to the beach which therefore only makes it possible to walk along the beach when the ocean is shallow.

19Slopes of Ravnsby Bakker with a view out to the Smålandsfarvandet.

20 Close to the sea, the low-lying area is occasionally flooded.

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FEJØ

24

23 21

Fig. 28, 1:25,000, Orthophoto 2008

82

22

Fig. 29, 1842-1899

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21 A low-lying area by Kagevig fjord with wetland vegetation and a small path suitable for pedestrians and horseback riding.

22 A low-lying area with swamps and lakes in between agricultural fields and green edges.

23 The coastline going towards Skalø is filled with reeds and vegetation.

24 An agricultural field edge on Skalø creating a boundary toward a wetland.

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The terrain of Fejø is varied and starts low when entering from the harbour in the western part of Fejø. The two main towns are located on hilly terrain which also shows when arriving on the island. When driving from the harbour towards Vesterby, the terrain is steeper and shifts again in between Vesterby and Østerby where the area is low-lying.

Fejø is full of apple orchards, which define the typography of the landscape along with the amount of agricultural fields. The island is suitable for fruit farming given the fact that the island has a southern placement, the temperature of the water preventing night frost during the flowering season and last, the impact of water reflecting sunrays (Hansen, n.d.).

The coastlines have changed both in the northern part where the shape of the bay is more enclosed than earlier in time. The changing coastlines which create smaller fjords in the landscape make a good habitat for birds and other animals to live and breed in. The low-lying meadow across the middle part of Fejø has been transformed into agricultural fields and apple orchards. Fejø church has a special placement on the island as it is placed near the coastline facing Smålandsfarvandet.

Skalø is a small island connected to Fejø by a narrow dam. The dam is only accessible at low tide as the dam is close to sea level. The coastline around the dam has changed over time as well as a wetland in the southern part of Skalø has gotten larger. The bay east of Skalø, Skalølille, has been expanded with further agricultural fields and the size of the bay has increased over time.

Skalø has larger areas with wetlands close to the coastline which is a habitat enjoyed by many birds. The terrain at Skalø is low when arriving by the dam, however, the terrain becomes hillier in the middle of the island. The island feels quite private as there are only few inhabitants and most of the island is used for agriculture.

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FEMØ

Fig. 30, 1:25,000, Orthophoto 2008

86

Fig. 31, 1842-1899

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Femø is the hilliest island of all the islands in Smålandsfarvandet. The island is divided into two parts by the low-lying dammed area, Bækkenet, which lies partly below sea level. Femø contains many nature experiences in terms of the hilly terrain, bogs and curved roads. Additionally, it is possible to walk around the island along the beaches (Femø Beboerforening, 2022).

The former meadow across Femø still has some traces in the current landscape in terms of the shape of the agricultural fields. Agriculture is one of the main professions on the island and most of the island is cultivated.

Femø has not been visited during our field trips due to limited time to explore the wealth of these areas.

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ALBUM The Album is a product of three site visits from February to April that displays our experiences, registrations, observations and materials of the landscape. The album gives an understanding of and glimpse into the atmosphere and nature present in the tunnel valley landscape and the island of Fejø which has been visited during field trips.

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SUM UP Water plays a huge role in the landscape all from changing coastlines, wetlands, lakes and bogs to streams. The landscape is being drained for agricultural reasons. However, the low-lying agricultural fields are challenged by rainwater since it infiltrates slowly into the ground and accumulates in the fields.

The landscape holds interesting elements of cultural heritage but also landscape attractions both on Lolland, Fejø and Femø, granted that information and accessibility vary from place to place.

Water, accessibility, cultural heritage and highlighting the existing landscape attractions will be in focus for developing a strategic plan for Lolland, Fejø and Femø.

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04

VISION & PROPOSAL The following chapter presents the vision and a strategic proposal for Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø. Avnede Strand and Birket & Ravnsby are zoom-in areas and are presented in plans, sections and visualisations

Afforestation New wet- and dry meadow Exisiting forest Exisiting meadow 1:80,000

VISION The vision for the tunnel valley and the islands of Femø and Fejø is to enhance the existing landscape attractions and put focus on the natural qualities that the landscape already holds. The landscape qualities will be enhanced by afforestation, wet- and dry meadows and by a re-introduction of Avnede Strand which will benefit the environment and increase the biodiversity in the areas. The strategy works with future sea level rise and heavy rain events by inviting the water into the landscape instead of working against it. These qualities will be a part of a new green connection going across Lolland between Nakskov and Kragenæs, as well as across the islands Fejø and Femø.

The strategy will create a new recreational environment where locals and tourists will be able to explore the many landscape attractions that the landscape holds. Further, the visitors will be able to explore new pathways that give more accessibility to the existing landscape attractions as well as to new facilities through the route. The pathway is located according to landscape edges in the form of walking next to more than one landscape typology at the same time including field edges, forest edges, meadow edges etc.

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Afforestation Existing forest 1:80,000

AFFORESTATION The new clusters of forest are introduced in relation to existing forests on Lolland: Torpe-, Avnede, Lienlund- and Krukholm forest in Avnede, Kohave forest around Halsted, Birket forest close to Lindet and Hestehaver forest in Ravnsby. On the islands Femø and Fejø, new forests are introduced in low-lying areas where agricultural fields are present. The afforestation connects to different landscape types in terms of existing forests as well as both new and existing dry- and wet meadows.

The afforestation holds a variety of different native species in terms of coniferous and deciduous trees. In low-lying areas the forests will consist of species thriving in moist soil that can resist temporary flooding such as Populus, Alnus and Betula. The forests in high terrain will consist of species such as Quercus, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia cordata, Picea abies, Abies nordmanniana and Abies alba.

These species are found in existing nearby forests and have been registered during field trips. By introducing a variety of different tree species, it is possible to experience different atmospheres in the forests as well as experience the different rhythms that the forests offer inside and along with the forests.

The new forest areas correspond to 72.5 hectares and the afforestation will be able to extract almost 800 tons of CO2 per year (Dansk Skovforening, 2021).

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Fjord New wet- and dry meadow Existing meadow 1:80,000

MEADOW AND WET MEADOW The meadows are present in the landscape where past waters used to be as identified in the already mentioned historical maps from 1842– 1899. Meadows will be present in low-lying areas where the landscape will be flooded over time or when heavy rain events occur.

The meadows in Avnede and near Halsted will work as a buffer zone when heavy rain events happen or the re-established Avnede Strand will overflow.

The new meadows will offer increased biodiversity to the new areas as well as a recreational value for locals. The areas will be managed and maintained by grazing animals and occasional scything.

The new meadows correspond to 172 Ha. Most of the meadows are located in low-lying landscapes whereas the low-lying landscapes in Ravnsby Bakker, on Fejø and Femø have the most potential of reducing CO2 emissions, due to the amount of carbon-rich soils.

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LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES

Afforestation The newly planted forests will consist of a mix of deciduous- and coniferous forests with a dominance of deciduous trees depending on whether the terrain is low-lying or high. The variation of trees is intended to give the visitors mixed recreational experiences and support biodiversity. The management of the forests will focus on biodiversity by, for example, leaving decaying deadwood in the forest.

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Wet meadow Parts of the selected areas within the tunnel valley landscape will be defined as wet meadows, a type of inland freshwater marsh. The wet meadows will be located in poorly drained depressions in low-lying areas along Halsted Å and other smaller streams. The wet meadows are light open and hold a species-rich nature (Miljøstyrelsen, 2022). Further, the wet meadows by Avnede Strand fjord will work as a buffer zone where water will be able to flood the areas when a rain event occurs. On Fejø and Femø it will be defined as an inland salt marsh which is located near the coasts.

Meadow Meadows located on higher terrain on dryer soils are defined as meadows with low dense light open vegetation. To secure low vegetation, other vegetation such as trees and shrubs will be removed. Further, either cattle grazing or hay harvesting is necessary for the management of the meadows (Miljøstyrelsen, 2022). The meadows will be part of a buffer zone that collects rainwater when rain events occur.

Avnede Strand By reintroducing water in Avnede Strand, a large wet meadow is created in the low-lying landscape around Halsted Å. Avnede Strand will increase habitats suitable for plants and animals to flourish.

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Exisiting paths New pathway 1:80,000

ACCESS The new pathway gives access and links existing physical attractions and the pinpointed landscape attractions together creating a coherent recreational route across Lolland and on the islands Fejø and Femø. The new pathway is connected to existing pathways and roads which provides an attachment for locals. The new pathway on Lolland stretches more than 35 km where the newly added path is 2 metres wide. On Fejø the new path system stretches over 3.7 km and 6.3 km on Femø.

The pathway is located according to 8 different landscape principles that the landscapes offer along the route which takes into consideration how the rhythm of the landscape changes in the different settings (see following page). These principles helps the users to discover the landscape when walking in and out of different spatial settings as well as along different landscape edges. The principles apply to the whole pathway on Lolland as well as on the islands. The material of the pathway changes due to the principles and shifts from walking on gravel, and boardwalks to walking along field edges and on forest floors.

Information boards are located along the pathway giving the visitor an insight into the historical traces that the different locations offer, information about the tunnel valley and its importance for the landscape as well as information about plant and animal species which are special to the areas.

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SPATIAL AND EXPERIENTIAL RYTHMS IN THE LANDSCAPE

A: Agriculture - Agriculture The landscape is open on both sides of the path. The pathway is located in between edges of agricultural fields giving the visitors an experience of taking part in the local landscape.

B: Meadow - Stream The landscape appears open on both sides. Grazing animals may occur on the meadow. The pathway is located along an edge of a meadow and a stream.

C: Boardwalk The landscape appears open on both sides, although there might be vegetation surrounding the wet meadow or peat bog. The pathway is located on a boardwalk crossing a wet meadow or a peat bog.

D: Meadow - Forest The landscape can be experienced as open on one side and closed on the other. Grazing animals may occur on some of the meadows. The pathway is located in between a meadow and a forest edge.

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E: Meadow - Agriculture The landscape is open on both sides of the path and varies in terms of grazing animals in the meadow. The pathway is located in between a meadow and an edge of an agricultural field.

F: Meadow - Meadow The meadows can vary from dry- to wet meadows depending on where it is located in the landscape as well as it can vary whether there are grazing animals. The vegetation is low which makes it easier to get a broader view of the landscape. The pathway is located in between an edge of two meadows.

G: Forest - Agriculture The landscape will be experienced as a dense and open landscape at the same time. The forest marks an edge between the pathway and an agricultural field.

H: Forest The rhythm- and density of the landscape can vary from forest to forest whether it is a dense or close forest.

The pathway is located inside a forest with tall vegetation on both sides of the path.

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1. Avnede Strand Boardwalk 2. Avnede Church Lookout Point 3. Avnede Boardwalk 4. Kohave Forest Shelter 5. Dyrehave Wetland Lookout Point 6. Birket Shelter 7. Birket Forest Lookout Point 8. Birket Church Lookout Point 9. Birket Meadow Lookout Point 10. Hestehaver Forest Shelter 11. Hestehaver Lookout Point 12. Ravnsby Forest Shelter 13. Møllelung Boardwalk 14. Former Birket Grusgrav Lookout Point 15. Birket Visitor Centre 16. Current Birket Grusgrav Lookout Point 17. Fejø Lookout Point 18. Fejø Shelter 19. Fejø Coast Lookout Point 20. Femø Bækkene Lookout Point 21. Femø Forest Shelter

16 15 13 14 89 6 7

5

4

1

New facility 1:80,000

3 2

12 11 10

20 21

17

18 19

Fig. 32 Shelter in forest Shelters will be available in the new forests where the users will be able to experience nature up close.

Fig. 33 Shelter in open terrain A few shelters will be located out in the open landscape near meadows.

FACILITIES Fig. 34 Lookout point in terrain The landscape will be highlighted by a lookout point where visitors will be able to enjoy the landscape.

The facilities aim to highlight the site-specific qualities of the landscape and have been placed in relation to principles (fig. 32-36). The two main facilities are shelters and lookout points.

Shelters will be available inside new forests (fig. 32) as well as in the open landscape (fig. 33) where they will invite locals and tourists into exploring the landscape. The lookout points will be presented in two ways: as a view tower and as a bench. The lookout points in the landscape (fig. 34) are located inside the tunnel valley where visitors and locals will be able to stop and take a view of the forms of the landscape, as well as on Fejø along the coast. The high lookout point (fig. 35-36) will be present on the islands for visitors and locals inviting for birdwatching as well as viewing the landscape from a broader perspective.

Fig. 35 High lookout point in terrain High lookout points will be located so visitors will be able to experience the landscape with a broader view.

Boardwalks across the new shallow lake Avnede Strand and inside Møllelung leads locals and tourists inside the landscape that otherwise would be inaccessible places due to the lake and the peat bog.

Fig. 36 High lookout point near fjord High lookout points will be located near fjords so visitors can view the rich nature and wildlife of the various regions.

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New meadow NAKSKOV Focus areas: Avnede Strand

Afforestation Kohave forest

Afforestation

Avnede church

Avnede Strand Nakskov Indrefjord

Kragenæs harbour

Focus areas: Birket and Ravnsby

BIRKET

RAVNSBY BAKKER LINDET

Afforestation

Hestehaver forest New meadow and afforestation

Lindet forest

Theophilli forest Vesterborg lake

Golf course

Dyrehave forest Golf course

Strategic Masterplan Lolland, 1:50,000

FEJØ ØSTERBY Afforestation

New meadow

Fejø harbour

Kragenæs harbour

BIRKET

RAVNSBY BAKKER LINDET Hestehaver forest

Lindet forest

VESTERBY

FEMØ NØRREBY Afforestation

New meadow SØNDERBY Afforestation

Strategic Masterplan Fejø & Femø, 1:50,000

STRATEGIC PLAN: HALSTED TUNNEL VALLEY, FEJØ AND FEMØ To support the historical low-lying landscape of the tunnel valley, agricultural fields have been transformed into dry- and wet meadows. The meadows create a connected green corridor from Nakskov to Ravnsby Bakker including existing- and new landscape structures. Afforestation along the tunnel valley frames the landscape and creates open and closed spaces.

To tie the existing forest and meadows with the new landscape structures, a pathway consisting of old- and new routes winds through the tunnel valley landscape and creates a common recreational space for locals and tourists.

The landscape on the islands Fejø and Femø is a small-scale representation of the landscape of Lolland with low-lying areas at risk of being flooded. To support the low-lying landscape, forests, dry- and wet meadows create a green belt across the islands. Further, new facilities along the coasts and in the middle of the islands highlight the landscape attractions on both islands.

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Meadow/buffer zone

4 New lock gate under railway

1 Lock gate by Nybro

New dike 3 Avnede pumping station Nakskov Indrefjord 2 Pumping station by Ryde Å

Fig. 37 Location of existing pumping stations, sea lock, current and new dikes.

To control the amount of water in Avnede Strand, the pumping station (3) is set to only pump out water if it rises above sea level. During a storm surge, the lock gate (1) to Indrefjord is closed to prevent an overflow of water in Indrefjord (Lolland Kommune, 2015). If a heavy rain event occurs at the same time, the pumping station (3) will be closed temporarily to prevent an overflow of water in Indre Fjord from Halsted Å.

If the pump (3) is closed, a buffer zone around Avnede Strand can store water from upstream. If the precipitation reaches the level of the buffer zone, a new lock gate (4) between Halsted Å and Avnede Strand can prevent an overflow of the buffer zone. If the lock is closed, a new low-lying meadow north of Avnede Strand will work as a buffer zone.

The current agricultural field has a hard time infiltrating water after a rain event. The water is present where the former Avende Strand used to be. Nakskov town and a solar park is present in the background.

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AVNEDE STRAND The former fjord Avnede Strand is re-introduced by a wet meadow in the low-lying area around Halsted Å. The stream will be visible in the lake as a trace of the historical drainage and excavation of canals to easily and quickly drain fields to create the best conditions for the cultivation of the land. The trace of the stream will erode over time and be less visible in Avnede Strand. To protect housing, forests and industrial buildings in Nakskov from being flooded, a dike is established with a height of 1.5 metres. The dike will be accessible with a 2 metres wide path to connect the landscapes divided by the dike. At the solar park, the water will flood parts of the area and a reconstruction of the solar park might be needed.

To create accessibility, two boardwalks across Avnede Strand will give the visitors and locals the possibility to experience the shallow lake. Information boards will inform the visitor about the historical and cultural history of the former fjord, the drainage, cultivation of the land as well as the reintroduced water mirror. The boardwalk between the dike and Torpe forest gives a view through the tunnel valley and to Avnede church. A new path system is placed inside, along with and through different landscape typologies and leads people through the new landscape of Avnede Strand and the tunnel valley. Further, the pathway is located along landscape edges to preserve most parts of the current landscape.

Both the dry- and wet meadows, the open- and closed forests and Avnede Strand introduced in the area creates new habitats for plantand animal species. Additionally, larger parts of the area will be inaccessible for visitors to enter to create a more undisturbed nature suitable for particular animals and plants that require such conditions for thriving.

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NAKSKOV

Pathway through solar park

Solar park

E

C

Boardwalk

Krukholm forest

New pathway on dike

Lienlund forest

Dike

H

Pumping station Existing dike

Avnede Strand

Nakskov Indrefjord New meadow

Pumping station

Afforestation in low-lying area

Afforestation in high terrain

New pathway D

Meadow

Railway

H Boardwalk C

E

Afforestation in low-lying area

New meadow

D New pathway

Afforestation in low-lying area F

Afforestation in low-lying area

Lookout point

Avnede church

H New pathway New meadow D

Afforestation in low-lying area

D Halsted Å Avnede forest

D

E

H

Torpe forest

e

Boardwalk Meadow - Forest Meadow - Agriculture Meadow - Meadow Forest

C D E F H

View of visualization 0.5 contour lines Avnede Strand, 1:10,000

4.5

3.5

Industrial buildings in Nakskov

1.5

Solar park

Krukholm forest

Solar park

Dike

-2.5

Halsted Å

-1.5

4

Boardwalk across Avnede Strand

Afforestation

0.5

Torpe forest

Agrilcultural field

Section Ee, 1:1500

Path along Avnede forest and Avnede Strand towards Avnede church

Path along Krukholm forest and Anvede Strand fjord on top of dike with a view to new forest and solar park

Location of lookout point in terrain behind Birket church. From this lookout point, the hilly terrain of Ravnsby Bakker in the northern part of Halsted Tunnel Valley is very clear in the landscape.

The peat bog Møllelung is surrounded by the hilly terrain of Ravnsby Bakker. In the strategic proposal, the hilly terrain remains as agricultural fields.

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BIRKET AND RAVNSBY The area is connected by a pathway that ties up the present- and former gravel pits with Møllelung to highlight the difference between manmade and natural landscapes of the gravel pits and the natural peat bog Møllelung. A pasture with low vegetation is located between Møllelung and the gravel pit on the steep terrain. The pathway creates increased accessibility to the area, including a boardwalk moving across the peat bog which people were not allowed to experience before. The addition of the boardwalk makes it possible to guide people to designated walking areas so the peat bog and rare plants can be preserved.

By the former gravel pit, a viewpoint will be placed on a high point allowing the visitors and locals to admire the view of the water and vegetation along the edge.

By the present gravel pit, a new visitor centre will be located where visitors, as well as locals, will be able to get information about the currentand former gravel pits, Møllelung, Dodekalitten and the tunnel valley landscape. The visitor centre will work as a gathering place for information about the new interventions and facilities. The goal of the centre is to strengthen interest and responsibility for nature and provide educational experiences for visitors of all ages. The centre is placed near Birket gravel pit instead of Kragenæs harbour, as proposed in the comprehensive plan, to lead people further into the tunnel valley landscape.

HESTEHAVER

By Hestehaver forest, both afforestation and dry- and wet meadows have been created on naturally wet areas as part of an extension to the current landscape attraction. This already starts from Birket church towards Ravnsborg Voldsted and through the addition it will have a pathway going across the wet meadows- and forest landscapes to guide the visitors and locals. Shelters will be located inside the newly planted forest, inviting locals and tourists into nature for a longer stay and for extending their experience of the landscape attraction.

The new landscape attractions will have several lookout points where the tunnel valley is visible as well as Ravnsby Bakker northwest of the existing Hestehaver forest.

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New pathway

Lookout point Present gravel pit Visitor centre Parking BIRKET Boardwalk C

Lookout point

F

Møllelung peat bog

Former gravel pit

G

Pasture

E

New pathway

G Bavnehøj

LINDET

Birket church A

Lookout point G E

Existing meadow

H

New pathway

Lookout point Afforestation in low-lying area

A

G

Existing meadow

Dodekalitten Glentehøj

A

f

Ravnsborg Voldsted

G Existing meadow

Shelter

B Lookout point

Existing meadow Afforestation in low-lying area

H

Hestehaver forest

H

New meadow New meadow D F

Existing meadow

Shelter

H

A B C D E F G H

View of visualization 0.5 contour lines

g

Afforestation in low-lying area

Agriculture - Agriculture Meadow - Stream Boardwalk Meadow - Forest Meadow - Agriculture Meadow - Meadow Forest - Agriculture Forest

Birket & Ravnsby, 1:10,000

Visitors walking on boardwalk inside of the peat bog Møllelung

A new pathway leading towards a lookout point above the former Birket gravel pit.

10.5

13

6.5

Existing green space

16

Former Birket gravel pit

5

Agricultural field

Agricultural field

Lookout point

0

Bog

21

Existing meadow

Pathway

6.5

20.5

Pasture

Boardwalk across Møllelung

Agrilcultural field

Section Ff, 1:1500

10

0

Hestehaver forest

Stream

0

Pathway

Grazing cattle

0.5

New meadow

Stream

Afforestation

9

Agricultural field

Section Gg, 1:1500

A pathway along a meadow with grazing cattle and stream passing a shelter in the edge of a forest

Phase One Phase Two Phase Three

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STEPS OF IMPLEMENTATION The strategic plan for Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø is suggested to be implemented over three phases.

PHASE ONE In the first phase, the selected agricultural fields on Lolland, Fejø and Femø are to be set-aside where forests, meadows and Avnede Strand will be located in the future.

Further, the pathway along existing recreational landscapes between Halsted and Ravnsby will be established. This part of the pathway is surrounded by a majority of existing forests and meadows and should be implemented as a starting point to increase the accessibility to the existing nature. Facilities in existing landscapes will be implemented to start highlighting the existing landscape attractions such as viewpoints in terrain and by fjords as well as shelters in existing landscapes. Lastly, the establishment of the dike should begin so future landscape strategies can be implemented.

PHASE TWO In phase two, the pumping station by Halsted Å will be taken out of service and only start pumping when the level of water in Avnede Strand reaches sea level. Avnede Strand will then slowly start to be visible in the landscape.

PHASE THREE Last phase is the implementation of the rest of the pathway connecting Ravnsby with Nakskov through Halsted Tunnel Valley. Further, pathways on Fejø and Femø will be implemented inside the new dry- and wet meadows as well as new forests. Facilities in new landscapes will be implemented throughout the landscapes to engage tourists and locals as well as to highlight the different qualities of the landscapes of the three places. Lastly, the Visitor Centre by Birket gravel pit will be established, although it is not certain when it will be fully established as the gravel pit must first be taken out of use.

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SUM UP The strategic plan for Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø proposes a strategy that enhances the existing landscape attraction and transforms the low-lying landscapes into dry- and wet meadows, Avnede Strand and afforestation that enriches the biodiversity and recreational experiences in the areas. The strategy for the tunnel valley, Fejø and Femø invites the future sea level rise and annual precipitation into the landscape as the meadows will work as buffer zones in these scenarios.

New facilities and a new recreational pathway connect the transformed stretches. The pathway stages the changing rhythms in the landscape and enhances the natural qualities. Further, the new pathway creates better accessibility through the tunnel valley as well as on both islands, where locals and tourists will be able to explore new and re-introduced landscape elements while connecting the smaller towns with recreational elements.

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OUTRO This chapter reflects and discusses the methods used in the thesis as well as questions and problems which have arisen throughout the project

DISCUSSION & REFLECTION The starting point for this thesis was the comprehensive plan of Ravnsby Bakker. By looking at the comprehensive plan with critical eyes, we discovered elements that the comprehensive plan did not question and has overlooked. Following that, we have explored how we could take this as a starting point in studying the project area of Ravnsby, Kragenæs, Fejø and Femø.

Through site analysis, the understanding of the landscape and connection to Nakskov emerged and led us to question the focus of the site and the physical attractions in the comprehensive plan for Ravnsby Bakker. Our analysis led us to understand and interact with the landscape, particularly as the connection to Nakskov has an important and fascinating cultural heritage and history that we think is worthy of being cherished, explored and framed in a more strategic manner.

Lastly, our analysis led us to the strategic plan for Halsted Tunnel Valley, Fejø and Femø where existing attractions, natural qualities and cultural heritage structures are enhanced by reemergence of low-lying landscapes, supporting their historical linkage to water and where recreational structures emphasise the landscape qualities.

By exploring the qualities of climate change and how they can form and create new landscapes, there is an uncertainty of the results that the strategic plan proposes since we do not know for certain how much rainfall we will get in the future as well as a precise number of metres the sea level will rise.

METHODS By using ourselves in the phenomenological and autoethnographic based method to study the landscape and its qualifications through field trips, photography, registrations and drawings, we developed a bodily and resonant experience and understanding of the site. As visitors, we gained an insight into how other visitors and tourists might experience the site, which was also the reason for focusing on to a large extent on our own experiences in this time limited study. We chose to

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use the knowledge compiled in the comprehensive plan for Ravnsby Bakker along with setting up a meeting with the municipality to gain an insight into the issues and wishes raised by locals. By this approach, we collected knowledge from their studies and resident meetings. If we had more time to conduct the study, we would enrich the perspectives with either surveys, interviews, citizen meetings etc to include as many local perspectives as possible.

An actor that would be highly affected by our design proposal are the local landowners and farmers, whose agricultural fields would be taken out of production to be converted into meadows, forests and wetlands.

We consider it necessary to engage the local farmers and landowners when transforming agricultural fields into forests, meadows and wetlands. Such a cooperation step would be one of the first objectives in realising our suggestions. However, concluded already in this project is the strategic plan for the transformation of low-lying landscapes which in the future will be difficult to cultivate due to climate change. Further, the engagement with the local farmers and landowners would be necessary in terms of the soil distribution process that the proposed strategic plan would require. To fulfil the stratical plan, the municipality would have to buy the land from the local owners and pay the farmers for their land giving them an opportunity to buy farmland elsewhere. Although, it is uncertain where free agricultural fields would be on Lolland which is already heavy culivated.

Another actor who could be suitable to be taken into account is the folk churches that own local land. The land is usually rented out to local farmers for agricultural usage, although new initiatives such as Grøn Kirke work towards a more climate- and environmental awareness for churches and their land. Using the land owned by the folk churches welcomes the locals and visitors into the plot of the church without necessarily having a church errand. Additionally, it will benefit the local community, work as a meeting spot and lastly give the church a new role as their lands will frame wider in the local community than the farmers land. The land owned by the folk churches was a starting point for our strategic plan. However, this was not pursued due to unavailable information about where and how much land the local churches owned.

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FURTHER WORK As part of our proposal for Birket and Ravnsby, a visitor centre was placed near the present gravel pit in Birket working as a meeting spot for tourists and locals. The centre should inform about the complications that the gravel pits have been causing, Dodekalitten as well as about new recreational areas. By proposing a visitor centre in Birket, a question was raised about whether or not another visitor centre should be placed around Avnede Strand to connect the two ends of the tunnel valley. After many discussions and reflections about a potential placement, we ended up not placing a centre as we concluded that it would require further investigations in relation to the connection with Naturpark Nakskov Fjord and the development project Nakskov 2030.

Through our analysis and design proposal, we became aware of the past and present resource extraction of the site. The gravel pits in Birket highlight the past and present extraction of resources and how this affects and changes the landscape drastically. Today, Ravnsby Bakker and Birket are protected areas which prevent further expansion of gravel pits in the area, however, the remnants of the gravel pits will be permanent. A more present production of resources is located close to Avnede Strand in Nakskov, where a solar park has been established on the edge between Naskov and the historical Avnede Strand fjord, creating a barrier between Nakskov and Avnede. The location of this solar park raises questions regarding how this affects the historical and cultural landscape and whether there has been any historical research or climate adaptation discussion when the permission to establish a solar park was given.

This strategy proposes new resources within the landscape to reduce CO2 emissions, by reemerging the low-lying areas with adaptation to climate change. This relates to Lolland Municipality’s goal to become CO2 neutral in 2050. Furthermore, the strategy creates new landscape attractions by framing and enriching the cultural heritage in the tunnel valley which additionally creates new attractions for locals and tourists alike as proposed in the comprehensive plan.

To further understand the benefits of our strategy of the tunnel valley, the existing conditions would be examined and studied to gain information on how new landscape typologies as a resource can improve biodiversity and reduce CO2 emissions.

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FIGURE CREDIT All figures are produced by the authors unless stated below Fig. 1 & 2 www.sdfekort.dk Fig. 3 www.naturenidanmark.lex.dk Fig. 4 Avnede Strand ved Avnede Kirken 1937: Højreby Lokalhistoriske Arkiv https://arkiv.dk/vis/6093285 Skalø dæmningen 1950 - 1953: Fejø Lokalhistoriske Arkiv https://arkiv.dk/vis/4649844 Nakskov-Kragenæs banen 1954: Nakskov lokalhistoriske Arkiv https://arkiv.dk/vis/5841998 Map: https://nakskovlokalarkiv.dk/stormfloden-1872-og-dens-haergen-i-og-omkring-nakskov Fig. 5 https://dataforsyningen.dk Fig. 6 & 7 https://kamp.klimatilpasning.dk Fig. 8 https://dataforsyningen.dk Fig. 9 https://kamp.klimatilpasning.dk Fig. 10 https://miljoegis.mim.dk/cbkort?profile=miljoegis-plangroendk

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Fig. 11 https://miljoegis3.mim.dk/spatialmap?profile=vandprojekter Fig. 12 & 13 https://miljoegis.mim.dk/cbkort?profile=miljoegis-plangroendk Fig. 14 www.sdfekort.dk Fig. 15 GIS Fig 16 & 17 www.geus.dk Fig. 18 www.kulturarv.dk www.sdfekort.dk Bækkene Photographer: Inge-Lise Bisted https://www.facebook.com/himlenkysserjorden/photos/3178851698862361) Slettern Beach https://www.oepas.dk/opas/gastronomi/femoe Fig. 19 www.kulturarv.dk www.sdfekort.dk Fig. 20-31 www.sdfekort.dk

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