Light Lines Nov/Dec 18

Newsletter Volume 11. Issue 6. Nov/Dec 2018

The Society of Light and Lighting

Part of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

SAFETY FIRST

Sharpening up on emergency lighting

TALKING SHOP

The SLL’s new guide to retail lighting

Editorial

Secretary Brendan Keely FSLL bkeely@cibse.org SLL Coordinator Juliet Rennie Tel: 020 772 3685 jrennie@cibse.org Editor Jill Entwistle jillentwistle@yahoo.com Communications committee: Gethyn Williams (chairman) Rob Anderson Iain Carlile MSLL Jill Entwistle Chris Fordham MSLL Rebecca Hodge Eliot Horsman MSLL Stewart Langdown MSLL Linda Salamoun MSLL Bruce Weil All contributions are the responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the society. All contributions are personal, except where attributed to an organisation represented by the author.

Copy date for NL 1 2019 is 12 November Published by The Society of Light and Lighting 222 Balham High Road London SW12 9BS www.sll.org.uk ISSN 1461-524X © 2018 The Society of Light and Lighting The Society of Light and Lighting is part of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS. Charity registration no 278104

Produced by Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel:01536 527297

Printed in UK

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Along with a lot of people I don’t find emergency lighting the sexiest topic. Like so much in life that is prosaic, it doesn’t always get the attention it should.

Post-Grenfell, that is set to change.

While lighting was eclipsed by cladding as the issue in that case, the tragedy ‘has placed a big question mark over the competency and responsibility of those

designing and maintaining buildings,’ says Richard Caple (Matter of light and death, p5).

As Alan Tulla pointed out in a Lux Review piece, there is a ‘huge gap between what people should be doing regarding lighting and fire safety and what they actually are doing’. Hosting the Escape Zone at LuxLive 2017, he observed, ‘there didn’t appear to be one person who was fully aware of their responsibilities and who had fulfilled them according to the current legislation’.

That is alarming to say the least, and, he would argue, the result of the Regulatory Reform Order of 2005, when the onus shifted from the local fire authority to a vaguely specified ‘responsible person’.

Hopefully, reform is in the air. ‘While it is still unclear what the ramifications will be,’ says Caple, ‘the industry is braced for regulatory change’.

Jill Entwistle jillentwistle@yahoo.com

Current SLL lighting guides SLL Lighting Guide 0: Introduction to Light and Lighting (2017) SLL Lighting Guide 1: The Industrial Environment (2012) SLL Lighting Guide 2: Hospitals and Health Care Buildings (2008) SLL Lighting Guide 4: Sports (2006) SLL Lighting Guide 5: Lighting for Education (2011) SLL Lighting Guide 6: The Exterior Environment (2016) SLL Lighting Guide 7: Office Lighting (2015) SLL Lighting Guide 8: Lighting for Museums and Galleries (2015) SLL Lighting Guide 9: Lighting for Communal Residential Buildings (2013) SLL Lighting Guide 10: Daylighting – a guide for designers (2014) SLL Lighting Guide 11: Surface Reflectance and Colour (2001) SLL Lighting Guide 12: Emergency Lighting Design Guide (2015) SLL Lighting Guide 13: Places of Worship (2014) SLL Lighting Guide 14: Control of Electric Lighting (2016) SLL Lighting Guide 15: Transport Buildings (2017) SLL Lighting Guide 16: Lighting for Stairs (2017) SLL Lighting Guide 17: Lighting for Retail Premises (2018) Guide to Limiting Obtrusive Light (2012) Guide to the Lighting of Licensed Premises (2011) Commissioning Code L (2018)

Secretary’s column

Editorial 2 Secretary’s column

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News 4 Matter of light and death 5 Emergency lighting must be taken more seriously, argues Richard Caple, who examines the key factors in getting it right Counter intelligence 8 Simon Robinson outlines the new SLL guide on retail lighting A taste of LightBytes Three speakers from the latest series give a flavour of the content

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Guiding Light 13 Paul Ruffles on the new SLL Lighting Handbook, one of the most comprehensive guides to lighting in the world More than meets the eye Iain Carlile looks at the topic of non-visual light in the latest LR&T papers

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Events 16

Cover: the Constellation at The Founder’s Memorial, Abu Dhabi, by dpa lighting consultants, winner of two Light Middle East Awards 2018: Lighting Project of the Year, and Exterior Lighting Project of the Year

Alex Jeffries Photography Group

In the coming weeks we will be launching the new Lighting Handbook (see p13) for all members to download, or purchase the hard copy with 50 per cent member discount. The original publication was launched in 2009, the centenary of the formation of the Illuminating Engineering Society (predecessor of the Society of Light and Lighting) to celebrate the anniversary as well as to fill a gap in the society’s publications.

Updated and with a whole host of new chapters (it’s roughly double the size of the original) the Lighting Handbook is your go-to document and we are sure you will enjoy the new publication. The lead author is Paul Ruffles and we thank him for the huge amount of work he has put into the publication (and many other publications), as well as all of the chapter contributors and reviewers.

In addition, a brand new guide, LG17: Lighting for Retail Premises has been launched (see p8). This is an excellent guide designed not only for lighting designers and specifiers, but for a broader audience including interior designers and shop owners. It covers a wide range of issues and features comprehensive guidance and examples on how to light different retail spaces.

Lighting for Retail Premises has been authored by Simon Robinson (chair of the technical and publications committee) and we thank him for his work. We also thank all of the Sustaining Members who have contributed images of their work to the publication.

Still on the publications theme, we have launched the corrigendum for LG13: Places of Worship (a new PDF is available through the CIBSE Knowledge Portal and available to download for

those that have purchased the previous PDF or hard copy). Many thanks to David Holmes who has updated the guides. The corrigendum for LG1: Industrial Lighting and the rewrite of Lighting for Licensed Premises (which will be LG18) will be available in the next few months.

The society again exhibited at Light Middle East 2018 and hosted the third Ready Steady Light Middle East in September. Both the SLL coordinator Juliet Rennie and myself attended the event. It was great to catch up with the UAE members of SLL and CIBSE, and we welcome the new members who signed up at the exhibition.

The new 2018-2019 regional sessions of LightBytes began at the MAC in Birmingham, in October, and will head to The MAC, Belfast, on 29 November.

The Birmingham event went very well with the delegates enjoying the new presentations from Fagerhult, Thorlux, Zumtobel and Xicato. The new series focuses on four topics: How to Specify a Luminaire, Retrofit and Upgrade, Emergency Lighting and the Internet of Things (see p11). The series has been developed in conjunction with the CIBSE Facilities Management Group.

The society looks forward to the Young Lighter of the Year final which will take place on the second day of LuxLive at ExCeL on 15 November, with the winner of the competition announced at the evening awards. We’d love to see you all at the event and this year again we will be located in the Lightspace Arena.

The Jean Heap Bursary recipient for 2018 is Amir Nezamdoost, a PhD student in architecture at the University of Oregon. Amir was a 2017 Young Lighter of the Year finalist and he will be developing his research work on proposing a new manual blind control algorithm for annual daylight analysis.

Amir’s progress will be included within the SLL website soon.

The society will take part in the CIBSE Build2Perform Live event at Olympia 17-28 November. The society has a lighting session planned with leading experts discussing design, handover and maintenance of lighting installations This session has again been developed with the CIBSE Facilities Management Group.

We hope to see you there.

Contents

Brendan Keely bkeely@cibse.org For up-to-date information follow us on Twitter @sll100

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NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS... xxx

Urban lighting key topic for YLOTY candidates Urban lighting is a key theme for the five entrants shortlisted for this year’s SLL Young Lighter of the Year Award.

Emma Beadle (second right), a lighting engineer at WSP, looks at an aspect of urban planning with children’s utopian visions of the city: co-designing lighting masterplans through play and exploration.

Carla Piatti (far right), a lighting designer with Glamox, examines

interactive lighting in public spaces, while Katia Kolovea (third right), a junior lighting designer with Urban Electric Company, looks at light as a medium to enhance communication in urban spaces.

Sanny Yuwono (fourth right), a postgrad at Bartlett, also stays with the outside environment and asks: is there a threshold for the degree of chroma used to allow colour in exterior lighting without

making the building incongruous to its surroundings?

Sunny Sribanditmongkol (far left), lighting designer with Studio-29, focuses on design strategies for daylighting in a Thai rowhouse.

The finalists chosen from this line-up will present their papers at LuxLIve on 15 November and the winners will be announced at the Lux Awards.

Essentia names NHS lighting suppliers

Symposium sees stars

Healthcare consultant Essentia Trading has named the approved suppliers, including Thorlux, Ecolite and Energy Saving Lighting (ESL), for its new LED Lighting Framework.

NHS Trust or public sector bodies can use the framework to procure public sector compliant suppliers for energysaving lighting projects.

Free to use, the UK-wide lighting framework helps public sector clients to deliver cost, carbon and ongoing maintenance savings, as well as improve

A two-day international symposium held in September looked at the protection and promotion of the night sky. The event, held on the island of Capraia in the Tuscan archipelago, was organised by a group of Italian bodies and partially funded by the Stars4all European project.

The topics covered included technical aspects of night sky quality measurement, the development of innovative sensors, the impact of light pollution in ecology, and outreach and citizen science initiatives.

‘The negative impact of excessive artificial light at night is gradually being acknowledged by a wider audience,’ said a spokesperson for the symposium.

Presentation abstracts can be downloaded from the symposium website: https://capraianightsky2018.com

On the lighter side...

Lighting is getting very touchy feely.

Panasonic, with its co-creation project, Kyoto KADEN Lab, has developed the Kasa light that reacts to the behaviour of the user. If anyone gets too shouty or rough with it, it dims down and turns off.

Sounds reasonable, though you wouldn’t want to live too near a railway line as it works through vibration sensors.

‘Through reinforcing positive actions and discouraging negative ones, Panasonic hopes to promote a transition towards a new relationship between people and objects,’ says the company.

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both environments and lighting services.

It is the only lighting-specific framework to offer a savings guarantee, says the consultant, which is owned by London hospitals Guy’s and St Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust.

According to Essentia, since 2014 the organisation has helped deliver more than £18m of energy savings for 19 NHS Trusts, 27 acute hospitals and over 30 community-based sites.

More details from www.essentia.uk.com

The East Midlands region of the SLL is holding an Artificial Light at Night Seminar on 4 December. The venue is contractor UK Slipform’s premises in Matlock, Derbyshire.

The Fifth Artificial Light at Night conference will be held at Salt Lake City, USA, from 12-14 November 2018 For more information email: info@pibinko.org

Emergency lighting

Matter of light and death Though crucial, emergency lighting is often not taken seriously enough.

Past president Richard Caple considers the key factors in getting it right

relevant parties, those responsible for the design of a system stand little chance of producing a compliant scheme. The consultation phase creates the forum for key stakeholders to engage and develop a better understanding of the type of building concerned, its intended use, the type of people using it, periods of use, risks and emergency strategies. These are all important factors and are identified in BS5266-1:2016.

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Fire safety in buildings has been gaining significant attention in the UK recently, not least because of the tragic events that took place in Grenfell Tower, London, in June 2017. In her report into the incident, Dame Judith Hackett established that there were clear shortfalls and was damming of the whole regulatory process for buildings. This has placed a big question mark over the competency and responsibility of those designing and maintaining buildings. While it is still unclear what the ramifications will be, the industry is braced for regulatory change.

While not a significant factor in this particular tragedy, emergency lighting has become a focus of attention for many building owners, occupiers and employers. An event of this scale highlights and reminds everyone of the importance of providing, testing and maintaining effective life-safety systems.

Emergency lighting is a critical life-safety system. However, providing a compliant solution is often time-consuming, complex and expensive. To quote a colleague, ‘often just enough is done’, but is ‘just enough’ enough? Emergency lighting must follow a process of consultation, collaborative design, and rigorous maintenance and testing.

Consultation

One of the most important parts of emergency lighting is consultation. Without communication between all of the

Diagram showing the typical consultation process

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Emergency lighting

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Often, however, these consultations do not take place, leading to assumptions and estimates which, in my experience, are often never reviewed or questioned, and can potentially lead to an ineffective system.

The type and number of stakeholders involved in the consultation will depend on the nature of the project. For example, if it is a new building or the refurbishment of an existing one, the size and scale of the building will also dictate the individuals that should be involved. At the very least the building owner, occupier/employer, building services engineers, architects, electrical engineers and lighting designers should be communicating to deliver an effective and appropriate emergency lighting solution.

‘The role of emergency lighting has become more complex, which further increases the importance of consultation’ The role of emergency lighting has also become more complex, which further increases the importance of consultation. Not only is emergency lighting required to facilitate the safe exit of people from a building, high risk emergency lighting is needed in areas where potentially dangerous equipment is being used, or a process needs to be made safe before evacuation.

A new consideration on the horizon is safety lighting, or ‘stay put’ as it is also known. In some situations, there may be a greater danger from evacuating people out of the building or there may be situations where mains power fails to the building but this poses no danger to the occupants. Certain tasks therefore might be carried on, but a sufficient amount of light needs to be provided, which may be much higher than normal emergency lighting levels. System design then becomes very important. Safety lighting also needs rigorous consultation between all parties to produce a policy and to ensure that the system is sufficient and truly safe.

they prove that they are? Is it time for professional competency recognition for emergency lighting designers? These are some of the questions that are starting to be explored.

Maintenance and testing

One of the most costly elements of emergency lighting is the testing and upkeep of a system. I have seldom come across buildings that have records demonstrating proper testing, and also importantly, records of maintenance being carried out showing rectification of failed or faulty emergency luminaires.

To fully test and log emergency lighting in compliance with the standards is certainly expensive, with labour time being the significant factor. Monthly short duration tests are required to prove the system is operational with a full rated duration test required every year.

The full rated duration test is often the most costly and problematic, as it involves considering what happens and what is needed after the luminaire has been fully discharged. Most manufacturers will recommend a full 24 hours charge before the luminaire is effective again and at full capacity. Therefore managing these tests, while still keeping a building operational and safe, can be a challenge. Often to do this involves testing alternate luminaires at different points through the year, which means multiple visits to a site and therefore raising costs further. However, one thing is clear, not testing and maintaining emergency lighting is a sure way of contributing to the system not functioning correctly when it is really needed.

Design

Once all of the impacting factors have been identified within the consultation, the design process can start. Aside from the requirements of escape lighting to routes and anti-panic lighting to open areas, illumination is needed at the points of emphasis, such as changes in direction or level, as well as the highlighting of fire alarm call points, firefighting equipment, first aid points and fire alarm panels. The requirements can become more complex for large buildings, high-rise buildings or buildings where the mobility of people may be impaired, such as hospitals or care homes.

The level of potential complexity that the designer needs to consider highlights the importance of not only ensuring the competency of the lighting designer, but ascertaining that they also have access to the relevant information. It must also be remembered that emergency lighting is covered in an array of different standards, which from time to time are updated. Is the designer conversant with the latest requirements? How do

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Diagram showing typical points of emphasis

Emergency lighting

Figure showing typical reporting platform on various media

Technology

Advances in technology are helping to overcome some of the problems associated with emergency lighting compliance.

LED technology, for example, has been hugely beneficial.

Emergency lighting products have become much smaller and more discreet, and the output and optical performance has improved significantly. These improvements allow for much wider spacings and consequently a reduction in the number of emergency luminaires required. Better lamp and battery life is also reducing maintenance costs.

Another significant advancement in emergency lighting is self-test communication and reporting systems. In fact, Autotest systems, where the luminaire tests itself to the requirements of the standards, have been around for a few decades. However, today’s communication and reporting technologies, which provide enhanced status and condition information, make the management of emergency luminaires much simpler, as well as lowering through-life costs. Building owners/maintenance managers now have the facility to see the status of all of their emergency luminaires within a building, or even multiple buildings, on their computers or mobile devices.

Importantly, these systems can also be proactive, providing instant details of any fault. When testing manually, a problem may develop with a luminaire shortly after the test, meaning it could be a whole month before the fault is subsequently identified. Today’s systems have the ability to tell you what has failed, for example, battery or lamp, and display where the fitting is in the building, reducing labour time for remedial works. With battery replacements typically being required every three to six years, this is the most common regular maintenance needed. A proactive system can not only tell you when a battery has failed, but also flag up batteries that are about to fail, again reducing the overall call-out rate and maintenance cost for a building.

A further advantage of these automatic systems is the

ability to schedule tests. Either random testing can be carried out, ensuring that no one area will be completely without emergency lighting due to depleted charge in the batteries, or it can be scheduled for the whole building to be tested at once, for example on Christmas day when the building is not being used. Batteries then have time to charge, ensuring full capacity when the building is then reoccupied and thus mitigating risk to the occupants.

Conclusion

Emergency lighting is a life-safety system, and it must be taken seriously. Getting it right is important, and involves a process of consultation, competent design, careful consideration of system type and robust maintenance and upkeep. It remains to be seen what will happen to building regulations following the events at Grenfell Tower. However, we all have a part to play, and it is up to us to ensure that our buildings are safe for people to live, work and play in.

Emergency lighting is one of the topics being covered during this year’s LightBytes (see p10).

Richard Caple will present on this topic at the Lighting & FM seminar, Build2Perform on 28 November. Go to: www.build2perform.co.uk/ seminars-2018#/ Lighting Guide 12 – Emergency Lighting can be downloaded from the CIBSE Knowledge Portal for free if you are a CIBSE or SLL member.

Escape Zone at LuxLive, ExCeL London, on 14-15 November will also focus on this area.

Go to https://luxlive.co.uk/emergency-lighting/

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Red Shift

Lighting guides

Counter intelligence

For the first time, the SLL has introduced a lighting guide for the retail sector, LG17. Simon Robinson outlines the contents and context

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For the first time the SLL is introducing a lighting guide covering the retail sector. The new guide, to be known as LG17 – Lighting for Retail Premises, has been three years in the making and the society recognises that it fills an important gap in its guidance documents.

The original aim for LG17 was to produce a guide that could be read and enjoyed by a wide range of stakeholders. I think it has met that aim well. We wanted to create a guide to help designers who have little or no experience with retail lighting as well as provide an insight for shop owners, architects and interior designers into what a lighting designer will need to consider during the design process. The guide is not aimed at those who are either experienced retail designers or owners/ managers of large retail chains with easy access to those skills.

We are well aware that guidance such as LG17 is often treated as reference information and people will read sections relevant to their situation rather than the whole document. To help that type of reader, the guide opens with a chapter on the approach to designing retail lighting. This chapter sets the scene and covers a range of topics that are expanded on

Michael Grubb Studio

Lighting guides xxx

Red Shift

Left: The Light shopping centre, Leeds, lighting by Hoare Lea. Above: high contrast interior at Lush, by Michael Grubb Studio.

Below: lit signage at London’s Greenwich Market, by Hoare Lea

• Is daylight to be optimised or excluded?

• What tasks are to be performed by staff?

• Will staff be located in set positions or mobile?

• How critical is good colour representation of merchandise?

• Will merchandise have small text that needs to be read by customers?

• How important is the vertical surface? For example, it is key in a bookstore but perhaps not so much in a bakery We also recognise that this type of question can inform the whole design process and may lead the reader to consider something that had not occurred to them before.

The creative elements of a design will need to draw heavily on the intended use of the retail space and the owners’

aspirations for their business. Trends in shopping habits and interior design can be strong influences and lead to customers expecting a particular ‘look’ to a space, even though the shop owner may prefer something else.

A good example is the trend in fashion stores towards high contrast lighting which uses display lighting almost exclusively.

The popularity of this approach with customers means an expectation develops, and similar shops may need to follow the design ideas even if the shop owner is not a fan of the ‘look’.

Is it all about the merchandise?

It would be easy to focus the guide solely on the way lighting in retail spaces can be used to attract customers and display merchandise to the greatest effect. There are, however, the considerations of staff welfare and energy use to take into account. Retail spaces are places of work for millions of people around the world and their occupational health and safety have been addressed in the new guide.

Traditionally, the sales or checkout positions, as well as back of house locations, have been easily identified as areas @sll100

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later in the guide. It can be thought of as a foundation for the book and includes useful tips for issues such as making sure you have the right information about how the owner intends to operate the shop before the design process commences. For example, some questions to typically ask a client are:

Lighting guides

many ways, it is difficult to justify the need for accent or display lighting, given that such lighting designs are additional elements to a general and functional lighting approach. Of course there will always need to be a balance between appropriate use of energy, the use of lighting to highlight merchandise or sales banners, and the need to provide an inviting environment for customers. LG17 hopefully addresses these issues while recognising the need to allow designers the opportunities to be creative in the use of lighting in retail spaces.

Practical examples of the design approach

LG7 was the first lighting guide to introduce examples of how various spaces could be illuminated. This successful approach has been carried through to the retail guide and 10 examples covering the following retail spaces are included:

Simon Robinson

• Small to medium-sized, general purpose retail space • A bus station kiosk selling newspapers and confectionery • Warehouse-style retail units • Fully glazed car showroom • High street clothing store • High street jeweller • High street mobile phone store • Addition of self-checkout area in a supermarket • High street estate agent • Online purchase collection kiosk

Pendants combine diffuse and direct lighting elements

‘The guide recognises that nowadays we shop in many different ways and therefore the relevant aspects of internetbased retail are also considered’ t

where staff will spend time, making it relatively easy to provide appropriate lighting for their tasks. Increasingly common is the flexible approach that tablets and other touchscreen devices have brought to retail. Staff can now spend long periods of time with customers in any part of the space making it more difficult to provide a lighting design that addresses their needs.

The guide recognises that energy reduction is a fundamental part of any design project, be that general or retail lighting. In

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There is a similarity with office spaces in that while we may think of retail as being large shopping complexes, supermarkets or department stores, the vast majority of retail establishments are small general-use spaces, often repurposed from other uses or occupying space that is not suitable for any other use. The first practical example is therefore a general purpose retail space.

Because such spaces make up the majority of retail establishments, the uses to which they can be put is extensive and the example discusses two approaches. The first acknowledges that many shop owners simply want a flexible general-purpose space that can maximise their opportunity to sell merchandise. The second approach considers the use of display lighting to provide opportunities for sales promotions or to highlight particular parts of the space or merchandise on sale. Discussing such options with a shop owner at the design stage can lead to them having more options available once their business develops for a relatively small outlay at the beginning.

The guide recognises that we shop in many different ways and internet-based retail is considered also. Example 10 discusses the lighting approach for a collection point in a store front. This type of store is really a small warehouse with a collection counter and therefore limited public access. The ‘retail’ element is the counter and public waiting area, and the guide draws attention to the counter where parcels are passed to the customer. This area is key and will need to be provided with sufficient light to ensure mistakes are avoided and customers don’t leave with the wrong parcel.

LG17 – Lighting for Retail Premises is now available for download through the CIBSE Knowledge Portal. Simon Robinson is chair of the SLL technical and publications committee as well as lead author of LG17

LightBytes

A taste of LightBytes The latest LightBytes series again splits into four themes: how to specify a luminaire, retrofit and upgrade, emergency lighting and the Internet of Things. Each speaker addresses all the themes in a series of short presentations. Here three of the speakers take just one of those themes each and give a brief summary of the issues covered

Richard Caple (Thorlux) What are the most important features when specifying a luminaire for an application? Is it the amount of light it produces? The power consumption?

Lifetime? Price? Setting a good specification is the foundation for ensuring the right product is installed. This will mean that not only is the right lighting solution delivered, but also that the luminaire is suitable for the environment, and will offer many years of reliable use. This means thinking about the construction of the luminaire, how it's been designed, the type of materials used and the quality of manufacture.

A good example of this was just the other night when I was standing in my local fish and chip shop. A combination of heat, humidity and oil vapour from the fryers had degraded the 600 x 600 LED ‘panel’ luminaires so much that they were practically falling apart, despite having been installed fairly recently.

The opal diffusers had gone brown, you could see multiple LED chip failures and the heat had caused the diffusers to bow slightly. The result was not only visually poor, but importantly they were not producing very much light. In this case, it was simply the wrong product in the wrong place.

Heat, water and physical impacts are all external factors that the light fitting must endure. Depending on the application, a high resistance to these factors may be needed, particularly in an industrial application, for example. A well-designed

LightBytes: Emergency lighting

Les Thomas (Fagerhult) As we all know, emergency lighting is an essential requirement for any building. In this section of the @sll100

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LightBytes: How to specify a luminaire

luminaire with carefully selected materials can help keep the electrical components inside the luminaire cooler. As heat plays a significant part in the life and reliability of components such as electronic control gear and batteries, a product that runs cooler will last longer. Specifying a luminaire with the correct ingress protection, or IP rating as it’s known, will ensure that the luminaire is resistant to the ingress of both solid objects and moisture. Failure to select the right rating might result in early product failure.

Another consideration might be impact resistance. This is particularly prevalent in the outdoor environment where the luminaires may be subject to vandalism. The IK rating helps classify the level of impact, or force, the luminaire can withstand before becoming unsafe.

Although light source technology has moved on significantly in the past decade, and luminaires are very different today compared with 10 years ago, the basic principles of light fitting selection and specification must not be forgotten. Getting the basics right can make the difference between a luminaire that needs replacing sooner than expected, or one that provides many years of hassle-free ownership.

LightBytes

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series we look at topics such as the responsibilities as set out in the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 and BS 52661:2016 Part 1, the requirements for emergency lighting outside the building and technology advances. A particularly crucial area is testing and maintenance.

Testing and maintenance are essential to ensuring that your system is maintained in an efficient state, in working order and in good state of repair. For the responsible person, this falls within his or her duties under the RRO 2005.

However, the RRO does not give specific details on how testing should be undertaken and to what frequency this should be carried out. To fully comply with the legislation, the responsible person must be able to produce records that can show the system is maintained and in good working condition.

The best way to demonstrate that your responsibilities have been carried out is to follow the suggestions for testing and logbooks as set out in BS 5266 and BS EN 50172. Any emergency system should have a monthly function test to check

‘A particularly crucial area is testing and maintenance, which is essential to ensuring that your system is maintained in an efficient state, in good working order’ all luminaires are working correctly should there be an emergency situation. Once a year, a full duration test is required to be sure your emergency installation is capable of lasting its full duration.

If your system/luminaires fails either of these tests, then maintenance would be required to rectify this, whether it be checking a battery charge circuit, replacement of failed light sources or replacement of failed batteries. Specifically looking at replacement of batteries, care must be taken to replace failed batteries with compatible new batteries – and that should take into account cell chemistry, charging method, even the physical size of the replacement batteries.

This is something that some business owners and employers may not be aware is one of their responsibilities and could quite easily be overlooked. However, the impact of failure on people safety's cannot be understated.

LightBytes venues and dates The MAC, Belfast: 29 November Bluecoat, Liverpool: 24 January The Hospitium, York: 28 February The Engine Shed, Bristol: 28 March The Royal Society of Edinburgh: 25 April The Royal Society, London: 9 May For full details go to: www.cibse.org/society-of-light-andlighting-sll/sll-lightbytes-series

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LightBytes: Internet of Things

Graeme Shaw (Zumtobel Group) Today’s cities consume 78 per cent of the world’s energy, and the steady increase in population is set to reach more than 8bn by 2030. Smart cities rely on smart technology, and lighting can be the mainstay of the connected infrastructure of smart cities, providing services management and security for inhabitants.

This connected infrastructure will create operational efficiencies, reducing energy consumption, improving occupant experiences, achieving sustainability goals, and effectively optimising financial performance.

Street lighting contributes to the largest proportion of the municipal energy bill, while a massive number of assets also introduces high maintenance costs.

Smart street light enables intelligent on/off switching according to fixed time, solar calendar and environmental illumination conditions, reducing energy consumption by up to 50 per cent. Meanwhile, maintenance efficiency is maximised as real-time fault detection and alarm notification negates the need for routine inspection. Fault notification also informs the operation centre of the nature of the fault so that the engineer is prepared with the right parts for the task. Realtime monitoring and flexible lighting configuration increases customer satisfaction and security.

Another benefit for road users will be the super-sized outdoor parking lot equipped with parking sensors and featuring a car-find feature. An easy extension to support premium services such as reserved parking will also be available. This technology means that less staff are required, utility rates and revenue go up by 25 per cent and time consumption is reduced by 75 per cent.

Lighting has undergone a revolution in the past few years with the rapid growth in the use of LEDs as a prime source, with all the well-known concomitant benefits. However, the focus has been on the light source and not necessarily on how we control and regulate light – or how we make wider use of the lighting infrastructure. Now that focus is changing as the IoT opens the door for lighting networks to play a significantly broader role in smart cities.

In the next issue, fourth LightBytes speaker Roger Sexton of Xicato will take a more in-depth look at retrofit and upgrade in the context of historical buildings.

Lighting guides

Guiding light Paul Ruffles, editor-in-chief of the forthcoming new SLL Lighting Handbook, the first update in a decade, explains why it is now one of the most comprehensive guides to interior and exterior lighting in the world

The Society of Light and Lighting

The SLL Lighting Handbook

The SLL Lighting Handbook

2018

A decade is a long time in lighting. It’s not just about the advances in technology, but the way that the technology is specified and used. The developments in the size, form and flexibility of LED luminaires, which have enabled new and more varied kinds of lighting production and distribution, have given the lighting designer a great deal more freedom, but also a great deal more to think about.

The evolution of control and data-signalling protocols have also brought changes to the ways in which we can dynamically control lighting and, as a result, have opened up many new ways to use light creatively – and, of course, many more ways to do it badly. With all this change the SLL decided it was time for an update of the Lighting Handbook as the last edition was written in the society’s centenary year, 2009.

Handbook revamp

The existing Handbook had 23 chapters of which two – on ‘Light’ and ‘Vision’ – have been transferred over to The Code for Lighting. These were felt to be more about fundamentals and so would sit better in the Code. However, we have added 12 brand new and exciting chapters to the Handbook to more than compensate for their loss.

The Handbook now has three broad sections: the first on Design with five chapters; the second headed Technical with five chapters, and finally, Applications, with 20 chapters, covering a multitude of subject areas. Overall, the Handbook will be increased from a modest 300 pages to a more impressive 400. As with all CIBSE guides it will also be available as a free PDF download to members.

One of the more unusual, but important chapters is the new one on Design Ethos. It might seem strange to be discussing professional conduct, tendering standards and sustainability issues in a design book, but we felt that to be a supplier or professional designer you need to conduct yourself in a professional manner and be aware of legal restraints, environmental standards and designing for the greater good.

The chapter refers to the CIBSE Code of Professional Conduct and the similar codes from related professions to set

‘Developments in technology have given the lighting designer a great deal more freedom, but also a great deal more to think about’ @sll100

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The Society of Light and Lighting

The society’s technical and publications committee undertook a review of the content of both the existing Handbook and The Code for Lighting and decided to update both in parallel to ensure that there was good crossreferencing, as well as a better division of subjects between them. The Code will concentrate on the fundamentals, calculation methods and standards, while the Handbook will concentrate on the design and application parts of the lighting design process.

To avoid overwhelming the TPC’s capacity to process two such substantial documents at once, alongside the normal production of lighting guides, it was decided that the Lighting Handbook would be published first with the Code coming along around a year later.

Lighting guides

out what should be expected from those involved in lighting. It also provides information on the Bribery Act to ensure suppliers and specifiers do not cross the line from sensible socialising and factory visits to build understanding and relationships, to excessive lavishness of gifts or ‘visits to events’ that could be construed as the giving or receiving of a bribe.

Wider and more diverse readership

There have been many changes to the society’s membership over the past 10 years. Not only has the membership increased to 4000 from around 2000, but there have been increasing numbers of people coming to the SLL from non-engineering backgrounds such as interior design, theatre design and architecture. To assist these non-engineering members, there are new chapters on how lighting needs to be integrated with other building services, ways that the lighting needs to have enough space in ceiling voids among all the other services.

A new chapter on electrical supplies explains the various methods of getting power to the lighting, from the conventional 230V mains distribution methods through to DC supplies and power over ethernet. The later parts are something that many experienced lighting designers also need to keep up with. Changes to the way lighting can be controlled and used dynamically are covered in the new Controls chapter.

Towards the end of the Handbook we have two very important new chapters on Commissioning and PostOccupancy verification, offering important information and guidance both to newcomers to lighting design and to the more experienced designers, suppliers and specifiers.

New application areas

The brand new chapters that are being added make the Lighting Handbook one of the most comprehensive guides to interior and exterior lighting in the world. These new chapters include ones that summarise recent SLL Lighting Guides, such as those on places of worship, controls and transport; others are about areas not covered yet by lighting guides,

Lighting Handbook Contents PART 1: DESIGN 1 Lighting design process 2 Daylighting 3 Emergency 4 Design ethos 5 Integration PART 2: TECHNOLOGY 6 Light sources 7 Control gear 8 Luminaires 9 Electrics 10 Controls 14

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such as event lighting, exterior architectural lighting and extreme environments.

At the beginning of the Applications section is an interesting and important new chapter on common building areas. This gives advice on all those areas that fill the gaps in buildings between the main spaces, such as corridors, store rooms, toilets and coffee areas. So perhaps we can look forward to a future with no more spilt coffee while fumbling in the gloom for a mug; no more grotty lift lighting and no more stumbling over meal trays left on the floor of badly lit hotel corridors.

The SLL’s international membership has not been forgotten – we value the contribution that the more than 1000 overseas members bring to the society. So, while many of the references within some chapters are to UK regulations, a wider perspective on international regulations and standards is being incorporated where sensible. In addition, to improve the international coverage, some of the contributors to the Handbook are based outside the UK. Indeed, one of the new chapters reflects the wide international reach of our membership – Extreme Environments. This not only covers the issues of cold, hot and humid environments – we have members working on projects in the Arctic and in the tropics – but also marine environments, vibration, explosion risk areas and the common issue of dustproof and waterproof luminaires.

The new Lighting Handbook aims to be a truly comprehensive guide to the production, selection and use of luminaires for all likely places the extremophiles among you can find.

Paul Ruffles is editor-in-chief for the new SLL Lighting Handbook which will be available to members through the CIBSE Knowledge Portal. Peter Raynham of UCL/Bartlett, is editor-in-chief of the new edition of the Code for Lighting which will follow next year For more information on SLL publications, go to: www.cibse.org/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/lightingpublications

PART 3: APPLICATIONS 11 Common building areas 12 Offices 13 Industrial 14 Educational 15 Retail 16 Museums and galleries 17 Hospitals & Healthcare 18 Places of worship 19 Communal Residential 20 Places of entertainment 21 Courts and custodial 22 Transportation 23 Extreme environments

24 Exterior workplace 25 Exterior architectural 26 Roads & urban spaces 27 Security 28 Sports 29 Historic buildings & spaces 30 Commissioning 31 Verification 32 Maintenance A1 Reflectance and Colour A2 Circadian lighting A3 Building Regulations A4 Glossary

LR&T essentials

More than meets the eye The non-visual effects of light are a key topic in the latest Lighting Research and Technology online papers, discovers Iain Carlile

Variation of photopic and equivalent melanopic luminance values depending on architectural context (B Jung and M Inanici)

The following selection of the most recently published papers looks at the topics of non-visual effects of light, the use of highdynamic-range (HDR) photography to measure circadian light, and image-based mapping to evaluate lighting scenes.

Lasaukaite et al have examined the non-image-forming effects of lighting, with an experiment to investigate the effect of changing the colour temperature of light. In particular they wanted to establish how the exposure to light of a higher colour temperature prior to performing cognitive tasks leads to a weaker effort-related cardiovascular response.

Participants performed an eight-minute Sternberg shortmemory task. After four minutes the lighting conditions were changed to a different colour temperature (2800K, 4000K, 5000K or 6500K) for the remaining four minutes of the task.

These were selected from a range of typical home, office and daylight colour temperatures reflecting conditions that people are exposed to every day. The authors predicted that effort-related cardiovascular response would strengthen with decreasing colour temperature.

The experiment results did not follow the predicted pattern and no significant effects of lighting on subjective measures were observed. From this result, the authors conclude that a fourminute exposure to a different colour temperature of light may not be enough to cause change in effort-related cardiovascular response or affect subjective ratings of sleepiness.

Also considering the non-visual effects of light, Jung and Inanici looked at a method of using high dynamic range

(HDR) photography as a way of measuring circadian lighting.

Tristimulus colour calibration procedures are developed for this process. The authors used CIE trichromatic (XYZ) measurements to evaluate camera colour accuracy, with the results showing a strong linear relationship between camera recordings and a scientific-grade colorimeter. This demonstrated that it is possible to use HDR photography, correcting for colour aberrations, to measure both photopic and circadian lighting values. The authors used spectrophotometric measurements to validate the methodology presented. Jung and Inanici propose that this approach could be used within the built environment to study the impact of design decisions on human circadian entrainment and to create guidelines and metrics to assist design.

Zhao et al used image-based mapping to evaluate the perceptual impression of lighting scenes using images of the lit environment. An experiment was conducted in which dissimilarity information from photographs and simulated renderings of the lit environment were visualised in a perceptual map.

The authors found that they were able to closely approximate human perceptual ratings (normalised dissimilarity value <0.04). Different office types were compared and high similarities were found for the different variations of spaces using the perception maps. Room size was found to have the most significant effect, while furniture and a diffusely lit window yielded less distinct results.

The authors propose that applications of their findings could include computational impact during a project’s planning stage and the automated calibration of lighting controls.

Iain Carlile, MSLL, is an associate of DPA Lighting and current president of the SLL Lighting Research and Technology: OnlineFirst In advance of being published in the print version of Lighting Research and Technology (LR&T), all papers accepted for publishing are available online. SLL members can gain access to these papers via the SLL website (www.sll.org.uk) Four minutes might not be enough for light colour temperature to affect sleepiness, mental effort and light ratings R Lasaukaite, EM Hazelhoff and C Cajochen Measuring circadian lighting through high dynamic range photography B Jung and M Inanici Image-based perceptual analysis of lit environments N Zhao, CF Reinhart and JA Paradiso

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EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS...EVENTS 6-9 November Interlight Moscow Venue: IEC Expo Centre, Moscow https://interlight-moscow. ru.messefrankfurt.com/ 7 November Fundamental Lighting Course Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby jo@theilp.org.uk 14-15 November LuxLive (including SLL Young Lighter of the Year) Venue: ExCeL London http://luxlive.co.uk 15 November Lux Awards 2018 Venue: Intercontinental London – The O2 http://luxawards.co.uk/ 27-28 November Build2Perform (organised by CIBSE) Lighting and FM (28 Nov, 11-30-12.30) Daylighting Considerations for Integrated Design (28 Nov, 15.30-16.30) www.build2perform.co.uk 29 November SLL Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes Venue: MAC, Belfast sll@cibse.org

2019 24 January SLL Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes Venue: The Bluecoat, Liverpool sll@cibse.org 12 February CIBSE training: Emergency Lighting to Comply with Fire Safety Requirements Lecturer: Ian Watts Venue: CIBSE, Balham, SW12 training@cibse.org 28 February SLL Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes Venue: The Hospitium, York sll@cibse.org

14-15 November: LuxLive (including YLOTY final), ExCeL London

26 March Ready Steady Light Venue: Rose Bruford College Sidcup, Kent www.sll.org.uk

Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes The Lighting Knowledge Series is kindly sponsored by Fagerhult, Thorlux Lighting, Xicato and Zumtobel. For venues and booking details: www.sll.org.uk

28 March SLL Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes Venue: The Engine Shed, Bristol sll@cibse.org 9-14 April Euroluce Venue: Fiero Milano, Milan www.salonemilano.it 25 April SLL Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes Venue: The Royal Society of Edinburgh sll@cibse.org 2 May Lighting Design Awards Venue: London Hilton Park Lane (tbc) https://awards.lighting.co.uk 9 May SLL Lighting Knowledge Series: LightBytes Venue: The Royal Society, London sll@cibse.org

4 March CIBSE training: Lighting – Legislation and Energy Efficiency Venue: CIBSE, Balham, SW12 training@cibse.org

19-23 May Lightfair International Tradeshow and Conference (sponsored by the IALD and IES) Venue: Pennsylvania Convention Center www.lightfair.com

25 March Junior Ready Steady Light Venue: Rose Bruford College Sidcup, Kent www.sll.org.uk

5 July CIBSE training: Lighting Design – Principles and Application Venue: CIBSE, Balham, SW12 training@cibse.org

LET Diploma: advanced qualification by distance learning. Details from www.lightingeducationtrust.org or email LET@cibse.org CIBSE Training: various courses across the whole spectrum of lighting and at sites across the UK. Full details at www.cibse. org/training-events/cibse-training

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