Skillings_March_2025

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26 Naylor Pipe Company's LegacY

Forging a Century of Strength

Volume: 114. Issue.03. march 2025

14 Boom or Bottleneck?

The Great Lakes Shipping and Mining Sectors Face a Crossroads in 2025

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Mining Shadow in the

Automation and AI are Reshaping Underground Operations

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Skillings.net | March 2025

Volume: 114. Issue.02. march 2025

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Boom or Bottleneck?

Powering theFuture: The UK's Largest LithiumExtractoin FacilityGets Green Light

The Great Lakes Shipping and Mining Sectors Face a Crossroads in 2025

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Tata Steel’s Electric Arc Furnace Revolution: A Turning Point for UK Steel

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Rat Hole Mining: A Deadly Practice Claims Lives in India’s Coal Mines

The Great Lakes region, a cornerstone of North America's industrial and environmental landscape.

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Mining in the Shadow

India Expands Lithium Investment in Argentina to Secure Clean Energy Future

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The underground mining industry in 2025 is navigating a complex landscape shaped by technological advancements, economic shifts, and pressing safety concerns..

India is accelerating its lithium investment in Argentina, reinforcing its commitment to securing critical minerals for its clean energy transition.

05 Pilbara’s Manganese Marvel: Trek Metals Unveils High-Grade Strike 06 Sustainable Flow: WEC Water Reinvents Gold Mine Wastewater Management 08 Trump’s 25% Steel Tariffs: Global Trade Tensions and Industry Turmoil in 2025 12 Anglo American Pushes the Boundaries of Automated Mining in Australia

Naylor Pipe Company's Legacy: Forging a Century of Strength

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22 What Deep-Sea Mining Can Teach Us About Cleaning Up Space Junk 24 India Eliminates Customs Duty on Critical Minerals to Boost Recycling and Manufacturing 28 Environmental Considerations and Community Impact 30 Ukraine’s Rare Earth Reserves: A Strategic Asset in Global Geopolitics

34 Powering Portugal’s Marble Industry: How Atlas Copco’s Electric Compressors Are Transforming Quarry Operations 36 Purepoint Uranium Advances Smart Lake Project with HighPriority Drill Targets 37 The U.S. Aluminum Industry: Relying on Canada’s Competitive Edge

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Pilbara’s Manganese Marvel: Trek Metals Unveils High-Grade Strike

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rek Metals Ltd. has announced a major manganese discovery at the Pearana prospect within its Hendeka project in Western Australia’s Pilbara region.

Recent exploration results confirm robust mineralization with assays exceeding 30% manganese along a 3.5‐kilometer strike, establishing the area as a rising critical minerals hub.

An intensive campaign led by Advanced Energy Fuels involved detailed geological mapping and surface rock chip sampling of 302 specimens, which revealed addi-

tional high‐grade targets at Pothole, Sharks Fin, and Pearana South. Notably, the Pothole prospect recorded an exceptional 57% manganese grade, while other targets registered assays up to

35% manganese. CEO Derek Marshall emphasized the discovery’s strategic significance for strengthening Trek’s resource base and advancing plans for imminent drilling. With global demand for manganese surging due to its crucial role in steel production and battery technologies, this breakthrough may transform Hendeka into a premier mining district that attracts substantial investor interest and attention. The discovery, arriving during shifting global supply chains, positions Trek Metals as a key player in Australia’s expanding manganese sector.

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Rajani Modiyani, one of Chevron’s leading experts in the mining sector, answered eight pressing questions from owners and managers in the industry. Scan the QR code for the full Q&A.

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Sustainable Flow WEC Water Reinvents Gold Mine Wastewater Management

Canada’s Critical Minerals

Raw Resources, Empty Promise Without Processing Power

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EC Water has transformed wastewater management at a Burkina Faso gold mine by implementing an advanced treatment system.

The new approach replaces inefficient tanker trucks used for sewage removal at multiple collection points, reducing operational costs, traffic disruptions, and environmental risks.

The system integrates centralized wastewater collection, an activated sludge process for nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand reduction, and reuse of treated water for dust suppression, irrigation, and safe discharge. Packaged in standard shipping containers, the modular design simplified transport and installation in a remote location.

This innovative solution not only improves mine efficiency but also conserves scarce water resources in a droughtprone region. With comprehensive oversight from WEC Water’s engineering team, the project sets a benchmark for sustainable mining practices and offers a replicable model for environmentally responsible water management in the resource sector. This breakthrough marks a major advance.

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anada’s government-backed stockpiles of critical minerals—including lithium, nickel, and copper—are central to the nation’s energy transition strategy. However, industry leaders warn that without a domestic network of processing plants, these strategic reserves are essentially worthless. At the recent GlobeXchange conference in Toronto, mining executives emphasized that raw minerals must be refined domestically to drive economic growth, national security, and resource independence.

Wyloo CEO Kristan Straub compared the stockpiling strategy to the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve but noted a key difference: while oil can be easily refined into usable products, unprocessed lithium and nickel must be sent overseas—often to Asia—for conversion before returning for use in Canadian manufacturing. This reliance on foreign processing undermines Canada’s ability to fully capitalize on its mineral wealth.

Industry experts highlighted that unlike oil, critical minerals require sophisticated refining infrastructure to be transformed into battery-grade

materials and other components essential for electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies. Canada’s lag in processing capability puts it at a competitive disadvantage compared to nations like Australia, which produced 86,000 tonnes of processed lithium in 2023.

Regulatory delays, permitting bottlenecks, and long project timelines— averaging 27 years from discovery to production—further exacerbate the problem, despite federal investments such as the $1.5 billion Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund. With geopolitical tensions rising and competitors like China dominating the refining ecosystem, experts warn that Canada risks becoming just a raw material supplier.

To secure its economic future and assert global leadership in clean energy, Canada must invest in an integrated critical mineral supply chain—from mine to finished product—and build domestic processing capacity now.

Industry leaders and policymakers emphasize that swift action is essential. Failure to develop these facilities could leave Canada dependent on foreign refinement, hindering its economic progress.

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Trump’s 25% Steel Tariffs

Global Trade Tensions and Industry Turmoil in 2025 In a dramatic policy reversal aimed at protecting American steelmakers, President Donald Trump reinstated the full 25% steel tariffs on February 10, 2025.

by President Kevin Dempsey, applaud the move as a means to level the playing field for domestic producers. However, manufacturers dependent on imported steel warns of adverse consequences. Doug Watts, CEO of Metalworking Group, cautioned that while domestic mills might benefit from higher prices, the increased costs would ripple through the supply chain.

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riginally imposed in 2018 under Section 232 on national security grounds, the tariffs now apply without exemptions to all steel imports. This sweeping executive order eliminates previous alternative agreements and sets all tariff exclusions to expire on March 12, 2025. The move targets a surge in U.S. steel imports amid a global oversupply, and it affects major trading partners including Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and the European Union.

A Strategic Response to Global Steel Surplus The renewed tariffs come at a time when the global steel market is grappling with oversupply. China’s steel exports reached 114 million tons in 2024, further intensifying competitive pressures on U.S. manufacturers. In addition, the administration noted an 18% increase in Canadian

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steel imports since 2018 as evidence of rising dependency on foreign steel.

By reinstating the 25% duty on both raw and derivative steel products, the administration intends to boost domestic production and protect national security. The decision aims to counteract the global steel surplus and restore a competitive advantage for American steel mills, ensuring that the nation’s industrial base is not undermined by cheap imports.

Industry Reactions: Winners and Losers Reactions from industry have been sharply divided. Trade policy expert Christopher Weld described the reinstatement as “a very significant action” that once spurred investments and capacity expansion in 2018. Proponents within the American Iron and Steel Institute, led

He noted that higher tariffs are likely to lead to disrupted supply lines, outdated pricing models, and ultimately, higher prices for U.S. consumers, thereby placing additional pressure on industries reliant on steel inputs.

International Pushback: Mexico and Brazil Respond The tariff reinstatement has sparked immediate backlash from key trading partners. Mexico, the third-largest supplier of U.S. steel—accounting for 12.2% of imports in 2025—has condemned the move as “unjust.” Mexican Economy Minister Marcelo Ebrard has vowed to seek diplomatic solutions in response to the tariffs, which have led to a surge in Mexican steel exports.

In January, U.S. buyers imported 407,000 tons from Mexico—a 10% increase yearover-year—as companies rushed to secure supplies ahead of the tariff deadline. Similarly, Brazil, which has long enjoyed a favorable trade balance with the U.S. in the steel sector, is pressing

for negotiations. According to Aço Brasil, the U.S. maintained a $6 billion annual trade surplus with Brazil, with $3 billion attributed to steel.

products is designed to close loopholes that allow foreign countries to circumvent direct tariffs by exporting Market Uncertainty and Future Implications

In 2024, the U.S. imported 5.6 million tons of semi-finished steel slabs, with Brazil supplying 3.4 million tons under previous agreements. Brazilian industry representatives warn that without significant domestic capacity expansion, the U.S. may face even steeper costs or be forced to increase local production drastically.

As the new tariffs take effect, market analysts predict considerable volatility in steel prices and broader economic uncertainty. The expanded duty on derivative products is designed to close loopholes that allow foreign countries to circumvent direct tariffs by exportingMarket Uncertainty and Future Implications

Market Uncertainty and Future Implications As the new tariffs take effect, market analysts predict considerable volatility in steel prices and broader economic uncertainty. The expanded duty on derivative

As the new tariffs take effect, market analysts predict considerable volatility in steel prices and broader economic uncertainty. The expanded duty on derivative products is designed to close loopholes that allow foreign countries to circumvent direct tariffs by exporting

ments, the long-term economic impact remains uncertain, as stakeholders debate whether the tariffs will ultimately strengthen domestic industry or lead to adverse consequences.

In conclusion, President Trump’s reinstatement of the full 25% steel tariffs marks a bold effort to protect America’s steel industry amid a global oversupply.

While the decision may boost domestic production and security, it risks disrupting supply chains and straining trade relations.

As policymakers and industry leaders monitor developments, the coming months will determine if the tariffs spur renewed industrial strength or escalate trade tensions

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Powering the Future

The UK’s Largest Lithium Extraction Facility Gets Green Light

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n a landmark decision for the UK’s battery industry, Durham County Council has granted Weardale Lithium planning permission to develop the nation’s largest lithium extraction facility. The project, set to rise in Eastgate, County Durham, marks a critical step in securing a homegrown supply of battery-grade lithium carbonate—an essential component in electric vehicle (EV) batteries and renewable energy storage.

The unanimous approval transforms a long-dormant industrial site into a key player in the global lithium supply chain.

As the UK races to reduce dependence on imported lithium, this development is poised to bolster energy security, drive economic growth, and support the country’s transition to a greener future.

Innovating Lithium Extraction for a Sustainable Future Unlike traditional lithium mining, which is energy-intensive and environmentally taxing, Weardale Lithium will employ direct lithium extraction (DLE) a cutting-edge method that uses geothermal groundwaters to recover lithium with a significantly lower carbon and water footprint.

The facility is designed to process up to 10,000 tonnes of battery-grade lithium carbonate annually, a capacity that could make it a cornerstone of the UK’s electrification efforts. The site itself, previously home to a cement works demolished over two decades ago, offers existing infrastructure and strong connectivity,

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making it an ideal location for sustainable redevelopment.

A First-of-Its-Kind in the UK This will be the first fully permitted lithium brine extraction facility in the UK to produce battery-grade lithium carbonate entirely on-site. The demonstration plant will integrate continuous-flow trials to optimize performance and refine DLE efficiency, ensuring that lithium samples meet the high standards required by battery manufacturers.

“This project is a game-changer for UK lithium production,” said a Weardale Lithium spokesperson. “Not only does it help secure a domestic supply of a critical mineral, but it also employs an environmentally responsible method.”

With the UK entirely reliant on imported lithium, primarily from Australia, Chile, and China, establishing a domestic

source could enhance supply chain resilience and provide a crucial advantage to the UK’s rapidly growing EV sector.

Economic Growth and Environmental Responsibility The multi-million-pound investment in Weardale Lithium’s facilities is expected to generate significant economic benefits for the Northeast region. During the demonstration phase, the project will create 20 to 50 jobs, with full-scale operations projected to support 125 highly skilled positions. Over its lifetime, the facility is estimated to contribute £1 billion in gross value added (GVA) to the regional economy.

Beyond economic impact, sustainability is at the core of the project. The DLE process requires less energy and water than traditional lithium extraction, and the use of geothermal energy, where possible, further reduces its environmental

footprint. Additionally, a pipeline system will transport brine to the plant, minimizing road traffic and land disruption.

Strengthening the UK’s Battery Supply Chain With the UK government prioritizing domestic battery production to meet net-zero goals and support gigafactories, Weardale Lithium’s facility aligns with national policy efforts. A stable, local lithium supply could reduce reliance on volatile international markets while reinforcing the UK’s automotive and renewable energy industries.

The approval follows three years of intensive research into DLE technologies and geological assessments of the North Pennine Orefield’s geothermal brines. If successful, the project could serve as a blueprint for sustainable lithium extraction

nationwide, paving the way for additional facilities.“This facility is a crucial step toward strengthening the UK’s battery materials industry,” said a mining analyst familiar with the project. “If successful, it could pave the way for further lithium extraction projects across the UK, reducing reliance on imports and supporting domestic manufacturing.”

A New Era for UK Lithium With construction now underway, all eyes are on Weardale Lithium as it seeks to prove that sustainable lithium extraction can be both commercially viable and environmentally responsible. As the UK takes bold steps toward battery independence, this facility could become a defining project in the country’s clean energy revolution.

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Australia

Anglo American Pushes the Boundaries of Automated Mining Anglo American has reached a major milestone in its “mine of the future” vision, with all its steelmaking coal operations in Australia’s Bowen Basin now remotely managed from Remote Operations Centres (ROCs).

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his breakthrough in automation, digitalization, and data analytics has redefined underground coal mining, improving both efficiency and worker safety. By shifting operations away from hazardous environments, the company has already reduced exposure risk by 22,500 hours across its mines. “At Anglo American, we have re-imagined mines where our people can remotely manage operations from a safe distance,” said Matthew Wakeford, Automation Superintendent.

The Power of RemoteControlled Mining Anglo American’s Central Queensland mines have now completed 10,000 longwall mining shears remotely, a testament to the effectiveness of its advanced mining systems.

Over the past decade, the company has tackled over 1,000 technical challenges to refine its automation processes. Despite these advances, human expertise remains critical. Matt Cooper, Head of

Operations, emphasized, “If we are to unlock the full potential of these advancements, we must consistently integrate the seasoned expertise of our workforce.”

Automation Enhancing Worker Safety Beyond underground operations, Anglo American is pioneering safety-focused automation, including Personal Proximity Detection Systems and remote-controlled dozers at its Capcoal Complex.

These Wi-Fi-enabled dozers aim to cut operator exposure time by up to 75,000 hours per year, further strengthening safety protocols.

“Operating our fleet of dozers from a safe distance marks another major advancement in autonomous mining,” Wakeford noted.

Shaping the Future of Global Mining With five steelmaking coal mines in the Bowen Basin, Anglo American’s investment in automation has positioned it as an industry leader.

By blending cutting-edge technology with workforce expertise, the company is setting a new global standard for underground mining safety and efficiency.

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Boom or Bottleneck?

The Great Lakes Shipping and Mining Sectors Face a Crossroads in 2025

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The Great Lakes region, a cornerstone of North America's industrial and environmental landscape, is navigating a complex interplay of economic ambitions and environmental stewardship in 2025.

for substantial costs. The postponement raises concerns about the timely implementation of measures essential to safeguarding the Great Lakes' delicate ecosystems from invasive species.

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Environmental Stewardship Amidst Industrial Ambitions

s the shipping and mining industries strive for growth, they face challenges that test their resilience and adaptability.

Shipping Industry: Navigating Economic and Regulatory Currents The Great Lakes shipping industry is experiencing a nuanced year. While certain sectors report growth, overall cargo tonnage has seen a decline. The Port of Duluth-Superior, the region's busiest port, reported approximately 26 million tons of cargo through November 2024, marking a 5% decrease from the previous year and a 4% drop from the five-season average.

This downturn is largely attributed to a 9.8% reduction in iron ore shipments, reflecting a broader decline in domestic steel production. Factors such as high interest rates have dampened spending in steel-dependent industries like construction and manufacturing.

In response to these challenges, U.S. shipping companies have committed $150 million to bolster the Great Lakes maritime infrastructure. This investment aims to modernize fleets and enhance port facilities, positioning the industry to better navigate economic fluctuations and maintain competitiveness.

However, the industry faces additional headwinds from recent policy shifts.

The Trump administration's imposition of a 25% tariff on Canadian steel and aluminum imports has introduced uncertainty into cross-border trade, po-

tentially disrupting supply chains and increasing operational costs for shipping companies reliant on these materials.

Mining Sector: Balancing Resource Extraction and Environmental Concerns The mining industry in the Great Lakes region is at a pivotal juncture, with significant developments shaping its trajectory. In Michigan's Upper Peninsula, a resurgence of interest in mineral extraction is underway, driven by the demand for metals essential to clean energy technologies.

Companies are exploring the rich deposits of nickel and copper, vital for electric vehicle batteries and renewable energy infrastructure. While this mining renaissance promises economic revitalization and job creation in historically underserved areas, it has ignited debates over environmental preservation and the rights of Indigenous communities.

Concerns center on potential ecological impacts, including water contamination and habitat disruption, prompting calls for stringent regulatory oversight and sustainable practices. In parallel, infrastructure projects critical to environmental protection are encountering obstacles. Illinois Governor JB Pritzker has delayed a $1.2 billion initiative designed to prevent invasive carp from entering the Great Lakes.

This decision stems from apprehensions that the federal government may not fulfill its financial commitments, potentially leaving the state responsible

The intersection of industrial activity and environmental conservation remains a focal point in the Great Lakes region. The Michigan appeals court's recent decision to uphold permits for Enbridge Energy's Line 5 pipeline tunnel project exemplifies this dynamic.

The project aims to encase a segment of the aging pipeline that traverses the Straits of Mackinac within a protective tunnel, thereby reducing the risk of oil spills. While proponents argue that the tunnel enhances environmental safeguards and ensures energy reliability, opponents express concerns about potential ecological risks and advocate for a transition toward renewable energy sources.

As the Great Lakes region advances through 2025, it stands at a crossroads where economic development and environmental preservation must be carefully balanced. The outcomes of these efforts will not only shape the region's industrial landscape but also determine the health and sustainability of its invaluable natural resources.

Great Lakes Ports & Shipping 2025: Navigating Economic, Environmental, and Policy Crossroads The Great Lakes region has long been a vital hub for North American trade, mining, and heavy industry. In 2025, its shipping and mining industries are at a critical juncture, influenced by fluctuating economic conditions, shifting envi-

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ronmental policies, and the ever-present need to balance industrial growth with sustainability.

While the industry continues to move forward with modernization and investment, new regulations, environmental concerns, and geopolitical trade shifts present both challenges and opportunities.

Shipping Industry: A Year of Uncertainty and Investment The Great Lakes shipping industry, a key artery for transporting bulk commodities such as iron ore, coal, limestone, and grain, is experiencing mixed fortunes. While some segments of the industry are showing resilience, others face headwinds due to declining cargo volumes, labor disputes, and shifting trade policies.

A Decline in Cargo Volume and Its Implications Ports across the Great Lakes saw a 5% overall decline in tonnage in 2024, with the Port of Duluth-Superior—the region’s busiest port—experiencing a 9.8% drop in iron ore shipments. This decline mirrors a broader trend in the U.S. steel industry, where high interest rates and sluggish construction and manufacturing activity have reduced demand for steel.

Contrast: The Port of Toledo, Ohio, in contrast, has maintained steady traffic, driven by an uptick in agricultural exports and a strategic push toward containerized shipping.

While traditional bulk cargo remains dominant, efforts to diversify shipments have helped mitigate the downturn experienced by other ports.The decline in iron ore shipments has also had a ripple effect on the rail and trucking industries, which rely heavily on the movement of these materials.

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The reduction in demand has led to logistical bottlenecks, job cuts, and growing concerns among dockworkers and transport unions. 1. The Future of Great Lakes Shipping: A Digital and Sustainable RevolutionDecarbonization and the Push for Green Shipping By 2030, the Great Lakes shipping industry is expected to undergo a major shift toward decarbonization, largely driven by global emissions reduction mandates.Currently, the industry relies heavily on diesel-powered vessels, but international pressures—including the International Maritime Organization’s net-zero by 2050 goals—will necessitate greener alternatives.

Hybrid and Electric Vessels: Companies are exploring hybrid and fully electric ships that reduce emissions and lower operating costs. Battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell technology are advancing, with test programs already underway.

• Alternative Fuels: The adoption of biofuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and ammonia-powered vessels is expected to increase, offering transitional solutions before full electrification.

• Shore Power Implementation: Ports are increasingly installing shore power stations to allow docked vessels to plug into the electric grid rather than burning fuel for onboard power.

While progress is being made, full implementation faces challenges: high retrofitting costs, regulatory uncertainty, and supply chain limitations for alternative fuels remain obstacles. However, with U.S. and Canadian government incentives, industry stakeholders are optimistic about meeting net-zero targets.

AI-Powered Logistics: Advanced AI algorithms will be used to optimize cargo

routing, predict demand, and reduce wait times at ports.

Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency: As global supply chains become more complex, blockchain adoption will improve tracking and ensure seamless cross-border trade documentation between the U.S. and Canada.

However, the increase in automation will likely reduce traditional dockworker jobs, sparking concerns over labor displacement. Labor unions are already negotiating protections to ensure that automation doesn’t completely eliminate human roles in the industry.

The Rise of Arctic Shipping: Climate change is opening new Arctic trade routes, shortening travel distances between Asia, Europe, and North America.

If Arctic shipping becomes a viable alternative, some cargo traditionally moved through the Great Lakes may be diverted, reducing regional traffic.

U.S.-Canada Trade Agreements: The continuation (or renegotiation) of the USMCA trade deal will be crucial in determining future tariff structures, export subsidies, and investment flows for Great Lakes shipping.

2. The Future of Great Lakes Mining: Domestic Critical Minerals & Energy Transition As the global demand for critical minerals intensifies, the Great Lakes region is poised to become a significant player in securing domestic supply chains.

The shift toward clean energy, electric vehicles (EVs), and battery production is increasing interest in the region’s nickel, copper, lithium, and rare earth element (REE) deposits.

The U.S. and Canada’s Critical Mineral Strategies The Biden administration and Canadian government have identified the Great Lakes mining sector as a key national security priority to reduce dependence on China and other foreign suppliers. Future mining strategies will include: New Incentives & Funding: Expansion of federal programs to subsidize exploration, extraction, and refining of critical minerals.

Public-Private Partnerships: Government collaboration with mining companies to develop sustainable extraction technologies while maintaining environmental oversight.

Strategic Processing Facilities: Increased investment in domestic processing plants to reduce reliance on China’s refining capabilities and ensure a fully North American supply chain.

• Low-Impact Mining: The rise of biomining and waterless extraction methods could significantly reduce environmental damage.

• Mine Rehabilitation Programs: Greater emphasis on reclaiming old mining sites, turning them into renewable energy hubs or eco-tourism zones.

• Automatio n & AI in Mining: Increased use of robotics and artificial intelligence to reduce human exposure to hazardous conditions and improve efficiency.

However, implementing these new methods requires substantial capital investment, and not all mining firms may be able to afford the transition. Government subsidies and private-sector innovation grants will likely determine which companies thrive in the evolving landscape.

3. Environmental & Climate Challenges: Rising to the Forefront Invasive Species & Ecosystem Protection The Great Lakes ecosystem remains under threat from invasive species like Asian carp, zebra mussels, and toxic algae blooms.

Future conservation efforts will be centered on: • Increased Federal and State Funding: Restoring coastal wetlands and fish habitats to strengthen biodiversity.

• Improved Ballast Water Regulations: Ensuring that incoming ships eliminate invasive species before entering the lakes.

• Advanced Biosecurity Measures: Deploying AI-powered monitoring systems to detect environmental hazards in real time.

If these measures are not taken seriously, the long-term consequences could include collapsing fish populations, economic losses for the fishing industry, and deteriorating water quality.

By 2050, the effects of climate change will have a profound impact on Great Lakes shipping and mining.Unpredictable Water Levels: Cycles of extreme drought and heavy rainfall will lead to fluctuating lake levels, affecting port accessibility and flooding risks.Stronger Storms & Ice Cover Reduction: More frequent intense storms and declining winter ice cover will create navigational challenges and infrastructure damage risks.

Regulatory Adaptations: Governments will need to enforce climate resilience policies, including stricter building codes for port infrastructure.Despite these risks, adaptation strategies—such as climate-resilient infrastructure, renewable energy investments, and green shipping corridors—could position the Great Lakes as a leader in sustainable maritime operations.

A Region in Transformation By 2035 and beyond, the Great Lakes region will likely be unrecognizable compared to today, with a modernized shipping industry, a redefined mining landscape, and strengthened environmental protections.

The key question remains: Can industry leaders, policymakers, and environmental advocates find common ground to balance economic growth with sustainability.

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A Turning Point for UK Steel

Tata Steel’s Electric Arc Furnace Revolution Tata Steel is set to overhaul its Port Talbot steelworks in a £1.25 billion ($1.55 billion) modernization project, replacing aging blast furnaces with two electric arc furnaces (EAFs).

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acked by £500 million ($620 million) in UK government funding, the move is a crucial step in reducing emissions and aligning the industry with global decarbonization goals.By switching to EAFs, Tata Steel expects to cut carbon emissions by 90%, eliminating around 5 million metric tons of CO₂ annually—a significant reduction for one of the UK’s most carbon-intensive industries.

Unlike blast furnaces, which rely on iron ore and coking coal, EAFs melt scrap steel, making them more environmentally sustainable.

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A MAJOR concern for the UK steel sector is the impact on production capacity.

Port Talbot’s blast furnaces previously produced 4.8 million metric tons of pig iron per year

Challenges in Securing Raw Materials While the shift is seen as a win for sustainability, experts caution that the UK lacks a sufficient domestic supply of high-quality scrap steel. Imports from the EU and other regions may be required to meet production needs, potentially leading to higher costs and increased dependence on foreign markets. “This is an essential transition, but the supply chain implications are significant,” said Henry Morton, a metals industry analyst at CRU Group. “The UK steel industry must find ways to secure reliable sources of high-grade scrap to maintain efficiency and cost control.”

Economic and Workforce Impact Despite the environmental benefits, the transition comes with economic challenges. Tata Steel has confirmed that 2,500 jobs will be lost, with 1,900 directly affecting Port Talbot. The move to EAFs reduces labor demand, as the process is less complex and requires fewer workers than traditional steelmaking.

“The impact on workers and local communities will be severe,” said Gareth Davies, a trade union representative.

“Tata Steel has pledged to invest in retraining programs, but many of these skilled roles are unlikely to be replaced.”

The UK government has announced support measures for affected workers, but concerns remain about long-term employment stability in the region. Meanwhile, the Labour Party has proposed a £2.5 billion national steel fund to aid the transition, though its future remains uncertain.

Production Capacity and Industry Competitiveness A major concern for the UK steel sector is the impact on production capacity. Port Talbot’s blast furnaces previously produced 4.8 million metric tons of pig iron per year, with an annual crude steel output of 5 million metrictons.The new EAFs, however, will have a combined capacity of just 3 million metric tons per year, representing a nearly 40% reduction in total output. While EAFs are more energy-efficient, the decline in production raises questions about the UK’s ability to meet domestic demand in key industries like automotive and construction.

While Tata Steel’s decision represents a significant step toward sustainability, its long-term success will depend on navigating supply chain challenges, ensuring economic resilience, and maintaining competitiveness in the global market.

“Steel customers in the UK will need to look for alternative sources, which could drive up costs and create supply chain uncertainties,” noted Paul Jones, procurement director at a major construction firm.

Despite these concerns, Tata Steel has already secured its first green steel contract with JCB, signaling confidence in the growing market for low-carbon steel products.

Looking Ahead: A Defining Moment for UK Steel Construction of the new EAFs is scheduled to begin in Q3 2025, with operations expected to start in 2027. The industry will be closely watching how this transition unfolds and whether it sets a precedent for future steelmaking innovations in the UK.

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British Columbia Fast-Tracks

$20 Billion in Mining and Energy Projects

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ritish Columbia is accelerating 18 critical mineral and energy projects worth an estimated $20 billion, a move designed to bolster the province’s economy against potential U.S. tariff threats. The initiative, announced by the provincial government, aims to diversify economic opportunities while strengthening energy security and resource development.

The fast-tracked projects include four major mining operations, three energy security initiatives, and eleven BC Hydro clean energy ventures, predominantly wind power developments. Together, they are expected to create 8,000 jobs and enhance British Columbia’s standing as a global leader in resource extraction and renewable energy.

Key Projects and Economic Impact Among the most significant mining ventures are the Eskay Creek gold and silver mine, the Red Chris gold and copper mine expansion, and the Highland Valley Copper Mine expansion near Kamloops. On the energy front, the Cedar LNG project, a proposed floating liquefied natural

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gas (LNG) facility near Kitimat, represents a major step in securing the province’s energy future.

“These projects will help ensure British Columbia remains competitive in a rapidly changing global market,” said Premier David Eby, emphasizing the need for economic resilience in the face of uncertain U.S. trade policies under Donald Trump’s administration.

Environmental and Indigenous Concerns The expedited approval process has sparked pushback from environmental organizations and Indigenous groups.

Critics argue that rushed approvals may lead to weakened environmental assessments and insufficient consultation with First Nations. Jessica Clog, executive director of West Coast Environmental Law, expressed concern that the government’s approach risks sidelining democratic decision-making and long-term ecological sustainability.

She warned that short-sighted policies could harm local communities and natural ecosystems.

Indigenous opposition has emerged, particularly regarding the Highland Valley Copper Mine expansion. The Stk’emlupsemc te Secwepemc Nation has withheld consent, citing concerns about environmental degradation on ancestral lands. Additionally, tribal governments in Alaska have voiced objections to the Eskay Creek and Red Chris mining projects, fearing cross-border environmental impacts.

move, calling it a strong signal to investors that British Columbia is prioritizing natural resource development.“These projects reflect an unprecedented level of government and industry collaboration,” Muir said, emphasizing that recent U.S. tariff threats have unified stakeholders in a way rarely seen before.

Industry Backing and Investment Potential

Balancing Growth and Sustainability

Despite the controversy, industry leaders have welcomed the government’s initiative. Stewart Muir, CEO of Resource Works, a Vancouver-based resource advocacy group, praised the

As British Columbia accelerates its mining and energy strategy, the province faces a delicate balancing act—driving economic expansion while maintaining environmental and Indigenous com-

mitments. The coming months will test whether this high-stakes economic strategy can deliver both prosperity and sustainability in the face of shifting global trade dynamics.

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Deep-Sea Mining

What Deep-Sea Mining Can Teach Us About Cleaning Up Space Junk As Earth's orbit grows increasingly cluttered with defunct satellites, rocket fragments, and discarded space hardware, concerns over space debris are mounting.

The risk of catastrophic collisions threatens satellite communications, GPS networks, and even national security.

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ith over 30,000 objects larger than 10 cm currently orbiting the Earth, and thousands more set to launch, the situation demands urgent action.But how do we regulate a frontier that no nation owns? Surprisingly, the nascent field of deep-sea mining—another unregulated global industry—could offer a valuable blueprint for space debris management. Lessons from the ocean floor might just help us clean up Earth’s orbit before a crisis unfolds.

The Rising Threat of Space Debris The risks posed by space debris are no longer theoretical. In January 2025, a

fragment from a defunct rocket crashed into rural Kenya, highlighting the dangers of uncontrolled re-entries. But the greater threat remains in orbit, where even a small piece of debris can destroy a satellite traveling at speeds of up to 28,000 km/h. The launch of mega-constellations—such as Elon Musk’s Starlink (7,500 satellites and counting) and Amazon’s planned Project Kuiper—is further congesting low-Earth orbit. Without intervention, the sheer volume of orbiting objects could trigger Kessler Syndrome, a chain reaction where collisions generate more debris, increasing the likelihood of further collisions.

The Kessler Syndrome: A Runaway Chain Reaction First theorized by NASA scientist Donald Kessler in 1978, Kessler Syndrome describes an unstoppable cycle of orbital destruction. If enough debris accumulates, entire regions of space could become impassable, jeopardizing future missions, commercial satellite networks, and space exploration. Despite this looming risk, no binding international laws require governments or private companies to clean up their debris. Current guidelines are voluntary, and enforcement mechanisms are nonexistent.

Deep-Sea Mining: A Regulatory Model for Space?

Deep-sea mining—extracting minerals from the ocean floor—has long been a controversial industry, sparking debate over its environmental impact and governance challenges. Similar to space exploration, deep-sea mining operates in a largely unregulated global commons, where commercial interests often outpace regulatory oversight.

Yet, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has introduced binding regulations requiring companies to: • Conduct environmental impact assessments before extraction.

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• Develop mitigation plans to minimize ecological damage.

• Follow shared guidelines for responsible resource extraction.

• Could a similar regulatory framework be applied to space? If so, it might include: • Mandatory cleanup obligations for satellite operators.

• “Orbital use fees” to discourage excessive satellite launches.

• Strict liability laws holding nations accountable for debris.

• An international oversight body, akin to the ISA, to monitor compliance.

From Ocean Floors to Outer Space: The Path Forward Deep-sea mining demonstrates the importance of regulation before crisis-driv-

en intervention. Just as waiting too long to govern the oceans could result in irreversible environmental damage, delaying space debris regulation could render low-Earth orbit unsafe for future generations.

The United Nations’ Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities offer a starting point, but without enforcement mechanisms, they remain largely symbolic. Some private companies are taking action— Swiss startup ClearSpace has partnered with the European Space Agency for a debris-removal mission in 2026, while firms like Astroscale and Northrop Grumman are developing debris-capture technologies.Yet, these efforts only scratch the surface. Without a unified

global approach, space will continue its march toward congestion and conflict.

Mining’s Lesson for Space: Regulate Before It’s Too Late The rapid expansion of the space economy—driven by asteroid mining, lunar colonization, and military interests— makes regulation more urgent than ever.

The lesson from deep-sea mining is clear: if we fail to act proactively, we may only intervene when the damage is irreversible. As governments and industry leaders race toward new frontiers, the question is no longer whether to regulate but how quickly we can implement effective policies. If we can learn from our mistakes on Earth, we may avoid making them in space.

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Boost Recycling and Manufacturing

India Eliminates Customs Duty on Critical Minerals

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n a bold move to secure its critical minerals sector, the Indian government has eliminated customs duties on essential materials, including antimony, cobalt, tungsten, and copper waste and scrap. Announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman during the annual Union Budget presentation, this policy aims to bolster domestic recycling, reduce dependence on imports, and enhance India’s industrial competitiveness.

Critical minerals are the backbone of modern industries, particularly for electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy, and advanced manufacturing. By removing import tariffs, India aims to establish a self-sufficient supply chain, ensuring stable access to key materials and fostering long-term economic growth and sustainability.

Expanding the Scope: Key Metals and Battery Recycling Beyond removing duties on core critical minerals, the government has extended exemptions to lithium-ion battery waste, cobalt powder, lead, and zinc scrap.

This expansion is expected to provide a cost-effective feedstock for India’s growing battery recycling industry, making domestic production more competitive on a global scale.

By lowering input costs for manufacturers, the initiative is set to attract new investments in secondary production and processing capabilities. Industry experts believe that these reforms will

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reduce reliance on expensive primary mineral imports, enhance efficiency in India’s recycling sector, and accelerate the country’s shift towards a circular economy.

Industry Leaders Applaud the Reforms The decision has been widely welcomed by industry leaders, particularly those involved in metal processing, battery recycling, and clean energy manufacturing. Arun Misra, CEO of Hindustan Zinc Ltd, highlighted that this policy shift will be crucial for India’s transition to a low-carbon economy.

“Metals are at the heart of modern technology, and reducing input costs will make Indian manufacturers more

competitive in global markets,” Misra stated.

The electric vehicles, solar panel, and wind energy sectors are expected to be key beneficiaries of the move. By reducing the cost of essential raw materials, India can strengthen domestic manufacturing, cut dependence on imported components, and scale up production of clean energy technologies.

Encouraging Investments in Recycling and Downstream Industries The elimination of customs duties is anticipated to drive significant investments in India’s secondary metal industry and critical mineral recycling. With lower costs for recycled raw materials,

companies are likely to expand recycling facilities, leveraging India’s increasing industrial demand for these resources.Additionally, the government is developing a new policy framework to recover critical minerals from mining by-products, ensuring sustainable mining practices and expanding the domestic supply of key materials. This initiative aligns with India’s broader strategy to reduce resource dependency and support green industrial growth.

Aligning with India’s Critical Minerals Strategy This policy shift is part of India’s long-term commitment to securing access to critical minerals. The government recently approved a ₹163 billion investment to strengthen the critical minerals sector, emphasizing the importance of a stable, self-sufficient supply chain for India’s economic and technological progress.By leveling the playing field for domestic recyclers and secondary producers, India is positioning itself as a global leader in sustainable resource management. The

reforms are also expected to boost exports of processed and downstream products, integrating India more deeply into international supply chains.

Driving Economic Growth and Sustainability The removal of customs duty on critical minerals marks a significant milestone in India’s industrial strategy. By reducing the cost of recycled raw materials, the government is fostering a more competitive domestic industry while supporting larger sustainability and energy transition goals.

As India accelerates its leadership in renewable energy, electric mobility, and advanced manufacturing, these reforms will play a crucial role in securing long-term industrial and environmental objectives.

By prioritizing recycling, sustainability, and domestic value addition, India is taking decisive steps toward becoming a global hub for critical minerals and clean energy technologies.

Forging a Century of Strength

Naylor Pipe Company's Legacy and Vision in the Mining Industry.

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Founding and Early Innovations Established on March 13, 1925, in Illinois as the Naylor Spiral Pipe Company, the firm was the brainchild of visionaries John Miller, Alexander Henderson, and the Naylor brothers—Fred, Carl, and Elmer. Carl Naylor, in particular, had a profound impact on the company's direction.

In 1912, while working at Robertson Brothers Manufacturing Company, he constructed his first machine for producing straight Lockseam pipe. By 1919, Carl had perfected a machine capable of producing Lockseam spiral pipe, a groundbreaking advancement that set the stage for the company's future.

In 1927, Naylor Pipe introduced the first welded spiral pipe by developing a process to weld the Lockseam spiral automatically during production. This innovation revolutionized the pipe-making industry, offering a lightweight pipe suitable for pressure applications where none had existed before.

AS NAYLOR PIPE COMPANY approaches its centennial anniversary, it's an opportune moment to reflect on its rich history, pioneering innovations, and significant contributions to the mining industry over the past 100 years.

Naylor Pipe Company's Legacy As Naylor celebrates 100 years of excellence, its legacy is defined by a commitment to innovation, quality, and service. From its early days of pioneering Lockseam Spiralweld pipe production, to its current role as a trusted provider of Spiral Buttweld pipe systems, Naylor has consistently met the evolving needs of the mining industry.

The company's dedication to engineering excellence and customer satisfaction positions it for continued success in the decades to come.

Global Influence and Adaptation Naylor has not only shaped the U.S. market, but has also left an indelible mark on the global stage. Over its 100 years,

Naylor has been a trusted partner in international mining projects, providing durable piping solutions that withstand the demanding environments of mines from South America to Asia.

This global reach is a testament to the adaptability of Naylor's products and its ability to meet diverse regional specifications and conditions.

The Role of Infrastructure in Mining Success Mining infrastructure, particularly transport and fluid systems, is a cornerstone of successful operations. Naylor has been a key player in advancing these systems. Naylor Lockseam Spiralweld and Spiral Buttweld pipe have been instrumental in transporting not just water but also slurries, gases, and other critical resources in large-scale mining operations. This has supported mining companies in reducing downtime and maximizing output.

Naylor’s innovative approaches to couplings, such as its Heavy Duty Wedgelock Coupling, have also improved the ease and speed of installation and maintenance. This is particularly beneficial for operations in remote or extreme environments where logistical challenges can significantly impact project timelines.

Impact on U.S. Mining History The intertwined stories of Naylor Pipe and U.S. mining are a narrative of mutual growth. As the mining industry shifted from traditional coal mining in Appalachia to modern mineral exploration in the western U.S., Naylor adapted its product lines to meet emerging demands. The company played a critical role during periods of national expansion, such as the mid-century industrial boom, by supplying piping solutions to support energy and resource demands.

During World War II, Naylor contributed to the war effort by supplying pipe for infrastructure critical to mining strategic materials. Post-war, its products facilitated the rebuilding of infrastructure and the growth of suburban areas, which required reliable water and sewage systems often tied to mining materials with a focus on environmental responsibility and a commitment to sustainable practices.

Commitment to Workforce Development As Naylor Pipe approaches its 100th anniversary, its success is driven by a workforce dedicated to precision, innovation, and service. Recognizing this, the company has invested heavily in employee development, fostering a culture of continuous learning and technical excellence. Partnerships with engineering schools and trade institutions have helped

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train the next generation of experts.Naylor has also championed diversity within its ranks, understanding that diverse perspectives drive innovation. This commitment extends to communities surrounding its operations, where it has supported educational initiatives and sponsored programs encouraging careers in engineering and manufacturing.

Naylor Pipe in 2025: A Modern Industrial Powerhouse In 2025, Naylor Pipe Company operates as a modern industrial powerhouse, blending tradition with innovation. Naylor’s product line caters to diverse industries including mining, fabrication, alternative energy, construction, and infrastructure, reflecting its adaptability and market leadership.

The company’s customer-centric approach remains a cornerstone of its operations. By providing tailored solutions and exceptional service, Naylor has cultivated long-standing relationships with clients worldwide. Naylor’s team, guided

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by decades of experience and a forward-thinking vision, is focused on growth and innovation.

As Naylor Pipe celebrates 100 years of excellence, its vision for the future is clear.

The company is poised to tackle emerging challenges, from supporting the growing demand for rare earth elements and sustainable mining practices, to supplying alternative energy sources like nuclear, solar, wind, and hydro. By continuing to innovate and adapt, Naylor is ensuring its legacy for generations to come.

The centennial celebration is more than a milestone; it is a testament to the resilience of American ingenuity, and the transformative power of innovation. Naylor Pipe Company’s journey is a story of vision, perseverance, and an unwavering commitment to excellence, inspiring confidence in its ability to shape the future of the mining industry and beyond.

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Ukraine’s Rare Earth Reserves

A Strategic Asset in Global Geopolitics Ukraine is taking steps to open its vast rare earth mineral reserves to international investment, signaling a potential strategic partnership with the West.

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resident Volodymyr Zelensky announced on February 4 that Kyiv is willing to cooperate with foreign partners to develop these crucial resources.

His statement comes amid increased speculation that the U.S., under Donald Trump’s administration, may be exploring rare earth mining opportunities in Ukraine as part of a broader effort to reduce dependence on China.

With China controlling 70% of global rare earth mining and 90% of processing operations, the U.S. has been actively seeking alternative supply chains—and Ukraine could become a key player in that strategy.

Strategic Resources for Strategic Alliances Zelensky positioned Ukraine's rare earth mining sector as a bargaining chip in securing continued military and financial aid from Western nations.

“We are open to the idea that mineral resources can be developed with our partners who help us protect our land and push the enemy back with their weapons, their presence, and sanctions packages,” Zelensky stated.

Since Russia’s invasion in 2022, the U.S. has provided over $91 billion in aid to Ukraine, with more than $62 billion allocated for military assistance. By linking rare earth development to Western

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support, Kyiv is making a clear strategic calculation—leveraging its critical mineral wealth to secure long-term international backing.

tration may target, the move aligns with Washington’s long-term push to secure critical supply chains for defense, technology, and renewable energy industries.

The idea isn’t entirely new. In 2023, Zelensky first proposed foreign investment in Ukraine’s critical mineral sector as part of a 10-point peace plan. Although the initiative has yet to gain full international traction, it underscores Ukraine’s broader ambition to secure economic stability through resource development.

China’s dominance in rare earth production has long been a strategic vulnerability for the U.S.

A New Front in the Global Rare Earths Battle?

While Trump has not publicly specified which rare earth elements his adminis-

Beijing has previously restricted exports of these minerals as a geopolitical tool, heightening concerns over supply security.

Ukraine is home to 20 of the world’s most critical minerals and metals, including:Titanium, essential for the aerospace and defense industries.

Lithium, a crucial component for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Rare earth elements such as cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, and neodymium, are vital for high-tech industries, wind turbines, and advanced electronics.

If Trump were to pursue rare earth partnerships with Ukraine, it could mark a significant step in reshaping global supply chains, reducing Western dependence on Chinese-controlled minerals.

The Future of Ukraine’s Rare Earth Industry Zelensky’s openness to international partnerships signals Ukraine’s willingness to explore rare earth mining deals, but whether they materialize depends on Washington’s next move. The country’s vast untapped reserves, combined with its strategic importance in global supply chains, position Ukraine as a potential key player in the rare earth industry.

Geopolitical Risks and Strategic Calculations

However, securing sustainable investments, maintaining sovereignty over its resources, and preventing external exploitation will be critical challenges moving forward.

Zelensky also raised concerns about Russia’s potential role in the rare earth supply chain. If Moscow were to gain control over Ukraine’s mineral deposits, it could provide adversarial nations like Iran and North Korea access to these resources—a scenario that Western governments would be keen to prevent.

As geopolitical tensions rise and the demand for critical minerals soars, Ukraine’s role in the global rare earth race is becoming increasingly significant—not just for its own economic survival, but for the broader balance of power in critical mineral supply chains worldwide.

“I know that they (American businesses) are really interested in entering Ukraine, and I would like them to develop this area here,” Zelensky stated.

This underscores the high geopolitical stakes surrounding Ukraine’s resource wealth. Russia is already a key supplier of titanium to the global aerospace industry, and any further expansion of its control over critical minerals could significantly shift supply chain dynamics away from the West.

The battle for rare earth resources is not just about economic interests—it has far-reaching consequences for military and technological dominance in the decades ahead.

U.S. Policy Uncertainty and Ukraine’s Dilemma Despite reports of U.S. interest, there is uncertainty over the future of American aid to Ukraine. Trump has frequently criticized the Biden administration’s support for Kyiv, advocating for a more transactional approach to foreign assistance.

If Washington were to tie military aid to access to Ukraine’s rare earth deposits, it could place Ukraine in a challenging position—balancing economic incentives against national security risks.

Ukraine’s government must carefully navigate these negotiations, ensuring that Western investments in rare earth mining do not come at the expense of political leverage or national sovereignty.

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Vedanta Seeks $1 Billion Debt Financing to Revive Konkola Copper Mine Vedanta Resources is shifting its strategy in Zambia, opting to raise $1 billion in debt financing to accelerate production at Konkola Copper Mine (KCM).

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he move marks a significant change from its previous plan to sell a stake in the operation, as the company strengthens its long-term commitment to the Zambian copper sector.

Chris Griffith, head of Vedanta’s base metals unit, confirmed the decision at the Mining Indaba conference in Cape Town, emphasizing that securing external capital through debt instruments is now the company’s preferred approach.

He noted that the likelihood of obtaining financing has increased, making a partial divestment unnecessary. “We are in a much higher likelihood that we can raise the funds from a range of financing options,” Griffith stated.

With Zambia setting ambitious goals for its copper industry, Vedanta has outlined plans to triple Konkola Copper Mine’s output to 300,000 tonnes per annum (tpa) within five years. The mine, known

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for its high-grade ore reserves, is a crucial part of Zambia’s strategy to expand annual copper production from 800,000 tonnes in 2023 to over 3 million tonnes by 2032.

Debt Financing Over Stake Sale Vedanta’s decision to retain its 80% ownership in Konkola Copper Mine signals a clear shift from its previous plan to sell a 30% stake to raise capital. Griffith reaffirmed that the company is committed to maintaining control of the operation while securing external funding.

“We own 80% of the business, and clearly, we would prefer to continue owning 80% of the business,” he said. Although specific financing details have not been disclosed, Vedanta is exploring multiple debt instruments to raise capital. The company’s recent successful bond refinancing has strengthened its financial

position, allowing it to tap into global credit markets while also utilizing internal resources.

Legal Victory Restores Vedanta’s Control The push for new financing follows Vedanta’s legal triumph in 2024, which saw the company reclaim ownership of KCM after a five-year dispute with the Zambian government. The mine was seized in 2019, with authorities accusing Vedanta of failing to invest in production expansion. Following prolonged litigation, Vedanta regained control, clearing the path for revitalization efforts.

Currently, Zambia’s state investment firm, ZCCM-IH, retains a 20% stake in the mine, while Vedanta holds the majority interest. The restoration of ownershiphas renewed investor confidence and set the stage for a long-term development plan.

Failed UAE Bid and Zambia’s Copper Expansion Vedanta’s financing strategy comes after a failed acquisition bid by International Resources Holding (IRH), a UAE-based company, which withdrew a 51% stake offer for KCM in July 2024 over valuation disagreements. Despite this setback, Zambia remains a key player in the global copper industry, with demand surging due to renewable energy and electric vehicle growth.

Zambia’s government has ambitious goals to position itself as a leading copper producer, and the success of Konkola Copper Mine is central to achieving those targets. As the industry attracts increased investor interest, Vedanta’s efforts to secure $1 billion in fresh capital could reinforce KCM’s role as a cornerstone asset in Zambia’s mining landscape.

Short-Term Stability, Long-Term Growth In the short term, Vedanta has secured bridge financing to settle outstanding debts, ensuring financial stability while long-term funding negotiations continue. With copper prices remaining strong and Zambia focused on boosting production, Vedanta’s latest strategy is set to solidify its leadership in one of the fastest-growing copper markets in the world.

As global competition for critical minerals intensifies, Vedanta’s investment in KCM’s expansion demonstrates a firm commitment to Zambia’s mining future. The success of this financing effort could mark a turning point for both the company and the country, driving economic growth and strengthening Zambia’s position in the global copper supply chain.

Barminco Secures $73.8M Contract for Nevada Gold Mine Project In a landmark move into the North American market, Barminco, the underground mining division of Australia’s Perenti Ltd., has secured a $73.8 million, three-year contract with Nevada Gold Mines for the development of the Goldrush underground project.

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his contract marks Barminco’s first major U.S. operation, reinforcing its global expansion strategy while enhancing its expertise in large-scale underground mining.

Goldrush Project: A HighImpact Development The Goldrush Project, located within Nevada’s Cortez Complex, is a joint venture between Barrick Gold Corporation (61.5%) and Newmont Corporation (38.5%).

Production is expected to begin in 2024, with an initial output of 130,000 ounces of gold, scaling up to 400,000 ounces annually by 2028. The project is set to create 500 jobs during construction and 570 full-time positions once fully operational, contributing significantly to the regional economy.

Barminco’s Role in Underground Expansion Under the contract, Barminco will provide underground development and ground support services for the Nevada Gold Mine Project over 36 months, starting in February 2025. By utilizing its existing equipment fleet, the company

aims to optimize efficiency while minimizing new capital expenditures. Perenti’s Managing Director and CEO, Mark Norwell, emphasized the importance of this milestone, stating, “Securing the Goldrush underground project is an excellent achievement by our Barminco North America team.”

Strengthening Barminco’s Presence in North America Barminco has been steadily expanding its footprint across North America.

Since 2019, it has been involved in underground development at Barrick’s Hemlo gold mine in Ontario, and in 2021, it supported operations at the Red Chris gold-copper mine in British Columbia.

With the Nevada Gold Mine Project, Barminco is positioning itself for further growth in the highly competitive U.S. mining sector, reinforcing its reputation as a global leader in underground mining operations.

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Powering Portugal’s Marble Industry

How Atlas Copco’s Electric Compressors Are Transforming Quarry Operations Atlas Copco’s E-Air portable compressors, we’ve found a solution that is both reliable and efficient, even in these tough conditions.” — Tiago Gonçalves, Operations Manager, Solubema Quarry

Cutting Costs While Boosting Productivity

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n the sun-scorched landscapes of Vila Viçosa, deep in Portugal’s Alentejo region, the marble industry has long relied on energy-intensive processes to extract one of the world’s most sought-after stones. Known for its premium-quality marble, this region supplies materials for luxury architecture, sculpture, and interior design worldwide. However, the extraction process is demanding, requiring robust and reliable equipment to endure the extreme conditions of the quarry.

At the Solubema Quarry, Portugal’s largest marble producer, a shift is underway—one that promises greater efficiency, reduced costs, and a greener footprint. By integrating Atlas Copco’s E-Air H250 VSD electric compressors into its operations, Solubema is revolutionizing marble extraction while tackling the industry’s biggest operational challenges.

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Battling Harsh Conditions with Innovation Marble mining in Vila Viçosa is not for the faint-hearted. Summers bring scorching 45°C (113°F) heat, while winters plunge to -4°C (24°F). Add to this the relentless clouds of fine marble dust generated by continuous stone cutting and drilling, and it’s easy to see why traditional diesel-powered compressors often fell short.

These demanding conditions prompted Solubema Quarry to seek a more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to its existing air compressors. Enter Atlas Copco’s E-Air H250 VSD—a rugged, high-performance electric compressor designed to thrive in extreme environments while maintaining optimal efficiency.

“The extreme heat, cold, and dust challenge every piece of equipment. With

The introduction of the E-Air H250 VSD compressors has already delivered measurable benefits for Solubema Quarry.

Powered by Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technology, these compressors adjust air output in real time based on demand, optimizing energy consumption and significantly reducing operational costs.

Unlike diesel-powered units, which operate at a constant speed regardless of demand, VSD technology ensures that only the necessary energy is used, cutting unnecessary power consumption.

This efficiency translates to lower electricity bills, fewer mechanical breakdowns, and extended equipment lifespan—all while eliminating the cost and logistical challenges of diesel refueling.

By replacing its diesel compressors, Solubema has achieved substantial savings in fuel costs, maintenance, and downtime, allowing for more continuous operations. The electric-powered units also produce zero local emissions, supporting the quarry’s broader sustainability goals.

“Atlas Copco’s E-Air units have delivered

transformative results. Their efficiency has lowered our energy usage, while their robustness has reduced the time and cost associated with maintenance.” — Tiago Gonçalves, Operations Manager, Solubema Quarry

A Reliable Partnership That Keeps Operations Moving Beyond supplying top-tier equipment, Atlas Copco has fostered a strong relationship with Solubema, providing ongoing support to ensure seamless operations. Quick access to spare parts, routine maintenance, and expert technical assistance have been critical in keeping downtime to a minimum—a crucial factor in an industry where every lost hour translates to significant financial losses.

Atlas Copco’s global service network ensures that no matter the challenge, support is always within reach. This reliability has further reinforced Solubema’s confidence in its investment, allowing the quarry to operate at peak efficiency with minimal disruptions.

“Atlas Copco’s team is always available to support us, and their equipment consistently performs at the highest level.

This partnership has been instrumental in helping us meet our productivity goals.” — Tiago Gonçalves, Operations Manager, Solubema Quarry

Setting a New Standard for Sustainable Marble Extraction The shift to electric-driven air compressors marks a new chapter for Solubema Quarry, proving that industrial efficiency and environmental responsibility can go hand in hand. By adopting Atlas Copco’s E-Air H250 VSD units, Solubema has not only improved its bottom line but has also taken a decisive step towards greener, more sustainable quarrying practices.

EU Warns of Counterstrike as U.S. Tariffs Drive Steel Prices Higher

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he European Union is preparing to retaliate against new U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum, escalating trade tensions and driving steel prices higher. The 25% tariff on steel and 10% on aluminum, set to take effect on March 12, has already impacted European exports and forced domestic suppliers to adjust pricing.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen warned of “firm and proportionate countermeasures”, though Brussels has yet to outline specific actions. The European Steel Association (Eurofer) estimates the tariffs could cost the EU up to 3.7 million metric tons of lost steel exports, further pressuring an already uncertain market.

Steel prices are rising in response. Hot rolled coil (HRC) in Europe has climbed to €650 per metric ton, while iron ore prices have surged 8.15% since mid-January. The tariffs also remove trade exemptions for Ukrainian steel, raising concerns about further supply restrictions. While some industry insiders urge patience, noting similar tariffs were paused before full implementation, uncertainty dominates the market. With U.S. steel production falling short of domestic demand, some buyers may continue sourcing European steel despite the tariffs.

As the deadline approaches, the global metals market faces a new era of volatility, with businesses closely watching for potential negotiations, retaliatory measures, or further price surges.

As the global marble industry continues to evolve, companies that embrace innovative, energy-efficient solutions will lead the way. Solubema’s success with Atlas Copco’s electric compressors serves as a blueprint for the future of stone extraction, showcasing how advanced technology can overcome industry challenges while driving profitability and sustainability.

In an industry where tradition meets cutting-edge innovation, Solubema is proving that even in the harshest environments, smart investments in technology can pave the way for a more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable future.

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Purepoint Uranium Advances Smart Lake Project with High-Priority Drill Targets

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urepoint Uranium Group Inc. has identified high-priority drill targets at its Smart Lake uranium project following recent ground electromagnetic (EM) surveys. Holding a 27% stake in a joint venture with Cameco Corp. (NYSE: CCJ; TSX: CCO), Purepoint plans to begin drilling in mid-March in Saskatchewan’s Athabasca Basin, one of the world’s most prolific uranium-producing regions.

and faulted basement rock. The presence of graphitic shear zones, hydrothermal alteration, and anomalous radioactivity further strengthens Smart Lake’s potential as a high-grade uranium discovery.

Advanced Targeting Through Electromagnetic Surveys

Targeting the Northern Groomes Lake Area

Purepoint’s November–December 2024 survey campaign employed stepwise moving-loop time-domain electromagnetic (SWMLTEM) and fixed-loop time-domain electromagnetic

Drilling will focus on the northern Groomes Lake area, where geophysical data indicate strong EM conductors associated with structurally complex uranium-bearing systems. Despite these promising signs, much of the conductive package remains untested, offering a significant discovery opportunity.

(FLTEM) techniques. Covering 31.5 linekm across 19 loops and 12 lines, these surveys pinpointed three parallel EM conductors extending 2.2 km—all strongly associated with known uranium-bearing structures. Scott Frostad, VP of Exploration at Purepoint Uranium, emphasized the importance of these findings: “The new electromagnetic survey has provided high-resolution targets within an area of Smart Lake that remains largely untested by historical drilling.

Given the basement-hosted uranium mineralization we encountered in our initial drill program, we’re excited to return and test these newly identified conductors next month.”

Building on Previous Mineralization Discoveries The upcoming drilling program builds on promising 2008 results, where drill hole SMT08-05 intersected 147 ppm uranium over 15.4 meters within hematite breccia

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Although exploration at Smart Lake was previously paused to prioritize the Hook Lake project, it remains a top-tier asset in Purepoint’s portfolio.

The 9,860-hectare Smart Lake property is strategically located 60 km south of the historic Cluff Lake uranium mine and 18 km from Hook Lake, reinforcing its importance within the region’s uranium sector.

Beyond Smart Lake: Additional Exploration Ventures While uranium exploration remains Purepoint’s core focus, the company also holds a massive volcanogenic sulphide (VMS) project near Foran Corp.’s McIlvena Bay project, adding diversification to its portfolio.

With rising uranium prices and increasing global demand for clean energy, Smart Lake presents a strong exploration opportunity. As drilling begins in mid-March, investors and

industry watchers will closely follow developments, anticipating further evidence of significant uranium mineralization in the Athabasca Basin.

BYD Secures Lithium Mining Rights in Brazil’s Lithium Valley Chinese EV giant BYD has acquired mining rights in Minas Gerais, Brazil, marking its entry into the mining sector in its largest market outside China.

The company secured two mineral plots in 2023 near its planned EV factory in Bahia state and Atlas Lithium’s operations. The acquisition was made through BYD’s subsidiary, Exploração Mineral do Brasil, established in May 2023 with 4 million reais ($695,000) in share capital. Currently, the company remains in the research phase, with no operating revenues. BYD’s 852-hectare (8.5 km²) lithium rights in Coronel Murta place it within Brazil’s Jequitinhonha Valley, a key lithium-rich area.

Growing Global Interest in Brazil’s Lithium Brazil’s lithium industry has attracted US, Saudi, and Chinese interest, particularly as its hard rock lithium deposits allow for traditional mining methods, unlike the challenging salt flat operations in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The easing of Brazilian lithium export controls in 2022 has further opened the market.

BYD has partnered with Minagem Geologia e Mineração, a local firm, to advance its mining efforts. The company is also reportedly in talks with Sigma Lithium for a potential supply deal and was among six bidders for a Chilean lithium project in 2023.

The U.S. Aluminum Industry

Relying on Canada’s Competitive Edge The U.S. aluminum sector is at a critical crossroads. Once a global leader in production, domestic output has declined significantly, forcing the nation to rely heavily on imported metal.

C

urrently, over 80% of the aluminum consumed in the United States is sourced from abroad, with Canada providing more than half of that supply. As demand surges—especially in electric vehicles, renewable energy, and defense—the need for a steady, cost-effective aluminum supply from Canada has never been clearer.

Recent figures highlight this dependence. In 2024, U.S. primary aluminum production capacity stood at approximately 1.36 million tons, yet actual production reached only about 680,000 tons, representing just 50% of capacity.

Meanwhile, the nation imported roughly 4.8 million tons of aluminum, with 2.6 million tons, or 54%, coming from Canada. The principal challenge for U.S. smelters is the high cost of electricity, which can account for up to half of production expenses. Outdated infrastructure and expensive power have driven many domestic facilities to shut down, ceding ground to Canadian operations that benefit from abundant, low-cost hydroelectric power.

Canadian smelters have capitalized on these advantages by embracing advanced technologies such as carbon capture, efficient recycling, and green manufacturing practices. A notable example is a smelter in Sept-Îles, Quebec, whose annual output rivals the entire U.S. production in 2024. This sustainable, low-carbon aluminum production is particularly attractive as global markets increasingly prioritize environmental responsibility.

While some U.S. policymakers have proposed tariffs on Canadian aluminum to protect domestic industry, such measures would likely raise costs for manufacturers and consumers and

diminish export competitiveness. Rather than resorting to tariffs, it is more prudent for the United States to strengthen its trade partnership with Canada.

Although the U.S. government has allocated $650 million in grants to boost domestic production and recycling efforts, these investments face lengthy development timelines and cannot immediately overcome entrenched cost disadvantages.

In today’s competitive market, Canada’s aluminum is not just an alternative—it is an essential pillar of the U.S. supply chain and energy security.

Strengthening cross-border cooperation will not only secure a reliable aluminum supply for U.S. industries but also foster innovation, sustainability, and robust long-term economic resilience in the sector.

37

China Strikes Back: New Mineral Export Curbs Escalate U.S.-China Trade War China has escalated its trade war with the United States by imposing new export restrictions on five key metals—tungsten, tellurium, bismuth, indium, and molybdenum.

T

he move is a direct response to President Donald Trump’s sweeping 10% tariff on all Chinese imports, marking yet another flashpoint in the ongoing economic standoff between the world’s two largest economies.

Under the new regulations, which Beijing disclosed on Tuesday, exporters must now obtain government licenses to ship these minerals abroad. While Chinese officials have not yet outlined specific approval criteria, the decision adds to an already volatile global supply chain, reinforcing China’s dominance in critical mineral markets and complicating U.S. efforts to diversify its sources.

These restrictions are the latest in a series of strategic countermeasures aimed at disrupting U.S. access to essential raw materials, which are crucial for aerospace, defense, electronics, and advanced manufacturing.

Targeting Vulnerabilities in U.S. Supply Chains Not all of the newly restricted minerals will have an equal impact on U.S. industries, but some pose serious challenges to American manufacturers.

38

Skillings.net | March 2025

Molybdenum, which is widely used in high-strength steel and corrosion-resistant alloys, is unlikely to cause major disruptions since the U.S. maintains a robust domestic supply. Likewise, American companies have already diversified their sourcing of indium and tungsten, turning to South Korea, Japan, and Canada for these metals in recent years.

However, the U.S. remains heavily reliant on China for tungsten and bismuth, two critical materials for aerospace, defense, and electronics. The U.S. ceased domestic tungsten mining in 2015 and has not produced refined bismuth since 1997, making Chinese exports a vital supply line. Any disruption could result in bottlenecks for industries producing military hardware, semiconductors, and advanced batteries.

A Strategic Weapon in the Trade War China’s latest mineral restrictions are part of a broader strategy to weaponize its dominance in critical minerals. This follows Beijing’s December 2023 ban on gallium, germanium, and antimony exports to the U.S., which significantly impacted semiconductor production, military equipment manufacturing, and renewable energy technologies.

With over 70% control of global rare earth mining and nearly 90% of refining capacity, China holds unmatched leverage over the global supply of strategic metals. By tightening export controls, Beijing is pressuring Washington at a time when the U.S. is actively trying to decouple from Chinese supply chains.

In response to China’s growing economic assertiveness, the U.S. government has been investing heavily in critical mineral development. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the CHIPS and Science Act include provisions aimed at boosting domestic production, refining, and processing capabilities for essential minerals.

Efforts are also underway to strengthen supply chains through international partnerships. The Biden administration has intensified collaborations with allies such as Canada and Australia, aiming to secure alternative sources for minerals at risk of Chinese restrictions.

However, experts warn that building a self-sufficient supply chain takes time. Even with new investments in U.S. tungsten processing and the reopening of idled mines, it could take years before domestic production and refining capabilities can meet industry demand. In the short term, manufacturers could face significant cost increases, supply shortages, and production delays.

defense industries. This could lead to a global race for alternative supplies, further driving up prices and intensifying competition for limited resources.

A High-Stakes Battle Over Resource Security The U.S.-China trade war is no longer just about tariffs—it has become a battle over resource security. As Washington and Beijing continue their economic standoff, access to critical minerals is emerging as one of the most powerful bargaining chips.

The Biden administration has already signaled its intent to counteract China’s dominance in mineral supply chains, while Trump’s return to power has only heightened protectionist policies. With both governments prioritizing domestic industries and national security concerns, further restrictions and retaliatory measures are likely on the horizon.

For now, the U.S. must navigate an increasingly unstable market for industrial metals, where China still wields overwhelming influence. As this trade dispute unfolds, businesses in aerospace, defense, and high-tech manufacturing will need to adapt to new realities, securing alternative supply sources while preparing for ongoing geopolitical uncertainty.

How Will This Impact Global Markets?

As China restricts more minerals, global markets are likely to experience increased volatility. Prices for tungsten, bismuth, and molybdenum have already started to rise in response to Beijing’s announcement, with some analysts predicting further spikes as companies scramble to secure alternative sources.

China’s move will also put pressure on European and Japanese manufacturers, which also depend on Chinese raw materials for automotive, electronics, and

39

Mining Shadow in the

Automation and AI are Reshaping Underground Operations The underground mining industry in 2025 is navigating a complex landscape shaped by technological advancements, economic shifts, and pressing safety concerns. As global demand for minerals intensifies, mining operations are increasingly turning to innovative solutions to enhance efficiency and safety. However, recent incidents underscore the persistent challenges in ensuring the well-being of miners worldwide.

Technological Innovations Transforming Underground Mining The integration of cutting-edge technologies is revolutionizing underground mining operations. Automation stands at the forefront, with autonomous vehicles and drones being deployed for surveillance and exploration. These technologies not only streamline complex tasks but also reduce safety risks and operational costs. For instance, the use of autonomous haulage systems allows for continuous operation, maximizing productivity and minimizing human exposure to hazardous conditions.

Another significant advancement is the adoption of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) in underground mines. BEVs offer

40

Skillings.net | March 2025

a sustainable alternative to traditional diesel-powered machinery, reducing emissions and improving air quality within mines. This shift not only aligns with global environmental goals but also enhances the health and safety of mine workers.

Digitalization is also making inroads, with the implementation of digital twins—virtual replicas of physical assets and systems.

These digital models enable real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance, leading to optimized operations and reduced downtime. By simulating various scenarios, mining companies can make informed decisions, enhancing both safety and productivity.

Global Incidents Highlight Ongoing Safety Challenges Despite technological progress, recent events have highlighted the enduring safety challenges in underground mining. In January 2025, a tragic incident at the Stilfontein mine in South Africa resulted in the deaths of at least 78 illegal miners.

These miners, operating without authorization, became trapped underground after authorities sealed off access points in an effort to curb illegal mining activities. The prolonged entrapment led to severe starvation and illness among the miners, underscoring the dire consequences of unregulated mining operations.

Similarly, in September 2024, an explosion at the Tabas coal mine in Iran claimed the lives of 51 miners and injured 20 others.

The disaster was attributed to a methane gas leak, emphasizing the critical need for stringent safety protocols and continuous monitoring of hazardous gases in mining environments.

Economic and Social Implications The closure of traditional mining operations has significant economic and social ramifications for mining communities. In Mount Isa, Australia, the scheduled shutdown of Glencore's underground copper mine is projected to result in the loss of 1,200 jobs.

In response, local authorities have unveiled the "Mount Isa Future Ready Economy Roadmap," which includes initiatives such as establishing a Critical Minerals and Rare Earths Research Centre and supporting energy storage startups like Green Gravity. These efforts aim to diversify the local economy and mitigate the impact of mine closures on the community.

The Path Forward As the underground mining industry advances, a balanced approach that integrates technological innovation with robust safety measures is imperative. While automation and digitalization offer promising avenues for enhancing efficiency and reducing risks, the human element remains central to mining operations.

The Future of Underground Mining: Innovation, Sustainability, and the Workforce of Tomorrow As we move deeper into 2025 and beyond, underground mining is poised for transformative change, shaped by advancements in automation, sustainability imperatives, and a shifting geopolitical landscape. While safety concerns and economic volatility continue to challenge the sector, the industry is adopting new technologies and strategies to ensure its long-term viability.

1. The Rise of AI, Robotics, and Digital Mining Ecosystems 2. The Green Transition: Carbon-Neutral Mining 3. The Evolving Workforce: Miners vs. Machines 4. The Geopolitical Influence on Underground Mining 5. The Road Ahead: Underground Mining in 2040 and Beyond

A Future Defined by Innovation and Responsibility The future of underground mining is bright but complex. As technology reshapes the industry, mining companies must balance efficiency with environmental stewardship, worker welfare, and geopolitical realities.

Whether through AI, BEVs, or sustainable practices, the underground mines of tomorrow will look vastly different from those of today. However, ensuring that technological progress benefits both the industry and its workforce will remain the defining challenge of the coming decades.

Ensuring the safety and well-being of all miners, whether in formal or informal sectors, is paramount. Collaborative efforts among governments, mining companies, and local communities are essential to address the multifaceted challenges facing the industry and to foster sustainable and safe mining practices for the future.

Balancing Automation with Workforce Retention While automation enhances safety and productivity, it also raises concerns about job losses in mining-dependent communities. The challenge moving forward will be ensuring that displaced workers have access to retraining programs and alternative employment opportunities in related industries.

41

Underground Mining in 2025: Technology, Safety, and the Shifting Economic Landscape

before they occur. By integrating sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and cloud computing, mining firms can optimize workflows, prevent costly breakdowns, and enhance worker safety.

The Contrasting Reality: Persistent Safety Challenges and Accidents While these innovations offer clear benefits, the underground mining sector remains fraught with safety risks, particularly in regions where oversight is weak or regulations are poorly enforced.

Recent disasters highlight the stark contrast between technologically advanced mines and those plagued by outdated safety practices.

The underground mining sector in 2025 is at a crossroads, caught between rapid technological transformation, increasing safety concerns, and shifting economic realities. As automation, battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), and digitalization drive operational efficiency, challenges such as mining disasters, regulatory Stilfontein Tragedy in South gaps, and the social consequences of mine closures Africa (January 2025) persist.

The Rise of Automation and Digitalization in Mining Technological innovations have played a pivotal role in reshaping underground mining, enhancing both efficiency and safety. Industry leaders are increasingly integrating autonomous systems into underground operations, reducing the reliance on human labor in hazardous conditions.

Autonomous Haulage and Drilling Systems Major mining companies such as Rio Tinto and BHP have invested heavily in autonomous haulage systems, which allow for continuous, human-free ore transportation.

Unlike traditional methods, these systems reduce the risks associated with manual hauling, minimize equipment downtime, and improve fuel efficiency. Automated drilling rigs, deployed in deep underground tunnels, are fur-

42

Skillings.net | March 2025

ther streamlining excavation processes, significantly cutting operational costs.

Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Replacing Diesel Machinery Diesel-powered vehicles, long the backbone of underground mining operations, are being phased out in favor of BEVs. This transition is driven by environmental policies and the necessity to improve underground air quality. Companies such as Sandvik and Epiroc are leading the charge with fleets of BEVs designed to reduce heat generation and improve working conditions.

Digital Twin Technology for Predictive Maintenance The adoption of digital twins—virtual models of real-world mining environments—has transformed how mining companies monitor and maintain their assets. These AI-driven systems analyze real-time data from underground operations, predicting equipment failures

Despite government efforts to curb illegal mining, South Africa remains a hotspot for unauthorized underground operations. In January 2025, at least 78 illegal miners perished in the Stilfontein mine disaster after being trapped underground for months.

Authorities had sealed the entrances to prevent further unauthorized activity, inadvertently condemning the miners inside to starvation. The incident underscores the ongoing challenges of regulating illicit mining while ensuring humane enforcement measures.

Tabas Coal Mine Explosion in Iran (September 2024) A methane gas leak at the Tabas coal mine led to an explosion that killed 51 miners and injured dozens. The tragedy, one of the deadliest mining accidents in Iran’s recent history, highlights the persistent risks associated with underground coal mining.

Despite advancements in gas detection systems and ventilation technology, many underground coal operations still rely on outdated safety measures, increasing the likelihood of catastrophic events.

China’s Push for Stricter Mining Regulations Following a series of mine collapses and explosions in 2024, China has intensified its crackdown on unsafe mining practices. The country, which accounts for nearly half of global coal production, is pushing for stricter safety inspections, AI-driven monitoring systems, and increased penalties for companies violating regulations. While these measures have led to improvements in some regions, illegal mining activities and deep-seated corruption remain significant obstacles.

The Economic Fallout of Mine Closures: A Global Perspective

and business leaders have unveiled the Mount Isa Future Ready Economy Roadmap, which aims to diversify the town’s economic base. Proposed initiatives include establishing a Critical Minerals and Rare Earths Research Centre and repurposing old mine shafts for green energy storage.

South Africa’s Declining Gold Industry South Africa, once the world’s top gold producer, has seen a steady decline in underground mining operations due to rising costs, power shortages, and safety concerns.

AngloGold Ashanti and Harmony Gold have been forced to close or scale back operations in several mines, further exacerbating the country’s unemployment crisis.

Underground Lithium and Cobalt Mining Surge in North America While traditional underground mining sectors face closures, the demand for lithium and cobalt—critical components in electric vehicle batteries—is leading to a surge in underground mining projects in North America.

Companies in Canada and the U.S. are ramping up production to meet the growing need for battery metals, shifting underground mining from coal and gold to materials vital for clean energy transitions.

Even as technology advances and regulations tighten, economic forces are reshaping the underground mining industry. Some of the world’s most historic underground mines are shutting down, forcing mining towns to grapple with the fallout.

The underground mining industry is undergoing a significant transformation, but its future will depend on how well companies and governments address its biggest challenges.

Mount Isa, Australia: The Closure of an Iconic Mine

Sustainability Initiatives: From Green Energy to Recycling

In late 2024, Glencore announced the planned closure of its underground copper mining operations in Mount Isa, Queensland. This decision will result in the loss of 1,200 jobs and disrupt the local economy. In response, government officials

Mining companies are increasingly investing in sustainable solutions, such as underground pumped hydro energy storage (UPHES) systems, which repurpose abandoned mines as energy storage facilities.

Additionally, recycling programs for rare earth metals are being explored to reduce the demand for newly mined materials.

AI and Machine Learning in Hazard Detection Companies are developing AI-driven hazard detection systems that analyze sensor data to predict rockfalls, gas leaks, and equipment failures in underground mines. These predictive analytics tools are expected to play a crucial role in preventing future disasters.

43

India Expands Lithium Investment in Argentina to Secure Clean Energy Future

I

ndia is accelerating its lithium investment in Argentina, reinforcing its commitment to securing critical minerals for its clean energy transition. This strategic move aims to bolster India’s electric vehicle (EV) industry, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and support the country’s broader decarbonization efforts.

V.L. Kantha Rao, India’s mining secretary, recently led high-level discussions in Buenos Aires, marking a pivotal step in Indo-Argentine cooperation. The talks build on a 2022 agreement covering mineral exploration, technology development, and the supply of critical minerals.

“Argentina is one of the world’s most important sources of lithium, and India’s engagement here is strategic,” said an official familiar with the discussions.

India is particularly interested in lithium-rich provinces such as Catamarca and Salta, where both state-owned and private firms are already advancing extraction projects.

India’s Race for Lithium: A Clean Energy Imperative Lithium is at the center of India’s clean energy ambitions. As one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters, India is aggressively shifting away from fossil fuels. The government has identified 30 critical minerals, with lithium being the most essential for its electrification and decarbonization goals.India aims to electrify 30% of its vehicle fleet by 2030, a target that hinges on securing a stable lithium supply for battery production.

With China dominating the global lithium supply chain, India is diversifying

44

Skillings.net | March 2025

its sources by forging partnerships with resource-rich nations such as Australia, Chile, and now Argentina.

State-run Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (KABIL) and Coal India, along with private-sector firm Greenko, have already launched lithium exploration efforts in Catamarca. Rao suggested that additional investments are likely, hinting that a formal announcement could be made within six months.

“Lithium security is becoming a geopolitical issue,” said a mining sector analyst.

“India’s strategic lithium investment in Argentina shows it is taking no chances in securing the minerals needed for its energy transition.”

Argentina’s Economic Incentives for Foreign Investment As the world’s fourth-largest lithium exporter, Argentina is actively attracting foreign investment to stabilize its struggling economy. As a leading player in the "lithium triangle"— To encourage investment, the Argentine government has introduced the Large Investment Incentive Regime (RIGI), offering tax breaks for investments exceeding $200 million. Additionally, President Javier Milei’s administration is implementing deregulation measures to enhance investor confidence.

“Argentina needs foreign capital, and India needs lithium—it’s a mutually beneficial relationship,” said an economist tracking Latin American markets. “For Argentina, these investments could provide much-needed financial stability.”

Beyond Lithium: Expanding Energy Cooperation India’s interest in Argentina extends beyond lithium. The country is also eyeing copper and gold mining projects, as well as oil and gas exploration.

Recently, Argentina’s state-controlled oil company YPF signed a memorandum of understanding with three Indian firms to explore liquefied natural gas (LNG) export opportunities. Further strengthening bilateral ties, Indian officials will visit Catamarca to meet with Argentina’s Economy Minister Luis Caputo for additional energy sector investment discussions.

A Strategic Play for Energy Independence India’s expansion into Argentina’s lithium sector aligns with its broader strategy to reduce reliance on China for critical minerals.

By securing stable lithium supply chains, India aims to strengthen its electric vehicle industry, expand renewable energy projects, and position itself as a global leader in the clean energy race.

Meanwhile, Argentina views India’s investments as an economic lifeline. With inflation soaring and financial uncertainty persisting, foreign capital from India could provide much-needed stability to its resource sector.

As both nations deepen their economic and energy cooperation, this partnership could play a pivotal role in shaping the future of clean energy development in the Global South.

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45

SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

JANUARY 2025 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

W

orld crude steel production for the 69 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 151.4 million tonnes (Mt) in January 2025, a 4.4% decrease compared to January 2024.

Africa produced 1.9 Mt in January 2025, down 3.5% on January 2024. Asia and Oceania produced 112.3 Mt, down 4.5%.

The EU (27) produced 10.3 Mt, down 3.3%.

Europe, Other produced 3.5 Mt, down 6.8%. The Middle East produced 4.2 Mt, down 15.3%. North America produced 9.0 Mt, down 0.5%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 7.0 Mt, up 1.4%. South America produced 3.2 Mt, down 9.8%.

The 69 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023.

Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe, Other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS +, Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China is estimated to have produced 81.9 Mt in January 2025, down 5.6% on January 2024. India produced 13.6 Mt, up 6.8%. Japan produced 6.8 Mt, down 6.6%. The United States produced 6.6

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

Mt, up 1.2%. Russia is estimated to have produced 6.0 Mt, down 0.6%. South Korea produced 5.2 Mt, down 8.8%. Türkiye produced 3.2 Mt, down 1.4%. Germany is estimated to have produced 2.8 Mt, down 8.8%. Brazil is estimated to have produced 2.6 Mt, down 4.5%. Iran produced 2.2 Mt, down 24.1%.

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change jan 2024 % change jan-jan % jan-dec (mt) jan24/23 2025 (mt) 24/23

jan 2024 (mt)

% change dec24/23

jan-jan 25 (mt)

% change jan-jan 25/24

1.9

-3.5

1.9

-3.5

China

81.9

-5.6

81.9

-5.6

Asia and Oceania

112.3

-4.5

112.3

-4.5

India

13.6

6.8

13.6

6.8

EU (27)

10.3

-3.3

10.3

-3.3

Japan

6.8

-6.6

6.8

-6.6

Europe, Other

3.5

-6.8

3.5

-6.8

United States

6.6

Russia

6.0

Africa

Middle East

4.2

-15.3

4.2

-15.3

North America

9.0

-0.5

9.0

-0.5

Russia & CIS + Ukraine

7.0

1.4

7.0

1.4

3.2

-9.8

3.2

Türkiye

3.2

South America

-9.8

Brazil

2.6

Total 71 countries

151.4

-4.4

151.4

-4.4

Iran

2.2

South Korea

5.2

Germany

2.8

e

e

1.2

6.6

1.2

-0.6

6.0

-0.6

-8.8

5.2

-8.8

e

-8.8

2.8

-8.8

-1.4

3.2

-1.4

e

-4.5

2.6

-4.5

-24.1

2.2

-24.1

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

46

Skillings.net | March 2025

2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,888.2 MT IN 2023

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

1

China

1,019.1

1,019.1

0.0

22

Poland (e)

6.4

7.4

-13.1

2

India

140.2

125.4

11.8

23

Austria

7.1

7.5

-5.0

3

Japan

87.0

89.2

-2.5

24

Belgium (e)

5.9

7.0

-16.1

4

United States

80.7

80.5

0.2

25

Ukraine

6.2

6.3

-0.6

5

Russia (e)

75.8

71.7

5.6

26

Netherlands

4.7

6.1

-23.9

6

South Korea

66.7

65.8

1.3

27

United Kingdom

5.6

6.0

-6.5

7

Germany

35.4

36.9

-3.9

28

Pakistan (e)

5.3

6.0

-11.3

8

Turkey

33.7

35.1

-4.0

29

Australia

5.5

5.6

-2.9

9

Brazil

31.9

34.1

-6.5

30

Thailand

5.0

5.3

-6.7

10

Iran

31.1

30.6

1.8

31

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.2

5.8

11

Italy

21.1

21.6

-2.4

32

Argentina

4.9

5.1

-3.2

12

Taiwan, China (e)

18.9

20.8

-8.9

33

Sweden

4.3

4.4

-3.3

13

Viet Nam (e)

19.0

20.0

-5.0

34

South Africa

4.9

4.4

10.6

14

Mexico

16.3

18.4

-11.6

35

Czechia

3.4

4.3

-21.1

15

Indonesia (e)

16.0

15.6

2.8

36

Kazakhstan

3.9

4.1

-5.5

16

France

10.0

12.1

-17.4

37

Slovakia (e)

4.5

3.9

15.4

17

Canada (e)

12.3

12.1

1.3

38

Finland

3.8

3.5

7.7

18

Spain

11.3

11.6

-2.7

39

Algeria

4.4

4.3

2.8

19

Malaysia (e)

7.5

7.2

4.1

40

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.2

0.8

20

Egypt

10.4

9.8

5.4

Others

39.6

41.4

-4.4

21

Saudi Arabia

5.9

9.9

0.8

World

1,888.2

1,888.7

0.0

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

2024 Steel Statistical Yearbook published

T

he World Steel Association (worldsteel)’s Steel Statistical Yearbook 2023 contains comprehensive statistics from 2014 to 2023 on crude steel production by country and process, steel production by product, steel trade by product, apparent steel use and apparent steel use per capita by country, as well as production and trade of pig iron and

directly reduced iron. It also includes data on production and trade of iron ore and scrap.

Individuals access the data by logging into the worldsteel data platform with a personal username and password automatically issued at the time of purchase.

Access is granted once payment is con-

firmed. The data can be easily downloaded in Excel format once payment has been processed. A PDF version of all the data is also included.

Buy it here: https://worldsteel.org/media/ publications/ssy_subscription-2024/

47