MA Architecture & Urbanism - Thesis Design

A CITY WITHIN

Revitalising an exploited slum towards resilience

Sneha Tallavajjula 19012372

Copyright Š 2020 Manchester, England United Kingdom Copyright reserved by: Sneha Tallavajjula MA Architecture and Urbanism Manchester School of Architecture University f Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University

Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Eamonn Canniffe and all the tutors of MA Architecture and Urbanism, Manchester School of Architecture, for their constant encouragement and support, which has helped shape this thesis.

To Antonio Blanco Pastor, with your guidance and enthusiasm, I found a research approach that worked out. Thank you for your continuos feedback and criticism, your feedback and insights were always valuable.

To Mazin Al-Saffar, with your patient guidance, I learned how to critically analyse and structure this thesis. Thank you for your constant support and insights that have shaped this thesis.

To Colin Harwood, with your critical comments from all the reviews, I found a methodology that best transitioned my Studio B work into Studio C. Thank you for the detailed feedback that helped me find the right direction to finish this thesis.

To Curtis Martyn, with your guidance on the final review to look into multiple factors, opened my mind to various contributing problems and factors that helped me immensely in structuring this work. Thank you for your valuable inputs that helped me improve.

To Prasad Tallavajjula, my father, with your help in documentation of primary data on my behalf while I was away from home, has aided in successful completion of this thesis.

Thanking you and mother for your constant support and belief in me.

I am grateful to each and everyone that has helped and guided me throughout the course of this thesis.

Contents Abstract

DISCOVERY Introduction to Slums in Hyderabad

- Significance of Slums.................................................................... 8 - Evolution of Slums in Hyderabad............................................... 10 - The Great Floods of 1908............................................................ 14 - Post-Flood Urbanisation............................................................... 16 - Fluvial Settlements........................................................................ 18 The Problem....................................................................................... 20 Aim & Objectives.............................................................................. 22 An Exploited Slum

- Moosanagar Slum.......................................................................... 24 - Contextual Analysis...................................................................... 26 - Site Analysis................................................................................... 40 - Morphological Analysis................................................................. 42

Slum Built-form Analysis

- Housing Typology......................................................................... 50 - Comparative Analysis.................................................................... 54 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 56

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REFLECTION Design Strategies

- Towards Sustainability ............................................................................................ 64

Design Evolution

- An Overview.............................................................................................................. 69 - Alleyways & Housing Clusters................................................................................ 70 - Phase-I................................................................................................................... 72 - Phase-II.................................................................................................................. 74 - Phase-III................................................................................................................ 76 - Evolution of the Waterfront..................................................................................... 78 - Design Evolution of the Waterfront........................................................................ 80

82 - Proposed Masterplan................................................................................................. 84 - The Waterfront.......................................................................................................... 88 - Design Development.......................................................................................... 92 - Boat Harbour...................................................................................................... 94 - Water Gardens.................................................................................................... 98 - Feature Gardens.................................................................................................. 102 - Urban Streets.............................................................................................................. 106 - Entrances............................................................................................................. 108 - Main Nodes......................................................................................................... 114 - Serial Vision......................................................................................................... 118 - Details................................................................................................................... 126 - Residential Clusters.................................................................................................... 132 - Introduction & Concept............................................................................................... 134 - A Spatial Puzzle................................................................................................... 138 - Flexibility.............................................................................................................. 142 - Details..................................................................................................................... 174 - Mixed-Use.................................................................................................................... 184

Design Development

Bibliography..................................................................................................................... 192

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Abstract Musi River once helped shape Hyderabad city, today it is on the verge of running dry. Since the inception of the trend of Urban Migration, stark Urban-rural differences have made migrants struggle to adapt. Overtime they have built an empire of their own along Fluvial land, jeopardising the invigorating source. Upon the occurrence of the Great Catastrophic Floods in 1908, stringent rehabilitation plans commenced. One such rehabilitation program was the construction of Nandanavanam colony to move Fluvial slums, including the oldest recorded slum in Hyderabad; Moosanagar. However, over 300 housing units remain unoccupied to this day, rendering Nandanavanam project a failure. This thesis project aims to understand how the residents of Moosanagar have perceived, inhabited, domesticated, and bonded with the river overtime, answering why Nandanavanam fail to inhabit Moosanagar and how it can be redesigned to suit its inhabitants.

DISCOVERY Studio-B

Significance of Slums

Scrutinising Slums in Hyderabad It might look silly to hypothesise the Importance of slums in a city.

However, one often fails to admire the intricacies that lie witihn. I let my mind drift as I stared at the city, half slum, half paradise. How could a place be so ugly and violent, yet beautiful at the same time?1 The task of scutinising slums begins by understanding the prevalence of slums. But what is a “slum”? The first published definition reportedly occured in the writer James Hary Vaux’s Vocabulary of thte Flash language, where it is synonyms with “Criminal Trade”.2 However, by 1830’s the poor were dwelling in the slums rather than the ones practicing them.

According to UN-HABITAT, the world’s highest percentages of slum-dwellers are in Ethiopia (99.4%), Chad (99.4%), Nepal (92%), India (84.2%). With Indian cities of Bombay (present day Mumbai), Hyderabad, Chennai, Surat, Nagpur, Kolkata, with a mere 10 to 12 million squatters approximately across each city; and a population of over half a million each.3 Looking at the slums of Hyderabad, they pose a unique pattern of settlement unlike other Indian cities. Hyderabad, known as the city born from the river Musi, bisects the city into Southern and Northern halves. Having been ruled by the Nizams, known for their luxury and grandeur, invited a British Architect Vincent Esch to design the primary city of Hyderabad.4

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1. Chris Abani, (2004), Graceland, New York, p. 7.

2. UCL & UN-HABITAT, Understanding Slums 2003, www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects Global_Report 3. UN-HABITAT, “Slums of the World: The Face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium?,” Hyderabad 2003.

4. G. H. R. Tillotson (1993) Vincent J. Esch and the Architecture of Hyderabad, 1914–36, South Asian Studies, 9:1, 29-46.

5. Bryant,C.R., Russwarm, L.H. and McLellan, A.G. 1982. The city’s Countryside, Longman Group Ltd, New York,, p 249.

Blessed with its streamlined planning that other developing cities lacked, the city’s rigid zoning prevented the possibility of random squatter settlements. However, similar to any developing city with growing opportunities, High immigration into the small city entailed lack of proper services and dwellings for the immigrants.

Urban sprawl was inevitable. The Nizam, having restricted the expansion of the walls of the city, the fertile river banks of Musi became the informal settlement hub of the city.5

Immigrants entering the river bank through the Chaderghat bridge along Musi River

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Evolution of Slums in Hyderabad The fluvial land along Musi river has been through various changes since its origin.

With the river forming multiple branches, various reservoirs built, overtime it dictated its importance in the sustainance of a dwelling in a fluvial environment. The following maps show the Urban sprawl at the time fo the inception of the city to better understand the city’s dependence that has developed on the river Musi.

FIg 1.1: Urban Sprawl Map of Hyderabad in 1880

FIg 1.2: Urban Sprawl Map of Hyderabad in 1950 12

Map of Hyderabad in 1914

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Musi River bank cultivation in 1880

The inital foundation and planning of the design of Hyderabad’s master plan was initiated by Quli Qutub Shah in 1571 AD. It started off with two major 60-feet roads running perpendicular across the city. Upon the demise of Shahi rule, the Asif Jahis prevailed. Their period marked political instabilty and the construction of the city wall built from Chaderghat to Dabirpura gate. These walls later demarcated the boundary of the city.

Simultaneously, the residential zones within the planned city were getting denser than desired, which forced authorities to build the Chaderghat bridge over the Musi River in 1839, designed by the famous engineer, Oliphant; thus known as Oliphant bridge. The completion of construction of commercial and industrial zones in the city had turned Hyderabad into a center of trade for products, materials, crops, food etc, and the commencement of Textile industries caused rapid inflow of workers that immigrated with families that further increased the rate of urbanisation and density.

The development of new dense localities in the city demanded the construction of Afzalgunj bridge in 1857. This continued into the important phase of developmnt brought upon as an result of the impact from British Invasion in 1799. The British changed the course of the city’s development by moving the commercial trade and industrial zones to the Northern half of the city, while the residential areas were located in the Southern half. Overtime, the Northern half thrived while the southern half of the walled city lapsed into decandence. This led to the negligence of the residential sector while the demand for the available residences rose exponentially everyday. Due to the imbalance in the area available for the residential sectors versus the large ever-growing commercial zone, the immigrants started settling along the river in temporary housing structures, not receiving an eviction notice from the government, they have made permanent structures along the river bank.

The settlements started off small, overtime establishing themselves as squatter setllements and encroaching onto the river banks further into the river itself causing it to narrow down further. Riverbanks being the holders of most fertile soil, the immigrants along the river turned them into cultivation lands to aid their income further. Soon, they also domesticated cattle to help their occupations which were getting more dependant on the river by the day.

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The Great Floods of 1908 Feared to have been caused by heavy flooding and multiple reservoirs let-out at once, the Great floods of 1908 claimed 15,000 lives. This was widely argued that it has been caused by the presence of dense population along the river banks.

However, due to rapid urbanisation and the vast growing opportunities in the city, the number of people flocking to the city was higher than the city could accommodate, thus increasing the number of slums along the river; posing various opportunities along it.

Fig 1.4: Ruins of houses along Musi River

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Fig 1.5: A nobleman’s place in ruins

Fig 1.6: Debris of Residency compound

Fig 1.7: Remains of Afzalgunj Hospital

Stranded people after the Musi River floods in 1908

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Post-Flood Urbanisation The Great floods had a large impact in all aspects on the city. New laws were passed to prevent construction or encroachment onto the river. However, due to rapid evolution of the city, multiple reservoirs were built on the river, causing it to dry-out slowly and narrowing the river down over the years. This aided the creation of wider river banks giving fluvial slums more space to encroach upon. The following maps help understand the urban sprawl of the city.

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Effect of Urbanisation in Hyderabad

FIg 1.8: Urban Sprawl pattern

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Fluvial Settlements The following map represents the urbanisation pattern predominantly close to the river.

Housing The following map represents the housing development pattern predominantly close to the river.

Intricate hosuing developments in Hyderabad along Musi River

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The Problem

Slum rehabilitation projects are failing...

Built with the purpose of providing housing to the poorer sections of the society under the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY), establshed in 1995 was determined towards the betterment of slum revitalisation. However, being the only organisation in Hyderabad to function on a large scale and undertake such a huge responsibility, an overwhelming number of requests to rehabilitate multiple slums resulted in improper management of the projects.

One or two years is the ideal gestation period for any successful housing project from inception to being handed over to the occupants. Even with delays due to various reasons such as lack of funds, cost escalation, and lack of permissions, project durations usually do not exceed five to six years. But in the case of houses constructed under the VAMBAY, houses are yet to be handed over to the beneficiaries even 10 years after the project inception.

Initiated nine to ten years ago with the aim of providing affordable housing to the Urban poor in Hyderabad, over 4000 houses under this scheme are awaiting occupants. There are various issues leading to the failure of these projects.6

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6. VAMBAY houses yet to be allotted, (2011)., [Newspaper] The Hindu.

7. Reporter, S., (2013). Ten years on, Vambay houses await occupants. [Newspaper] The Hindu.

Pending work Brickwork is still pending for about 60% of the flats in the scheme. Moreover, the benficiaries are having to bear the burden of cost escalation. While initial cost was fixed at Rs. 90,000 (£950) a flat, at quite a few locations, it has later gone up to over Rs. 1 lakh (£1000). At major locations, the final cost of each house has gone upto Rs. 1.2-1.5 lakh (£1200-£1500).7 Loan Component Further, banks had not come forward to sanction the loan component of 40%, which burdened the beneficiaries further. Due to all these reasons, the beneficiary contribution had grown from the stipulated 10% to 57%, or at times even over 62% of the final cost.

“After the projects were sanctioned, governments changed, and later GHMC was created. The projects were shifted from the Housing Board to the corporation.

Bureaucratic procedures took a long time, all the while leading to cost escalation,” explained J. Srinivas Reddy, Project Officer of Rajiv Gruha Kalpa, Ranga Reddy district.8

Rejection from the Dwellers Most dwellers have their lifestyles based on river economy. Since 90% of Hyderabad’s slums are fluvial. In a quest to eradicate fluvial settlements to revitalise the river, the swellers are moved 5-10km away from the river, causing disruption to thier lifetsyle and economy inflow, further causing them to refuse and reject these new dwellings made for them.

Also, in most cases, a certain “dysphoria” is brought upon these dwellers causing them to feel unwanted and leading them into violent retaliation or self-isolation. This will be studied further later on in this thesis.

FIg 1.9: Table of VAMBAY projects and thier occupancy rates, which prove VAMBAY’s failure

Unfinished VAMBAY Housing units at Uppal

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Aim & Objectives

Moosanagar is the oldest recorded slum existing to this day in Hyderabad. A few years ago, it had been through the same scheme of rehabilitation by VAMBAY. It had caused heavy retaliation and backlash from its dwellers. However, they proceed to forcibly move them out of their existing location into a rehabilitation project at Nandanavanam, Karmanghat.

Located 5 kilometres away from Moosanagar and the river, the government commenced its scheme to evict Moosanagar in 1998. However, upon forcibly relocating Mooosanagar, the dwellers refused the built-scape and made temporary dwellings on the empty space below at Nandanavanam. Alas, another slum! Upon its completion in 2005, they remain unoccupied to this day. The causes for its failure are many, which require an inquiry into the factors contributing to its failure.

This thesis aims to understand:

[ ] Why did Nandanavanam fail to inhabit Moosanagar?

How can Moosanagar be redesigned to suit its inhabitants?

This thesis shall progress by understanding how the slum dwellers have perceived, domesticated and inhabited the fluvial slum. By studying their occupations and lifestyle that fuels river economy. By inquiring into their traditional practices and architectural needs and lifestyle patterns; a detailed Slum built-form appraisal in an attempt to establish a strong reason towards the failure of Nandanavanam.

Upon conclusion, an appropriate design program based on prior findings, and finally research aided design strategies and interventions based on the needs and daily lifestyle of the slum inhabitants.

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Unfinished abandoned Housing units on right asn temporary houses on the left made by residents

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Moosanagar Slum

Located amidst the center of the city, Moosanagar is the oldest recorded Slum in Hyderabad existing to this day. The prime location brings multiple opportunities to the area which explains increasing densities in area of slums. This chapter shall study the Moosanagar slum in detail to understand the unique characteristics that dictate the morphology and lifestyle of the slum and its dwellers.

CONNECTIVITY Metro Stations Bus Stops Metro Line

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View of High Court over Musi River

Influence of Institutions Located close to the Historic precinct, Moosanagar bases its major informal occupation on the institutions in the Historic precinct that pose various opportunities and occupations to the slum dwellers The following map represents the historic buildings and institutions in the historic precinct located in close proximity to the Moosanagar Slum.

Kachiguda

Amberpet

Malakpet Chaderghat

Old Malakpet

Afzalgunj

Puranapool Darulshifa

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View of Wash-houses looking over the Cemetary

Washermen (Dhobis) A number of professions are found along the river as discussed earlier; and show interesting uses of its riverbanks. Dhobis, the city’s washermen and–women, work near water streams and lakes, doing manual laundry for hotels, restaurants and upper class residents around the area. They carry out the washing in concrete washbasins they call “wash houses”.

Concentrations of these washbasins are called “Dhobi ghats”.

As pollution levels of the river rise, the practice of washing with river water has almost died out. Dhobis tend to favour setting up in the vicinity of bridges for reasons of accessibility and though their washbasins are quite compact the drying of the linen demands a lot of space. Spread out linen is a usual sight along the river.

Plan of Wash house

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Sections through wash-house

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Fruit Vendor along Chaderghat Bridge

Street Vending This section outlines the various street vending practices in the area.

The Mahatma Gandhi Bus Stand (MGBS), or the Imlibun Bus Stand as it is casually known, is a bus terminal that was constructed in 1985 around an island in the middle of the river. The terminal is supposedly one of Asia’s largest.

Though the terminal contains a shopping mall, the high number of commuters passing through MGBS on a daily basis has encouraged a number of street vendors to set up shop along the road leading to the entrance of the bus stop.

They have placed themselves on the narrow pavement between the road an the retaining wall of the river. Their stalls literally touch the side of the road, forcing passersby to walk on the road and in turn forcing cars and buses to avoid these passersby, causing serious traffic issues.

The goods on sale are tailored to the needs of bus passengers. The hawkers predominantly sell clothes and luggage from long bamboo stalls that were constructed in the narrow space between the street and the retaining wall of the river.

Winter clothes are especially popular, as bus rides to northern states can get cold. Apart from clothes stalls, there are shoemakers, chaiwallas (tea sellers), fruit and vegetable sellers, snack vendors, etc. They all sell their wares from a variety of carts, floor mats, bamboo stalls or timber constructions.

The street vending is of course prohibited, so vendors are forced to pay daily fines and bribes. One of the police officer said:

“Yes, these people are illegal, but it is the only way for them to make a living, so what can we do?�

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Site Analysis

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To understand how far the changed conditions of the Musi river contributed to the development of Moosanagar, it is interesting to observe one of the controlled flooding that was carried out on 18 September 2010. These controlled floods are which commonly affect a slum such as Moosanagar. The storage volume of Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar suffice in normal conditions. However when heavy rain exceeds the dams’ capacity, the only alternative is to open dam gates.

The migration that starts in Moosanagar each time around a controlled flooding’s occurrence, helps understand that the flood line almost overlaps the line of houses closest to the river. It is prominent that the inhabitants of Moosanagar know exactly how far they can build close to the river, and they go to the limit.

With the river drying slowly overtime, through the absence of water, new inhabitants gradually moved closer to the edge where the water would reach when high. The banks are a fond object for the poor, seeking a place to live, leading to the creation of a new residential zone within the city.

The inhabitants of Moosanagar and all other Musi bastees thus have given a new meaning to the banks of the river. The banks have become their homes and lives. How they cope with the second condition, namely the banks as flood zone, is a calculated risk by building to the very edge of the river.

View of houses in Moosanagar along the River Banks

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Morphological Analysis Street Morphology

Informal Occupation The tight street pattern or alleyways found in Moosanagar have a rich history and have evolved over the years into a dense web of connections.

This is also a result of expansion of the residential units that have encroached onto the once wide road/alleyways. With socialisation improving overtime, informal occupations are carried out in the alleyways. In most cases, they do not consider it a hindrance or encroachment onto public space.

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Mixed-Use The streets are also utilised as a play space for children, while simultaneously being used for two-wheeler access. Although considered unsafe, they justify it stating that using this opportunity as a life-lesson to teach the children about safety and survival, said Mr. Ramesh, a resident of Mooosanagar.

The public space is necessarily a shared multi-use space for the residents of Moosanagar. Most of them also claimed that they preferred sharing the public space as it is a very small community. The ledges along the houses are traditional seating spaces that have adopted after eradicating living rooms from the housing units.

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Narrow alleyway used as both play-space and vehicular movement

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Slum Built-form Analysis

Observing the pattern, it is clear that most houses have multiple rooms, a central shared courtyard and a toilet. Having several rooms in a house with haphazard development is a sign of family enlargement/growth.

Rooms are added or divided in two, when the family grows or divides into a nuclear family. For example a son was married. It was then appropriate for him to have his own room to live with his wife and children. Generally the girls leave the family house to live with their husbands.

Often, one house can be shared by not only families, but also by several renting from the same owner. The owner will often live outside Moosanagar who was once a resident. So, growth in families and moving out of the slum over a period of time is a common practice. The small squares are considered public spaces and multiple neighbours gather as an activity space into which the doors of their houses open into it as well.

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Intricate built-form pattern of Moosanagar Slum’s housing

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Housing Typology Religious Aspects Hindu Households Being a diverse city, overtime various populations have migrated to Moosanagar and made it their home. The population of Moosanagar mainly comprises of Hindu and Muslim populations.

Having inhabited Moosanagar, they have domesticated it to suit their respective religious practices based on beliefs. This has led to a varied internal layout although the external appearance of all housing clusters are nearly the same.

Principles of Vastu: The Hindu households are known to follow traditional ancient principles of “Vastu� from scriptures that suggests appropriate planning and orientation for better living.

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View of Hindu Household cluster from Chaderg

It is noticeable that almost all housing units have converted the living space into a bedroom to accomodate the growing family size.

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Muslim Households The other distinct cluster of housing category based on religious categorisation are Muslim Households. Unlike Hindu Households, they do not believe in “Vastu�. Instead their household layouts are influenced by the direction of Qiblah.

Usually, the house orientation is not influenced by the direction of Qiblah, but the prime idea is to not have toilets face the direction of Qiblah.

However, due to low availability of space, it is evident in Moosanagar that the internal layout of Muslim households, although similar to Hindu houses in omitting a living room, are known to have as much space available to pray in.

They also have a higher desire for privacy than that of Hindu households, thus creating alleyways that are much narrow than the already narrow ones present in Moosanagar. This also acts as a public gathering space for a small group of selected people.

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Narrow alleyways in the Muslim household cluster

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Comparative Analysis Nandanavanam vs Moosanagar

Besides people looking for a place to live in the growing available open space along the Musi, and those searching for a steady job, it is not absurd that the government also took an interest in the potential of this land after rehabilitation. 800 acres of Musi land right in the city center, huge potential towards the development of Hyderabad and its economic growth.

The Nandanavanam river front development project encompasses the area from Puranapool to Chaderghat Bridge over a length of 4 km. The project included the redesign and widening of roads and congested intersections. Additionally, a new vision for the freed up space along the Musi was also proposed. Although the land along the Musi was claimed by different groups, the government argued that technically the banks of the river Musi were a property of the government and therefore public space, stands open to be claimed by the government. To emphasise the public space concept a heritage and nature walkway was suggested along the river by moving the slums to Karmnaghat.

All private property along the river would also have to be given up. On top of this, there were fears that not only the river bank inhabitants would be affected but also many livelihoods along the banks in the urban area and villages downstream who are dependant on Musi’s waste water.

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It was 2004, before people were forced to evict and moved into Nandanavanam Colony. It is important to note though, that the demolitions due to the Nandanavanam project at Moosanagar had started in 1998. With the opening of the site in 2004 the colony still did not have basic facilities like electricity, running water and drainage. In addition, the colony was lo cated 5kms away from the current location of Moosanagar.

Lack of public transport to Nandanavanam colony in Karmanghat caused a huge problem as the Slum-dwellers’ occupations were based on/ along the river and required daily commuting to the river. This brought additional expenses to the dwellers which was unacceptable to them, as daily wage earners. They hence refused to pay a rent to live in Nandanavanam colony and built temporary structures on-site to compensate for abandoning the assigned housing units.

Officials promised better living conditions once all the houses were occupied. However the lack of basic services and its’ distance to the city, only served to lengthen the time to convince people to move to Nandanavanam colony. Eventually the program of Nandanavanam Colony was moved into the VAMBAY housing scheme. A new name, although still the same project. This failure of Nandanavanam colony caused people to overtime move back to Moosanagar, which the government has now approved to rehabilitate on site.

Abandoned housing units at Nandanavanam

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Conclusion Why did Nandanavanam fail?

It is apparent that many housing blocks are completely empty. Much of the area around the blocks is taken by homeless and their kutchas. (temporary houses). Although the State does not give permission to live in the blocks until all amenities are completed, but they stand directly in view of hundreds of families in kutchas.

Surely they would prefer to live in a concrete house without amenities than outside in a tent without the same amenities?

But when one observes the floor plan of the units, its is clear that they are a generic modules with minimal to no communication or socialisation possible between the units. Having discussed the lifestyle of Moosanagar’s residents and the architectural character based on it, most residents claimed this to be one of the feeding factors along with the remote location from the river has caused the failure of Nandanavanam colony at Karmanghat undertaken by VAMBAY.

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Plan of a typical 1BHK unit at Nandanavanam Colony

Abandoned housing units at Nandanavanam

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REFLECTION Studio-C

Design Strategies Towards Sustainability

SUSTAINABILITY

AFFORDABILITY

Recycle / Reuse

Use

Disassemble

Lease begins

Home

Make

User Leaves

Home User rents Adapts

Periodic Payments

From an isolated model...

Instead of envisioning sectors separately, the new design shall strive to achieve an inclusive and resilient solution to help Moosanagar contribute to the built-environment by creating synergies between the various contributing sectors 64

LIVABILITY

Use

Family Changes

To an inclusive circular loop...

Ready Home

Build

User Leaves

Use

Recycle/ Reuse

Use

Disassemble

User Rents

Family Changes

Home Adapts

Periodic Payments

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Design Strategies Towards Sustainability A New Building System

Take

Make

Use

Dispose

From a linear model...

Take

Make

Recycle/ Reuse

Use

Disassemble 66

To an efficient circular loop...

A New Financial Outlook...

Offering the residents a regular recurring revenue stream on a long-term basis, would create a smoother flow of ownership and helping residents to focus on building a more diverse investment option than aiming exclusively at achieving a profit off the property.

Invest

Build

Home

Sell

Repeat

From a Business motivated model...

Invest/ Build

Home

User Leaves

User Rents

Periodic Payments

To an Economically efficient model...

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Design Evolution Process

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Residential Design Evolution

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Design Development

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Design Development

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The Waterfront Design Development

The existing waterfront of the Musi river, let alone along Moosanagar, is heavily contaminated. The lack of restrictions or consequences over the contamination or encroachments along the river has caused heavy deterioration. This design shall help revitalise the waterfront to deliver maximum usability to various user groups, while keeping the importance and safety of the river as a priority. Historically the river has always been an activity-zone, thus the aim is to achieve an interactive waterfront with look-out platforms, floating exhibition spaces as temporary structures built from locally recycled materials along with a Boat harbour to encourage lost fluvial practices like fishing, River tours, fluvial entertainment activities etc.

Being a flood-prone zone, construction of temporary structures alone is allowed on the river banks according to regional laws. Also, fluctuating water levels in the river at different times of the year, possibility of an underpass for the boats is an added advantage to the flexibility of the usage of the riverfront.

Being a contaminated river, Musi river has become a host to various invasive fish species that are usually fished for. The look-out platforms are a design idea to introduce workshop/teaching possibilities. These platforms shall also be flexible to convert into floating exhibitions.

Thus, the aim is to achieve a design that is a hybrid of the individual ideas sketched above. This section shall further develop these design ideas into a feasible intervention.

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Weaving through space

Conceptual development of Musi Riverfront design

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The Waterfront Design Development

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Conceptual visualisation of temporary structures(Platforms) along Boat Harbour

Conceptual visualisation of the waterfront + Harbour connection

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The Waterfront Design Development

With Moosanagar’s rich architectural history, there is a distinct yet generic pattern of material usage in the slum. With increased production of bamboo in the last decade, the usage of bamboo hass peaked the last few years, providing Moosanagar a chance to use them for the temporary structures they build today. The contributor remains Corrugated Iron sheets recycled from already used ones. Thus, this design incorporates maximum usability of recycled Corrugated sheets.

Another major element used includes recycled aluminium mosquito nets that are discarded widely. They shall be incorporated in the design to act as ventilation system while providing privacy and security.

Bamboo and wooden stilts shall be used to suspend the structure while half bamboo walls provide higher stability and strength to the wall. Recycled bottle ends shall be used as end shields to prevent deterioration of the Bamboo structure.

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Bamboo

Corrugated Iron Sheets

Wooden Stilts

Conceptual Deveoplement of Temporsry Strctures along Harbout

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The Waterfront Boat Harbour

The Harbuor design incorporates the previously discussed Look-out platforms and provision of floating exhibitions, and an attempt to redeem lost fishing practices.

The platforms rise at periodic intervals to allow boats to pass through creating two levels of bridges to act as fishing stands as well as viewing decks. Earlier mentioned abundance of corrugated sheets act as base material to set-up temporary floating exhibitions on these platforms. With the vision of river restoring to normalcy, the bridges and the harbour can be expanded by duplicating the typical module for the harbour illustrated on the right.

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Design Visualisation Boat Harbour

Design visualisation of the waterfront + Harbour

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The Waterfront Water Gardens

Restoring traditional “Baghs”...

Hyderabad, especially banks of river Musi were historically known for their traditional gardens called “baghs”. They were majorly inspired by Islamic gardens with some adaptations added by Mughal emperors. Thus called the Mughal gardens. This design thus aims to bring back the historic elements of Islamic gardens found earlier along Musi river. The image on the right identifies major feature elements from the historic image of Mughal gardens along Musi River, which shall then be incorporated into the new Waterfront design.

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Historic image of Islamic garden along Musi River, identifying signature elements (1902)

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The Waterfront Water Gardens - Elements This section illustrates [Right] the usage of earlier mentioned signature elements used historically in Hyderabad’s Mughal/Islamic gardens. Most elements focus on symmetry and geometric patterns. Retaining the historic elements and bringing lost culture and vegetation could overtime restore the flora and fauna of the river ecosystem.

Signatre element often used as lanterns as path-finders and the top as a planter.

Traditional lamp post 100

Stone-cladded seating

Conceptual Sketch of traditional elements incorporated

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The Waterfront Feature Gardens Feature element in a Mughal garden usually involves a symmetric grid layout with feature elements on each intersection. To incorporate and represent the natural form of the river, the feature garden design shall hybridise the traditional Islamic garden layout with the natural flow of the river.The following is the concept development of the design of the garden.

The design aims to prevent further encroachment onto the river, while reinstating early historic practices and encouraging more interaction between the city ‘s residents and the slum dwellers which is currently non-existent, rendering Moosanagar an isolated slum. This can also pose as a platform to showcase local handicrafts and practices while preserving the river through positive enlightenment.

Conceptual Visualisation sketch of Feature gardens

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The Waterfront Feature Gardens

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Concept Visualisation

Concept Sketches of pathways through featrue gardens

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Urban Streets

Re-introducing Public Interaction

Urban Streets Entrances Entrances are usually considered the “Grand� part of the design in an Islamic garden setting. As the design aims to retain traditional qualities, the existing entrances to the site shall be retained and redesigned to make it more welcoming.

Moosanagar currently has two entries leading from the existing slums from underneath the bridges, and another two entries, each from respective bridges. This section shall illustrate Design concept and development.

Elements of Islamic Gardens...

The new Urban Streets shall replace the existing road structure, while making them pedestrian-only to solve congestion and safety threats in the slum.

Every Islamic architecture entrance opens with a Grand public space, or square often showcasing a large arabesque pattern in mosaic tiles, or a Waterbody, often a Foot-pond.

Mosaic arabesque floor [Entrance Courtyard]

Foot pond in the Entry [Entrance Courtyard] 108

Entry/Exit from neighbouring slum [Kamala Nagar Slum]

Entry/Exit into neighbouring slum [Vinayaka Veedhi]

Entry/Exit from Chaderghat Causeway Bridge Entry/Exit from Chaderghat Bridge

Urban Streets Entrances - Elements Evolution of the pattern...

The major evolution of entrance flooring pattern is through the evolution of various geometric patterns within multiple circles. The geometric patterns are often accompanied by organic flowing forms known to represent the spiritual side of natural elements such as plants, flowers, etc. The following is the evolution of various geometric patterns from circles.

In-Triangle

In-Square & Rectangle

Hexagon & Pentagon 110

Evolution of Geometric patterns in Islamic Architetcture

Qalawun Complex, Egypt

Sultan Qaytbay mosque, Egypt

Al-Salih Tala’i mosque, Egypt

Abbasid Palace, Iraq

Mustansiriyeh, Baghdad

Urban Streets Entrances - Elements Evolution of Entry pattern...

Evolution of local flora into geometric patterns based on Islamic principles The pattern incorporated in the entries has been derived from geometerising natural forms such as plants etc. This following pattern has been derived from turning local flora into geometric and arabesque patterns to represent the inner identity of Moosanagar.

East-side Entry 112

West-side Entry

Illustration of proposed entry pattern

Urban Streets Main Nodes Being a congested, close-knit slum, identity and location within the slum are hard to distinguish. To re-introduce the sense of space, central nodes have been created in the major secondary alleyways.

Since the new proposal shall retain the existing urban fabric layout, creating a grid to streamline the flow within the space and road hierarchy.

Treating the whole site as an Islamic garden, the nodes will be designed as the entryways to the next space, thus, creating an islamic garden inspired activity spaces.

South-West Node

East Node 114

115

Urban Streets Main Nodes

116

Design Illustration of Central nodes

East Node

South-West Node

The design develops towards preserving historic practices, while providing a platform to open the slum to people around the city to visit and increase interaction between the city and the slum dwellers.

Design Visualisation of Central nodes

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Urban Streets Serial Vision: A Walk Through

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Entrance

Urban Streets Serial Vision: A Walk Through

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Public Space

Urban Streets Serial Vision: A Walk Through

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Temple (Existing)

Urban Streets Serial Vision: A Walk Through

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Towards Waterfront

Urban Streets Details South-West Node

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Design Details of South-West Central Node

Sections South-West node Foot ponds

Section: A-A’

Section: B-B’ Sections through Central Ponds

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Urban Streets Details Public Seating

Section-A

Section-B

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Sections through Typical Seating

Public Seating Typical Detail

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Urban Streets Details Waterbody

South-West node

130

Proposed Bubble wall detail

Section through foot ponds

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Residential Clusters A Place called Home

Residential Clusters Introduction Housing in Moosanagar today Moosanagar being the first slum to evolve along Musi river in the early 1940’s, housing typology and their evolution from temporary (Kutcha) houses into permanent (Pucca) houses/ structures is a major element in the growth of families in Moosanagar.

New immigrants to Moosanagar are known to build temporary houses with local materials such as clay, bamboo and palm leaves and covered in scrap tarpaulin sheets etc. The following is a characteristic sketch of temporary residences in Moosanagar. These houses are further expanded overtime into permanent houses assembled in brick, concrete, recycled wood and metal.

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A Characteristic Section

Kutcha houses in Moosanagar

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Residential Clusters Concept

Acheiving Flexibility From the first section of this thesis, it is clear that Moosanagar has gone through decades of evolution, creating spaces that are suitable to each individual needs, creating a plethora of unique possibilities.

When Nandanavanam failed, the government failed to realise this is a bigger problem than just the distance between Moosanagar and Nandanavanam (located 5kms away) that caused the rejection, but this study has helped establish the monotony in the residential structures at Nandanavanam lacked what Moosanagar has built in Moosanagar over the years. Thus, understanding their lifestyle and developments overtime, this design section focuses on arriving at a design proposal that shall enforce flexibility as a mandatory aspect in the process.

The design shall be designed based on the following flexibility classifications:

-

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Functional Flexibility Unit Configuration Flexibility Facade Customisattion options Material Flexibility

Unique configurations found in Moosanagar

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Residential Clusters A Spatial Puzzle An Algorithm to create housing To maximise customisation options for the residents, the aim is to create a new design for the existing residential clusters by reviewing their preferences. The major pattern found in Moosanagar’s housing cluster layout is a collection of multiple blocks, intermittently forming a haphazard grid overtime. This shall be retained, however, streamlined to improve utilisation of space. The following diagrams illustrate the design idea and development of the base structure for the new housing clusters.

A.

B.

C. The housing structure is planned in grids/ components/ cubic cells of 3m x 3m x 3m. Each of them can be in of three different states. They can be a fragment of a house/built-up space.

The above sketch represents: (A): A Balcony Garden, (B): An Open Space (Void between smaller cluster of houses, (C): Housing unit cell 138

1.

3.

2.

Each Built-up cell is surrounded by other empty cells that shall form its neighbourhood

Empty cells surrounding a built-up area replaced by garden cells

4.

Built-up cells and garden cells must form a complete cuboid representing one housing unit (as per vastu discussed earlier). Housing units may consist of mulitple cells for desired number of inhabitants

Empty cells accommodated with other built-up cells causing summation of their neighbourhoods

5.

Between two different houses there shall be atleast 60% natural ventilation

Concept development sketch of housing units

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Residential Clusters A Spatial Puzzle

Selected Cluster Retaining existing cluster patterns, the following cluster is selected to develop the design in detail. The cluster design devised is aimed at creating a versatile structure with multiple activities in a cluster; in a streamlined way to help Moosanagar’s residents to improve their quality of life.

From the Design Program established earlier, as well as the study of daily lifestyle and usage of Moosanagar, the design starts by forming the base with commercial activities, creating a platform for the residents to showcase their work as part of their informal occupation which is currently taking up the pedestrian streets of Chaderghat bridges.

Higher levels are stacked to create space for multiple levelled housing, each having an entry/ exit onto the upper ground floor podium. This level shall act as the public area for the residents.

Creating two levels of public space, one for residents and one for the general public is essentially creating a “Semi-Public” and “Public” Space.

Providing the option for commercial store front housing, the lower ground floor shall house communal activity spaces while also incorporating housing included with a shop infront to showcase their informal occupations. Such houses shall be designed to exit from the housing level (Upper ground floor) as well.

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Selected Cluster

Conceptual Unit Assembly Selected Cluster

The units are a collection of multiple (3m x 3m x 3m) cubic cells established earlier, with activity spaces incorporateed with the units’ neighbouring cells.

Design development of residenttial cluster

141

Residential Clusters Flexibility Functional Flexibility The major aspect of the cluster design is to create multiple levels of various mixed-use activities along with the residential towers on upper ground level, while the lower ground level acts as a public space.

The lower ground floor shall act as a commercial hub with services tucked intermittently into the commercial level.

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Lower Ground Floor

The following are the set of amenities identified as major requirements from the design program discussed in earlier sections. These amenities shall be scattered in all clusters around Moosanagar and not all amenities shall fit be incorporated in a single cluster. All amenities, irrespective of being scattered in multiple clusters, shall be in close proximity and easily accessible to all residential clusters. Identified important amenities that shall be incorporated in the new design are as follows:

- Playscapes - Media rooms - Gynasium - Eenrgy Production - Cafe - Bike Parking spaces - Shared Kitchens - Sensory Gardens - Waterscapes - Laundromat - Waste management

- Water management - Public Gardens - Tool Shed/ Bike Repair - Farmer’s market - Urban Agriculture - Pharmacy - Health Clinics - Storage Silos - Allotment Gardens - Mini-farms - Event Spaces

Upper Ground Floor

143

Residential Clusters Housing Typologies Commercial Store-front Households

The commercial Store-front options are to provide an inclusive experience and ease of access to the residents who have an informal occupation they exhibit and sell for a living.

144

145

Residential Clusters Housing Typologies Household Unit Configurations

Progressively growing by the day, Moosanagar is home to multiple families of various sizes and links. Going through family growth constantly, some expanding homes to fit new members while others split into smaller nuclear families.

Earlier study has helped establish the types of families and multiple configurations found in Moosanagar. This shall help further establish a better layout for the new residential clusters which shall solve the existing issues, such as congested housing units lacking ventilation and sanitary needs, lack of basic facilities etc.

The major aim in designing the new clusters is to pay respect to the family types. The following sections will further discuss how these types of family units help design the new residential units.

MOOSANAGAR Individual Units Work/Live Single Parent Single Occupant Co-Living 146

Family Units Nuclear Family Couple Multi-Gen Divided Family Extended Family

Unit Configuration Flexibility

Co-Living

Multi-Gen

Single Parent

Work/Live

Single Occupant

Divided Family

Couple

Extended Family

Nuclear Family Existing Unit typology of Moosanagar

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Residential Clusters Flexibility Unit Configuration The cubic units illustrated below shall be the base cells which act as a customisation option for the residents to choose the size of the residential unit based on their choice.

36m2 Single person Unit

72m2 2-3 person Unit

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Unit Configuration Flexibility

108m2

3-5 person Unit

144m2 4-6 person Unit

180m2-288m2 6+ person Unit

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Residential Clusters Housing Typologies Household Unit Configurations

The following are the typical housing units designed to be assembled as per resident customisation, thus creating the final cluster derived earlier.

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1-3 Person Unit - Typical Floor Plans

Typical Housing Units All typical units shall be customisable with wall panels, and materials, thus promoting customisation options for the residents. The clusters shall comprise of these typical units illustrated in the following sketches.

4-6 Person Unit - Typical Floor Plans

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Residential Clusters Housing Typologies

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2-4 Person Unit - Typical Floor Plans

Typical Housing Units

5-6 Person Unit - Typical Floor Plans

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Residential Clusters Housing Typologies

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3-5 Person Unit - Typical Floor Plans

Typical Housing Units

6+ Person Unit - Typical Floor Plans

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Residential Clusters Section through selected cluster Hierarchial Privacy

PUBLIC (Public Open Space)

PRIVATE (Residential Units)

The creation of hierarchy allows for smooth transition between spaces, causing distinct but seamless hierarchical boundaries, thus enabling Moosanagar to dictate the level of communal interaction they are comfortable with entertaining. Providing a Semi-Public/ exclusive public space for the residents alone on the upper ground floor creates a sense of home they were used to, while the lower ground level is an all-accessible public space inviting all residents of Mooosanagar to experience Moosanagar.

SEMI-PRIVATE (Dedicated Public space for residents)

SEMI-PUBLIC (Commercial store-front houses)

Residential Clusters Flexibility Façade Customisation

With multiple options for materials now established in the previous section, increasing the probability of customisation options for the residents of Moosanagar, while catering to their needs that they have customised their current houses for. The major aspects found in houses on Moosanagar cater to interventions preventing heat gain, make-shift washing lines along windows.

This section outlines the design proposal for various façade customisation options that solve the main preferences of Moosanagar’s residents.

The following are the panels designed to work with all the afore-mentioned material options. Being non-load bearing, all these panels shall be supported by the concrete grid base which shall create a structure to prevent the slum from encroaching further onto the river.

The concept for the panels is to take the inspiration from congested spaces in Moosanagar, to weave, divide, expand, thus creating various probabilities.

Weave 158

Divide

Concept diagram establishing design of panels

Expand

Share

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Residential Clusters Flexibility Faรงade Customisation Panel Detail Located vertically inclined, the concrete louvers slope downwards creating the fall from rainfall outwards, while also providing visual privacy. A planter box running parallely along the panel may also be incorporated collectively.

160

Concrete panel

Panel Design Development Concrete Panel The concrete panel is a set of louvers, designed to improve ventilation inside the house while providing a surface to be used as a washing line.

Wash-lines incoporated into the concrete panel

161

Residential Clusters Flexibility Materials With materials changing progressively in Moosanagar through its housing evolution, every house is known to go through the series of material evolution which residents still recycle and use to this day. Thus, to increase options for residents’ customisation, all the materials known and local/native to Moosanagar will be reintroduced in the new residential cluster design to provide more flexibility and possible options for each cluster, improving material flexibility.

The materials local/native available are as following which shall be used as flexible options in the design:

-

Fabric Brick Wood Paper Straw Clay

These materials however can be designed with additional support, with multiple NGO’s working on turning materials like scrap paper, straw etc, into high end materials with natural resin to improve their durability.

To provide further strength and form flexibility to the structure, the design shall start with a concrete base grid to create possibilities of customisation within the grid.

162

Fabric

Brick

Wood

Paper

Straw

Clay

Process of Reclaming , Recycling and Reusing existing materials from Moosanagar

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Residential Clusters Flexibility Material Customsiation With materials changing progressively in Moosanagar through its housing evolution, every house is known to go through the series of material evolution which residents still recycle and use to this day. Thus, to increase options for residents’ customisation, all the materials known and local/native to Moosanagar will be

Option-1 Recycled Lumber

Option-2 Brick & Concrete

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Residential Clusters Flexibility Material Customsiation

Option-3 Straw

Option-4 Clay

Residential Clusters Flexibility Fabric as a material Reforming old clothing and mixed waste glass into various high-quality building products represents a new way to convert low-value waste into high-value products and materials. This new work builds on technology which can recover and reform materials from waste currently found along the Musi river banks at Moosanagar into fine fabric encased in natural resin, making an efficient material option.

Option-5 Fabric

Option-6 Paper This process of turning old clothing along with mixed waste into a building material is already being researched further by the researchers at University of South Wales in Sydney.

Wood

Straw

Brick

Clay

Fabric

Paper

Residential Clusters Material Customisation

When Moosanagar customises its home...

When Moosanagar customises a place they call “Home�...

“VISUALLY SAME, FUNCTIONALLY BETTER”

Retained existing Colour Palette

Corrugated Sheets to Concrete Louvers

Wash-lines Retained

Ground Floor

Residential Clusters Floor Plans

Waste Disposal

Fire Control

Workshops Urban Agriculture / Allotments Store

Store

Store

Bike Repair Shed

Shared Kitchen Bike Parking

Water Management

Store

Store

Gym

Store

Store Store-front House

Waste Management

Allotment Market Pharmacy/ Clinic

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First Floor

Residential Public Space

Residential Public Space

175

Second Floor

Residential Clusters Floor Plans

176

Third Floor

177

Residential Clusters Sections

Residential Clusters Section Details

181

Mixed-Use

Introducing necessities

Mixed-Use Design Development

Having their activities spread around Moosanagar in a 3-mile radius, residents of Moosanagar lacked basic necessities on site. Most basic necessities such as Health-care facilities, educational institutions etc, are located 3-4km away. Being a congested space with a vast population, they deserve basic amenities, especially health care and institutional facilities on site.

The following are the strategies toward developing the Mixed-Use Sector for Moosanagar: • Multi-level commercial and educational establishments to be designed further.

• Utilising existing contours and existing urban fabric.

• Permeable buildings with paths running through to facilitate connections into neighboring communities • Located next to the washer-men area and adjacent to the river, gives a possibility to educate people about the river and also improve the river-line.

• Commercial to support and provide a platform for the informal handicraft occupation within the slum like terracotta, palm works, garland making etc.

184

185

Mixed-Use Design Development

Hyderabad being a tropical, dry region, Moosanagar’s location being on most arid sandy region of Hyderabad, heat gain is a major issue considering the temperatures going upwards of 45 degree Celsius in Summers.

Having introduced big windows in the design, shading them in the mixed-use section shall involve Window shading device options to push towards sustainability, and to also save on the cost incurred from electricity usage on air-conditioning etc.

Being a slum, they prefer cheaper options of customising openings and walls to prevent heat gain.

The wall structure discussed earlier in the residential structure shall be incorporated, while the window shading devices can help with heat gain from the window openings.

186

187

Mixed-Use Concept Visualisation

“A New Moosanagar” Design Visualisation

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Sneha Tallavajjula 19012372@stu.mmu.ac.uk