Architecture Thesis Report 2020 Unauthorized Housing Development

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPEMENT

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture by

Dhanawade Snihal Dattatray 2016VCAAD16006

Guide: Prof. Rajeev Kulkarni

Vishwaniketan College of Architecture Arts & Design.

Khalapur University of Mumbai 2020-2021

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Thesis Approval for B.Arch.

This dissertation entitled Unauthorized Housing Development by Dhanawade Snihal Dattatray is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

Examiners 1.--------------------------------------------2.---------------------------------------------

Date: Place:

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UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

VISHWANIKETAN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE ARTS &DESIGN. Survey No. 54(2), 57(2) Kumbhivali, Near Khalapur Toll Naka, off. Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Khalapur, Raigad Dist, Pin- 410 202

Certificate This is to certify that the project entitled“Unauthorized Housing Development”is the bona-fide work of “Dhanawade Snihal Dattatray” 2016vcaad16006 of the Semester IX of Vishwaniketan College of Architecture Arts & Design and was carried out in the college under my guidance during academic year 2020-21.

Signature of Guide:

Signature of Principal

Name of Guide: Prof. Rajeev Kulkarni

Prof. Suchetha Mathew

Date: 12th Jan, 2021

Principal

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Declaration I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

----------------------------------------(Signature)

Dhanawade Snihal Dattatray 2016VCAAD16006

Date: …………..

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Disclaimer

The content produced in the thesis report is an original piece of work and takes due acknowledgement of referred content, wherever applicable. The thoughts expressed herein remain the responsibility of the undersigned author and have no bearing on or does not represent those of Vishwaniketan college of Architecture, Arts & Design, Khalapur, Mumbai.

----------------------------------------(Signature) Dhanawade Snihal Dattatray 2016VCAAD16006 Vishwaniketan college of Architecture, Arts & Design

Date: ………….. dd/mm/year

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before I begin, I would like to express my gratitude for all those who, knowingly and unknowingly, directly or indirectly helped me in this report. Any academic assignment or venture cannot be acomplished without the able guidancce of the teachers. I am extremely happy to mention my special thanks to Ar. Rajeev Kulkarni, my guides, without whom this project would not be realized and other dissertation team for their meaningful guidance, encouragement and supervision.

My sincere gratefulness to all the participants in my research, the students and professionals who gave their meaningful opinions and insights to my numerous questions and curious observations, without their physical or moral support, this report would not have been a success story. I would like to thank my parents for being a strong moral support throughout the course of my research. I would like to thank my beloved professionals in the field of Architecture ie, Ar. Nitin Lonare, Ar. Kamlesh Mistry and Ar. Kuwal who helped me in selecting and pursuing this topic of dissertation.

I would also thank my fellow classmates Anjali Chettiar, Yash Ayare, Chinmay Patil, Harshal Lorekar, Kushal Khandekar and my friends Ar.Sudhir Jangale, Ar. Mitali Khanolkar, Ar. Shrikant Bhorse, Vivek Dhanawade and countless others for the spirit and commitment with which they helped me on this report. Concentration, dedication, hardwork and application are essential but not the only factors to achieve the desired goals. These must be supplemented by guidance and assistance of people to make it a success.

Many people have given their experience, ideas and invaluable time to enable me to complete this project report. The coaches who tolerated my ignorance and stubborness to look at things in a tunnel vision, the guides knowledge which sometimes I ignored and many other positive and negative things which i account into my memories of joy and delight.

I am really thankful to these persons for making my project so live and understandable to me and making me aware of many things which would help me in my future. I am highly inddebted to these persons and my sincere thnaks goes to them only.

I would also like to thank all the managers of the various departments that i visited for helping me gain the required knowledge and giving me time fro their busy schedules.

In the end, I would like to thank Vishwaniketan College of Architecture, Arts and Design, for providing me with the opportunity to work on this project.

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OVERVIEW

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING AND MIGRANTS

BACKSTAGE

ISSUES

NEEDS AND DEMAND

SITE

PROPOSAL Figure 01: An OverView Source: Author

"It is hard to argue that housing is not a fundamental human need. Decent, affordable housing should be a basic right for everybody in this country. The reason is simple: without stable shelter, everything else falls apart."

-Mathew Desmond American Sociologist

Figure 02: Unauthorized Housing in cities Source: Author UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT Unauthorized Housing Development is zones where the gathering of residential units have been built ashore that the inhabitant doesn’t have any lawful right. The advancement of unapproved structures has got one of the undermining issues related to urbanization in creating nations—numerous elements, including institutional, financial, political, physical, and social addition to this circumstance.

The quickened development of urbanization causes more casual and essential skeletal extensions in Metropolitan Cities. The transients come into enormous urban communities looking for work and business openings. They are continually looking for living alternatives in the region of their work place. Because of reasonable living choices in the metropolitan zone, they decide to live in unapproved lodging settlements as they have fewer leases when contrasted with other private structures. Most unapproved lodging is situated in parts or regions with less monetary assets and advancement measures. This is how it grows, creates, and frames our urban communities worldwide, making and characterizing models and types. This marvel is happening worldwide with various degrees of multifaceted nature, scale, and regional attributes.

The project aims to study, analyze and understand the Unauthorized Housing Development in urban and then speculate a possible long-term solution that deals with the short or long period living option which can be alternative or substitute for the occupants are living in such fringe apartments. The approach deals with the unauthorized housing issues in metropolitian areas and its social, political, and economic origins and consequences. The project is also aimed at changing the image and improves the living condition along with other factors and set an example for the other similar areas of the city.

(Key words: Metropolitan City, Affordable, Seasonal or Short Period, Scale, Characteristic, urbanization, Migrants, Unauthorized, Informal, Skeletal, Fringe)

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TABLE OF CONTENT CERTIFICATE.........................................................................................................................03 UNDERTAKING....................................................................................................................04 DECLARATION....................................................................................................................05 DISCLAMER.........................................................................................................................06 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................07 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................11 CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTADING THE SUBJECT 1.1

BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................16

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT .....................................................................................................17

1.3

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY........................................................................................17

1.4

AIM ........................................................................................................................................18

1.5

OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................18

1.6

SCOPE & LIMITAION OF STUDY.......................................................................................19

1.7

RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................21

1.8

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……...................................................................................22

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 ARTICLES...............................................................................................................................26 2.2 THESIS AND RESEARCH PAPERS...................................................................................28 2.3 INCOME GROUPS AND MIGRANT COMPONENT.......................................................30 2.4 POPULATION PROFILE OF NAVI MUMBAI..................................................................32

CHAPTER 3: ISSUES OF UNAUTHORIZED DEVELOPMENT 3.1 ISSUES......................................................................................................................................36 3.2 LIFE IN UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING...............................................................................38 3.3 FORMATION OF UNAUTORIZED HOUSING..................................................................39 UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES 4.1 SETTING UP PARAMETERS FOR CASE STUDY...........................................................42 4.2 ARTIST VILLAGE, BELAPUR.............................................................................................43 4.3 CIDCO HOUSING, NAVI MUMBAI....................................................................................49 4.4 SANGHARSH NAGAR, CHANDIVILI...............................................................................54 4.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.................................................................................................58 4.5 ISSUES CAN BE SOLVED....................................................................................................60

CHAPTER 5: UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 5.1

SETTING UP PARAMETERS FOR SITE SELECTION...................................................65

5.2 IDENTIFYING SITES IN AN URBAN AREA....................................................................67 5.3 SITE OPTIONS........................................................................................................................68 5.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR SITE SELECTION.....................................................72 5.5 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE: VASHI(JUHUGAON).....................................................74 5.5.1 IDENTIFYING CONNECTIVITY NETWORK...............................................................75 5.5.2 AMENITY MAPPING.........................................................................................................76 5.5.3 SWOT ANALYSIS OF AN AREA......................................................................................78

CHAPTER 6: DESIGN PROPSAL AND BRIEF 6.1 DESIGN PREAMBLE............................................................................................................82 6.2 DESIGN PROGRAM..............................................................................................................83 6.3 PROJECT RELEVANCE........................................................................................................84 6.4 DESIGN GOALS.....................................................................................................................86 6.5 AREA CALCULATION..........................................................................................................87

APPENDIX 7.1 LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................88 7.2 LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................91

BIBLOGRAPHY UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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Chapter 1: UNDERSTANDING THE SUBJECT This chapter is focused on understanding the background and the scope of the research project along with the rational and realistic concern of the project.

1.1

BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................16

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT .....................................................................................................17

1.3

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY........................................................................................17

1.4

AIM ........................................................................................................................................18

1.5

OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................18

1.6

SCOPE & LIMITAION OF STUDY.......................................................................................19

1.7

RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................21

1.8

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……...................................................................................22

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1.1 BACKGROUND The improvement of unapproved lodging has caused compromising issues related to urbanization in non-industrial nations—different components, including institutional, financial, political, physical, and social addition to this circumstance. Financial (levels of work and pay, and significant expense of lease in the metropolitan places) and political components (inadequate government lodging arrangements, restricted subsidizing for city arranging, and the absence of political will to execute the guidelines exactly) continued in a specific order.

Different components the examination considered were the physical and social. Various financial, political outcomes join the advancement of unapproved structures. Most researchers and governments have suggested a more overwhelming methodology in using metropolitan land use, arranging arrangements, and guidelines/codes to manage the difficulties. Most unapproved lodging is situated in areas or regions with less financial assets and advancement measures. This is how it extends, creates, and frames our urban regions worldwide, making and characterizing models and types.

This methodology won't change; despite what might be expected, it will keep developing inside urban communities that are getting progressively urbanized. This wonder is happening worldwide with various levels of unpredictability, scale, and regional attributes.

Figure 1.1: Informal Settlement in urban area Source:

flickr.com

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT In several rapidly increasing urbanizing areas, massive population board segments board unauthorized housing with unsure property rights, with restricted access to essential services like clean water, toilets, electricity, and garbage pickup. The unauthorized housing settlements in town creates pressure on town resources and contributes to crime rates. Lack of access is a major common issues caused by and toughened by residents within the unauthorized housing settlement. As a result of there area unit neither the layout plans nor the restrictive machinery, residents tend to make nearly one hundred percent of their plot size. Redeveloping and relocating slums haven't scaled, up service provision has been slow, and legalizing unauthorized housing has been restricted.

Figure 1.2: Crime in urbam area

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Source:

Illustration by Eiko Ojala

The findings of the study identified research gaps that require further studies to establish strategies that consider unauthorized redevelopment as much more than the provision of housing and physical services but also about the incorporation of issues dealing with governance, ownership, land rights, social and community empowerment. The study highlighted the level and importance of public participation in unauthorized housing redevelopment. It generated findings on issues of proper urban planning, coordination and developing partnerships with the private sector for low-cost affordable housing provision. Finally, the output of the study is available to various entities such as the Government, educational institutions, housing developers, governmental organizations and other stakeholders to make use of the research findings and recommendations.

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1.4 AIM Aim approaches to study the living condition and to understand the redevelopment pattern of unauthorized housing.

To study the socioeconomic conditions of the people living in illegal housing area

1.5 OBJECTIVES

Figure 1.3: Transformation of housing Source: Author

REDEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE: The objective is to improve subsistence for people living and working in Unauthorized Housing in the Metropolitian areas through housing improvement, income generation, and security of tenure and physical and social infrastructure.

1.5.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES • To encourage a wide-based partnership using agreement building and meeting among all the stakeholders.

• Help forward-looking and replicable low slum upgrading and cluster redevelopment models through pilot projects, delivery strategies, and approaches.

• To examine the importance and role of land tenure security in Unauthorized Housing about the redevelopment of private properties and Public Spaces by: 1. Individual households 2. Government agencies • It will be accomplished through investigating the redevelopment of Unauthorized Housing Development 1. from a household perception 2. from a community organization perception 3. from a general public administration perception 4. from utility providers' perception.

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1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY SCOPE • The study can explore the different aspects of unauthorized Housing.

• The study can propose an alternative, substitute or midway of living option for people living in Unauthorized Housing those are linked to urban area for a short or long period.

• The study can devise guidelines for giving an architectural character to the city through different living options.

• Although other aspects concerning unauthorized Housing, such as social, economic and cultural ones, cannot be ignored in the analysis and discussion, they will be used mainly to contextualize the discussions.

LIMITATION Figure 1.4 : Scope & Limitaion Source: slideteam

• The study is more focus on people in unauthorized housing to provide a better living option for them.

• The study will be on the basis of issues related to anauthorized housing.

• The location of the site study will be majorly carried out in Navi Mumbai.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS What will the new model of development that will be alternative or substitute living option for a short or long period to people living in unauthorized housing?

The brief study of Unauthorized Housing and what is substitute option for living in an urban area, gives the primary research question stated above. The research question mentioned above has a lot of similar question attached to it. The analogous question focus on different aspects of the problem. They are as follow:

What are the main problems of unauthorized housing re-

SOCIAL

development?

ISSUES

What is occupation and housing scenario for the people living in unauthorized housing area?

What will be the new unit plan that shall maintain balance between the traditional way of living and rapidly changing urban lives?

Where do the settlers want to live? Do they want to leave

ECONOMICAL

the place they live?

ISSUES

What are the socio-economic conditions of the people living in unauthorized residence?

Table No: 1.1 The secondary research questions concerning social and economical issues.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1

2

3

BACKGROUND STUDY

LITERATURE REVIEWS & CONTEXT

DATA COLLECTION OF ILLEGAL HOUSING ISSUE

Understanding Subject

Formulation of Aim

Strategies

Significance of Study

Objectives

Approach

Research Questions

Scope and Limitation

Design Guideline

LEGENDS STAGES OUTCOME

STUDY AGENCY Articles

Online Study

Publications

On Field Study

Census Data

Mapping

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4

5

6

CASE STUDIES

SITE SELECTION

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Design Solution

Site Selection Matrix

Scope of Design

Area of Intervention

Design Innervations

Figure 1.5: Diagrammatic representation of research methodology Source : Author

The entire research process of the design dissertation was divided into 6 stages to ultimately lead up to the design proposal. Each stage had certain specific outcomes that gave a direction for further research.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This section forms the base for the research argument and further formulate the criteria for the study zone section. Moreover, In the Literature review, the researcher has reviewed the exhibition and news articles of eminent scholars who have done many types of research on Unauthorized Housing in a different part of World.

This chapter is further divided into following parts: 2.1 ARTICLES...............................................................................................................................26 2.2 THESIS AND RESEARCH PAPERS...................................................................................28 2.3 INCOME GROUPS AND MIGRANT COMPONENT.......................................................30 2.4 POPULATION PROFILE OF NAVI MUMBAI..................................................................32

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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2.1 ARTICLES APARTMENT UNAUTHORIZED OCCUPANTS CAN INCREASE CRIME RISK(CHRIS MC GOEY,MARCH 18-2018) This article tells us about the criminals that can not afford the rent in urban areas; they try to penetrate others property due to unauthorized buildings constructed one beside the other. When these unauthorized residents are idle criminal types who hang out all day and all night and begin to practice their profession within the culture. People waiting out in the parking space and raised foot traffic in and out of a group of units are a consequence of this issue.

CAN URBAN VILLAGES EVER BE PLANNED? (Rahul Srivastava, 2018) As they densified, urban settlements survived; some were redeveloped into high-rises, leaving little sign of their origins. A history of steady improvement is what most urban neighborhoods share. Other features linked to village living are also shared: they are dense but mostly low-rise, serving residential and commercial activities. They host numerous gathering spaces and cultural activities, and they offer a clear sense of belonging to their residents. Their communities evolved internally, and they also attracted immigrants who, over time, established roots. These ecosystems were shaped by residents constructing shrines and schools, shops and houses, subdividing paddy fields into tiny parcels, introducing water and road networks. Modern ways of planning and the way projects are funded do not encourage new villages to come to life with the requisite exponential development and user engagement, except in extreme situations where the preparation is governed by local authorities.

Figure 2.1: Newspaper and articles Source:

Google

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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CLUSTER REDEVELOPMENT SCHEME, WITH FSI 4, TO BE EXTENDED TO NAVI MUMBAI’S GAOTHANS(Express News Service,2015) In a decision legalising 20,000 illegal buildings in and near the Navi Mumbai Gaothan areas, Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis declared that the cluster redevelopment scheme should be provided to the Gaothans of the satellite district, with a high Floor Space Index (FSI) of four. Nearly 14,000 structures are located within the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation's geographical borders, which stretches from Airoli to Belapur, while the remaining 60,000 are located in the Kharghar to Dronagiri district, the notified belt that falls under Maharashtra's (CIDCO).

AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR MASSES IS THE ONLY SOLUTION TO ILLEGAL CONSTRUCTIONS(Nitin Yeshwantrao,2013) The demand-supply situation in the housing market has given rise to dishonest constructors who manipulate the common man. The working class has moved to locations like Thane, Kalyan-Dombivli, and Bhiwandi, with real estate prices in Mumbai reaching the sky. Yet, there is a shortage of affordable housing even here, requiring residents with too restricted resources to settle into illegal buildings with dingy quarters.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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2.2 THESIS & RESEARCH PAPERS: REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN VILLAGES IN SHENZHEN(L.L.Hin,2011) The thesis report mentions the country's urban Villages' evolution due to the high-speed economic development and urbanization in the re-

The Fluidity of Space in Informal Settlements (Hesam Kamalipour,2020)

cent three decades. The thesis delves into the social, economic, cultural, and architectural transformations in these villages during these years. Urban Villages face destruction and re-

This research paper enwraps with how the progressive production of the house works in

development programs, supplanting them with the conventional conveyance framework. It would be devastating got the rural migrants and

informal housing. However, urban morphol-

the city's economy. As the cities grow, it trans-

ogy and adaptation add informal settlements.

forms from rural space to urban space that pro-

The key analysis strategies square measure

vides enough urban development space.Because of the loss of farmland, the customary lifestyle

observation and visual recording. The results

with horticulture that the neighborhood populace

of this study offer a way higher understanding

depends on is abondoned. Extensions are made

of. However, informal settlements add terms of urban morphologies and diversifications.

Most public/private urban interface area units were porous and connected to the available area. For each building, public/remote urban

to existing houses, and new houses are built and rented to migrant workers. Consequently, the local farmers benefit from their villages' prime locations and exploit their towns' ideal places and endeavor them through profoundly beneficial room-rental business.

interface is that the sole edge will work either as a border through that social and economic exchanges area unit expedited or as a boundary for dividing privacy from the substance.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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A SOLUTION FOR INFORMAL HOUSING(Esin HASGUL,2016)

The research focused on complete housing options while understand­ing neighborhood parAN ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEPTION

ticipation and self-build methods in informal

OF VITALITY IN APARTMENT NEIGH-

settlements. The incremental housing method

BORHOOD REDEVELOPMENT IN KOREA(YOUNGCHUL KIM,2011)

can be analyzed and keep free to enable the participa­tion of three sectors providing a solu­

The query of what vitality means in revitaliza-

tion for all: government, experts, and individ-

tion begins with this thesis report. Its research

uals. By involving the individuals in the de-

aim is to identify an appropriate approach to the redevelopment of affordable housing communi-

sign process, neighborhood participation, and

ties by analysing problematic situations that in-

using them in the development and improve-

clude the history of the city and urban growth,

ment of their living environments, self-build

concepts of place and space, and newly established methodologies to analyse spaces and lo-

methods occur. Consequently, incremental

cations in urban contexts. The research aimed to

housing as a participation method for infor-

identify consequences for neighbourhood plan-

mal housing can be a multi-sided solution for

ning and redevelopment by adding to ongoing discussions on the value of daily life in the built

social and financial issues.

environment and clarifying the sense of location vitality.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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2.3 INCOME GROUPS AND MIGRANT COMPONENT

Figure 2.2: Income Distribution Chart Source:

Scroll.in

Based on the income profile of Mumbai, Column 1 in Table 1 shows ranges of monthly household income, and Column 2 the percentage population in each income range (we exclude the 4% that forms the highest income bracket as irrelevant to the scheme). Column 3 is four years’ income for each category, that is, Column 1 multiplied by 48 months. Column 4 suggests house sizes for each income category, based on what in Mumbai would be generally acceptable. We assume construction costs vary by income category from Rs 18,000 per square meter to Rs 24,000 per square meter, and Rs 20,000 per square meter as the cost for workers’ spaces. Cost of construction is in Column 5. Column 6, the difference between Columns 4 and 5, represents the surplus after construction available per household in each income group to pay for land and infrastructure.

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Figure 2.3: Global Migrantion map Source: Survey by United Nation, department of Economic and Social Affairs Statics Division

The phenomenon of unauthorized houses is defined as the "illegal building constructed on encroached land without any permission and due to unavailabilty of affordable housing some contrator neither follows bylaws of particular area," has been soaring steadily in last century. Illegal housing is constructed because to meet the demand of people migrating from one city to another city. According to the 2011 census, internal migration in India reached 400 million, over half of the global figure of 740 million and almost twice as many as China's estimated 221 million. These internal migrants comprise a third of India's population. With more than 50% of the Table 2.1: Affordable land cost with four years' income from 1,000 households.

Source:

Scroll.in

world population living in cities, migration is set to rise exponentially. With it arise the problem of high-density inadequate living.

Estimates show that one of every three people in the towns of the developing world lives in deprived and unplanned squatter settlements. According to the UN, habitats report "state of world cities 2008/2009", these random parts of a city's growth rate is way higher than the visible planned area.

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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2.4 POPULATION PROFILE 2.4.1 Revised Population Sr. no.

Year

Population

Increase

Projection

Source

1

1991

3,07,724

---

---

Census

2

2001

7,04,000

128.77%

---

Census

3

2011

11,19,477

60.51%

---

Census

4

2021

---

---

22,20,363

CDP NMMC

Table 2.3: Population trend as indicated in the CDP of NMMC Source: nmmc.gov.in

2.4.2 Other Information

Population of NMMC is 11,

No. of Households- 2,09,025

isting population is 14, 37,000

No. of slums- 48

approximately.

Slum population - 2,09,025

tion trend as indicated in the

Floating Populations – 2,50,000

Community Development Plan

No. of slum household – 41,805

[CDP] of NMMC

19,477 as per census 2011 ExThe

popula-

No. of villages included in NMMC – 30.

Area of the city – 108.68 sq. Km. No. of wards – 111 No. of zone – 8 as detailed below:

2.4.3 Population Projection Population as per 2011

Sr. No.

Name of Zones

1

Belapur

143091

Kopar-khairne

2

Nerul

168647

6.

Ghansoli

3

Vashi

139371

7.

Airoli

4

Turbhe

137864

8.

Digha

5

Koparkhairne

180161

6

Ghansoli

130880

7

Airoli

160538

8

Digha

59995

Total

1120547

1.

Belapur

2.

Nerul

3.

Vashi

4.

Turbhe

5.

censes

Table 2.4: Zone wise Projected Population for 2021 Source: nmmc.gov.in

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2.4.4 Population Pattern as per Census 2011 Population as per census year 2011 Type of settlement Sr. No

Total popula-

Name of Zones Villages

Nodal

Slum

Floating popu-

tion excluding

lation

floating population

1

Belapur

4780

135191

3120

25000

143091

2

Nerul

21000

137072

10575

17000

168647

3

Vashi

20000

119371

NIL

25000

139371

4

Turbhe

10000

79094

48770

35000

137864

5

Koparkhairne

30000

140481

9680

20000

180161

6

Ghansoli

28000

67790

35090

20000

130880

7

Airoli

20000

101413

39125

15000

160538

8

Digha

2000

5426

52569

10000

59995

Total

135780

785841

198929

112000

1120547

Table 2.5: Population Pattern According to Zone and Type of Settlements based on Census 2011 Source: nmmc.gov.in

It was considered necessary to brief on the Settlement Patterns of NMMC. NMMC area

Estimated Population by Projection

is divided into 8 Zones as

2015

2017

2019

2021

shown in the table below. The

179000

190000

200000

218641

residential areas indicate a

215000

240000

270000

289028

typical pattern as Nodal area,

148213

160000

170000

181026

165000

180000

195000

216025

225201

240000

260000

279250

166100

180000

190000

205964

200673

220000

230000

248834

ulation trend can be observed

75000

80000

85000

92992

as depicted in table

1374187

1490000

1600000

1631760

Village area and Gaothan Expansion and Slum area. While analysing the population this divide was considered as a base and accordingly the pop-

NOTE: * The population for years between 2011 to 2021 has been arithmetically assumed.

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Chapter 3: ISSUES OF UNAUTHORIZED DEVELOPMENT This chapter is based on understanding unauthorized development issues and their use to analyze the user's rational and realistic concerns in a different part of the Navi Mumbai.

3.1 ISSUES......................................................................................................................................36 3.2 LIFE IN UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING...............................................................................38 3.3 FORMATION OF UNAUTORIZED HOUSING..................................................................39

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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3.1 ISSUES Construction of unauthorized buildings has become a major problem in towns and cities of most developing countries. The unauthorized housing settlements in town creates pressure on town resources and contributes to crime rates. Lack of access is a major common issues caused by residents within the unauthorized housing settlement.

Redeveloping and relocating unauthorized housing haven't scaled, up service provision has been slow, and legalizing unauthorized housing has been restricted.

Figure 3.1: Lack of access Source:

ISSUES • Uncontrolled growth • Unregulated/Haphazard development

Pinterest

CAUSES • Absence of legal developement plans, laws, land use maps and land monitoring systems.

• Poor Services(water,fire-fighting equipements) • Increase in population density/buildings

• Absence of land/building/development controls

• Unsafe high-rise built structures

• Fragmented and uncoordinated planning

• Forced land acquisition by mafia • Shrinking open spaces • Changing land use • Delays in project implementation due to illegal land occupancy

• Lack of clarity in administrative boundary and areal extent • Administrative unpreparedness boundary and areal extent

• Forced eviction of unauthorized occupants

• Prohibited to apply urban byelaws

• Displacement of native population

• Unplanned dispersal of industries and other

• Reduced food grain and vegetable produce;

economic activities from city

rising food grain prices

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IDENTITY

HOUSING

Documentation and Identity

Housing

Proving their identity is one of the

Migration and slums are inextricably

core issues impoverished. migrants

linked, as labour demand in cities and

face when they arrive in a new place.

the resulting migration in urban creates

Identity documentation that is authen-

greater pressures to accommodate more

ticated by the state is indispensable

people. In 2011, 68 million Indians

for ensuring that a person has a secure

lived in slums, comprising one-quar-

citizenship status and can benefit from

ter of the population of India's 19 cities

the rights and protections that the state

with more than 1 million residents.

provides.

Limited Access to Formal Financial

Political Exclusion

Services In a state of continuous drift, migrant Despite the economic imperatives that

workers are deprived of many opportu-

drive migration, migrant workers es-

nities to exercise their political rights.

sentially remain an unbanked popu-

Because migrants are not entitled to

lation.. Since migrants do not possess

vote outside of their place of origin,

permissible proofs of identity and. res-

some are simply unable to cast their

idence, they fail to satisfy the. Know

votes.

Your Customer (KYC) norms as stipulated by the Indian banking regulations.

FINANCIAL

POLITICAL

Figure 3.2: Issues of Migrant Source:

Author

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3.2 LIFE IN UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING Unauthorized Housing area represent one of the main types of housing in many growing urban cities. The effects of migration related to the growth of unauthorized housing span everything from poor health to education.

As unauthorized housing, slums are often defined by: • Unsafe and/or unhealthy homes (e.g. lack of windows, dirt floor, leaky walls and roofs) • Overcrowded homes • Limited or no access to basic services: water, toilets, electricity, transportation • Unstable homes: weak structures are often blown away or destroyed during storms and earthquakes • No secure land tenure (i.e. the land rights to live there).

• As such families living in illegal building lack the

Figure 3.3: Unstable homes for dwellers Source:

Pinterest

crucial conditions they need to live decently and thrive as human beings.

• Children are very often unable to do their homeworks due to leaks and the lack of available light and electricity.

• Therefore these children tend to perform much worse at school and their drop-out rates are much higher than anywhere else.

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3.3 FORMATION OF UNAUTORIZED HOUSING

SKILLED/UNSKILLED MIGRANT

Migration URBAN AREA (MUMBAI) Security of Land, infrastructure, economic imbalance UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING Upgradation by Authority

REHABILITAION OF COLONIES Failure to accomodate employement LIFESTYLE CHANGES, EFFECTS ON LIVEHOOD No basic Amenities COMPROMISE ON LIVING CONDITION

Figure 3.4: Flowchart explains Formation of Unauthorized Housing Source:

Author

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Chapter 4: CASE STUDY This chapter is focused on the study of a particular case that is similar to the topic of a design project. Doing a case study will help me to understand the various aspects that have to consider while designing.

4.1 SETTING UP PARAMETERS FOR CASE STUDY...........................................................42 4.2 ARTIST VILLAGE, BELAPUR.............................................................................................43 4.3 CIDCO HOUSING, NAVI MUMBAI....................................................................................49 4.4 SANGHARSH NAGAR, CHANDIVILI...............................................................................54 4.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.................................................................................................58 4.5 ISSUES CAN BE SOLVED....................................................................................................60

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4.1 SETTING UP PARAMETERS FOR CASE STUDY • The different case studies based on the same typologies as the conclusion is derived from what exactly is important to make a study smart.

• Looking at all the examples are available on the urban context for permanent time accommodation.

• These structures use as per conclusion by people at different sites based on their functions.

• Available structures are used for short as well as long period of accommodation • Examples of Alternative or substitutive for a permanent home in an urban context.

Figure 4.1: Parameter of Casestudy Source:

Pinterest

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4.1 ARTIST'S VILLAGE, BELAPUR PROJECT DATA: Year of construction: 1986 Architect: Charles Correa Developer: CIDCO Land Area: 5.4 hectares Built up Area: 33000 sqmt (approx.)

Number of Dwelling Units: 550 (approx.)

Density: 100units/hectare (500 people/hectare) Height: Ground+1 storey FSI (Floor Space Index) consumed: 0.5 to 0.6 Figure 4.2: A cluster around a courtyard.

INTRODUCTION

Source:

(Khan, 1987)

The Belapur Housing, generally known as the Artist's Village, was a project done by CIDCO in Navi Mumbai. It is called the Artist "s Village because it was proposed to be a residential complex mainly the artists. Being situated so far away from Mumbai's main center, very few artists were interested in buying these houses. As a result, these houses' sale was finally opened for the public, not just restricted to artists.

Located on six hectares of land, this project attempts to demonstrate how high densities can be easily achieved within a low-rise typology context. A hierarchy of community spaces generated the site plan. Each of these houses is on its own piece of land so that the families can have the advantage of open-to-sky areas.

"This housing project offers the quality of life of a village with the sophistication of a city. Each cluster permits the emergence of a hyperlocal community feeling, while integrating each house to the whole settlement at different levels. The hierarchy itself is very organic."

(R.Shrivastava, 2008).

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OBJECTIVES The project had one overriding principle: each unit would have its own individual site to allow for expansion. The scheme catered to a wide range of income groups, from the lowest with budgets of Rs.20,000, to middle income groups (unit costs Rs.30-50,000), upto upper income levels with unit cost around Rs.1,80,000.

“Belapur makes a statement which combines those principles Correa believes to be most important in housing, namely: Equity, Incrementality, Pluralism, having Open-to-Sky spaces and Disaggregation of spaces to allow for participation in forming one’s own environment, and to facilitate income generating activities.” (Khan, 1987).

SITE ALLOCATE The site, a 5.4 hectares land area, in Belapur, is situated 2kms from the centre of New Bombay. It is set in the midst of the Belapur hills. The clusters are arranged in such a way that the neighborhood spaces open to a small stream which runs through the centre of the site. This stream drains the surface water during the monsoon rains.

Design Proposal The architect, Charles Correa, through this project demonstrated how high densities (500 persons per hectare, including open spaces, schools, etc.) can be achieved within the context of a low-rise typology.

HOUSEHOLD LEVEL PLANNING As this project catered to a wide range of income groups, the houses were incremental - so that they could grow from a single lean-to roof (for the very poor) to urban town-houses (for the well to do) (The Urban Design Research Institute, 1999). Although the range of income groups was of a ratio of 1:5, the variation in plot size was much smaller, from 45 sqm to 75 sqm, a ratio less than 1:2.

Each house was sited on its own piece of land. Only two of the sides had mandatory setbacks to follow, the other two sides could be built right upto the boundary line. Windows and other openings were permitted on any external wall that abutted the courtyard, but none opened onto a neighboring house. Therefore, each house was freestanding and did not share any walls with its neighbors, making it truly incremental.

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The layouts of these houses were simple, so that they could be built and extended by traditional masons and craftsmen, thus generating employment in the bazaar sector of the urban economy.

Figure 4.3: Layout of the houses in a cluster Source:

(Correa, 1989)

CLUSTER LEVEL PLANNING The low-rise high-density scheme utilized a cluster arrangement around small community spaces. At the smaller scale, seven units were Figure 4.4: Plan of a dwelling unit Source:

CIDCO

grouped around an intimate courtyard of about 8 X 8 metres.

Figure 4.5: A cluster consisting of seven units around a courtyard Source:

(Correa, 1989)

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SECTOR LEVEL PLANNING Three of such clusters were combined to form a larger module of 25 houses surrounding an open space of 12 X 12 metres (including an additional 4 houses located at the open corners).

Figure 4.6: Three clusters forming a larger module.

Source:

(Correa, 1989)

SUB-URBAN LEVEL PLANNING Three of such larger modules were interlocked to define the next scale of community space, approximately 20 X 20 metres. The spatial hierarchy continued till the neighborhood spaces were formed, where the schools and other public-use facilities were located.

Figure 4.7: Plan at a sub-urban level.

Source:

(Correa, 1989)

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Figure 4.8: Site Plan of Artist‟s Village Source:

(Correa,1989)

Figure 4.9: Ganesh Udyan (Children‟s playing park)

Figure 4.10: The only school in the complex.

Source:

Source:

Google

Google

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DESIGN IMPLEMENTED In the case of Artist’s Village, the design which was implemented on site was the same as the one which was proposed by the architect. One main reason for this may be that, this was solely a project of CIDCO. EVOLUTION OF THE IMPLEMENTED DESIGN The resemblance of Artist’s Village to its initial design is very less. Being built more than 20 years back, one can hardly tell that the housing which stands there today ever looked like the one built by Correa.

As this particular scheme had a feature of being incremental, the dwellers utilized it to its fullest and finally have come to a situation where they have completely changed the design. Over the years, with an increase in the family size as well as income, the needs and aspirations of the dwellers have increased. During a survey of this area, it was seen that most of the people have bought the neighboring plot and built a new bigger house over it.

Figure 4.11: In this photograph one can see the way people have completely demolished the original structure and built a new structure. It is comparable to the house to its left, which more or less resembles the original design.

Source:

Google Figure 4.12: Article village housing pic Source:

Google

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4.2 CIDCO HOUSING (NAVI MUMBAI) PROJECT DATA: Year of construction: 1993 Architect: Raj Rewal and Associates Developer: CIDCO Land Area: 8.6 hectares Built up Area: 86000 sqmt (approx.)

Number of Dwelling Units: 1070 (approx.)

Density: 124 units/hectare Height: Ground+3 storey FSI (Floor Space Index) consumed: 1

Figure 4.13: View of the Housing Source:

Raj Rewal Associates

INTRODUCTION The CIDCO Housing, generally known as the Income Tax Colony, was a project done by CIDCO in Navi Mumbai. It is called the Income Tax Colony because the Income Tax Department bought most of these buildings. This project aimed at the creation of accommodation for the people with low incomes.

“Fundamentally, these are homes that can never be owned by their occupants, because in most cases the people who live there will never succeed in breaking through the income barriers”.

(Raj Rewal and Associates, 2007). The architect, Raj Rewal, designed this housing complex to be a high density structure. On one hand it was because the area was strictly limited, but also in order to achieve quality outdoor spaces which are effective in urban terms, yet reminiscent of a naturally developed village.

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OBJECTIVES The main objective of this design project was, that despite a very low budget it was important not just to provide the bare essentials in terms of space, but above all develop a home environment that was simple but of high quality. The balancing act between finance and ambience could succeed only if inexpensive but lastingly effective building materials were used.

SITE ALLOCATE The site, measuring about 8.6 hectares is located at the southern foothills of the Parsik Hills. Due to its location at the foothills the land is undulating. The architect has used this feature in designing the buildings. The whole complex sits on the contours of the site and a cut-and fill technique is avoided.

DESIGN PROPOSAL The architect, Raj Rewal proposed a design which at a low budget provided a home environment of high quality to the lower income sections. The high density complex has outdoor spaces which are a reminiscent of the traditional villages.

HOUSEHOLD LEVEL PLANNING The sizes of the individual households, ranges from 18 to 25 square meter of area. The size of the tenements decreases with each level, thus giving rise to open-to-sky terraces with each tenement. The advantage of having such open to sky terraces are that they are free of FSI and can later be converted into the room as the family size increases. Each dwelling unit is well ventilated.

Figure 4.14: View of a typical building.

Source:

Raj Rewal Associates

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Figure 4.15: Ground Floor Plan.

Figure 4.16: First Floor Plan.

Source:

Source:

CIDCO

CIDCO

STATEMENT OF AREAS DESCRIPTION

CARPET AREA(aq.m)

Multipurpose Hall

10.64

Kitchen

2.88

Court

14.59

Terrace

18.52(F.F)

Bath

1.6

W.C

1.12

Total

16.20*

Table 4.1: Statement of areas of Cidco Housing Figure 4.17: Second Floor Plan.

Source:

CIDCO

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CLUSTER LEVEL PLANNING The basic modules are cubical in shape. These cubical structures are put together in the form of a chain around a common open space. A group of these modules along with the open space forms a cluster. The architect gave a lot of importance to the open spaces, because being a high-density complex, social interaction between the residents was a very important factor. All the open spaces are interconnected by pedestrian footpaths.

Figure 4.18: Typical cluster Source:

Raj Rewal Associate

SUB-URBAN LEVEL PLANNING The clusters all put together in a definite arrangement formed the whole complex. All the clusters have pedestrian footpaths connecting them. Vehicular roads are just restricted to the periphery of the complex. The amenities provided for the people within the complex includes, a government school and a commercial complex.

Figure 4.19: Site Plan.

Source:

Google Earth UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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DESIGN IMPLEMENTED In the case of the Income Tax Colony, Belapur, the design which was implemented on site was the same as the one which was proposed by the architect. One main reason for this may be that, this was solely a project of CIDCO. EVOLUTION OF THE IMPLEMENTED DESIGN The CIDCO Housing, has evolved since it was built in the year 1993. The design was such that almost all the tenements had open to sky terraces. These terraces did not come under the FSI count and were big enough. Over the years as the family size has increased, almost all the people have converted these terraces into an additional room. The best part is that even after this modification, all the rooms still get enough light and ventilation.

Most of the buildings of this complex are owned by the Income Tax Department. This has proved to be a major drawback because, most of these houses are abandoned. People did not want to move into this complex due to its locational disadvantages. This area lacks public transport facilities.

Figure 4.20: An abandoned building of the complex Source:

Google

Figure 4.21: Additions done to the original building

Figure 4.22: CIDCO Housing View

Source:

Source:

Google

Google

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4.3 SANGHA RSH NAGAR (SLUM REHABIL ITATION PROJECT) Project Data: Year of construction: 2007 Architect: P.K.Das and Associates Developer: Sumer Corporation Land Area: 313621sqmt. (34hectares) Built up Area: 658604 sqmt.

Number of Dwelling Units: 18362 Density: 550units/hectare Height: Ground+7 storeys FSI (Floor Space Index) consumed: 2.1 Cost of project: Rs.40,000 lakhs INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.23: Model of the project Source:

P.K.Das and Associates

The Sanjay Gandhi National Park, situated in the northern part of Mumbai, has a large number of slums situated along its fringes. In the year 1995, the Bombay Environmental Action Group filed a Public Interest Litigation for the eviction of the slum dwellers from the national park. It was at this time when a NGO, named Nivara Hakk, came into the scenario and it demanded that the poor, be properly rehabilitated. But, the state government could not locate any land for this purpose.

In 1999, Nivara Hakk proposed a rehabilitation project at Chandivili, Mumbai which would house 33000 of these slum dwellers on 34 hectares of land. The state government approved the project in 2000 and the construction began.

“This housing project underlines the relationship of social movements, democracy, architecture and urban planning. With a long fight against forced evictions and active participation in rehabilitation planning, the residents of the area successfully exercised their fundamental right of living as dignified citizens.” (P.K.Das, 2009).

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PROJECT OBJECTIVES The main objective of this design project was to provide a habitable housing along with other community and commercial facilities to the slum dwellers of Sanjay Gandhi National Park. Site allocate The site, a 34 hectares land area, in Chandivili, is situated 10kms to the south of Sanjay Gandhi National Park. It has a very central location in the city of Mumbai. Previously used as a quarrying zone, had large craters in the land before construction.

DESIGN PROPOSAL The architect, Mr.P.K.Das proposed a design which would substantially suit the lifestyle of the EWS, keeping in mind the SRA guidelines. He designed Sangharsh Nagar to be an all-inclusive, self-sustaining township.

HOUSEHOLD LEVEL PLANNING Each individual household would be a well-lit and ventilated 22.5 sqmt area space. It consisted of a room, a kitchen, a toilet and a balcony. The balcony was provided to be a place for household work and convenience. The windows were designed to allow more light into the house. The balcony would allow easy access to the bathroom shaft hence facilitating easy maintenance.

Figure 4.24: Plan of typical dwelling unit Source:

P.K.Das and associates

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Figure 4.25: Ground floor plan.

Source:

P.K.Das and associates

STATEMENT OF AREAS DESCRIPTION

CARPET AREA(aq.m)

Living Room

12.75

Kitchen

6.47

Bath $ WC

2.58

Balcony

1.06

Total

16.20*

Table 4.2: Statement of areas of Sangarsh Nagar

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CLUSTER LEVEL PLANNING Each cluster would consist of 550 houses and 16 units for the common facilities, such as, balwaris, welfare centres, society offices and crèches. There would be a central court which would provide light and ventilation. The common units would be around this court. Entrance to each building would have to have a sitting area or ‘Baithak’. The cluster would be surrounded by motor able roads on three of its sides and pedestrian connections to the next

Figure 4.26: Cluster or Para

cluster on the remaining side. It was proposed to

Source:

P.K.Das and associates

have low-rise clusters, that is, ground+four storeys.

SECTOR LEVEL PLANNING Three clusters together would make a sector (Wadi). Each sector would have its own market place with shops, post office, banks and other commercial facilities. The primary school along with its playground would attempt to relieve the crowd which gathers at the market place.

SU-URBAN LEVEL PLANNING

Figure 4.27: Sector or Wadi.

Source:

P.K.Das and associates

Along with designing individual dwelling units for the people he even provided a list of amenities needed by the EWS to uplift their condition.

Figure 4.28: Proposed Plan of Sangharsh Nagar Source:

P.K.Das and associates

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4.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

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Table 4.3: Comparative Analysis of Case studies

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4.5 ISSUES CAN BE SOLVED

• Proper land-use planning of the region should be done and the policies must be strictly implemented so as to prevent the inadequacy in the development of land.

• By application of low-cost infrastructure services, housing cost, as well as maintenance cost, can be decreased substantially.

• Mass housing targets can be achieved by replacing the conventional methods of planning and executing building operation based on special and individual needs and accepting common denominator based on surveys, population needs and rational use of materials and resources.

• Adoption of any alternative technology on large scale needs a guaranteed market to function and this cannot be established unless the product is effective and economical. Partial prefabrication is an approach towards the above operation under controlled conditions.

• The essence lies in the systematic approach in building methodology and not necessarily particular construction type or design.

• The methodology for affordable housing has to be of intermediate type — less sophisticated involving less capital investment.

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Chapter 5: UNDERSTANDING THE SITE This chapter is focused on the understanding of the site and surroundings. The chapter begins by setting out the criteria for the selection of zone for study. Further, Navi Mumbai's localities are shortlisted and analyzed to select the best option for site study and design intervention.

5.1

SETTING UP PARAMETERS FOR SITE SELECTION...................................................65

5.2 IDENTIFYING SITES IN AN URBAN AREA....................................................................67 5.3 SITE OPTIONS........................................................................................................................68 5.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR SITE SELECTION.....................................................72 5.5 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE: VASHI(JUHUGAON).....................................................74 5.5.1 IDENTIFYING CONNECTIVITY NETWORK...............................................................75 5.5.2 AMENITY MAPPING.........................................................................................................76 5.5.3 SWOT ANALYSIS OF AN AREA......................................................................................78

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The site in an urban context with the urban population is always on the rise along with an increase in the high-density metropolitan area; there is a need to address the housing crisis in the location.

Figure 5.1: Navi Mumbai Map Source: etsy.com UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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5.1 SETTING PARAMETER FOR SITE CRITERIA:

Figure 5.2: Major and Minor road Source: Author

Figure 5.6: Pedestrians Source: Author

Following other criteria's need to be considered:

• Pedestrians and vehicular traffic near the major and minor nodes present at proximity to site.

• Connectivity in terms of the major transport network -Rail Figure 5.3: Transport Network Source: Author

network, Road network, metro, Airport.

• Public transportation such as autos taxis, bus stop.

• The site should be dynamic in terms of human activities and interactions.

• High density of Industrial, Institutional and Commercial zones in and around the site.

Figure 5.4: industrial,instituional & commercial Source: Author

• High density and frequency of footfall of the user group, which is the working class.

• The path of access should be derived from different contexts and experiences.

• The plots need to have good connectivity to the working destination of the users.

• Easy access to ATM, Banks, supermarkets, retail showroom, hospitals.

• Preferably government or illegal municipal encroachment on land.

Figure 5.5: Land Encroachment Source: Author

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SITE CONTEXT MAP FOR SITE SELECTION OPTION The site can be anywhere in an urban context, with the urban population is always on the rise and increases in the high-density metropolitan area. There is a need to address the unauthorized housing crisis in the location. Based on that, some sites are selected below. Among these sites, three sites will be used for background information and comparative analysis.

Figure 5.7: Division of Navi Mumbai zones Source: openstreetmap

Navi Mumbai is an arranged township in Mumbai set up in 1972 and is situated on the west shore of Maharashtra. Navi Mumbai has been created as an environment-friendly city, including delightful scenes with nurseries and parks. Navi Mumbai has been divided into a different jurisdiction.

While being a developing smart township, there are some sectors in the NMMC zone, which are the government encroached on land to built unauthorized housing units.

Figure 5.8: Site Context Map Source: Author

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5.2 IDENTIFYING SITE IN URBAN AREA

DIGHA GAON AIROLI NAVI MUMBAI

GHANSOLI GAON GHANSOLI NAVI MUMBAI

BONKODE GAON KOPARKHAIRNE JUHU GAON VASHI NAVI MUMBAI

SHIRAVANE GAON NERUL NAVI MUMBAI

Figure 5.9: Identifying site in urban area Source: Author

5.3 SITE OPTIONS THE SITE OPTION ACCORDING TO SITE CRITERIA This site is a land belonging to municipal Corporation. There are residential buildings built with no permission with ongoing human activities. It is well known because of its proximity to the Khairne pond and Thane-Belapur Road going parallel beside the site.

Figure 5.10: Bonkode map Source: openstreetmap

Juhugaon is an encroached landmass area which belongs to NMMC. This site consists of a Fringe multi-story residential building with ongoing human activities. It is well known because of its proxJUHU VILAGE

imity to the GaonDevi Mandir and nearby Government amenities.

Figure 5.11: Juhugaon map Source: openstreetmap

This site is situated in Nerul sector 01, which belongs to the Municipality of Navi Mumbai. There are Squattered apartments spread along with the site and have human settlements with ongoing activities on a small scale. It is well known because of its proximity to the Mumbai-Pune Expressway and Railway Station.

Figure 5.12: Shiravane map Source: openstreetmap

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Figure 5.13: Koparkhairne Development Map Source: https://cidco.maharashtra.gov.in

• This site location is situated in Koparkhairne which is a node of Navi Mumbai.

• This site is a land belonging to CIDCO, which is an Indian city planning agency.

• It is covered with the scattered settlement of illegal housing which overlooks the Thane-Belapur Road.

• It is well known because of its proximity to the Khairne

Figure 5.14: Bonkode view 1 Source: Author

Pond and Fish Markets inside the site location.

• The approximate site area is around 2,93,741 sq.m(72 acre).

• It is close to the Koparkhairne Railway Station helps in directing pedestrian traffic from station to the site.

• This site is dynamic in terms of Human activity keeping it active 24x7.

• This Site is next to Thane-Belapur Roadgives connec-

Figure 5.15: Bonkode view 2 Source: Author

tivity and vehicular traffic around it.

SITE

CONNECTION:

Thane-Belapur

Road,Ko-

parkhairne Railway Station,Bus stop,Road-way,Rikshaw stops.

Figure 5.16: Bonkode view 3 Source: Author UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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Figure 5.17: Vashi Development Map Source: cidco.maharashtra.gov.in

• This site is located in Vashi, which is a node of Navi Mumbai.

• The plot of Juhugaon belongs to C.I.D.C.O... It comes under N.M.M.C. Jurisdiction.

• The proximity of the site to the Vashi Bus Depot helps direct pedestrian traffic from the bus stop to the site.

• Juhugaon is well connected to Thane- Vashi and Har-

Figure 5.18: Juhugaon view 1 Source: Author

bour Railway Network.

• As discussed earlier, this site is highly active, but the site is illegal encroachment and hence serves as an opportunity for further development.

• The approximate

area of the site is around

1,50,000sq.m.

• The site is next to Kopar-Khairane-Vashi Road, which gives connectivity to the vehicular traffic road.

Figure 5.19: Juhugaon view 2 Source: Author

• Another advantage of the site is that it has more government amenities and A.P.M.C. Market.

Site connection: KoparKhairane-Vashi Road, Vashi Railway Station, Bus Depot, Road-way, Rikshaw stops.

Figure 5.20: Juhugaon view 3 Source: Author UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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Figure 5.21: Nerul Development Map Source: cidco.maharashtra.gov.in

• This site is located in Nerul, which is a node of Navi Mumbai.

• The site of Shiravane gaon belongs to C.I.D.C.O., which is an Indian city planning agency.

• Shiravane Gaon is dispersed with unauthorized housing residence constructed irregular which overlooks from the Mumbai-Pune Highway.

Figure 5.22: Shiravane view 1 Source: Author

• The site is well connected to Nerul Railway Station which is a Harbor Line railway network.

• The plot has encroachment, Thus helps build upon it and hence, serves as an opportunity for further development.

• The approximate

area of the site is around

3,33,000sq.m.

• It is well known because of its proximity to MumFigure 5.23: Shiravane view 2 Source: Author

bai-Pune Expressway which gives connectivity to the site and has vehicular traffic around it.

• The site is dynamic in terms of human activity, working on a small scale.

Site connection: Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Nerul Railway Station, Bus Depot, Road-way, Rikshaw stops.

Figure 5.24: Shiravane view 3 Source: Author UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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5.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSES FOR SITE SELECTION

The de),

three

site

options

Vashi(Juhugaon),

[Kopar-khairane(Bonko-

Nerul(Shiravane)]

discussed

back are compared over different factors to understand and analyze their scope and limitation for the project.

SITE CRITERIA

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

08.

09.

10.

Pedestrian and Vehicular Traffic

High Density and Frequency of footfalls Major and Minor roads

Transport Network

Density of Residential,Commercial and Institutional Land Encroachment

Context

Existing Land Use

Neglected Areas

Scope for Interventions

Table 5.1: Camparative analysis of Site

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KOPARKHAIRANE(BONKODE)

VASHI(JUHUGAON)

NERUL(SHIRAVANE GAON)

High Density

High Density

High Density

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Thane-Belapur Road

KoparKhairane-Vashi Road,

Mumbai-Pune Highway Nerul

Koparkhairne Station

Vashi Station, Bus Depot, Rik-

Station, Bus Depot, Rikshaw

Rikshaw stand Medium Density

shaw stand High Density

stops.

High Density

Illegal Encroachment

Illegal Encroachment

Illegal Encroachment

Mixed Use

Mixed Use

Mixed Use

Mixed Use

Mixed Use

Mixed Use

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

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5.5 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE: VASHI(JUHUGAON) • Vashi is a oldest node of Navi Mumbai. It is divided into different sub-nodes and sectors.

• The site is located in sector 11, a vast landmass area covering approximately 1,50,000 sq.m.

• Juhugaon is a village of hard working Agari community.

• Today, the village has expanded to Vashi Sector Nine, Ten, Fifteen, Sixteen, Twelve and 29.

• The whole village used to go to work on the salt.

• It has an excellent connection to the Thane-Vashi Rail Network as well as the harbor network.

• Vashi has several schools and colleges such as Karamveer Bhaurao Patil College, Father Agnels Polytechnical Institute, St Mary's Multipurpose School, St Lawrence High School located near one another.

• It also has M.S.B.S.H.S.E., a state board office responsible for the formation and implementation of the rules and regulations under the guidelines det by the state and central government.

• Vashi also has a vast A.P.M.C., which is around 2km away from the site location.

• There is also an upcoming proposed new Depot in secFigure 5.25: Juhugaon View 4 Source: Author

tor 12, which will help the public access easy accessibility from the site location.

• The site also has a Juhu Chowpatty nearby named after Juhugaon. It has a lake for boating surrounded by a jogging track.

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5.5.1 IDENTIFYING CONNECTIVITY NETWORK What makes it the best location, is its connectivity to the entire city through different modes of transport. Currently, it is well connected via road and railways of Navi Mumbai and NMMT Bus Routes as well as BEST Bus Routes.

Following are the distance of different transport terminals from Radha Krishna Marg are as follows: RAIL NETWORK: Harbour railway — Vashi Railway Station Thane-Vashi Railway Network — Koparkhairne Railway Staton ROAD NETWORK: Mumbai Pune Highway— 2.4km (7min by drive) Palm Beach Road — 800m (10min by walk and 2min by drive) Juhugaon Bus stop — 300m (4min by walk) Vashi Bus Depot — 1.7km (20min by walk) Upcoming NMMT Bus Depot — 100m (1min by walking) Rickshaw stand — outside the site area Radha Krishna Marg, Juhu Chowpatty Marg

Figure 5.26: Network Connectivity Source: Author and Google Map

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5.5.2 AMENITY MAPPING

LEGENDS PLAY GROUND

HOSPITAL

GARDENS

SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

POND

COMMERCIAL BUILDING Figure 5.27: Amenity mapping Source: Author and Google Map UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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PUBLIC PLAYGROUND:

EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:

Juhu Ground

Tilak Junior College

Sector 12 Ground

Goldchrest High School Anchorwala High School

GARDENS:

Karamveer Bhaurao College

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Park

St Marys High School

Acharya Shree anand Rishi Garden

Father Agnel High School

Rajiv Gandhi Park Brahmas Kumari Park

COMMERCIAL BUILDING: Palm Beach Galleria Mall

HOSPITALS:

City Center Mall

Vinamra Swaraj Hospital

Satra Plaza

Ashirwad Hospital

A.P.M.C MARKET

Fortis Hospital Mohanlal Jivandas Hospital

OTHER AMENITIES:

Lotus Multi Speciality Hospital

ICICI BANK CANARA BANK JUHU CHOWPATTY

IT IS CLEARLY EVIDENT THROUGH THE SITE MAPPING, THAT ALL DEFERENT AMENITIES NEEDED FOR DAY TO DAY LIFE, RIGHT FROM EDUCATION, RECREATIONAL, ALL OF THEM ARE SITUATED IN CLOSE TO VICINITY.

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5.5.3 SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AREA: VASHI(JUHUGAON) After thorough documentation and analysis of the site, the entire study can be summarized as given below:

STRENGTH

WEAKNESSESS

• The site located next to Radha Krishna marg

• The vehicular moment is as such, because

gives connectivity and vehicular traffic

of the significant location of the site that the

around it.

slow moment to traffic restricts the access to

• The proximity of the site to the Vashi Depot

the site for a particular period during the day.

and Koparkhairane railway station helps di-

• There is encroachment on the plot which is

rect pedestrian traffic from the station to the

illegal.

site.

• The site contains many central plots due to its geographical context.

• The site is dynamic in terms of human activity, keeping it active 24x7.

• The plot has encroachment, thus, helping build upon it.

• The site has a jogging track running parallel

S W

beside the site.

• It is well attached to the institution and commercial areas.

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OPPORTUNITIES • The proximity to all two means the excellent connection of road and railway station serves as a perfect opportunity for the site.

• The minor nodes provide for suitable connectors, acting as secondary nodes leading to the primary nodes.

• The site, Vashi(Juhugaon), is highly active, as discussed earlier, but the site is illegal encroachment and hence serves as an opportu-

THREATS • Major and minor nodes are providing both pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

• Although the site is dynamic throughout the day and night, it could prove a nuisance to the residential zone.

• The land has been illegally encroached upon by unauthorized housing motion on this land.

• It serves as a threat to this site.

nity for further development.

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Chapter 6: DESIGN PROPOSAL AND BRIEF 6.1 DESIGN PREAMBLE............................................................................................................82 6.2 DESIGN PROGRAM..............................................................................................................83 6.3 PROJECT RELEVANCE........................................................................................................84 6.4 DESIGN GOALS.....................................................................................................................86 6.5 AREA CALCULATION..........................................................................................................87

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6.1 DESIGN PREAMBLE Keeping in view the objectives, the project aims the author hereby, after a thorough process of understanding of the subject- Unauthorized Development scenario by on-field as well as off-field study, puts forth a design proposal for an unauthorized housing dweller near to Juhugaon, Vashi Navi Mumbai.

The design proposal is based on the core idea of "Affordable housing". The approach toward the formation of the programme was based on understanding and analysing the need for each function based on the requirements. A proposal is a holistic approach towards affordable for urban dweller living in the unauthorized building in big cities for a short or long period.

Figure 6.1: Affordable housing illustration Source: domestika.org

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6.2 DESIGN PROGRAM AFFORDABLE HOUSING Design Requirement for RESEDENTIAL COMPLEX "No. of

"Area

Persons"

(sq.m)"

Total (sq.m)

Apartement Area 1RK NOS: 880 Living Room Kitchen Bathroom & Toilet

3

14 7 4

25

15 9 7 4

35

1BHK NOS: 530 Living Room Bedroom Kitchen Bathroom & Toilet

4 4760 Amenities 2

Security cabin Step down Transformer DG set (1+1) with storage tank Sewage Treatment Plant Rainwater Harvesting Society Office Toilet for Security Guard

40550 6 8 110 240 As per Roof Area 36 15

1

3 Building Services Underground Water Tank Fire Tank Electrical Meter Room Common Staircase Fire-Escape Staircase Elevator Elevator(Stretcher can fit) Refuge Area Distribution Panel Electrical Cable Duct Fire Duct TOTAL OCCUPENCY Ciculation area 30% TOTAL BUILT UP AREA IN SQ.M

Table 6.1: Design Program

415

350 144 32 1.2 1.5 2.5 3 10 % of gross area of floor 0.4 1.5 1.5 4763

537 41502 18000.0 59,502

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6.1 PROJECT RELEVANCE

Figure 6.2: Design Relevance Source: Author and Pinterest

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• The implementation of an architectural design approach will help to address the issue of dwellers living in the unauthorized housing unit.

• Affordable housing offers all basic amenities and facilities with quality, lasting construction but at a price point that is affordable by aspiring customers.

• It will contributes to significant economic impacts, including increases in local purchasing power, job creation and new tax revenues.

• In such a scenario, the design proposal will help to provide a possible long-term solution for dwellers living in unauthorized residency in urban area.

• The approach deals with the housing problem in urban area and its social, political and economic origins and consequences.

• The project also helps to change the image and improve the quality of living along with other parameters and also gives an example for the other similar areas of the city.

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6.1 DESIGN GOALS

• The project will consist of an ideal mix of living, commercial, amenities and public spaces for particular users to deferent age group and culture and socio-economic background.

• Give priority for subsidy/assistance to committed affordable housing projects that serve LIGHTING AND VENTILAITON All living spaces must have optimum natural lighting and ventilation

households with incomes below 60% of area median income.

• The ultimate goals of the design proposal are to make an affordable housing for the people living in unauthorized housing.

MODULAR Units should be modular and Modules as per user need

FLEXIBILITY

POROSITY

The ability to modify

The void spaces for different user to congegrate and socialized

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PO

ND

6.1 AREA CALCULATION

EXTG. CREMATORIUM

S

ND

UTO

/A

XI

.0 M. WI DE

STA

C+R

TA

C+R

PUMPING STATION

P&T RESIDENTIAL QRTS.

HO

ing and commercial area)

RO

AD

C+R

LD IN G

MIXE USED BUILDING (integrated shared liv-

NMMT BUS TERMINUS

32

SHOP LINE

SHOP LINE

SPORTS COMPLEX CUM SWIMMING POOL

SHOP LINE

DR RO

RO

D

RO

AD

WID E

OA

.W IDE 6.0 M

20

W

IDE

RO

AD

32 .0 M

BUILDING TYPE- HIGH RISE OR LOW

.

ER

M.

IDE

ES

WID

.W

M.

AD

US

.0

AD

HO 14

.0

S.

WID E

RO

EE

M.

DR

AD

TR

6.0

15 .0

M.

PLOT AREA 1,50,321 SQ.M

6.0 WID E RO AD

W IDE

Setbacks: 4.5m

S. H

RO AD

OU

TA XI\

AU

SE S.

TO

ST

AN

D

Total plot area — 1,50,321 sq.m

14 .0

M.

RISE BUILDING

OVERHEAD TANK

FOR H.P. (RESIDENTIAL)

AD

Total FSI(gaothan) = 4.0

GARDEN

M. W

IDE

RO

SHOPS & RESI.

.0 14

AD RO IDE W M.

12

ND PO

C+R

AD

C+R

AN

RO

IN

G

lowered down as per design considerations)

C+R

GARDEN

EXTG. CREMATORIUM

XI

DE

ST

C+R

SHOP LINE

US

RO

AD

TA

XI\

ES

AU

.

TO

ST

AN

D

SWIMMING POOL

M

HO

AD

1

S.

11 .

4 PH AS E

SHOP LINE

SPORTS COMPLEX CUM

11 .

M

RO

AD

P P AR ROP HAS EA OS E = 1 ED 1 50 SI 00 TE SQ .M

32

AY

.0

NMMT BUS TERMINUS

PL HU JU

TA

M.

OU GR

HO

WI

ND

LD

C+R

PUMPING STATION

P&T RESIDENTIAL QRTS.

D

area that can be utilized on the site and will be

TO

(The above calculated built-up area is maximum

/ AU

14

.0M

W

ID

ER

OA

D

16

Figure 6.3: Plot area diagram Source: CIDCO

SOCIETYPLOTS

MUNICPAL MARKET FUEL STATION

.M

AS

DR

E

SHOP LINE

3

WID E

RO

AD

PH

RO

2 11 .

PH

AS E

AD RO M

AD 14

.0

M.

W IDE

RO

E RO AD WID

RO AD

GARDEN

M. W

IDE

SHOPS & RESI.

TELE. SERVICE CENTRE EXISTING TEMPLE

DAILY BAZAR

Figure 6.3: Proposed Site Area Diagram Source: CIDCO

UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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87

D ER OA

WID M.

D

6.0

OA

WID

.

ER

20

JU

PH

AS

E

3

11

.M

RO AD

HU PO GAO ND N

PH

AS

RO

FOR H.P. (RESIDENTIAL)

.0

ES

WID

M.

E

AD

.M

OVERHEAD TANK

14

M.

.0

US

.0

M.

HO 14

6.0

S.

4

EE

6.0

DR

PH AS E

TR

15

= 6,10,284 sqm

DAILY BAZAR

EXISTING TEMPLE

R+C

PROPOSED WARD HOSPITAL

15

Total built up area- Area x F.S.I

14

TELE. SERVICE CENTRE

APPENDIX LIST OF FIGURES 01 An Overview...........................................................................................................................09 02 Unauthorized Housing in cities...............................................................................................10

CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTADING THE SUBJECT 1.1

Informal settlements in urban area..........................................................................................16

1.2

Crime in urban area.................................................................................................................17

1.3

Transformation of housing......................................................................................................18

1.4

Scope and Limitation..............................................................................................................19

1.5

Diagrametic representaion of research methodology..............................................................23

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Newspaper and articles.............................................................................................................26 2.2 Income Distribution Chart........................................................................................................30 2.3 Global Migrantion map.............................................................................................................31

CHAPTER 3: ISSUES OF UNAUTHORIZED DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Lack of access...........................................................................................................................36 3.2 Issuues of migrant.....................................................................................................................37 3.3 Unstable homes for dwellwrs....................................................................................................38 3.4 Flowchart explains Formation of Unauthorized Housing.........................................................39

CHAPTER 4: CASE-STUDY 4.1 Parameter of Casestudy.............................................................................................................42 4.2 A cluster around a courtyard.....................................................................................................43 4.3 Layout of the houses in a cluster...............................................................................................45 4.4 Plan of a dwelling unit..............................................................................................................45 4.5 A cluster consisting of seven units around a courtyard.............................................................45 4.6 Three clusters forming a larger module....................................................................................46 4.7 Plan at a sub-urban level...........................................................................................................46 UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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4.8 Site Plan of Artist‟s Village.......................................................................................................47 4.9 Ganesh Udyan (Children‟s playing park).................................................................................47 4.10 The only school in the complex...............................................................................................47 4.11 In this photograph one can see the way people have completely demolished the original structure and built a new structure. It is comparable to the house to its left, which more or less resembles the original design...............................................................................................................................48 4.12 Article village housing pic.......................................................................................................48 4.13 View of the Housing................................................................................................................49 4.14 View of a typical building........................................................................................................50 4.15 Ground Floor Plan....................................................................................................................51 4.16 First Floor Plan........................................................................................................................51 4.17 Second Floor Plan....................................................................................................................51 4.18 Typical cluster..........................................................................................................................52 4.19 Site Plan..................................................................................................................................52 4.20 An Abondoned building of complex........................................................................................53 4.21 Addition done to the original building....................................................................................53 4.22 CIDCO Housing view..............................................................................................................53 4.23 Model of the project................................................................................................................54 4.24 Plan of typical dwelling Unit...................................................................................................55 4.25 Ground Floor Plan....................................................................................................................56 4.26 Cluster of Para..........................................................................................................................57 4.27 Sector or Wadi..........................................................................................................................57 4.28 Proposed Plan of Sangarsh Nagar............................................................................................57

CHAPTER 5: UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 5.1 Navi Mumbai Map.....................................................................................................................64 5.2 Major and Minor road................................................................................................................65 5.3 Transport Network.....................................................................................................................65 5.4 industrial,instituional & commercial.........................................................................................65 5.5 Land Encroachment...................................................................................................................65 UNAUTHORIZED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

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5.6 Pedestrians.................................................................................................................................65 5.7 Division of Navi Mumbai zones................................................................................................66 5.8 Site Context Map.......................................................................................................................66 5.9 Identifying site in urban area.....................................................................................................67 5.10 Bonkode map...........................................................................................................................68 5.11 Juhugaon map..........................................................................................................................68 5.12 Shiravane map.........................................................................................................................68 5.13 Koparkhairne Development Map............................................................................................69 5.14 Bonkode view 1.......................................................................................................................69 5.15 Bonkode view 2.......................................................................................................................69 5.16 Bonkode view 3.......................................................................................................................69 5.17 Vashi Development Map..........................................................................................................70 5.18 Juhugaon view 1......................................................................................................................70 5.19 Juhugaon view 2......................................................................................................................70 5.20 Juhugaon view 3......................................................................................................................70 5.21 Nerul Development Map.........................................................................................................71 5.22 Shiravane view 1.....................................................................................................................71 5.23 Shiravane view 2.....................................................................................................................71 5.24 Shiravane view 3.....................................................................................................................71 5.25 Juhugaon View 4.....................................................................................................................74 5.26 Network Connectivity..............................................................................................................75 5.27 Amenity mapping.....................................................................................................................76

CHAPTER 6: DESIGN PROPSAL AND BRIEF 6.1 Affordable housing illustration..................................................................................................82 6.2 Design Relevance......................................................................................................................84 6.3 Plot area diagram.......................................................................................................................87 6.4 Proposed Site Area Diagram......................................................................................................87

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LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTADING THE SUBJECT 1.1

The secondary research questions concerning social and economical issues.........................21

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Affordable land cost with four years' income households.........................................................30 2.2 Population trend as indicated in the CDP of NMMC................................................................32 2.3 Zone wise Projected Population for 2021..................................................................................32 2.4 Population Pattern According to Zone based on Census 2011..................................................33

CHAPTER 4: CASE-STUDY 4.1 Statement of areas of Cidco Housing........................................................................................51 4.2 Statement of areas of Sangarsh Nagar.......................................................................................56 4.3 Comparative Analysis of Case studies......................................................................................58

CHAPTER 5: UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 5.1 Comparative Analysis of Sites...................................................................................................51

CHAPTER 6: DESIGN PROPSAL AND BRIEF 6.1 Design Program..........................................................................................................................83

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BIBLOGRAPHY https://www.nvch.org https://www. theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/ https://www. coursehero.com/file/p321nj9/ https://www. researchgate.net/publication/ https://www. slideshare.net/SohiniKar/urbansprawlfullpaper https://www. orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ https://www. researchgate.net/publication/319288950 https://www. scribd.com/presentation/405238591/Baiganwadi https://www. habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slum https://www. www.researchgate.net/publication/ https://www.krax.typepad.com/krax/city_mumbay_india https://www. deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/politics https://www. issuu.com/shashvatdwivedi/docs/dissertation https://www.muni.org/Departments/project_management https://www. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/ https://www.academia.edu/38928274/REAL_TIME_SLEEP https://www.slideshare.net/arshyam/shyam-thesis-report

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