City As An Ecosystem: Reclamation of the Khazans, Goa

R V COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

(Affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

Site CA-1, Banashankari 6th Stage, 4th Block, Near Chikagowdanapalya Village, Off Vajarahalli Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560062 Bangalore 560 062

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis project entitled CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM is a bonafide work carried out by SNEHAM PANDEY, 1RW15AT100, towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture JANUARY TO JUNE 2020.

We recommend that the thesis be placed before the examiners for their consideration for the award of Bachelor of Architecture Degree.

Guides Ar. BAKUL JANI Ar. VAGISH NAGANUR Ar. SEEMA ANAND Ar. SUNDEEP NAGARAJ

EXAMINERS: SIGNATURE: DATE:

INTERNAL

Dr. OM PRAKASH BAWANE Principal R V College of Architecture Bangalore

EXTERNAL 1

EXTERNAL 2

I dedicate this project to environmentalists, scientists, designers, artists, and communities around the world. Their tireless efforts towards environmental conservation inspire me every day.

I take this opportunity to thank Ar. Ankita Kolamkar; Hycintha Aguiar from Divar Island; the people at Soul Travelling; Ar. Tallulah D’Silva; Elroy Pereira from TERI; Kshitij from Wild Otters Research Center; Mahim Bhandari; and Ashwin from Ilha Verde Farmers’ Club. Their guidance, stories, and details about Goa have laid the foundations for the project. I feel grateful for these interactions.

I would also like to dedicate the project to my grandfather, Lt. Jagdish Narayan Pandey, who was my biggest cheerleader for most of my life.

I am very thankful for the support and motivation from my family. It was wonderful to work along with the company of my friends. Sharing ideas and laughs with them got me through the pandemic.

CONTENTS

Thesis Question 08

01 BACKGROUND STUDY

Goa: Biodiversity verses Tourism 12 Khazan: History & Biodiversity 14 Khazan: Culture & Human Interaction 16

02 CASE STUDIES (PROGRAM)

Nilgiri Field Center 20 TERI Coastal Hub 21 Wild Otter 22 St Estevam Community Farming 23 Panjim Smart City: Mangrove Broadwalk 24 Salt Pans, Ribandar 25

03 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Program Components & User Analysis 28 Core Functions 30 Area Statement 32

04 SITE AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS The Five Islands of Mandovi River 36 Context: Divar 40 Site Features: Navelim 42 SWOT Analysis 44

05 CASE STUDIES (DESIGN) Shenyang Jianzhu University 50 Bandirmas Park 50 Roux Center for Environment 50 Regen Village 51

06 DESIGN

Major Themes 54 Design Development 55 Design Drawings 56 Climatology and Circular Systems 66 Landscape 67 Materials 68 The Recreational Value of Maand 69 Learning Labs 70 The Role of Art in Conservation 71 List of Maps 72 List of Photographs 72 List of Diagrams & Illustrations 73 List of Drawings 73

THESIS QUESTION

“Do cities destroy other habitats and ecosystems? Of course. Do cities cause local extinctions of many species? Undoubtedly. We never built them as habitats for any species other than ourselves...Surely, if we build cities with intention, with niches full of unique resources, many other species will come on their own, and over time will adapt and evolve into unique urban creatures” Coral Reefs of the Land | Madhusudan Katti Article 11.4 Current Conservation 8 CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM

How can architecture act as a catalyst for change or be an useful aid in spreading awareness for conservation?

Nature has become a contained object which has been pushed away from cities. It is no more a part of the whole system. It exists as isolated pockets: lakes, parks, a green belt, a national park or even someone’s balcony. In order to experience nature, one has to visit these places. Urbanisation has led to missing links, missing data and lack of shared knowledge from one system to another. Small pockets of parks not connected to other parks lead to gene decay and even animal-human conflicts. This similarly gets mirrored in our cities as wella lack of communication within different systems. There is an urgent needs to realise the importance of the interdependant connections in ecosystems and allow more biodiversity to thrive in our cities.

A close look at the ecological issues of India are also linked to marganilisation of traditional occupations, traditional knowledge and tribal communities.

Traditional occupations have helped in maintaining an ecological balance resulting in a culturally protected ecosystem. The lands and forests were respected and maintained by the people. Government laws, and urbanisation have taken communities away from the ecosystem.

Their land is taken over by government and they are restricted from visiting forests. This shift has led to ecological issues which also have many socio-economic implications.

They can only be solved through community inclusive programs.

The culture of tribal communities like Bishnois, Banni, Maldharis, Santhals is closely linked to nature and they have lived sustainably for years. It is reflected in their food, agriculture practices and even in the houses they build. How do we revive this traditional knowledge?

THESIS QUESTION

Where does architecture play a role? How can architecture act as a catalyst for change or be an useful aid in spreading awareness for conservation?

Look into ways to achieve co-existence between nature, built structures and the community. How can the building be a part of the ecosystem?

Buildings tend to be thought of as static edificies that remain the same over the decades, interacting little with their environment. Can they be treated as more dynamic and interactive structures? Can a symbiotic relationship be achieved by a regenerative approach?

The project will attempt to adopt regenerative architecture through the following principles: 1) Co-existence and Interdependence 2)Regeneration through whole system integration- the site, the systems, energy, the building, flora and fauna 3)Eliminate the concept of waste 4) Rely on natural forces 5) Co- Evolution of the whole system

CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM

9

01 BACKGROUND STUDY

GOA: BIODIVERSITY VERSES TOURISM HISTORY Goa was ruled by several dynasties of various origins from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD. During the rule of Kadambas, the name and fame of Goapuri had reached its zenith BRONZE & IRON AGE Sumerians had established trade contacts with Goa. Even before any king ruled the territory, a form of democracy existed in Goa- called the Gaunkari system.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE The state’s location between the Western Ghat mountains and the Arabian Sea midway on the west coast of India means it’s protected from extreme temperature fluctuations that commonly occur elsewhere in the country. Goa has a hot tropical climate with three main seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). Heavy rainfall comes with the southwest monsoon winds causing rain in the state from June through September.

Physical geography divides the state into three geographical divisions.These are mountainous Region formed by Sahyadri Ranges in the east, Plateau Region in the center and low-lying river basins and coastal plains. All the seven rivers of Goa originate from the Sahyadri range. Mandovi and Zuari drain the major portions of the plains.

Having alluvial flats near the coastal regions, the river basins form rich agriculture tracts.

The eastern hilly region has various endemic species of flora and fauna.The forests abound with the various species of birds common to the Konkan.

12 CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM

COLONIALISM BY THE PORTUGUESE The Portuguese rule in Goa lasted for as long as 450 years. In 1510, when Goa was under Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur, Portuguese attacked Goa under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque.

Mandovi

Zuari

Physiography Map

CULTURE Once established in Ela, the Portuguese began a religious conquest, aiming to convert Hindus that had remained in the city.

Goa reached its peak culturally and economically by the end of 16th century when it was fondly referred to as ‘Lisbon of the East’. Christianity arrived in Goa with St. Francis Xavier and the Jesuits.

Muslim attacks weakened the Portuguese’s resistance. The Maratha Wars of 1664 to 1739 further destabilized the Portuguese stronghold in India.

Goa is a combination of Indian and Portuguese cultures, which together makes up a different ethnicity of the entire state. The Goans comprise of Christians, Catholics, Hindus and Muslims and they all celebrate their major festivals in harmony.

The most popular celebrations are the Goa Carnival, Feast of John the Baptist, Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Shigmo. The largest festival in the state is the Feast of St. Francis Xavier.

INDEPENDENCE The liberation of Goa, known as Operation Vijay took place on December 17th, 1961.

On December 19, 1961, Goa officially became part of India and two years later, held its first general election.

FORMATION OF THE STATE Goa was declared as a Union Territory On May 31st, 1987 Goa has declared the 25th state of India.

TOURISM

Pernem

Bardez

Bicholim

Sattari

Tiswandi Ponda Mormugao

Dharbandora

Salcete Tourist Arrivals 2017-18

Quepem

2,500-15,000

Sanguem

15,001-45,000 45,001-1,25,501

Canacona

1,25,501-15,00,00 15,00,001-30,00,000

Goa developed an international reputation in the 1960s as one of the prime stops on the legendary India-Nepal “hippie trail”.

Many foreigners mostly from western Europe decided to create a community for Westerners here in Goa. It still remains today an international center of youth culture.

Tourism is its primary industry, and is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland.

The case of Goa is more interesting given the conflict between Tourism and Biodiversity in Goa. It is famous for being a party capital with pristine beaches. The huge influx of tourist has led to lot of commercialization.

Huge pressures are placed on the environment. This project looks at the other side of Goa. It explores how ecotourism can be used to support the environment and the locals of Goa.

Tourist Map

CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 13

KHAZANS: HISTORY & BIODIVERSITY FIRST SETTLERS The first documentation of khazans is in the sixth century AD, which is a donation of a khazan land by a king on a copper plate.

Mandovi

Zuari

Khazans are coastal wetlands of Goa. They were reclaimed from mangrove forests, probably in the pre-Christian era by an intricate system of dykes, sluice gates and canals and put to multiple productive uses such as agriculture, aquaculture and salt panning.

Mangroves and marshy land 14 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

GAUNKARI SYSTEM Khazan were traditionally owned by the community. These institutions were called gaunkaris (village-association), and had a few farmers managing the system.

PORTUGUESE PERIOD Under the Portugese rule, these consortiums were renamed as comunidades.

POST INDEPENDENCE The existing association of farmers prefer pisciculture (fish farming). In addition to the existing problems, the next generation has also not shown interest in agriculture with almost 90% of youngsters working in cities. The management of the Khazans became the reponsibility of the tenants’ association under the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1964.

CURRENT Khazan lands near the urban areas of Panjim, Mapusa, Margao, Calangute, Candolim were found to be under significant developmental pressure. Vast areas have been filled on the outskirts of Panjim.

Reclaimed land converted to fields

MANGROVES Shelter for terrestial life Shoreline protection

Shelter for aquatic life

Mangroves along the coast of Goa

Mangroves are salt-tolerant evergreen forests found along sheltered coastlines, estuaries, or rivers deltas in tropical and subtropical regions. Mangroves function as fish nurseries and nature’s defence systems.

Communities depend on them as a source of wood and non-timber products (food, fodder, medicine and honey).

In Goa, parts of mangroves have been used as indigenous medicine. They are rich in bioactive compounds, effective for treatment of diseases like fungal infections, kidney stone, rheumatism and malaria. Now, very few herbal practitioners can be found here.

The role of mangroves in the marine food chain is crucial. The khazans also support the conservation of biological diversity by providing habitats, spawning grounds, nurseries and nutrients for a number of animals.

This estuarian landscape is home to a variety of species of avifauna, fishes, shellfish, reptiles, otters and other mammals.

Food Web CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 15

KHAZANS: CULTURE & HUMAN INTERACTIONS FEATURES OF KHAZANS

Dyanism of the Khazans with the changing seasons

Khazan is a self-operational system, utilizing tidal, hydro, and solar energy, and has functions that are highly complex but ecofriendly.

Khazans have agricultural value with paddy fields. They are used for aquaculture, both as open-water estuarine mariculture (e.g. oysters and mussels) and as pond culture (mainly for shrimps). Salt pans can also be found here. Khazan lands have three main features: sluice gate, poim and two types of bunds.

Water Channel/ Poiem

Sluice Gate/ Manos

Dykes/ Bunds

Low Tide

High Tide

The communities have dieties related to the Khazans. ‘Manoseshwar’ is the diety of sluice gate or manos.

Lord of Sea called ‘Sagareshwar’ at Betim .The temple showcases worship of marine fauna (reptiles, turtles, etc.)

Blessing of the crop during the harvest festival

16 C I T Y A S A N E CO SYST E M

The harvest festival is celebrated on the 5th day of the month of Bhadrapada (falls in August or September). Harvesting of new crops requires ceremonial blessings from the priest.

On the New Moon day of Pausha month (beginning of harvest season) the fishermen of Cambarjua island perform an age-old tradition- the crocodile worship or ‘Mangge Thapne”.

The Cambarjua canal is home to Indian muggers. They make clay sculptures of crocodiles and worship them with flowers and other offerings so that the real crocodiles don’t hamper their fishing and farming activities.

One can find a Holy Cross close to the sluice gates. Blessings from the priest are sought at the commencement of the fishing season in October or November. The boats are blessed and a prayer to lord Varuna (lord of water) is also perfomed. Many Catholic prrayers have retained past Hindu rituals.

Jan

The Khazans are associated with many traditional oocupations throughut the year.

Dec-Jan: Salt .field preparation Feb-Jul- Salt harvesting Jun-Oct-Paddy farming July-Dec- Fishing Nov- Jan- Vegetable farming

De

Sa No v

n Ju Jul

Oc t Se

p

Paddy C ul tiv

Ma y

Au g

July-Oct- Paddy Farming and Pisciculture

Apr

Season ing sh i F ion at Veget

ab

ar

Mithkars (salt farmers)

tivation Cul le

Salt Harvesting

Kharvi (fishermen)

ield Preparation lt F

M

Shetkars (farmers)

Fe b

c

Dec-July- Salt Preparation and Harvesting CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 17

02 CASE STUDIES (PROGRAM)

CASE STUDIES: PROGRAMS THE NILGIRIS FIELD LEARNING CENTER The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) has for more than 25 years been the field learning centre for the Keystone Foundation, a voluntary agency based out of Kotagiri, More than 75% of the reserve is ‘protected area’ as a tiger reserve and national park.

An estimated 30 distinct Adivasi groups are ancient residents of these forests and mountains. The reserve is spread over a 5500 sq km area and spans three states— Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.

The Nilgiris Field Learning Center has set up an integrative model of education, research and practice. Their stratergies aim to achieve conservation by promoting secure livelihoods that allow locals to shift away from unsustainable practices. Work is done mutually on environmental conservation and socioeconomic wellbeing of the community through radical collaborations.

The binaries structuring sustainable development: EDUCATION-RESEARCH-PRACTICE Blurring the boundaries between education, research and practice to link students, scientists and community members.

SCIENCE-TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE Integrate different knowledge systems for a holistic approach.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY- BIODIVERSITY Promoting traditional livelihoods to protect the health of the ecosystem.

Cornell university based researchers, staff from Keystone Foundation and Adivasi sudents from the communities- participate in this bilingual programme of ‘structured cultural collisions’. The involvement of the Adivasi students has helped formed a patnership with twelve Adivasi groups.

20 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

TERI COASTAL HUB, VELHA GOA The Coastal Educational Hub funded by Nave Marg Foundation, covering an area of approximately 58,000 sq.m, is situated in the wetland area of Batim, Goa Velha, Goa. Some of the salient features of the site include: •Solar salt pan processing and harvesting - 15,000 sq.mt. Salt pans belong to the local farmers. Feb- March is the season.

•Traditional aquaculture ponds - 20,000 sq.mt •Agricultural land (including livestock & farmhouse) - 23,000 sq.mt.

The hub focuses on: 1) Mangroves 2)Khazans 3)AquaTech Park- mussel culture, oyster culture, pearl spot fish cage culture and crab farming demo’s and fish processing 4)Experiments on fish feed 5)Organic Farming & Sustainable Technologies - livestock rearing, organic kitchen gardening, vermicomposting, and rain water harvesting, and biogas plants utilizing livestock waste and kitchen waste

CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 21

WILD OTTERS RESEARCH CENTER, CHARAO ISLAND Researching the elusive animal’s behaviour and rehabilitating their population is Wild Otters Research, a conservation research centre that has a field base at the Charao Island, Goa. Wild Otters is an independent private company which was set up in 2018.

Their volunteering Program is a multidisciplinary approach to conservation.

They also research about others mammals like bats, hyenas, civet,etc. and birds and even snakes around Goa. They conduct workshops and also have curated tours to mangroves, bird watching, etc. They also train college students and conduct sessions at schools to raise awareness among kids.

They also work closely with the Forest Department. They conduct a cleanup every week with the Yoga Institute at the island.

22 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

Their base at Charao is an old Portuguese house.The Otter Collective is a call for artists around the world to create otter art and help stop the illegal otter pet trade in Southeast Asia. A merchandise shop is set up to generate some funds to support ongoing conservation work.

They sell t-shirts, calendars, pens, etc. with these artworks.They also plan to open a café dedicated to the wildlife.

ILHA VERDE FARMER’S CLUB, ST. ESTEVAM ISLAND Goa has seen a decline in paddy cultivation in recent years because farmers and landowners have been reluctant to practice the conventional, labour-intensive method of raising nurseries and transplantation.

In November 2015, when Father George Quadros deployed Japanese-made rice nursery and transplanting machines

experiment to their village’s fallow fields.

They could recultivate 50 acres of the village’s barren land under the banner of the Illha Verde Farmers Club. Cameris and manai (traditional female and male tillers, respectively) from nearby mining affected villages were given employment. The government provided

on 3,000 sq. metres of paddy fields in Velsao village through an initiative of DBLS called Goa Paddy. Enthused by the success, Quadros convinced farmers in several villages in the vicinity to try out co-operative paddy cultivation. In 2018, threatened by plans for a coal transportation carriageway and the hunger for real estate development, the northern Goa island village of St. Estevem adapted the DBLS

subsidies throughout the farming process Real estate development seems to be on the rise and it is for this reason that the good villagers of St. Estavam have taken it upon themselves to revive farming and prevent the fields from being taken over. The locals have taken to farming these lands in the hope of preventing any gated communities or dumpyards from being built on them.

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 23

MANGROVE BROADWALK, PANJIM Under the Smart City Mission, the Imagine Panaji Smart City Development Ltd (IPSCDL) conceptualized and built the Mangrove Boardwalk. The making of this boardwalk didn’t require any deforestation. Located over the Ourem Creek, this one is spread across 1,100 square metres. It is located right behind the Goa State Central Library, this walk is an insight into the many types of mangrove species, the wildlife of the area and a call for a close interaction with nature. This boardwalk is actually in its first phase but there are plans to extend it even further where it will possibly touch the old Patto bridge.

It has been designed and planned by Goa based architect Gerardo de Cunha.

The walkway is made of teak wood and the flooring rests on teak wood stilts which are buried 7m below the marshy soil under hydraulic pressure.

The benches allow for those who just want to sit and enjoy the peace and quiet. There are boards with infographics that educates visitors about the importance of mangroves and the ecosystem that thrives around them.

24 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

SALT PANS, RIBANDER Solar salt production in Goa, described as a traditional village industry, has been practiced for the past 1,500 years by various communities. Since most of the rivers in Goa form estuaries and experience tidal influxes, salt production was started mainly in the coastal villages. Salt served as an important trade commodity too, playing an important role in the economy of Goa. With the Portuguese colonization of Goa in 1510, the salt production gained a huge momentum because of the increased demand for consumption. Five communities are involved in the salt production. They are Mithgaudas, Gauddos, Bhandaris, Agris and Agers.

Salt pans are feeding grounds for birds.

Solar salterns are extreme environments that act as a niche for organisms which thrive over a range of extreme salinities, temperatures, pH, nutrient concentrations, oxygen availability, water activity and solar radiation. salt pans are excellent feeding grounds because of the availability of planktons.

Salt Pans of Goa

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 25

03 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM COMPONENTS & USER ANALYSIS MEMBERS OF THE HOST COMMUNITY

Shetkars/farmers Kharvi/fishermen Vaidyas/herbal healers Mithkars/salt farmers

Village Panchayat Tenant’s Association Farmer’s Club

Goa State Biodiversity Board Biodiversity Management corps TERI Coastal

MEMBERS OF THE VISITOR COMMUNITY

Teahers School kids College students

Local visitors Tourists

Ecologists Biologists Conservationists Bird watchers

ASSOCIATION OF USERS WITH THE PROGRAMS Ecologists, Bird Watchers Local visitors, Tourists Farmers, Fishermen, Herbal healers, Salt farmers TERI, GSBB Scientists, Biologists

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING VISITOR’S CENTER COMMUNITY SPACE ADMIN BLOCK TRAINING CENTER

Local Community

RESEARCH CENTER

Volunteers, Interns, Students

STREET ACTIVITIES

28 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

DORMS

id

y

ba n

k

h rc a se ng i re n ai tr

KHAZANS io

n

r

at

e te

uc

un

ed

awareness

& e ch m al e r a n p o g se lo iti led re eve d a d tr now k

l vo

nt

eco-tourism

bs

d

livelihood

su

fo o

good health

STAKEHOLDERS

DESIGNERS & PLANNERS

The programs look into how cities as social-ecological systems can help to rebuild the lost networks. They highlight the importance of each stakeholder through binaries. These binaries will acclerate sustainable development and establish symbiosis between all the stakeholders. This will attempt to generate a dynamic self-organised system with a high level of heterogeneity.

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 29

Health of the Ecosystem-Health of the Community

Rural-Urban Interdependency

CORE FUNCTIONS

RESEARCH R&D Labs

AWARENESS Visitor Center

Movie Screenings

Learning

Reading Spaces

Events

EDUCATIO TRAIN Field learn Traininig

Exhibition

Sample Collection

Data Analysis

Plant Bank

AWARENESS

Field

Testing

RESEA

Fishing

Paddy Cultivation

Salt Store

Vegetable market

Cocunut Plantation Mangrove Nursery Salt Harvesting Vegetable garden

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION 30 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

Traditional Knowledge- Modern Science

ON AND NING ning and g Labs

Survey

Cultural Diversity-Ecological Diversity

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Experiental learning

Data Collection

Research

Documentation

ECO-TOURISM Trails, Broadwalk and Pavilions

Discussions

Interviews

ARCH

Computer Lab

Workshops

Technology

Dorms

TRAINING

Mangrove Plantation Cleanups

Trails

Bird Watching

Photograhy

ECO-TOURISM

CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 31

AREA STATEMENT VISITOR'S CENTER Local visitors, tourists Components

No. of people Area per person Total Area(sq.m)

Built Unbuilt

Entrance

500

0.75

375

375

Reception

10

2

20

20

Visitor's info

15

1

15

15

Multipurpose Hall

500

0.65

700

700

Exhibition space

500

0.5

250

250

25

2

50

50

-

-

150

10

6

60

500

0.65

350

-

-

20

20

Reading spaces

10

0.3

30

30

Learning spaces

40

2.5

100

100

Workshop space

40

5

200

200

Cafe+ Eatery

500

5

2500

2500

Toilets

500

-

60

60

2

5

10

10

4890

4390

Kids musuem Plant Bank Merchandise Shop "Maand"- gathering space Bookstore

Security room+locker

150 60 350

500

ADMIN Local community, heads, volunteers and interns Offices: Branch manager

1

10

10

10

Biodiversity Management Committee

5

10

50

50

Biodiversity Conservation Corps

10

10

100

100

Conference room

20

1

20

20

Computer room

10

8

80

80

Media room

40

30

30

Common Area

100

1.5

150

Pantry

-

-

10

10

Toilets

100

-

70

70

Dorms for volunteers/interns

20

15

300

300

Dining Area

20

5

100

100

Toilets

20

-

50

50

Bathroom

20

-

20

20

990

840

FIELD REASERCH AND TRAINING Local 32 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M community, scientists, volunteers and interns

150

150

20 Bathroom

20

-

50

50

20

20

990

840

150

FIELD REASERCH AND TRAINING Local community, scientists, volunteers and interns Training spaces

40

Workshop space

40

Outdoor learning space

60

60

3.5

150

150

80

6

500

Learning spaces(x2)

40

2.5

200

200

Teaching labs

40

60

60

Library

30

50

50

Mangroves,(herbal medicines)

10

40

40

Paddy (salt tolerant species)

15

50

50

Salt(algae)

10

50

50

Wildlife

20

80

80

500

Research labs:

Lab support (x2)

-

-

30

30

Meeting Area

55

1.5

55

55

Private cabins

10

1.2

120

120

Open workspace

40

3.5

150

150

100

-

Toilets

70 1595

1165

500

PAVILION - INFORMATION GALLERY Local visitors, tourists Khazans- paddy fields

50

100

100

Mithagar- salt pans

50

100

100

Khazans- pisciculture

50

100

100

Mangrove museum, nursery

50

100

100

400

400

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING Local community, local visitors, tourists Paddy Fields

45,000

45,000

Salt Pans

15,000

15,000

500

500

5,000

5,000

500

500

66,000

21,000

Mangrove Broadwalk Vegetable Community Garden Coconut Plantation STREET LEVEL ACTIVITIES Local community, local visitors Vegetable market

50

50

Salt store

25

25

Eatery

40

40

Health Facility

15

15

ATM

10

10

Playground

15 155

House for workers

15 140

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 33

5

50

250

250

500

ATM 6 2.5

500

200

200

60

60

50

50

House for workers 40

40

50

50

50

50

Playground

80 30 Rain Water Harvesting

55

1.2

120

120

3.5

150

150

Two-wheeler parking Admin Field Research nparking Training 1595 Four-wheeler

5

4915 b

70

990 b

1165

1445500 b

ORMATIONPavilion-Info GALLERY gallery

rists

15

Services

Experiential Learning

140

250

250

15 b

Services 10%

100

100

Circulation

100

100

400

400

y, local visitors, tourists 45,000

45,000

15,000

15,000

500

500

5,000

5,000

500

500

66,000

21,000

CTIVITIES

y, local visitors

40

15

15

10

10

15

15

155

140

250

250

15

15

15 7185

15

SERVICES

74,280

7185 718.5

EARNING

25

1445 b 300 b

155 b

40

990 b

FIELD RESEARCH AND TRAINING

155 b

100

25

ADMIN PAVILION INFO-GALLERY

100

50

15

4915 b

STREET LEVEL ACTIVITIE

100

50

15

VISITOR'S CENTER

300 b

Street Level Activities 100

74,280

155

66000 ub

Total Area Services

50

50

15

30

55

Cycle Stand Visitor's Center

10

SERVICES 80

1.5

Solar - battery room

10

22,165

718.5

34 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

15 b

22,165

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 35

04 CONTEXT & SITE ANALYSIS

THE FIVE ISLANDS OF MANDOVI RIVER

CHARAO

VANXIM

ST. ESTEVA

DIVAR

CAM

CHARAO

VANXIM

Chorão was a site of an ancient Tirtha “or sacred pool”. It was here that most of the nobility and rich resided, spending a life of comfort and luxury. This was the reason why Chorão Island became known as Ilha dos Fidalgos (Island of Noblemen).

One can reach here by taking a ferry from Divar. Paddy fields are forced stopped by eco-terrorist attack. Luxury hotel and Golf Course is sort to be forced upon this island but faced resistance from alert islanders and others.

38 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

BIODIVERSITY AROUND THE ISLANDS Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is an estuarine mangrove habitat, which is declared as the bird sanctuary, and located on western tip of the Island of Chorão along the Mandovi River.

About 105 species of fishes, 20 species of shellfishes and more than 225 species of crustaceans are found in esturian waters.

AM

The wetlands are home to the smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), a species classified as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List.

Many crocodiles watching boat trips are conducted regularly by different operators crocodiles.

Manage Thapani is a form of crocodile worship. It takes place on new moon of Pausha month which is the beginning of threshing of harvest.

MBARJUA

ST. ESTEVAM

CAMBARJUA

St Estevam is known also known as Shakecho Juvo – the isle of vegetables – known for its long, seven-ridged, light green ladyfingers.

In 2018, villagers decided to work together to recultivate 50 acres of the village’s barren land under the banner of the Illha Verde Farmers Club.

Mashel and Cumbharjua have long hosted the Sangodd, a water parade that features floats created by tying two boats to each other. These floats feature scenes from Hindu mythology. It is celebrated on the seventh day of Ganesh Chaturthi.

The Cumbharjua canal is well known as a habitat of the Indian mugger crocodile.

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 39

CONTEXT: DIVAR ISLAND DIVAR ISLAND ‘Divaddi’

CULTURE

Divar Island is on the Mandovi River in North Goa. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, where you can see many species of birds and other animals, is at the edge of Divar. The island’s mangrove swamp is in fact, an extension of the sanctuary.

It is believed that the Island of Divar was once a site of Hindu pilgrimage- called Porne Tirth. The Church of Our Lady of Compassion (located in Piedade) is known to be the first Christian structure erected here in the earlt 1500s.

Well maintained, elegant Portuguese villas can be seen dotting the island. The village is as beautiful and serene as Goa can get.

Initially, there were three Communidades in Divar : Piedade, São Matias (now Malar) and Narao. The Piedade Communidade is now sub-divided into two, Goltim and Navelim.

Population: 5000 Main communities: Gowdas, Roman Catholics, Fisherman community A few people are also herbal practitioners (Parts of mangroves trees are used for making herbal medicine)

It is attended by thousands of tourists and locals. Each sectio Coloured floats and flags make for an

PEOPLE’S BIODIVERSITY REGISTER STATUS OF PBR IN INDIA The colours deepen with more number of PBRs

A PBR contains comprehensive information on availability and knowledge of local biological resources, their medicinal, other uses and any other traditional knowledge associated with them.

Preparing PBRs is mandated under India’s Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and Rules, 2004.

A young biologist, Hycintha Aguiar, is in charge of putting together a people’s biodiversity register (PBR) in consultation with the community. She is the chairperson of a local biodiversity management committee (BMC).

40 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

0-500 501-1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 Grey represents states without any data on PBR

DECLINE IN AGRICULTURE AND FISHING FESTIVALS Shigmo(Mar),Potekar carnival, the Feast of Our Lord Redeemer (Nov) The famous Bonderam festival is celebrated on the fourth Saturday of August.

The main crop is paddy but is limited to 15% of total field area. Summer crops include chillies, onions, and other vegetables are grown by a few farmers. Coconut plantations also serve as a source of income to some.

Corguto is the local salt-tolerant variety of rice that is grown here.

Estimate of Annual Loss Due to Decline in Agriculture

DIVAR ISLAND - CHANGES OVER THE YEAR

on of the village has a float at the parade. n incredible show.

PBR and Community involvement

Dec 2003

Workshops on fields

Interviews and Data Collection

Dec 2018 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 41

Wild Otters Research

CHARAO ISLAND

Salvador Do Mundo Wetlands

Dr.

Salim Ali Sanctuary

NAVELIM

Bird Mandovi River

Yatch Club

Mandovi River

JIM TO PAN Mandovi River RIBANDAR

42 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

NARVE

Our Lady of Compassion Church

VANXIM ISLAND D e evaya Retreat Prawn Farm

SAO MATIAS

PIEDADE

Piedade Village Panchayat

NARAO

Aquarius Shipyard

ST. ESTEVAM ISLAND

Our Lady of Divar School

GOLTIM

OLD GOA

Sao Matias Church

Kothi Tirth (ASI site) C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 43

SITE FEATURES: NAVELIM The site is accessed from Ribandar through the ferry. The entry to the site is at the bend of the road. A mango tree on the edge of the site is the first stop of tourist trails. A dovornnem can be seen next to the tree. It is a structure that was used as a rest stop for fisherwomen to put goods (fish baskets) and provide shade.

There are 360 degree views on all sides- hills and the Mandovi river. Buildings can be seen towards Ribandar side.The site slopes toward the creek. A man-made water body is used to store water for winters to cultivate vegetables. There is a football across the road. Some residents own orchards near the site.

VISTA 1 Abandoned fields- 97% left unused. Mangrove growth seen towards the edge of the field

VISTA 2 Views of buildings (Ribandar) and football playground opp. the site

TO 44 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

RI

B

R DA N A

VISTA 1

E D AD PI E VISTA 2

The pond

The mango tree

The dovornnem C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 45

ACTIVITIES ON SITE 7

Residents visit for evening walks

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13

8

14

15

6

10

14

Few

residents vegetables

grow

11

12

13

Poeim Invasive Mangroves infringe the Khazans

O rch a rd s

SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH Divar is rooted in culture, awareness about ecology, exisiting PBR.

46 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

WEAKNESS Less accessibility, no connections by road (only connected by ferry)

Nature and photography enthusiasts visit in the mornings or evenings Cows near the pond

Kids come to the football ground in the evenings

Tourists visit for curated tours on weekends

Pond

OPPORTUNITY A model where all 5 islands can participate.

An opportunity to allow public access to the Khazans and exchange of information.

Mango Tree

Football Ground

THREAT Khazans flood during the monsoon season,.

There is a threat of rising sea level and siltation to the fields.

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 47

05 CASE STUDIES (DESIGN)

SHENYANG JIANZHU UNIVERSITY, CHINA

A project by Turenscape.

The site was originally a rice field, hence rice was treated as a landscaping material Rice farms take a new role as an environement for learning. The students at the univesity manage the fields.

BANDIRMAS HUB PARK, TURKEY

50 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

CAMBRIDGE ROUX CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENT Classrooms, Labs

Staff Rooms

Services

Common Areas

REGEN VILLAGE

Regen Village-Founder James Ehrlich And Danish Firm Effekt

ReGen Villages are prototypes off-grid villages that are self-reliant with the following five principles:

Energy positive homes Food production Mixed renewable energy and storage Water storage and recycling water Empowerment of local communities CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 51

06 DESIGN 52 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 53

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MAIN THEMES

Living Building

Recreational Value Of Maand

Learning Labs

Role of Art in Conservation 54 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

ARCHITECTURE OF STILTS AND PAVILIONS Goa experiences a warm and humid climate.

The design parameters for warm-humid climate are as follows: 1)Elongated plans for maximum ventilation 2)Blocks should be spread out with large open spaces in between to allow unrestricted air movement 3)Buildings on stilts promote ventilation 4)Double roof 5)Venetian blinds or louvers can be used 6)The openings should be shaded with extra overhangs (transitional spaces) 6)Sloped roofs 7) Materials which take time to heat up and reflect heat Keeping the sensitive landscape of the site in mind, the buildings are lifted up from the ground. The khazans function as soaking pits and the water is allowed to flow freely on the site.

Views- Redefine membranes

Stilts

Break the linearity of the site

Connection with the fields

The design follows the exisiting pathways on the site. The entrance is at the bend in the road, next to the famous tourist stopthe tree.

The linear blocks branch out and form pockets of spaces for better interaction with the fields.

The Maand is kept at the center and connects to transitional spaces of the different blocks. The Maand becomes an active core with many activities happening there over the day and over the year.

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 55

MASTER PLAN

14

10

9

14 13

13

13

15 56 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

10

1

12

13

9 9 11 8

7

9

6 16

5

4

2 3

9

1 1 VISITOR’S CENTER 2 MAAND AND WATER BODY 3 LEARNING & WORKSHOP SPACES 4 PLANT BANK 5 INFORMATIVE GALLERY 6 STREET LEVEL ACTIVITIES 7 ADMIN 8 RESEARCH & TRAINING CENTER 9 OUTDOOR LEARNING 10 PADDY FIELD 11 VEGETABLE GARDEN 12 COCONUT PLANTATION 13 PAVILION/VIEWING DECKS 14 MANGROVE BROADWALK 15 SALT PANS 16 FOOTBALL GROUND

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 57

SITE SECTIONS A B’

B A’

13

13

10

58 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

10

5

3

4

2

1 VISITOR’S CENTER 2 MAAND AND WATER BODY 3 LEARNING & WORKSHOP SPACES 4 PLANT BANK 5 INFORMATIVE GALLERY 6 STREET LEVEL ACTIVITIES 7 ADMIN 8 RESEARCH & TRAINING CENTER

9 OUTDOOR LEARNING 10 PADDY FIELD 11 VEGETABLE GARDEN 12 COCONUT PLANTATION 13 PAVILION/VIEWING DECKS 14 MANGROVE BROADWALK 15 SALT PANS 16 FOOTBALL GROUND

+8.0 m lvl +4.0 m lvl +0.6 m lvl

9

8

7

2

1

16 SECTION AA’

+8.0 m lvl +4.0 m lvl +0.6 m lvl -4.0 m lvl

1

6

7

11

12

SECTION BB’

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 59

VISITOR’S CENTER

60 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

MAAND

ADMIN OFFICE

RESEARCH & TRAINING

LEARNING & WORKSHOP SPACE

ADMIN

MAAND

VISITOR’S CENTER

VISITOR’S CENTER

C I T Y A S A N E CO SYST E M 61

INFORMATION GALLERY AND WORKSHOP

62 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 63

ADMIN AND RESEARCH BLOCK

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C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 65

CIRCULAR SYSTEMS

Compost

Biogas Plant

Renewable Energy

66 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

Hydroponics

Rain Water Harvesting

LANDSCAPE Aesthetic Landscape Productive Landscape

ORIENTATION

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 67

MATERIALS Terracotta Roof Tiles

Coconut Wood Screen

ISMB

Concrete Foundation

Grill Foundation

Terracotta Roof Tiles ISMB 450x250 mm

Terracotta Sunscreen

Concrete Slab

68 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

RECREATIONAL VALUE OF KHAZANS-MAAND Throughout Goa each village has Maand.

A Maand is a space of about 100 sq. mts. for the cultural observances of the village, with perhaps a tree on it. It is a sacred place like a public square for communities to assemble for recreation, amusement or entertainment, performing arts, mainly singing and dancing, and other outdoor events.

Festivals like Shigmo were celebrated.

Exhibition

Sadly, this multi-faceted tradition largely died out in the mid-90s. An attempt is made to revive the recreational value of Khazans.

Carnivals

Movie Screenings

Workshop

Festivals

C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M 69

LEARNING LABS The design allows field learning through the use of learning labs- pavilions with information kiosks, seating area near the fields and skywalks near the mangroves.

A holistic approach to learning.

Whatever is learnt in classroooms can be experimentingon the field. Data collected from field visits can be analysed.

Viewing Deck

Mangrove Broadwalk

Outdoor Learning Space

Seating near Fields

Plant Bank-People’s Biodiversity Register

Vegetable Garden

70 C I T Y A S A N E C O S Y S T E M

THE ROLE OF ART IN THE FIELD OF CONSERVATION

Art has been a useful tool for spreading awareness for environmental conservation.

Through the medium of art, a larger group of people get to understand and appreciate the workings of nature. It is easier to communicate the issues as well. This role of art is explored in the project through the information galleries. The knowledge is shared as paintings, illustrations, graphics and comics.

Clockwise from L to R: Jaftap Tanaji G, Ecological Studies; Sudha Srivastava Svabhu Kohli, St+Art, Serendipity Festival Goa Ms Bernadette Gomes Mario Miranda Tony Fernandes Author Fish Curry and Rice,Claude Alvaris, cover page by Mario Miranda

Svabhu Kohli, St+Art, Serendipity Festival Goa CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM 71

LIST OF MAPS PAGE NO.

DESCRIPTION

SOURCE

Pg 12 Pg 13 Pg 14 Pg 15 Pg 24 Pg 25 Pg 38

Physiography Map Tourist Map Khazans of Goa Mangroves along the coast of Goa Smart City Panjim Map Salt Pans of Goa Status of PBR in India

Owner Owner Owner* Owner* Smart City Panjim Owner* nbaindia.org

*Images from the book FISH, CURRY and RICE were recreated for these illustrations

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS PAGE NO.

DESCRIPTION

SOURCE

Pg 9 Pg 12 Pg 15 Pg 16 Pg 17 Pg 21 Pg 22 Pg 23 Pg 24 Pg 25 Pg 29 Pg 38-39 Pg 40-41

Tribal communities and Conservation Historical Map of Goa 1700s Mangrove Blessing of the crop ‘Mangge Thapne’, Community of Khazans TERI Coastal Hub Wild Otters Research Center Ilha Verde Farmers’ Club Mangrove Broadwalk Salt Pans Interdependencies between stakeholders Five Islands of Mandovi River PBR, Loss due to decine in agriculture, Divar Google Earth images Important buildings from Divar Site Photos SWOT analysis Case studies 3D renders Design features Material details Maand, 3D render 3D render Svabhu Kohli, Serendipity Art Festival

Google www.columbia.edu Owner Google Google www.teriin.org/goa www.wildotters.com

Pg 43 Pg 44-45 Pg 47 Pg 50-51 Pg 60-61 Pg 66 Pg 68 Pg 69 Pg 70 Pg 71

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Owner Owner Google Google nbaindia.org Eco India, Hycintha A. Internet, Owner Internet, Owner Internet Internet Owner Owner Carona House, Archdaily Google, Owner Owner St+art

LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE NO.

DESCRIPTION

SOURCE

Pg 13 Pg 14 Pg 15 Pg 16 Pg 17 Pg 20 Pg 28 Pg 29-30

Illustration of Goa Formation of the Khazans Functions of Mangrove, Food web-Khazans Elements of Khazans, Dyanism of khazans Timeline of activities, Activities Nilgiris Field Learning Center User Analysis Binaries (inspired by Nilgiris Field Center), Core Functions Association of user with Khazans Program interconnections Bonderim festival Activities on site Design features Maand

Mario Miranda Owner Internet, Owner Owner* Owner Current Conservation Owner Owner, Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner

Pg 34 Pg 35 Pg 40-41 Pg 46-47 Pg 54-55 Pg 69

LIST OF DRAWINGS PAGE NO.

DESCRIPTION

SOURCE

Pg 38-39 Pg 42-43 Pg 44-45 Pg 46 Pg 56-57 Pg 58-59 Pg 62-65 Pg 68 Pg 71

Five Islands of Mandovi River Context Study: Divar Site Study: Navelim Site Section Master Plan Site sections Sections Material Section Role of art in conservation

Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner

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