Skillings_January_2025

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Volume: 114. Issue.01. January 2025

14 Iron Ore 2025 Navigating a New Era of Global Demand, Innovation, and Sustainability

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Green and Smart The Tech Innovations Changing Mining Forever

I r o n

O r e

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Skillings.net | January 2025

18 Trump Fast-Track Permits: A $1 Billion Investment Opportunity

31 Mining Industry Faces High Injury Rates Amid Gaps in Training

Volume: 114. Issue.01. January 2025

Iron Ore 2025

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Navigating a New Era of Global Demand, Innovation, and Sustainability

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Mining Trends in 2024: Transformative Forces Shaping the Industry

2025 has arrived and the iron ore industry stands at a pivotal juncture, influenced by shifting global demand, economic uncertainties, and a pressing need for sustainable practices.

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Green and Smart: The Tech Innovations Changing Mining Forever

U.S.-Canada Critical Mineral Trade Fuels Calls for Cooperation

Once reliant on manual labor and traditional methods, today’s mining operations are driven by cutting-edge innovations, from autonomous fleets and AI-powered exploration to hydrogen-fueled machinery and digital twin technology.

China’s decision to restrict exports of gallium, germanium, & other rare metals to the U.S. has reignited concerns over America’s reliance on Beijing for critical minerals.

05 American Rare Earths Secures Wyoming Facility 06 Shortage of Inspection Vehicles Fuels Illegal Mining in Zimbabwe 06 Kavango Secures $13 Million to Transform the Gold Mining Sector 08 Conflict Minerals: A High-Stakes Legal Battle Between DRC & Apple 10 Nickel Prices Hit Four-Year Low Amid Supply Challenges

Forging the Future: The Evolving Role of Mining Professionals in a Transformative Era

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12 U.S. Graphite Industry Pushes for 920% Tariff on Chinese Competitors 12 Low-Carbon Shotcrete Set to Debut at Outokumpu Mine 20 Alleged Sexual Harassment: BHP, Rio Tinto Face Class Actions at Australian Mine Sites 33 China Imposes Critical Minerals Export Restrictions

34 A Strategic Imperative: Revitalizing the U.S. Uranium Mining Industry 35 Alberta’s New Coal Mining Rules Draw Praise & Scrutiny 41 Copper-Gold: Rio Tinto and Sumitomo Join Forces 44 Biden’s African Visit: Spotlighting Africa’s Critical Minerals 46 Statistics

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Skillings.net | January 2025

American Rare Earths Secures Wyoming Facility for Halleck Creek Development

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merican Rare Earths (ASX: ARR) is intensifying efforts to position the United States as a global leader in critical mineral supply chains. Its subsidiary, Wyoming Rare, has secured a facility at the Western Research Institute in Laramie, Wyoming, to advance the development of its flagship Halleck Creek rare earths project.

This facility will centralize exploration, processing, and development activities, marking a significant step toward creating a robust domestic supply chain for rare earth elements. The Western

Research Institute, a renowned nonprofit research organization specializing in advanced energy systems, environmental technologies, and materials research, offers a wealth of resources and expertise.

By aligning with this institute, American Rare Earths is poised to accelerate its progress in rare earth processing.

facility will house all drill core and assay samples collected to date, streamlining operations and maintaining centralized access to critical data and materials.

Additionally, it will accommodate the construction of a pilot plant, a critical step in testing processing capabilities for the Halleck Creek project.

“This facility helps advance our mission of onshoring critical mineral supply chains for the USA while highlighting Wyoming’s position as a leader in critical minerals and rare earth elements,” said Wyoming Rare President Joe Evers. The

Wyoming has emerged as a national leader in critical mineral development, bolstered by state-backed initiatives. Recently, the state awarded American Rare Earths a $7.1 million grant to enhance its rare earth processing capabilities.

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Shortage of Inspection Vehicles Fuels Illegal Mining in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe’s mining sector, a cornerstone of the nation’s economy, is grappling with significant enforcement challenges as the Ministry of Mines and Mining Development struggles with severe resource constraints.

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chronic shortage of inspection vehicles has severely hindered the government’s ability to regulate mining activities, leading to a surge in illegal operations and mining-related accidents. Vast unmonitored mining territories have become hotspots for unregulated and hazardous artisanal and small-scale mining.

In 2023, over 100 fatalities were linked to unsafe mining practices, highlighting the dangers of unregulated operations.

Industry experts cite the lack of regular inspections as a critical factor, as miners often bypass safety protocols, exposing themselves and communities to significant risks.

To address this crisis, experts recommend key measures: immediate funding to procure inspection vehicles, integrating drones and remote monitoring technologies, and forming private sector partnerships to bolster safety and compliance.

Zimbabwe’s mining sector faces a pivotal challenge. The government has pledged improved oversight, but without urgent action to address inspection shortfalls, the sector risks further human and economic losses. Strengthening regulatory enforcement is vital for the industry’s safety and sustainability.

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Skillings.net | January 2025

Kavango Secures $13 Million To Transform the Gold Mining Sector in Zimbabwe Kavango Resources, a London Stock Exchangelisted mining company, has announced a significant breakthrough in its efforts to revolutionize gold mining in Zimbabwe.

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avango Resources, a London Stock Exchange-listed mining company, has announced a $13 million financing package to revolutionize gold mining in Zimbabwe. The funds will support high-grade gold projects in the Matabeleland region, showcasing the company’s commitment to modernizing Zimbabwe’s mining industry.

Kavango’s flagship Hillside Gold Project, set to commence in 2025, has already identified two promising gold mines. One will use a spiral decline mining method, popular in Australia but novel in Zimbabwe. CEO Ben Turney highlighted the potential of bulk mining for underground lode gold systems, emphasizing Kavango’s innovative approach. The company has assembled a strong exploration team in Bulawayo to pioneer these advancements.

Initial Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) testing at Hillside also revealed significant tungsten and other strategic elements, enhancing the project’s mineral potential. To solidify its presence, Kavango plans to list on the Victoria Falls Stock Exchange (VFEX), aiming to attract local investors and diversify its shareholder base. This move underscores Kavango’s long-term commitment to Zimbabwe’s mining sector.

Kavango’s entry marks a shift from small-scale to industrial mining in the Matabeleland region, setting new standards in sustainability and efficiency.

By adopting modern mining techniques, the company seeks to maximize yield while minimizing environmental impact.

Zimbabwe aims to become a $12 billion mining economy by 2023, and Kavango’s investment aligns with this goal. Despite regulatory and infrastructure challenges, Kavango’s adherence to global best practices could drive reforms and elevate the country’s mining sector.

If successful, the Hillside Gold Project will boost production, attract foreign investment, and transform Zimbabwe’s gold mining landscape, positioning Kavango as a leader in sustainable mining innovation.

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CONFLICT MINERALS

A High-Stakes Legal Battle Between DRC and Apple THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) HAS taken the unprecedented step of suing Apple, alleging the tech giant benefits from conflict minerals sourced through illegal mining operations linked to human rights abuses.

The lawsuit, filed in French and Belgian courts, accuses Apple of complicity in a system that facilitates armed groups, environmental destruction, and exploitation in the war-torn region. If successful, the case could have sweeping ramifications for global supply chains and corporate accountability.

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he lawsuit focuses on tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold—collectively known as “3TG minerals”—critical for manufacturing smartphones and other electronics. The DRC is rich in these resources but remains plagued by illegal mining, much of it controlled by armed factions. These groups have been implicated in massacres, sexual violence, and looting, according to UN reports.

Belgian lawyer Christophe Marchand, representing the DRC, stated that the case aims to expose how global supply chains for consumer electronics are tainted by severe human rights violations. “The goal is to show consumers that the product they have in their hands is contaminated by international crimes,” Marchand told DW. The DRC’s complaint specifically accuses Apple’s French and Belgian subsidiaries of smuggling raw materials, particularly conflict minerals, through Rwanda

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Skillings.net | January 2025

and engaging in “misleading business practices” to convince consumers their products are ethically sourced.

Apple’s Defense and the Recycled Resources Debate Apple has strongly denied the allegations, asserting that it holds suppliers to the “highest standards in the industry.” In a statement, the company emphasized its proactive measures, including directing suppliers to suspend sourcing conflict minerals from the DRC and Rwanda earlier this year due to escalating conflict.

Apple’s 2023 Conflict Minerals Report claimed there was “no reasonable basis” to conclude its supply chains had financed armed groups.

Apple also highlighted its shift toward using recycled materials. The company claims that 99% of the tungsten and 100% of the cobalt in its iPhone 16 product line come from recycled sources. Additionally, Apple says it funds initiatives

to improve the traceability of raw materials and supports regional projects aimed at aiding communities affected by mining-related violence.

Despite these measures, critics remain unconvinced. NGOs like African Natural Resources Watch (AFREWATCH) argue that smuggling networks continue to funnel DRC-mined gold and other minerals, classified as conflict minerals, through neighboring countries, such as Rwanda and Uganda, before reaching refiners that supply major corporations.

The Role of Rwanda, Uganda, and Conflict Minerals in Regional Dynamics Rwanda and Uganda have repeatedly denied involvement in smuggling conflict minerals from the DRC. However, evidence suggests otherwise. According to AFREWATCH’s Emmanuel Umpula, refineries in these countries process minerals illicitly extracted from DRC

mines. Traders in Bukavu, a Congolese border city, corroborate claims that gold often ends up in Rwanda before being sold on international markets.

are calling on civil society organizations to support this fight for reparations for the damage caused by these groups in collusion with rebels.”

“The illegal extraction of raw materials in the east of the DRC is one of the reasons why the war continues,” Umpula explained. He characterized the practice as a “predatory system” that perpetuates conflict for profit.

However, skepticism persists. A South Kivu-based environmental activist, speaking anonymously, argued that the DRC government shares blame for failing to regulate mining activities. “Authorities are issuing licenses to companies, yet they cannot protect their own inspectors on the ground,” the activist lamented.

Local Voices and the Quest for Accountability Over Conflict Minerals The lawsuit has sparked hope among some Congolese activists and communities. Hypocrate Marume of the South Kivu Civil Society Advisory Committee described the case as a potential turning point. “This is a relief,” Marume said. “We

Legal and Global Implications of Conflict Minerals The French and Belgian courts were chosen for their robust laws on corporate accountability. The DRC hopes the lawsuit will set a legal precedent, forcing multinational corporations to scrutinize

their supply chains and reduce dependency on conflict minerals. Similar cases in the United States have struggled; earlier this year, a federal court dismissed claims that Apple, Google, Tesla, Dell, and Microsoft had indirectly benefited from child labor in DRC cobalt mines.

Experts believe the DRC’s case could resonate more powerfully in Europe.

“It has been proved beyond reasonable doubt that Apple’s suppliers source raw materials from conflict areas,” said Marchand, adding, “The next step is to prove that Apple knows this.”

The DRC’s lawsuit against Apple underscores the complex and often hidden costs of technological innovation.

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Nickel Prices Hit Four-Year Low Amid Economic and Supply Challenges NICKEL, A KEY COMPONENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) BATTERIES AND STAINLESS steel, is experiencing significant changes in supply dynamics and pricing. Recent activities

by Nickel Industries and market reactions to global economic conditions paint a picture of both challenges and opportunities in the nickel sector.

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ickel prices have plummeted to their lowest levels since November 2020, capping off a challenging year for one of the most essential industrial metals. On Thursday, futures on the London Metal Exchange (LME) fell by as much as 2.3%, settling at $15,235 per ton.

The price drop highlights pressures stemming from a hawkish Federal Reserve and potential supply adjustments

by Indonesia, the world’s largest nickel producer.

The decline reflects a combination of economic uncertainty and oversupply concerns that continue to weigh on the market. As a critical component in electric vehicle (EV) batteries, nickel has seen its value erode by about 8% in 2023, making it one of the poorest-performing industrial metals this year.

The Federal Reserve’s latest quarterly forecasts, released Wednesday, signaled a more restrained approach to interest-rate cuts in 2025, dampening market sentiment. This shift has bolstered the U.S. dollar and raised borrowing costs, both of which typically suppress commodity prices.

Skillings.net | January 2025

Fed’s Economic Outlook Adds Pressure

Nickel, closely linked to the EV industry and global manufacturing, has mirrored broader concerns about weaker demand in industrial metals markets. The Fed’s hawkish stance adds another layer of uncertainty to an already strained sector.

Indonesia Considers Drastic Supply Cuts In response to falling prices, Indonesia is weighing measures to stabilize the market. According to a Bloomberg report, the country may reduce its 2024 nickel mining quota to 150 million tons, a significant cut from the 272 million tons mined in 2023.

Indonesia’s rapid capacity expansion in recent years has contributed to a global nickel surplus. Coupled with a slowdown in EV adoption, this oversupply has further pressured prices.

While a quota reduction could offer some relief, analysts caution that the impact may be limited. “While Indonesia’s proposed supply cuts are a step in the right direction, the oversupply issue will likely take time to resolve. Broader economic conditions remain a significant obstacle to price recovery,” said market analyst Joe Evers.

Industrial Metals Face Broad Declines Nickel’s struggles are emblematic of a broader downturn across the industrial metals sector. On Thursday, copper, aluminum, and zinc also posted losses on the LME, highlighting the challenges posed by uneven global demand and rising financing costs.

The decline in nickel prices has been particularly steep.

After a dramatic short squeeze in 2022 propelled prices to over $100,000 per ton, the metal has struggled to regain momentum. A combination of weak EV sales, geopolitical

instability, and persistent oversupply has continued to drag down prices.

The Road Ahead for Nickel The outlook for nickel prices in 2024 remains uncertain. Indonesia’s expected decision on mining quotas in the coming months could provide some much-needed stability to the market. However, economic headwinds driven by the Federal Reserve’s policies and weak industrial demand suggest that recovery may take time.

A rebound in EV sales and renewed strength in industrial demand will be key to nickel’s future. For now, the metal, once heralded as a cornerstone of the transition to clean energy, is navigating a difficult path in a volatile global market.

The recent developments in both Nickel Industries and the broader nickel market underscore the dynamic nature of this essential metal industry. The future of nickel will depend not only on local production strategies in Indonesia but also on global economic conditions and investor confidence.

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U.S. Graphite Industry Pushes for 920% Tariff on Chinese Competitors The proposal, submitted by the American Active Anode Material Producers—a coalition of North American graphite companies—represents a bold move to counter China’s dominant position in the global graphite market and its alleged use of “malicious trade practices.”

THE U.S. GRAPHITE MINING INDUSTRY HAS submitted an urgent plea to Washington, advocating for a sweeping 920% tariff on Chinese suppliers of the battery metal.

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hina, controlling 70% of the global graphite supply, recently tightened export restrictions, citing national security and environmental concerns.

This move has exacerbated trade imbalances, leaving U.S. producers scrambling to safeguard their market share. The U.S. graphite mining group has called China’s trade practices—enabled by lax environmental standards, low labor costs, and state subsidies—predatory and designed to undermine Western producers.

Despite a 25% tariff on Chinese graphite exports, U.S. industry players argue it has failed to create fair competition.

Graphite is essential for lithium-ion batteries, powering electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy storage, making secure access a national priority.

Industry leaders warn that reliance on Chinese graphite jeopardizes U.S. EV ambitions.

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A proposed 920% tariff on Chinese graphite highlights the urgency of the issue but has sparked debate.

Critics argue it could raise costs for domestic manufacturers, while proponents believe it is necessary to level the playing field. Some experts suggest mandating Western manufacturers to source critical minerals domestically or offering subsidies to domestic miners.

The proposal comes amid geopolitical tensions and efforts to strengthen the U.S. critical minerals supply chain.

Analysts predict a mix of tariffs, subsidies, and incentives may emerge as strategies. North American producers stress the tariff is a last resort to retain competitiveness.

If approved, it could reshape U.S. critical minerals policy and reduce dependence on Chinese exports, securing the nation’s energy future.

Low-Carbon Shotcrete Set to Debut at Outokumpu Kemi Mine Betolar, a Finnish materials technology innovator, is set to launch its newly developed low-carbon shotcrete solution at Outokumpu’s Kemi mine in early 2025.

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his marks a major step forward as Outokumpu strives to transform the Kemi mine into the world’s first carbon-neutral mining operation by the end of next year.

The innovative low-carbon shotcrete adheres to CEM III standards—a cement composition with reduced clinker content—and has been successfully piloted and approved under Betolar and Outokumpu’s partnership agreement. Betolar now plans to push the boundaries further, developing a fully cement-free Geoprime shotcrete solution by September 2025.

Pasi Karekivi, Betolar’s Business Development Director for Mining & Metals, emphasized the breakthrough: “We have successfully developed, piloted, and approved a low-carbon shotcrete solution for Outokumpu’s Kemi mine within the agreed timetable. Already at this stage, we have been able to reduce the amount of CO₂-emitting cement from the current level.”

Shotcrete—sprayed concrete widely used in underground mining for tunnel support—relies heavily on cement, a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions. Traditional cement production accounts for approximately 8% of global CO₂ emissions, making the need for low-carbon shotcrete urgent.

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I r o n O r e Navigating a New Era of Global Demand, Innovation, and Sustainability 2025 has arrived and the iron ore industry stands at a pivotal juncture, influenced by shifting global demand, economic uncertainties, and a pressing need for sustainable practices.

The industry is poised to navigate a complex landscape of declining prices, shifting demand, and a critical need for sustainable practices. Stakeholders must adapt to these evolving conditions to maintain resilience and competitiveness in the global market.

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Market Outlook and Price Forecasts

Sustainability and Industry Initiatives

Analysts anticipate a downward trend in iron ore prices through 2025. Goldman Sachs projects prices potentially averaging below $80 per tonne in 2026, indicating a gradual decline from current levels.

In response to environmental concerns and the global shift towards decarbonization, industry giants BHP and Rio Tinto are investing in sustainable technologies.

They plan to build a pilot plant in Western Australia to produce low-carbon iron using renewable energy and direct reduced iron technology. The plant aims to produce 30,000 to 40,000 tonnes of molten iron annually, potentially enabling near-zero greenhouse gas emissions for steelmakers using Australian iron ore.

Similarly, Fitch Solutions maintains a forecast of $100 per tonne for 2025, citing weak demand stemming from China's sluggish property sector.

China's economic landscape significantly impacts these projections. The downturn in its real estate sector, which accounts for about 40% of the country's steel demand, has led to decreased consumption of iron ore. Despite government stimulus efforts, a sustained recovery in demand remains uncertain.

Global Production and Supply Dynamics Major iron ore producers are maintaining robust output levels. Vale has revised its 2024 production forecast upwards to 323-330 million tonnes, while Rio Tinto expects supplies between 323-338 million tonnes. This sustained production, amid weakening demand, contributes to downward pressure on prices.

Economic Implications for Australia Australia, a leading iron ore exporter, faces economic challenges due to these market dynamics. The Australian government forecasts a $100 billion reduction in mining export earnings over the next four years, reflecting dwindling demand and increased competition from regions like Africa and Brazil.

This decline could have broader economic implications, potentially affecting government revenues and the national economy.

Competitive Pressures and Emerging Markets While Australia remains the world's leading exporter of iron ore, competition is intensifying. Brazil, driven by the strength of Vale’s operations, continues to challenge Australia’s dominance. Africa, particularly Guinea, is emerging as a key player, with the Simandou project—a massive iron ore deposit—gaining traction. This project has the potential to disrupt global trade flows and increase market competition.

Fortescue Metals CEO has warned that Australia risks losing its top spot in the global iron ore supply chain if it fails to address logistical and regulatory hurdles.

Rising production costs and environmental compliance measures have also made Australian iron ore less competitive compared to emerging markets.

Technological Advancements and Innovation The adoption of advanced technologies, such as automation and artificial intelligence (AI), is transforming iron ore mining operations. Rio Tinto has expanded its fleet of autonomous trucks and trains, improving efficiency and reducing operational costs. Similarly, BHP is deploying AI-driven tools to optimize ore blending and predict maintenance

requirements, reducing downtime and boosting productivity.

Innovative approaches are also being applied to address the challenges of mining waste. Technologies aimed at extracting residual minerals from tailings are gaining attention, promising not only environmental benefits but also potential new revenue streams.

Iron Ore in the Energy Transition Iron ore's role in the global energy transition is becoming increasingly significant. As steelmakers look to reduce their carbon footprint, the demand for "green steel" is growing. This shift is encouraging miners to explore new methods of production that align with global decarbonization goals.

One such approach is the hydrogen-based reduction process, where hydrogen replaces carbon as the reducing agent in steel production. Countries like Sweden have already achieved success in producing steel using this method, and major iron ore producers are investing heavily in research and pilot projects to adopt similar technologies.

Regulatory and Geopolitical Considerations The iron ore industry in 2025 will also face regulatory and geopolitical challenges. Export restrictions, environmental policies, and shifting trade agreements could disrupt supply chains and impact pricing. For instance, China's continued efforts to diversify its sources of iron ore to reduce dependency on Australia and Brazil may lead to increased investments in African mines.

Geopolitical tensions between China and the West, coupled with sanctions and trade tariffs, could further complicate the landscape. The industry's ability to

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navigate these complexities will be critical to ensuring stability and growth.

What Lies Ahead?

Looking ahead to 2025, the iron ore industry will need to balance economic realities with environmental and technological imperatives. The focus on sustainability and innovation will not only address immediate market pressures but also set the stage for long-term resilience.

Investors, policymakers, and industry leaders must remain agile, adapting to rapid changes in demand, supply, and technology. With global steel production expected to shift toward greener methods, iron ore’s journey in 2025 will likely redefine its role in shaping the future of construction, infrastructure, and beyond.

Iron Ore’s Role in Global Economic Stability Iron ore is more than a commodity—it is a cornerstone of global economic stability. As the primary raw material for steel production, its influence spans industries from construction to automotive manufacturing, infrastructure, and

energy. However, the outlook for 2025 reflects a shifting landscape shaped by macroeconomic forces, climate policies, and innovations.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects a modest rebound in global growth for 2025, driven by recovery in emerging markets and continued investments in green infrastructure. This presents a dual challenge and opportunity for the iron ore industry.

While demand for steel remains resilient, especially in emerging economies such as India and Southeast Asia, the iron ore market must adapt to these changing dynamics to maintain relevance and profitability.

China’s Real Estate Crisis and Its Ripple Effects China has historically been the largest consumer of iron ore, with its property and infrastructure boom driving unprecedented demand. However, the ongoing real estate crisis in China—exacerbated by defaults from major developers such as Evergrande and Country Garden—has severely dampened the market.

The Chinese government has introduced measures such as interest rate cuts and infrastructure investment to stabilize the sector, but these efforts have yet to yield significant results.

Analysts at ING and other financial institutions warn that the structural slowdown in China’s property market could lead to a permanent shift in global iron ore demand.

This scenario is likely to compel producers to diversify their customer base, turning to rapidly industrializing regions such as India and Africa.

India: The Next Growth Frontier?

India is poised to play a pivotal role in the global iron ore market by 2025. The country’s ambitious infrastructure projects and burgeoning automotive sector are driving increased demand for steel.

The Indian government’s National Infrastructure Pipeline, with a planned investment of over $1.4 trillion through 2025, presents a lucrative opportunity for iron ore producers.

Simultaneously, India is also expanding its domestic mining capabilities. Policy reforms aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and boosting private sector participation in mining could potentially transform the country into a significant iron ore exporter, altering trade dynamics.

Technological Disruption: Automation, AI, and Beyond The adoption of automation and AI technologies is reshaping the iron ore mining process. Companies like Rio Tinto and BHP are leading the charge with fully automated mining operations. Autonomous trucks, AI-driven exploration tools, and predictive maintenance sys-

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tems are becoming industry standards, driving efficiency and reducing costs.

For example, Rio Tinto’s autonomous haulage system, operating across its Pilbara mines, has significantly increased productivity while lowering fuel consumption. The incorporation of digital twins—virtual replicas of physical assets—has further optimized supply chain management, enabling miners to model various scenarios and respond proactively to disruptions.

Environmental Sustainability: An Unavoidable Priority As the global push for decarbonization intensifies, the iron ore industry faces mounting pressure to adopt sustainable practices. Stakeholders, including investors, regulators, and consumers, are demanding accountability from miners to reduce their environmental impact.

Major players are responding by investing in green technologies.

The development of hydrogen-based steelmaking processes, such as the one spearheaded by Swedish company HYBRIT, is gaining momentum. Miners like Vale, Rio Tinto, and BHP are funding pilot projects to produce low-carbon or zero-carbon iron ore and steel, aiming to align with the 2050 net-zero emissions targets set by the Paris Agreement.

Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on the circular economy within the steel industry. Recycling scrap steel has emerged as a viable strategy to reduce dependency on virgin iron ore, offering both economic and environmental benefits.

However, scaling these efforts remains a challenge, requiring significant infrastructure investments.

Geopolitical Realignments and Market Risks The geopolitical landscape is another critical factor shaping the future of iron ore. Trade tensions between the U.S. and China, coupled with evolving supply chain dynamics, are prompting countries to reassess their dependencies on single suppliers.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative is also increasing investment in African and Central Asian mining projects, potentially disrupting Australia and Brazil’s dominance in the market.

Sanctions, tariffs, and export restrictions could further complicate global trade. For instance, if major iron ore producers face restrictions on exports due to environmental non-compliance, the resulting supply crunch could lead to price volatility. The Simandou project in Guinea, often referred to as the “game-changer” in iron ore, exemplifies how geopolitical factors can influence supply chain decisions.

THE IRON ORE INDUSTRY FACES A transformative 2025, grappling with declining prices, China’s economic slowdown, and rising global competition. Sustainability takes center stage as industry leaders invest in green technologies and AI-driven operations. Meanwhile, geopolitical tensions and emerging markets like India and Guinea reshape global trade dynamics, setting the stage for a pivotal decade ahead.

Challenges Ahead: Logistics, Costs, and Innovation The logistical challenges associated with transporting iron ore from mines to global markets cannot be overstated. High transportation costs, coupled with supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war, have highlighted vulnerabilities.

Producers are exploring innovative solutions such as electrified rail systems and maritime shipping powered by green fuels.

These advancements not only reduce carbon emissions but also enhance operational resilience.

However, innovation comes at a cost. Smaller miners and midtier producers may struggle to compete with industry giants who possess the capital to invest in these technologies. This could lead to further consolidation within the sector, raising concerns about monopolistic practices.

A Transformative Decade Awaits By the end of this decade, the iron ore industry will be navigating uncharted waters, marked by both challenges and opportunities. The drive towards sustainability, coupled with technological advancements, offers a pathway to resilience.

However, the industry must address key risks, including market volatility, geopolitical uncertainty, and environmental compliance, to ensure its relevance in a rapidly changing world.

For industry stakeholders, the next few years will demand agility, innovation, and a commitment to long-term value creation. As the backbone of global industrialization, the iron ore industry’s ability to adapt will not only shape its own future but also influence the trajectory of economies worldwide.

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TRUMP FAST-TRACK PERMITS

A $1 Billion Investment Opportunity INCOMING U.S. PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP HAS unveiled an ambitious plan known as the Trump fast-track permits initiative to fast-track permitting and approvals, including environmental clearances, for companies investing $1 billion or more in the United States.

cording to S&P Global. Projects like the South32 Hermosa Critical Minerals project in Arizona illustrate the challenges of current permitting processes.

Trump’s initiative aims to extend expedited approval to more investments, potentially accelerating projects from fossil fuels to infrastructure development.

This aligns with his campaign rhetoric, championing traditional energy and infrastructure under slogans like “drill, baby, drill.”

However, critics argue that faster environmental approvals could weaken safeguards for ecosystems, public health, and local communities. Environmental reviews are time-intensive but essential to mitigating risks from industries reliant on U.S. mining permits.

Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Commitments The proposal highlights tensions between boosting domestic industries and adhering to climate goals.

While faster approvals may help secure critical minerals for industries like EVs, Trump’s rollback of green energy initiatives could alienate sustainability advocates.

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his policy aims to stimulate largescale investments across industries like mining, energy, technology, and manufacturing by promising streamlined regulatory processes.

“Any person or company investing ONE BILLION DOLLARS, OR MORE, in the United States of America, will receive fully expedited approvals and permits, including, but in no way limited to, all

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Environmental approvals. GET READY TO ROCK!!!” Trump tweeted.

While details are sparse, the proposal could have significant implications for the U.S. economy, environmental oversight, and industries requiring expedited U.S. mining permits. The U.S. currently ranks second globally for the longest mine development times, averaging 29 years from discovery to production, ac-

Economists warn that streamlining permits without safeguards risks eroding sustainable development efforts.

“Streamlining permits is long overdue,” said Michael Allen, an industrial policy economist, “but expedited approvals without proper safeguards could harm community trust.”

Environmental advocates emphasize the importance of balancing economic growth with robust oversight, urging policymakers to address the environmental impacts of fast-tracked projects.

“Streamlining investment is important, but not at the cost of long-term environmental degradation,” said Karen Wright, an Environmental Defense Fund attorney.

Charting the Road Ahead Trump’s fast-track permits initiative seeks to attract $1 billion investments and stimulate economic growth. However, its success depends on clear implementation, balancing economic priorities with environmental protections, and avoiding legal controversies.

Industries reliant on U.S. mining permits and expedited approvals await more details on how this policy will reshape regulatory frameworks. The initiative’s legacy will depend on its ability to deliver on promises without compromising longterm sustainability. The coming months will reveal whether these plans strike the necessary balance between efficiency and environmental responsibility, setting a precedent for future policies.

Failure to do so could create long-term risks for ecosystems, undermining public confidence in the initiative.

$1 Billion Investment Threshold and Competitiveness The $1 billion investment incentive could attract foreign and domestic companies seeking predictable timelines, bolstering industries requiring U.S. mining permits. Countries like Canada and Australia, with faster permitting systems, have outperformed the U.S. in mining and infrastructure development.

The benefits may extend beyond traditional industries to include data centers, gigafactories, and clean energy facilities meeting the $1 billion threshold. However, unclear guidelines may deter investors, particularly if legal or environmental controversies arise.

Environmental Oversight and Legal Risks Environmental groups and local communities have raised concerns about weakened oversight. Large-scale resource extraction projects reliant on U.S. mining permits pose risks to water quality, air pollution, and biodiversity.

Legal challenges are likely, as advocates litigate against perceived rollbacks to protections under laws like the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). States with strict environmental standards may also resist federal mandates to expedite approvals.

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ALLEG ED SEXU AL H ARASSM E N T

BHP, Rio Tinto Face Class Actions at Australian Mine Sites Global mining giants BHP Group (BHP.AX) and Rio Tinto (RIO.AX) are facing class action lawsuits alleging pervasive sexual harassment at their Australian mine sites, law firm JGA Saddler announced on Wednesday.

historically faced challenges related to workplace culture and inclusivity.

Allegations of Harassment and Retaliation The lead plaintiff in the case against Rio Tinto, who requested anonymity, described enduring weekly sexual harassment while working as a security guard on the company’s Australian sites.

Her statement alleged that a colleague sent her unsolicited explicit photos and videos, including graphic footage from his on-site room. Despite her complaints, Rio Tinto allegedly allowed the perpetrator to resign quietly while she faced professional setbacks.

“I was overlooked for opportunities to upskill after I reported the abuse,” the lead plaintiff said.

Similarly, the lead plaintiff in the BHP case shared accounts of harassment and expressed fear of career or personal repercussions for reporting abuse. “There have been times I haven’t reported an incident for fear of what might happen to my career, my job, and my personal safety,” she said.

G

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lobal mining giants BHP Group (BHP.AX) and Rio Tinto (RIO.AX) are facing class action lawsuits alleging pervasive sexual harassment at their Australian mine sites, law firm JGA Saddler announced on Wednesday. The suits accuse the companies of fostering unsafe workplaces and retaliating against women who reported abuse.

BHP’s 2024 annual report disclosed 471 global cases of sexual harassment, resulting in 103 employees being dismissed, resigning, or removed from sites. Rio Tinto similarly reported eight instances

The claims, potentially involving thousands of female workers, spotlight long-

standing concerns over gender safety in the mining industry, where women have

Skillings.net | January 2025

Industry Giants Respond BHP and Rio Tinto both issued statements emphasizing zero-tolerance policies for harassment and pledging to ensure workplace safety.

culture, and breaches of our code of conduct extremely seriously,” a spokesman said.

Historical Context and Findings

BHP apologized to anyone who had experienced harassment, stating, “Sexual harassment has no place in our workplaces or indeed anywhere. We are committed to providing a safe and respectful workplace for everyone.”

The lawsuits follow a damning 2022 Western Australia state government review, which revealed unsafe working conditions for women in the mining sector, including incidents of sexual assault and harassment.

Rio Tinto, acknowledging the Federal Court claim, reiterated its stance on workplace safety and culture. “We do not tolerate any form of sexual harassment or sex-based harassment. We take all concerns about workplace safety,

According to JGA Saddler lawyer Joshua Aylward, both companies knowingly placed women in high-risk environments and retaliated when they voiced concerns. “BHP and Rio Tinto have sent female staff to these sites knowing there

was a high risk of personal danger, and then punished them with demotion, dismissal, or discrimination when they reported it,” Aylward stated.

Class Actions Gain Support The lawsuits are being funded by litigation financier Omni Bridgeway (OBL. AX). JGA Saddler anticipates that the class actions will attract a significant number of participants, amplifying the voices of women affected by harassment and retaliation in the mining sector.

JGA Saddler said women who spoke out about the harassment were allegedly discriminated against by the miners and that it expects "thousands of female workers" at the two companies to join

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when they reported it," JGA Saddler lawyer Joshua Aylward said in a statement.

the class actions. BHP issued a statement on Wednesday saying it apologised to anyone who has ever experienced any form of harassment at BHP.

The class actions are being funded by litigation financier Omni Bridgeway (OBL. AX), opens new tab. The lead applicant in the class action against Rio Tinto, who JGA Saddler said has requested to remain anonymous for fear of reprisals, alleged she suffered sexual harassment on a weekly basis while working as a security guard on Rio Tinto’s Australian sites.

"Sexual harassment has no place in our workplaces or indeed anywhere. We are committed to providing a safe and respectful workplace for everyone," said BHP. A Rio Tinto spokesman said the miner was aware that a claim had been filed in the Federal Court on Wednesday.

"We treat all such claims with the utmost seriousness.

"I was sent unsolicited sexually explicit messages, videos and pictures from a colleague including pictures and videos of him masturbating in his on-site room.

We do not tolerate any form of sexual harassment or sex-based harassment.

We take all concerns about workplace safety, culture and breaches of our values, or our code of conduct extremely seriously," the spokesman said.

Rio Tinto allowed him to resign but after my complaint I was overlooked for opportunities to upskill," she said in a statement detailing her allegations.

In 2022, a Western Australia state government review into abuse at mining sites found unsafe working conditions for women in the industry, who had to frequently deal with sexual harassment and sexual assault.

"BHP and Rio Tinto have sent female staff to these sites knowing there was a high risk of personal danger, and then punished them with demotion, dismissal or discrimination

The lead BHP applicant, who requested anonymity for the same reason, listed incidents of harassment in a statement and said she was often afraid to report the abuse. "There have been times I haven’t reported an incident for fear of what might happen to my career, my job and my personal safety," she said. The class actions were previously reported by the country's national broadcaster, the ABC.

BHP Sexual Harassment Allegations: Legal Scrutiny over NDAs in Lawsuits

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he lawsuits, centered on claims of BHP sexual harassment and misuse of Rio Tinto NDAs, highlight a broader reckoning for an industry already under scrutiny for workplace misconduct, environmental controversies, and its treatment of Indigenous heritage sites.

Brisbane-based law firm JGA Saddler filed class-action lawsuits this week, pointing to a pervasive culture of abuse

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within the mining giants’ Australian operations.

The lawsuits, centered on claims of BHP sexual harassment and misuse of Rio Tinto NDAs, highlight a broader reckoning for an industry already under scrutiny for workplace misconduct, environmental controversies, and its treatment of Indigenous heritage sites. Josh Aylward, the lead litigator at JGA Saddler, claims

that BHP and Rio Tinto pressured female employees into signing NDAs after reporting harassment, fostering a culture of fear and silence.

“Mining companies have pressured vulnerable workers to sign agreements because they feared losing their jobs or being blacklisted from the industry,” said Aylward. Both companies deny the current use of NDAs in harassment cases,

yet evidence suggests otherwise. Aylward revealed that many women worry these agreements might bar them from participating in the lawsuits.

“It’s common practice,” Aylward explained. “There’s a lot of other industries that have matured past the use of NDAs and realised that you have to front up for earlier sins.”

Allegations Against Industry Leaders The lawsuits shed light on harrowing accounts: One lead plaintiff in the BHP sexual harassment case alleges a male coworker urinated on her, another defecated in her presence, and she endured ongoing harassment via a two-way radio.

In the Rio Tinto NDAs case, the lead plaintiff alleges receiving explicit photos and videos from a colleague and facing professional repercussions after reporting the misconduct.

BHP’s 2024 annual report disclosed 471 global cases of sexual harassment, resulting in 103 employees being dismissed, resigning, or removed from sites. Rio Tinto similarly reported eight instances of rape or attempted sexual assault, emphasizing the sector’s persistent challenges despite corporate promises to improve.

Corporate Responses to Harassment Allegations In response to the lawsuits, BHP and Rio Tinto reiterated their commitment to

combating workplace harassment. BHP stated that it ceased using NDAs related to harassment in 2019 and no longer enforces older agreements. Rio Tinto echoed similar sentiments, asserting it would not enforce historic confidentiality clauses.

However, former BHP employee Angela Green offered a conflicting narrative. After reporting harassment, Green alleges she was dismissed under questionable circumstances and offered compensation contingent on signing an NDA. “BHP state office said if I signed it, they would clear my record and change it to say I resigned instead of being terminated,” Green stated.

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Broader Industry Impact The lawsuits follow a 2022 Western Australia government report that exposed rampant sexual harassment and assault at remote mining sites. The report painted a bleak picture of an industry where women often feel unsafe and unsupported. Critics argue that the reliance on NDAs reflects deeper cultural issues within the sector. “Silencing victims doesn’t solve the problem; it perpetuates it,” said Angela Freeman, a workplace ethics consultant.

Legal and Social Ramifications The class actions, filed in Federal Court, are set for preliminary hearings in February. Both BHP and Rio Tinto must notify all female employees since November 2003 about the proceedings, which could significantly expand the cases’ reach.

For the mining giants, the lawsuits are more than legal challenges—they threaten efforts to rebuild public trust after a series of high-profile controversies.

Experts suggest these cases could set a critical precedent for addressing workplace misconduct across the Australian mining sector.

Looking Ahead As the industry confronts allegations of BHP sexual harassment and misuse of Rio Tinto NDAs, experts predict these lawsuits could bring about systemic change in one of Australia’s most vital

industries. For victims, this is a step toward accountability and the possibility of a safer, more inclusive workplace.

But while the market may be in a waitand-see mode regarding the lawsuit, there is little doubt that both BHP and Rio have underperformed the broader Australian S&P/ASX 200 Index (.AXJO), opens new tab. BHP hit a record high of A$37.73 a share on April 13, 2011, amid the commodity boom led by China in

the recovery from the global financial crisis of 2008.

It then entered a downtrend until the beginning of 2016, and finally recovered to the same level it was at its 2011 peak

by December 2020 and the price has since rallied about 11.3% to Wednesday's close. Rio paints a similar story, having peaked just as the 2008 crisis was starting at A$111.79 a share on May 22, 2008.

BHP and Rio’s Transition Plans Threatened by Workforce Issues

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f BHP and Rio are to outperform the market they will have to convince investors that their plans to be leaders in the energy transition are viable and profitable. In theory there's no reason why the companies shouldn't be able to do this. Both are well positioned in key transition metals such as copper and aluminium, and are also building portfolios in other key metals such as lithium. While the process of turning iron ore into steel is carbon-intensive, both companies can argue that steel is also essential to the energy transition, and both are looking at ways to decarbonise the steel-making process.

But achieving the goal of being seen as vital to the energy transition also means having the necessary skilled workforce, and it's here that the lawsuit and the likely associated damaging revelations are a threat.

The more stories about appalling sexual behaviour on the part of some male workers at Australian mines, and the allegations that mid-level managers were more interested in covering this up rather than stamping it out, the harder it becomes to attract workers. Already miners are challenged by falling enrolments in key university courses, with research published last year by consultants McKinsey showing mining engineering graduates dropped by 63% in Australia between 2010 and 2018, and by 39% in the United States.

If the declining graduate numbers aren't bad enough, imagine trying to recruit young employees to work on remote mine sites, especially if what they recall from the media is stories of inappropriate behaviour, uncaring management and a poor culture. The risk for BHP, Rio and other miners is that they battle to find enough skilled staff, meaning they either have to pay considerably higher salaries, or try to convince increasingly wary governments of boosting immigration.

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FORGING THE FUTURE

The Evolving Role of Mining Professionals

IN A TRANSFORMATIVE ERA

The mining industry is undergoing a seismic shift, driven by global demands for critical minerals, advances in technology, and growing calls for environmental stewardship. As the backbone of modern infrastructure and green technologies, mining is no longer just about extracting resources—it is about navigating a complex web of challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world.

At the heart of this transformation are mining professionals, who now find themselves at the forefront of some of the most pressing global issues. From implementing cutting-edge technologies like automation and artificial intelligence to addressing the social and environmental

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impacts of mining, these professionals are redefining the industry’s image and relevance in the 21st century. Their work has become pivotal in balancing the growing demand for resources with the urgent need for sustainability and community engagement.

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he mining industry stands at a pivotal juncture, confronting a complex array of challenges and opportunities that are reshaping the roles and responsibilities of its professionals. As the global demand for critical minerals intensifies, driven by the transition to sustainable energy and advanced technologies, mining professionals are navigating an evolving landscape marked by technological innovation, workforce dynamics, and heightened environmental and regulatory expectations.

Mining professionals must adapt to a rapidly changing environment by embracing technological advancements, addressing workforce challenges, and committing to sustainable and ethical practices.

The industry's ability to navigate these complexities will determine its role in meeting global demands and contributing to economic and environmental goals.

This article dives deep into the dynamic role of mining professionals, exploring how they are driving innovation, tackling workforce challenges, and adapting to a world that demands more accountability and transparency than ever before.

Through the lens of current events, industry trends, and transformative initiatives, we examine how these individuals are shaping not only the future of mining but also the global transition to a more sustainable and equitable economy.

Technological Innovation and Automation In 2024, the integration of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated within the mining sector. The mining robotics market is projected to reach $218 billion by 2030, with robots being deployed across hauling, drilling, and blasting operations to enhance productivity and safety.

Companies like Rio Tinto have partnered with technology firms to leverage AI in mapping mineral deposits, optimizing value chains, and streamlining operations.

Workforce Dynamics and Skills Shortage Despite offering competitive salaries, the mining industry faces significant challenges in attracting and retaining skilled professionals. In Australia, for instance, the average wage in the resources sector is around AUD 150,000 per year, yet the industry struggles with labor shortages.

Misconceptions about the industry, anti-coal sentiment, and competition from other sectors contribute to this issue.

Efforts are underway to address these shortages by targeting

THE MINING INDUSTRY FACES rising demand for critical minerals and stricter environmental expectations. Professionals drive innovation, tackle workforce challenges, and adopt sustainable practices to balance global resource needs with economic and environmental responsibilities in a rapidly changing world.

school students to raise interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, emphasizing the industry's critical role in achieving net-zero emissions.

Diversity and Inclusion Challenges The push for greater diversity within the mining workforce encounters resistance, with some professionals expressing skepticism toward diversity initiatives.

This backlash, sometimes referred to as the "Andrew Tate effect," reflects broader societal debates and underscores the need for the industry to foster inclusive environments that value diverse perspectives. Leaders emphasize the importance of proactive change and supportive work environments to attract and retain diverse talent.

Environmental and Regulatory Pressures Environmental concerns are at the forefront, with mining activities contributing to deforestation and carbon emissions.

A World Resources Institute report reveals that from 2001 to 2020, mining caused the loss of nearly 1.4 million hectares of trees, particularly in tropical rainforests, releasing approximately 36 million tons of carbon dioxide annually.

The industry is under increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices and comply with stringent environmental regulations to mitigate these impacts.

Geopolitical and Economic Considerations Geopolitical dynamics significantly influence the mining sector, affecting supply chains and investment decisions. The concentration of critical minerals in geopolitically sensitive regions poses risks, prompting initiatives like the U.S.-led Minerals Security Partnership to secure supply chains.

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Additionally, economic policies and industrial relations reforms in countries like Australia impact the industry's competitiveness and operational efficiency.

Sustainability-Driven Innovations Mining companies are increasingly integrating sustainability into their core strategies. The industry is exploring innovative methods to minimize environmental footprints while maintaining production levels.

Key trends include the adoption of renewable energy sources for powering mines, water recycling systems, and the development of carbon capture technologies.

global competition. Similarly, Canada’s Critical Minerals Strategy, introduced in 2024, outlines investments aimed at bolstering exploration and production while maintaining stringent environmental standards.

Community Engagement and Indigenous Rights Mining companies are under increasing scrutiny regarding their impact on local communities and indigenous populations. Public protests and legal challenges often arise when operations disrupt cultural heritage sites or fail to adequately compensate affected communities.

Recent high-profile cases include the opposition to Rio Tinto’s One notable example is BHP’s ongoing trials in Western expansion plans in Serbia, where local activists and enviAustralia, where the company has partronmental groups have staged protests, nered with technology firms to develop citing concerns over water pollution electric mining trucks and renewaMINING and displacement. Mining professionals ble-powered processing plants. Such must navigate these challenges by fosprofessionals are initiatives not only reduce greenhouse tering transparent dialogues, ensuring embracing innovation gas emissions but also set a benchmark fair benefits for host communities, and for sustainable mining practices. and sustainability, adhering to ethical mining practices.

Critical Minerals and Energy Transition The global shift toward renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the demand for critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel.

Countries are ramping up their mining capabilities to secure these resources, which are essential for batteries and clean energy storage systems.

addressing workforce gaps, and meeting global demands for critical minerals, shaping the industry's role in advancing a greener, equitable future.

In recent news, the U.S. Department of Energy announced a $1 billion fund to support domestic critical mineral projects.

This move aligns with efforts to reduce dependency on imports and create a resilient supply chain amid escalating

Reskilling the Workforce As automation and AI continue to redefine job roles within the mining industry, reskilling and upskilling programs are becoming essential.

Companies are investing in training programs to equip workers with the technical skills required for operating advanced machinery and interpreting data analytics.

For example, Anglo American’s “FutureSmart Mining” program offers comprehensive training modules focusing on digital literacy, robotics, and sustainable mining practices.

These efforts aim to create a workforce that is adaptable and capable of thriving in a technologically advanced industry.

A Transformative Era for Mining Professionals Mining industry professionals are at the forefront of a transformative era, balancing technological advancements, sustainability imperatives, and workforce evolution. As the sector responds to global challenges and opportunities,

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professionals must remain adaptable, innovative, and committed to fostering ethical and sustainable practices.

The journey ahead promises to be both demanding and rewarding, with the potential to redefine mining as a

cornerstone of global economic development and environmental stewardship. By embracing collaboration and innovation, mining professionals will play a pivotal role in shaping the industry’s future.

The Role of Women in Mining Efforts to increase female participation in mining are gaining momentum, driven by diversity initiatives and the recognition of the value of varied perspectives.

In 2025, women will represent about 17% of the global mining workforce—a figure that is slowly increasing but still far from equitable.

Organizations like Women in Mining (WIM) are advocating for policies that support gender equality, including flexible work arrangements, mentorship programs, and leadership development. The inclusion of women in traditionally male-dominated roles is not only a matter of equity but also a strategic move to address the sector’s talent shortages.

A Deeper Dive into Sustainability-Driven Innovations Sustainability has become more than a buzzword for the mining industry—it is a mandate that dictates the operational and strategic priorities of leading companies.

The global focus on climate change and environmental responsibility has pressured mining professionals to re-

think traditional practices and embrace transformative technologies.

The push toward renewable energy integration is reshaping mining operations worldwide. For instance, Anglo American’s Mogalakwena mine in South Africa, the largest openpit platinum mine globally, has integrated solar power to reduce its carbon footprint.

Similarly, Chile’s copper mines, such as those operated by Codelco, have adopted renewable energy solutions, including solar and wind farms, to achieve carbon neutrality targets by 2040.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are also gaining traction. Mining companies are exploring ways to use CCS to offset emissions from fossil fuel-dependent operations. For example, Rio Tinto’s partnership with academic institutions aims to enhance CCS in smelting processes, aligning with broader net-zero commitments.

Critical Minerals: The New Oil Critical minerals like lithium, rare earth elements, cobalt, and nickel have been dubbed the “new oil” due to their essential role in green technologies. The rapid adoption of

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electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbines, and solar panels has triggered unprecedented demand, creating a critical minerals race among nations.

In response, the U.S., through its Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), has incentivized domestic critical minerals production to reduce reliance on Chinese imports.

The act has spurred investments in lithium mining projects in Nevada and North Carolina, with Tesla and General Motors entering direct partnerships with mining companies to secure supplies.

Internationally, Australia remains a powerhouse in lithium production, accounting for over 50% of the global supply.

Companies like Pilbara Minerals are expanding operations to meet surging demand.

Meanwhile, Chile and Argentina, key players in the “Lithium Triangle,” are negotiating nationalization policies to retain more economic benefits from mining activities.

Community Engagement: A Critical Imperative The social license to operate (SLO) has become a decisive factor for mining projects. Mining professionals must prioritize meaningful community engagement to avoid operational disruptions and ensure equitable benefits for affected populations.

A notable recent event is the continued resistance to deep-sea mining in the Pacific.

Local communities, environmental NGOs, and some Pacific Island nations are opposing these ventures due to the uncertain ecological impacts on marine biodiversity.

Mining professionals face mounting challenges in balancing resource extraction with preserving oceanic ecosystems.

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Moreover, indigenous rights are gaining attention in key mining regions. In Canada, the First Nations-led Guardian Watchmen programs monitor environmental impacts of mining on their lands.

Such initiatives are redefining how companies approach partnerships with indigenous communities, promoting co-governance and shared decision-making.

Reshaping Workforce Dynamics Automation and digitization are radically altering mining workforce requirements.

Traditional mining jobs, characterized by manual labor and high physical risks, are giving way to roles focused on technology, safety, and environmental stewardship.

A critical aspect of this transformation is the reskilling of existing employees.

ESG compliance is not only a corporate responsibility but also a competitive advantage, attracting investors seeking sustainable practices. Recent innovations include blockchain-based traceability systems that ensure ethically sourced minerals.

Companies like Glencore and Trafigura are piloting blockchain solutions to provide end-to-end transparency in their supply chains, particularly for conflict minerals like cobalt. On the social front, efforts are underway to improve working conditions in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM).

Initiatives like Fairmined Certification provide a framework for ethical practices, benefitting local miners and ensuring that supply chains align with international standards.

BHP’s Training Academy in Queensland, Australia, is a prime example, offering programs to transition workers into roles such as drone operators, remote equipment pilots, and data analysts.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Mining Professionals

These programs not only future-proof the workforce but also address the growing skills shortage in the industry.

Technological expertise, environmental consciousness, and strong communication skills are becoming prerequisites for success in this evolving field. The next decade will likely see increased collaboration between mining professionals, governments, and civil society to address pressing global challenges.

The role of women in mining is also evolving. Programs like Gold Fields’ South Deep’s Women in Mining initiative have been pivotal in increasing female participation, providing mentorship, and ensuring workplace safety for women.

By breaking down barriers to entry and offering leadership opportunities, the industry is slowly working toward gender parity.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Trends Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria have become integral to investment decisions, influencing how mining companies operate and report their activities.

As the mining industry undergoes rapid transformation, professionals are tasked with navigating uncharted territories.

The focus will be on striking a balance between meeting growing resource demands and preserving ecosystems, ensuring that mining remains a cornerstone of global progress.

In this transformative era, mining professionals are not just resource extractors but stewards of sustainable development, technological innovation, and ethical practices. The industry’s ability to adapt and evolve will determine its relevance and resilience in a rapidly changing world.

Mining Industry Faces High Injury Rates Amid Gaps in Training THIS STANDS ABOVE THE GLOBAL AVERAGE OF 18%, highlighting the persistent risks faced by workers in an industry that remains essential to the global economy and the ongoing energy transition, underscoring the need for improved mining occupational safety.

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he mining and quarrying sector remains one of the most hazardous industries, with nearly a quarter of workers reporting injuries over the past two years. According to the Lloyd’s Register Foundation World Risk Poll, mining ranks as the third most dangerous occupation globally, with a harm rate of 21%, trailing only fishing (24%) and construction (22%). This exceeds the global average of 18%, highlighting the persistent risks faced by workers in an essential industry crucial to the energy transition.

Safety Gaps Despite Progress Despite some advances in occupational safety training (OST), significant gaps remain that threaten worker well-being.

The poll, conducted across 142 countries with over 147,000 respondents, revealed that 48% of mining workers received OSH training—above the global average of 30%. However, 43% reported having no formal safety training, leaving them vulnerable in a high-risk industry.

newable energy and EV batteries has intensified mining activity, further increasing the urgency of addressing safety challenges.

Strengthening Training and Reporting Systems Improving safety requires robust training and harm-reporting systems. Tim Slingsby of Lloyd’s Register Foundation highlighted the importance of regular, updated training and better reporting mechanisms to reduce injuries. Tools such as AI-driven monitoring systems can detect hazards early and optimize safety procedures, particularly in regions with weaker safety regulations.

The GMG advocates for innovative solutions like AI-driven systems and comprehensive training programs, ensuring compliance with safety standards even in remote operations.

Emerging Challenges and Broader Safety Improvements The 2024 Engineering Safer Workplaces report outlines additional challenges, including resilience to severe weather events exacerbated by climate change and better waste management practices to mitigate risks to workers and nearby communities.

The findings underscore the need for safety reforms, with industry leaders pushing for universal adoption of innovations such as predictive AI systems and advanced training. Ensuring consistent implementation across both large-scale operations and smaller enterprises is key to improving outcomes.

As mining’s role in the global energy transition grows, improving occupational safety is essential. Leaders must enhance training, adopt technological innovations, and foster collaboration to protect workers and secure the industry’s future. Unified action is vital to ensuring mining remains safe and sustainable for the clean energy revolution.

“Safety must remain a non-negotiable priority,” emphasized Mark O’Brien, Chair of the Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG). Collaboration and knowledge-sharing are vital to ensuring safe workplaces. The demand for critical minerals like lithium and cobalt for re-

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C H I N A R A R E M E TA L S E X P O R T B A N

U.S.-Canada Critical Mineral Trade Fuels Calls for Cooperation China’s decision to restrict exports of gallium, germanium, and other rare metals to the U.S. has reignited concerns over North America’s reliance on Beijing for critical minerals.

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he Mining Association of Canada (MAC) is urging closer trade cooperation between Canada and the United States, warning that escalating trade tensions threaten the security and reliability of essential supply chains.

The U.S.-Canada critical mineral trade is now more critical than ever, especially as China’s rare metals export ban continues to disrupt global markets.

A Vulnerable Supply Chain China’s export ban underscores the global dependence on its rare metal production. Gallium and germanium, critical to industries such as fiber optics, space exploration, and military technology, have few substitute materials, making supply chain disruptions particularly damaging.

Most satellites, for instance, rely on germanium-based solar cells, and night-vision goggles depend on its unique optical properties.

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Between 2019 and 2022, Canada supplied nearly half of the U.S.’s germanium imports, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. This role has grown increasingly vital as Teck Resources, one of the world’s largest germanium producers, looks to expand output to fill gaps left by China’s rare metals export ban.

Rising Trade Tensions The call for collaboration comes amid rising trade friction. President-elect Donald Trump has threatened 25% tariffs on Canadian and Mexican goods unless stricter measures are taken to curb migration and fentanyl trafficking.

For Canada, which exported more than CA$80 billion ($56.9 billion USD) in minerals to the U.S. in 2022, such tariffs could severely disrupt trade.

“Tariffs risk exacerbating vulnerabilities in critical mineral supply chains that both nations are working to address,” Gratton noted, adding that North Amer-

ican industries rely on uninterrupted access to these resources for competitiveness.

Securing North America’s Critical Minerals Both the U.S. and Canada have identified securing critical mineral supply chains as a national priority. Rare metals like germanium and gallium are central to emerging technologies, including renewable energy systems, defense applications, and semiconductors.

However, the U.S. remains heavily reliant on imports for these materials, with China dominating global production and processing.

The recent geopolitical rift highlights the need for diversification. Canada’s resource-rich economy and established mining infrastructure make it a natural partner for the U.S. in reducing reliance on Chinese exports. Increased investment in Canadian mining and process-

supply shocks caused by external pressures like China’s rare metals export ban.

Building a Resilient Future China’s export ban is a wake-up call for North America to accelerate its critical mineral strategy. Deepening U.S.-Canada cooperation could provide a pathway to greater resource independence, ben-

efiting industries on both sides of the border. “This is a moment for Canada and the U.S. to lead together,” Gratton said.

While the path forward will require substantial investment and policy coordination, the opportunity to build a resilient, sustainable supply chain has never been more urgent—or more attainable.

China Imposes Its Most Stringent Critical Minerals Export Restrictions On Tuesday, December 3, China announced stringent export restrictions on “dual-use” technologies for both civilian and military use, specifically targeted at the United States. These restrictions double down on previously announced controls on these metals, going so far as to ban shipments of antimony, gallium, and germanium to the United States.

ing could offer a sustainable solution to bolstering North American supply chains and enhancing the U.S.-Canada critical mineral trade.

Industry Response Teck Resources has already signaled its intent to boost germanium production to meet growing demand. However, scaling up will require significant investment in infrastructure and regulatory support.

Simultaneously, companies like Barrick Gold and BHP Group are looking to align their operations with North America’s strategic goals for critical mineral independence.

The new restrictions marked several firsts in the trade war—the first time Chinese critical minerals export restrictions were targeted at the United States rather than all countries and the first time restrictions on critical minerals were a direct response to restrictions on advanced technologies.

Critical mineral security is now intrinsically linked to the escalating tech trade war.

China’s announcement comes on the heels of the Biden administration’s crackdown this week on the Chinese semiconductor industry, the latest retaliatory action in a tit-for-tat technology trade war that has permeated throughout the Biden administration. Therefore, this week’s announcement from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce should not be viewed as a stand-alone development, but rather the latest move in a series of punitive export controls, justified by both nations as national security imperatives.

The urgency of addressing supply chain vulnerabilities is further underscored by the evolving geopolitical landscape.

As nations ramp up investment in clean energy and advanced technologies, access to critical minerals will shape both economic resilience and national security.

Strengthening the U.S.-Canada critical mineral trade could help mitigate future

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A Strategic Imperative

Revitalizing the U.S. Uranium Mining Industry As Donald Trump prepares for a potential return to the White House, his nomination of Christopher Wright as Secretary of Energy signals a bold push to revive the U.S. uranium mining industry. the Caspian Sea. The Biden administration allocated $2.7 billion to expand uranium resources and conversion capacity but neglected domestic uranium mining. Trump seeks to correct this oversight and unlock untapped U.S. uranium reserves.

Untapped Potential in U.S. Uranium Resources TRUMP’S PLAN TO REVITALIZE U.S. URANIUM MINING aims to reduce reliance on unstable global markets, unlock domestic reserves, and modernize energy production through small modular reactors (SMRs). By overcoming regulatory and geopolitical challenges, he envisions a sustainable nuclear renaissance.

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he Biden administration’s ban on Russian uranium imports has exposed vulnerabilities in the U.S. uranium supply chain. While the move reduces reliance on Russian energy, it highlights the need for domestic uranium production—a gap Trump’s policies aim to address by positioning the U.S. as a leader in nuclear energy.

Global Uranium Supply Chain Disruptions The global uranium market faces profound challenges. Russia, accounting for 44% of uranium conversion and en-

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Skillings.net | January 2025

richment capacity in 2023, has become unreliable due to geopolitical tensions.

The U.S., historically reliant on imports, produced only 5% of its uranium last year. Its supply sources included Canada (27%), Australia and Kazakhstan (22% each), and Uzbekistan (10%).

Adding to the instability, Niger, producing 5% of global uranium, has restricted French access to uranium, while traditional transit routes through Russia face heightened risks. In response, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have sought alternative, costlier routes via China or

Northern Arizona holds some of the richest uranium deposits globally, known for high-grade ore and minimal environmental impact. However, the Biden administration’s establishment of the Baaj Nwaavjo I’tah Kukveni National Monument restricted access to these resources. Energy Fuel Resources, operating Arizona’s only active uranium mine, describes these deposits as “clean energy assets,” yet federal policies have stymied their development.

Private-sector efforts offer some hope.

Uranium Energy Corporation (UEC) recently acquired former Russian-owned assets in Wyoming, adding 69 million pounds of uranium oxide reserves and facilities capable of producing 2.5 million pounds annually.

Trump’s Vision: A Domestic Uranium Renaissance Trump has long championed U.S. uranium production. In 2020, he proposed a $1.5 billion national stockpile of domesti-

cally mined uranium, citing national security concerns. He also promoted small modular reactors (SMRs) as solutions for energy-intensive sectors like artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency.

Christopher Wright, Trump’s nominee for Secretary of Energy, reinforces this vision. A pro-nuclear advocate with ties to advanced reactor developer Oklo Inc., Wright has extensive experience in energy-intensive industries. His focus on SMRs aligns with Trump’s plans to modernize the U.S. energy landscape.

Reviving U.S. uranium mining faces hurdles: Regulatory Delays: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has faced criticism for its slow approval processes.

Public Opposition: Resistance to mining projects remains a significant barrier.

To address these, Trump plans to nominate two new NRC commissioners to accelerate regulatory timelines and shape the future of uranium production.

Alberta’s New Coal Mining Rules Draw Praise & Scrutiny Alberta’s Coal Industry Modernization Initiative (CIMI) aims to balance environmental stewardship with economic growth.

T

he plan bans mountaintop removal mining, blocks new open-pit mines in the foothills, and raises coal royalties to address environmental concerns like selenium contamination, a toxic byproduct of coal mining. The contentious Grassy Mountain project in Crowsnest Pass has sparked debate. While locals support it for economic benefits, environmentalists warn about selenium’s impact on aquatic ecosystems. Alberta Energy and Minerals Minister Brian Jean emphasized avoiding mistakes like those in British Columbia’s Elk Valley, where selenium contamination has devastated waterways.

“If anything is allowed in such a geography, they must have a plan to contain the selenium first,” Jean told The Western Standard. The Grassy Mountain proposal includes innovative measures such as using water from a brownfield pond and managing selenium-laden tailings. Still, critics like NDP leader Naheed Nenshi remain skeptical, questioning whether selenium leaching can ever be fully mitigated.

“There is not one project anywhere in the world that can fully prevent selenium from leaking into water,” Nenshi stated.

Despite challenges, industry leaders remain optimistic. Scott Melbye, UEC executive vice president, predicts a doubling of nuclear energy generation and uranium demand within two decades, stating, “The fundamentals behind the supply and demand of uranium have never been more bullish.”

The U.S. uranium industry stands at a turning point. Geopolitical instability and rising energy demands have created an urgent need for domestic production.

Trump’s initiatives could spark a uranium renaissance, reduce reliance on volatile markets, and secure America’s energy future. By leveraging SMRs and sustainable practices, the U.S. can lead the global nuclear energy sector while driving 21st-century innovation.

The Economic Argument For Crowsnest Pass residents, the Grassy Mountain project represents a lifeline for jobs and economic revival. Coal mining has long been vital to the region, and many locals view the project as essential to preserving their way of life.

A Broader Context CIMI positions Alberta as a leader in responsible coal mining. The initiative aligns with global pushes for sustainable resource extraction, but critics argue it still carries significant risks, particularly regarding selenium containment.

As federal regulators watch closely, Alberta’s handling of Grassy Mountain will shape the future of its coal industry and signal its commitment to sustainable development in a resource-driven economy.

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THE TECH INNOVATIONS CHANGING MINING FOREVER

Green & Smart

The mining industry is at the cusp of a technological revolution, transforming how resources are extracted, processed, and delivered to global markets. Once reliant on manual labor and traditional methods, today’s mining operations are driven by cutting-edge innovations, from autonomous fleets and AI-powered exploration to hydrogen-fueled machinery and digital twin technology.

Similarly, BHP Group plans to trial Caterpillar's new Cat Dynamic Energy Transfer (DET) system on its mining trucks.

This technology offers energy transfer capabilities to both diesel-electric and battery-electric trucks during operation, aiming to lower operational costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Autonomous and RemoteControlled Machinery The adoption of autonomous and remote-controlled equipment is enhancing safety and productivity. Anglo American is piloting remote-control technology for dozer operations at its Capcoal Complex in Queensland. This system allows operators to control dozers from a safe distance, reducing the risk of accidents associated with manual operation.

In another development, Australian Droid and Robot (ADR) has secured a $2 million investment to expand the production of its mine-monitoring robots.

These robots are designed to operate in harsh conditions, collecting data without halting operations, thereby improving safety and efficiency.

Artificial Intelligence in Mineral Exploration

A

s companies face increasing pressure to meet environmental, economic, and safety standards, these advancements are not just optional—they are essential. We explore the groundbreaking technologies shaping the future of mining, highlighting their role in enhancing efficiency, reducing carbon footprints, and ensuring safer workplaces, while addressing the challenges and opportunities of this new era.

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Skillings.net | January 2025

Electrification of Mining Equipment A notable shift is the move towards electrifying mining fleets to reduce carbon emissions. Fortescue Metals Group has entered a $2.8 billion partnership with Liebherr to acquire 360 autonomous battery-electric trucks, 55 electric excavators, and 60 battery-powered dozers. This initiative is part of Fortescue's strategy to eliminate emissions from its Australian iron ore operations by 2030.

Artificial intelligence is playing a pivotal role in mineral exploration. KoBold Metals, a Silicon Valley startup, is utilizing AI to locate critical minerals such as copper and lithium. By analyzing vast datasets, AI algorithms can identify potential mineral deposits more accurately and efficiently than traditional methods.

Innovations in Equipment Maintenance Advancements in maintenance technology are extending the lifespan of mining equipment. Mechatronix, in partnership with Thiess, has developed

carbon-fiber reinforcement kits that enhance the durability and load capacity of mining machinery. This innovation supports the industry's move towards decarbonization by replacing heavy steel components with lighter, durable alternatives.

The integration of these technologies signifies a new era in mining, characterized by increased automation, reduced environmental impact, and improved safety standards. As companies continue to invest in and adopt these innovations, the mining industry is set to become more efficient and sustainable, meeting the evolving demands of the global economy.

The rapid integration of innovative technology in the mining sector is not just a trend but a necessity in addressing the modern challenges of resource extraction, sustainability, and workforce safety. As we delve deeper into these advancements, several other groundbreaking developments highlight the industry's evolution.

Real-Time Data and IoT Integration Mining companies are leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) to optimize operations through real-time data collection and analysis. IoT-enabled equipment can provide continuous updates on machinery performance, geological conditions, and operational efficiency.

For instance, Rio Tinto’s "Mine of the Future" program integrates IoT sensors across its Pilbara operations in Australia.

These sensors enable remote monitoring of equipment, reducing downtime and preventing costly failures. Rio Tinto has reported a 15% improvement in productivity through the use of these technologies, setting a benchmark for the industry.

drogen fuel cell and lithium-ion battery system, achieving zero emissions while maintaining robust performance.

The success of this pilot project is encouraging other mining giants to explore hydrogen solutions. Komatsu is collaborating with multiple firms to develop hydrogen-powered dozers and excavators, with plans for large-scale deployment by 2026.

3D Printing for Equipment Maintenance 3D printing is revolutionizing how mining companies manage spare parts and equipment maintenance. Caterpillar has implemented 3D printing to produce critical components on demand, reducing lead times and minimizing the need for extensive inventories. This approach is particularly beneficial for remote mining sites where logistics challenges can delay maintenance operations.

Notably, South32, a mining and metals company, has partnered with the University of Wollongong in Australia to research the use of 3D-printed titanium parts in mining machinery. Titanium's lightweight and durable properties make it ideal for replacing heavier steel components, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

Drone Technology for Exploration and Monitoring Drones are playing an increasingly significant role in mining operations, offering cost-effective solutions for exploration, surveying, and safety monitoring. Barrick Gold has deployed

Similarly, Sandvik’s AutoMine® system for underground loaders and trucks uses IoT and automation to create a connected network of vehicles. This system not only ensures efficient fleet coordination but also enhances worker safety by automating hazardous tasks.

Hydrogen-Powered Equipment Hydrogen fuel cells are emerging as a cleaner alternative to diesel engines in heavy mining machinery. Anglo American unveiled its NuGen Zero Emission Haulage Solution (ZEHS), the world’s largest hydrogen-powered mining truck, at its Mogalakwena platinum mine in South Africa. This truck, capable of hauling 290 tonnes, is powered by a hybrid hy-

37

drones equipped with LiDAR technology to map out mineral-rich zones across its operations in Nevada. These drones can cover vast areas quickly, providing detailed geological data that aids in precision mining.

Mining 4.0: The Era of Digital Transformation The mining industry is transitioning into what experts call “Mining 4.0,” a phase driven by digital transformation and advanced technologies. This evolution incorporates automation, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and advanced analytics to create smart, interconnected mining operations.

1. Autonomous Fleets and Operations Additionally, drones are being used to inspect hard-to-reach areas, such as deep underground tunnels or high-altitude mining sites. This application not only improves safety by keeping workers out of hazardous environments but also speeds up the inspection process.

Collaborative Robotics (Cobots)

Autonomous vehicles are at the forefront of Mining 4.0. Companies like Komatsu and Caterpillar are leading the charge with fully autonomous haulage trucks.

Komatsu’s FrontRunner system, which supports over 400 autonomous trucks worldwide, operates on AI algorithms that optimize routes and increase payload efficiency, achieving significant cost reductions and operational improvements.

In addition to trucks, autonomous drills and loaders are becoming standard.

Epiroc’s SmartROC series drills employ AI for real-time optimization, adjusting drilling parameters based on ground conditions. These systems reduce energy consumption while improving drilling precision.

The introduction of collaborative robots, or cobots, is enhancing human-machine collaboration in mining. Unlike traditional robots, cobots are designed to work alongside human operators, handling repetitive or dangerous tasks.

For example, Vale, a Brazilian mining company, is piloting cobots in its nickel processing plants to automate tasks like material sorting and chemical handling, reducing exposure to harmful substances.

Challenges and Future Outlook While the adoption of these technologies promises substantial benefits, the mining industry faces challenges such as high initial costs, integration complexities, and the need for skilled personnel to manage advanced systems. Moreover, regulatory frameworks must adapt to ensure the safe and ethical use of emerging technologies.

Looking ahead, the continued convergence of artificial intelligence, robotics, and sustainable practices will shape the future of mining. The industry's commitment to innovation is evident, with global investments in mining technology projected to exceed $7 billion by 2025. As the world demands more sustainable and efficient resource extraction, mining companies are proving that they can rise to the challenge through ingenuity and determination.

The ongoing evolution of mining technology not only redefines how resources are extracted but also sets a precedent for other industries to follow in balancing progress with environmental and social responsibility.

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Skillings.net | January 2025

2. Digital Twins in Mining Digital twin technology, which creates virtual replicas of physical assets, is revolutionizing mining asset management.

By simulating operations and conditions, digital twins help operators predict failures, optimize performance, and streamline decision-making processes.

For instance, Vale has implemented digital twin technology at its iron ore mines in Brazil. This integration has reduced maintenance downtime by 20% and increased equipment lifespan by enabling predictive maintenance. As the technology matures, more mining companies are expected to adopt it to enhance their operations.

Sustainability as a Core Driver of Innovation Environmental concerns and stricter regulations are pressuring the mining sector to adopt greener practices.

Technology is proving to be a critical enabler in achieving sustainability goals.

1. C arbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Carbon capture technology is gaining traction in mining operations, particularly in emissions-heavy activities such as smelting.

Rio Tinto is piloting CCS technologies at its aluminum smelters in Quebec, aiming to capture and repurpose over 90% of emitted CO₂. This aligns with the company’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

2. Water Recycling Systems Water scarcity is another pressing issue in mining. Advanced water recycling technologies, such as those developed by Metso Outotec, are enabling mines to reuse up to 90% of their water.

Safety and Worker Empowerment Technology not only transforms machinery but also revolutionizes the workplace, prioritizing worker safety and empowerment.

1. Wearable Technology

2. V irtual Reality (VR) Training

Wearable devices equipped with sensors monitor workers’ health and environmental conditions in real time.

Virtual reality is becoming an essential tool for training mining personnel. Companies like Teck Resources are using VR to simulate mining environments, allowing workers to gain hands-on experience without exposing them to actual risks.

Freeport-McMoRan has deployed smart helmets that track fatigue levels, heart rate, and exposure to harmful gases, enabling early intervention and accident prevention.

These are revolutionizing workplace safety by providing data-driven insights to mitigate risks effectively.

This technology is particularly valuable for training on emergency scenarios, such as mine collapses or chemical spills.

Energy-Efficient Innovations Mining machinery manufacturers are focusing on energy efficiency to meet both economic and environmental goals.

1. Advanced Crushing and Grinding Technology Crushing and grinding are some of the most energy-intensive processes in mining.

Innovations such as High-Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) are reducing energy consumption by up to 40%. FLSmidth’s HPGR systems, used in mineral processing plants worldwide, offer energy-efficient solutions while maintaining high throughput rates.

This is particularly critical in arid regions where water is a limited resource. AngloGold Ashanti has implemented similar systems at its mines in Ghana, significantly reducing water consumption while maintaining operational efficiency.

3. Renewable Energy Integration Mining companies are increasingly investing in renewable energy projects to power their operations. Gold Fields’ Agnew mine in Australia, for instance, operates on a microgrid powered by wind, solar, and battery storage, reducing the mine’s reliance on diesel fuel.

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Future Challenges and Opportunities Despite these advancements, the mining industry faces hurdles such as high implementation costs, cybersecurity threats, and resistance to change in traditionally manual operations.

However, the long-term benefits—ranging from cost savings and enhanced productivity to reduced environmental impact—make these investments worthwhile.

Additionally, governments and international organizations are increasingly incentivizing sustainable mining practices through grants, tax breaks, and certifications. The European Union’s Green Mining Initiative, for example, promotes the adoption of low-impact technologies and sustainable practices across member states.

The mining industry stands at the intersection of tradition and transformation. As new technologies continue to emerge, they not only improve operational efficiency but also align the industry with global sustainability goals. From autonomous fleets and AI-driven exploration to hydrogen-powered machinery and digital twins, the innovations shaping mining today will define its future.

2. Fuel Alternatives In addition to hydrogen, ammonia is emerging as a potential fuel alternative for mining vehicles. Australian mining company Fortescue Future Industries is exploring ammonia-powered trucks as part of its strategy to transition to zero-carbon fuels by 2030.

AI and Big Data Revolutionizing Exploration Artificial intelligence is making mineral exploration faster, cheaper, and more accurate.

1. AI-Powered Exploration Startups like Earth AI and mining giants like Rio Tinto are leveraging AI to analyze geological data and identify high-potential exploration zones. This technology reduces the need for expensive and invasive exploratory drilling by providing precise target locations.

2. Cloud Computing for Data Analysis Cloud-based platforms are enabling seamless data sharing and analysis across mining operations. IBM’s Watson platform, for instance, provides real-time insights into ore grades, equipment health, and market trends, allowing companies to make data-driven decisions swiftly.

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Skillings.net | January 2025

Mining companies that embrace this technological revolution are poised to lead in a competitive, resource-driven world while demonstrating that sustainable practices and profitability can go hand in hand. For those willing to invest in change, the rewards are immense—ushering in a new era of mining that balances productivity with responsibility.

COPPER-GOLD

Rio Tinto and Sumitomo Join Forces to Propel the Winu Project RIO TINTO AND SUMITOMO METAL MINING (SMM) have announced a strategic collaboration on the Winu coppergold project located in Western Australia’s Great Sandy Desert. As part of the partnership, SMM will acquire a 30% equity stake in the project for $399 million.

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his agreement bolsters the future of the Winu copper-gold project while marking a broader strategic collaboration between two mining industry leaders.

A Strategic Stake in a Promising Asset The joint venture designates Rio Tinto as the managing partner for Winu, overseeing its development and operation. SMM will contribute $195 million upfront and $204 million in deferred payments tied to project milestones. First discovered

by Rio Tinto in 2017, Winu is a low-risk, long-life deposit with significant growth potential beyond its initial phase.

Strategically located near Rio Tinto’s Pilbara iron ore operations, the project benefits from logistical and operational synergies, leveraging existing infrastructure for streamlined development.

Katie Jackson, Rio Tinto’s Copper Chief Executive, remarked, “This partnership brings valuable expertise and helps derisk our investment in Winu. We are excited to collaborate further to create value across the metals and minerals supply chain.”

Hideyuki Okamoto, SMM’s General Manager of the Mineral Resources Division, added, “This collaboration renews our

relationship with Rio Tinto and aligns with our shared goals of innovation and growth in critical minerals.”

Beyond Copper: A Broader Partnership Alongside the joint venture, Rio Tinto and SMM have signed a letter of intent to explore opportunities in copper, base metals, and lithium to address growing demand for energy transition minerals critical to renewable energy and electrification.

Copper’s importance to electric vehicles, renewable energy grids, and decarbonization technologies underscores the Winu project’s strategic value, poised to contribute significantly to global supply chains as demand continues to outpace production.

Sustainability and Community Engagement Responsible development is central to the Winu project. Rio Tinto is negotiating with the Nyangumarta Traditional Owners to ensure local community benefits, including frameworks for engagement, benefit-sharing, and cultural heritage protection.

The pre-feasibility study targets an initial processing capacity of 10 million

tonnes annually and is set to conclude in 2025. In parallel, Rio Tinto will submit an Environmental Review Document to Western Australia’s Environmental Protection Authority, ensuring adherence to rigorous sustainability standards.

Regulatory Approvals and Development Timeline The joint venture agreement is subject to regulatory approvals and standard conditions, with definitive agreements expected by mid-2025. These approvals will pave the way for timely project development, ensuring that Winu’s strategic potential is realized without delay.

Implications for the Mining Sector This partnership positions Winu as a vital asset in the global copper and gold markets. For Rio Tinto, it reduces project risks and leverages SMM’s technical expertise. For SMM, it strengthens its base metals portfolio amid rising competition for strategic minerals.

Experts see this as a signal of increased collaboration between mining companies to address supply chain vulnerabilities for energy transition minerals.

Positioning for the Future The Rio Tinto-SMM partnership for the Winu copper-gold project reflects a commitment to innovation, sustainability, and collaboration. As the renewable energy transition accelerates, projects like Winu highlight the importance of sustainable resource development for a cleaner, more energy-efficient future.

 Mining Trends in 2024

Transformative Forces Shaping the Industry Mining trends in 2024 come with several transformative developments that stood out as the industry closes the books on the year. From decarbonization challenges to advancements in automation and the growing demand for critical minerals, the sector demonstrated resilience and innovation while grappling with external pressures.

M

ining companies made significant strides toward net-zero emissions, but 2024 highlighted the complexity of decarbonizing such a resource-intensive industry—one of the defining mining trends in 2024.

Rio Tinto, for instance, revealed challenges in meeting its 2025 goal of a 15% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions from 2018 levels. “It takes time to deliver such complex and large-scale structural changes to our energy system,” said Jakob Stausholm, the company’s CEO. BHP maintained its ambition of a 30% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2030 from 2020 levels, reaffirming its ultimate goal of achieving net-zero by 2050.

Martina Raveni, a strategic analyst at GlobalData, noted that most miners are targeting a 30% emissions reduction by 2030. Achieving such milestones, however, will require unprecedented

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Skillings.net | January 2025

shifts in energy sourcing and operational efficiency.

address workforce shortages and improving safety standards.

Digital Transformation: AI and Automation

The mining robotics market is projected to reach $218 billion by 2030. Robots were deployed across hauling, drilling, and blasting operations, reducing human involvement in hazardous tasks and enhancing productivity.

AI’s Growing Role Digital innovation continued to reshape operations, with artificial intelligence (AI) leading the charge—one of the defining mining trends of 2024.

Rio Tinto partnered with Fleet Space Technologies to leverage AI in mapping lithium deposits in Argentina using advanced 3D imaging.

AI further optimized miners’ value chains by streamlining exploration, production, and processing. Dan Evans, CIO at Rio Tinto, highlighted AI’s transformative ability to identify constraints and maximize output efficiency.

Automation Boom Automation emerged as a key trend within mining trends in 2024, helping

Service robots became a growth driver, with GlobalData’s Robotics in Mining report underscoring their significance.

Soaring Demand for Battery Minerals The green energy transition intensified demand for battery minerals, particularly lithium—making this one of the pivotal mining trends in 2024.

Global lithium production is forecast to grow at a CAGR of nearly 14% through 2030. However, supply constraints persist. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that lithium production must reach 530kt annually by the

Mining trends reshape global supply Shifting dynamics in geopolitics, technology, and sustainability redefine the mining industry. Adaptation to resource nationalism, market volatility, and ESG imperatives is critical for securing supply chains and supporting the global energy transition.

Path Forward: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities In 2024, the mining industry faced a dynamic landscape shaped by geopolitical tensions, technological advancements, and soaring demand for critical minerals vital to the energy transition.

Geopolitical Dynamics and Resource Nationalism

Technological Integration

Environmental & ESG Focus

Market Volatility and Labor Challenges

Resource nationalism surged, with countries restricting exports to control supply and prices. Indonesia proposed

Adoption of automation, IoT, and AI revolutionized mining operations, enhancing efficiency and safety.

Blockchain technology also gained traction, improving transparency in mineral supply chains.

Sustainability took center stage. Efforts to reduce carbon footprints included electrifying mining equipment and integrating renewable energy. However, contentious practices like deep-sea mining drew heightened scrutiny.

Fluctuating commodity markets, driven by China's economic slowdown, and labor shortages, particularly in Canada, tested the industry's resilience. Companies worked to attract diverse talent and promote advancements in safety and sustainability.

sharp cuts in nickel mining to boost global prices, while China imposed antimony export restrictions, leveraging resources for strategic gains.

decade’s end, compared to a projected 500kt. Companies like Nemaska Lithium and Metso spearheaded innovation in lithium recovery technologies to meet strict environmental standards.

The International Lithium Association’s projection of 4,000kt demand by 2035 highlights the staggering implications of the energy transition for miners globally.

Gold’s Resurgence Gold made a strong comeback as one of the notable mining trends of 2024, with prices peaking at a record $2,700 per ounce in December. Global pro-

duction responded accordingly, with output reaching 131.4 million ounces for the year.

Despite short-term price spikes, the market’s long-term growth remains modest, with a CAGR of 1% forecast through 2030.

China’s Expanding Influence China’s dominance over critical mineral supply chains remained a critical focus among mining trends in 2024, causing concern in Western nations. In 2024, China produced 80% of the world’s natural graphite and 60% of rare earths, according to the IEA.

Its growing investments in Africa consolidated its position further, raising alarms about supply chain dependencies among Western miners and governments.

Mining trends in 2024 demonstrated the sector’s capacity to evolve amid immense challenges.

From tackling emissions and embracing digital transformation to responding to soaring demand for critical minerals, the mining industry played a pivotal role in advancing global sustainability and resource security.

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Biden’s African Visit: Spotlighting Africa’s Critical Minerals With less than two months left in office, U.S. President Joe Biden is making a strategic play in Angola, underscoring the high stakes in the global scramble for Africa’s critical minerals. cobalt mines in the DRC, which produces 70% of the world’s cobalt. In 2022, China-Africa trade reached nearly $300 billion—triple U.S.-Africa trade.

Yet, some promises have fallen short. In the DRC, only $822 million of a pledged $3 billion in infrastructure spending had materialized by 2023, according to Congo’s state auditor.

Challenges for Africa

P

resident Joe Biden’s visit to Angola marked the first trip by a U.S. president to sub-Saharan Africa since 2015, signaling a shift in American policy toward a continent critical to the global energy transition. At the center of his agenda: the U.S.-backed Lobito Corridor railway project, designed to tap into Angola’s lithium and cobalt reserves— key for green technologies like electric vehicles and solar panels.

Africa holds 55% of the world’s cobalt, 48% of manganese, and 21.6% of natural graphite—critical for clean technologies, according to the United Nations Trade and Development Agency.

With $6.2 trillion in untapped mineral wealth, Africa has become the focal point of a geopolitical tug-of-war. China’s Belt and Road Initiative has dominated African infrastructure in exchange for mineral access, while the U.S. is banking on projects like the Lobito Corridor to challenge Beijing’s lead.

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The Lobito Corridor: A U.S. Foothold in Africa The Lobito Corridor railway links the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Zambia to Angola’s Lobito port, enabling mineral exports from Africa’s Copperbelt to Western markets via the Atlantic.

Supported by a $550 million loan from the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, the project aims to reduce dependency on China’s eastern-facing routes. It also aligns with intra-African trade goals under the African Continental Free Trade Area.

However, China is countering these moves. Recently, it struck a deal with Tanzania and Zambia to upgrade a competing rail corridor to the Indian Ocean, underscoring its resolve to maintain dominance in Africa’s mineral trade.

China’s Lead in Africa China dominates Africa’s mining sector, controlling stakes in 15 of the 17 largest

Despite its vast resources, Africa often fails to reap the full benefits of its mineral wealth.

Limited local processing capabilities, such as battery factories, prevent countries from capturing higher-value benefits. Minerals have fueled corruption and conflict rather than development, with grassroots organizations calling for more sustainable and equitable practices.

What’s Next for Africa’s Minerals?

Biden’s visit highlights Africa’s growing geopolitical significance. As global powers vie for access, African nations must navigate competing interests to maximize benefits.

The Lobito Corridor may mark a turning point in U.S. engagement, but with a potential Trump presidency ahead, Africa faces an uncertain future. The continent’s strategic importance will only grow, yet its agency in shaping the green energy revolution remains contested.

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SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

NOVEMBER 2024 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

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orld crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 146.8 million tonnes (Mt) in November 2024, a 0.8% increase compared to November 2023.

Africa produced 1.8 Mt in November 2024, down 5.0% on November 2023.

Asia and Oceania produced 107.4 Mt, up 2.0%. The EU (27) produced 10.7 Mt, up 3.9%. Europe, Other produced 3.4 Mt, down 5.5%. The Middle East produced 5.1 Mt, up 2.7%. North America produced 8.5 Mt, down 5.2%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 6.5 Mt, down 7.8%.

South America produced 3.4 Mt, down 3.4%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China produced 78.4 Mt in November 2024, up 2.5% on November 2023. India produced 12.4 Mt, up 4.5%. Japan produced 6.9 Mt, down 3.1%. The United States produced 6.4 Mt, down 2.8%.

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

Russia is estimated to have produced 5.5 Mt, down 9.2%. South Korea produced 5.2 Mt, down 3.6%. Germany produced 2.9 Mt, up 8.6%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, up 0.7%. Brazil produced 2.8 Mt, up 1.9%. Iran produced 3.1 Mt, up 0.1%.

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change nov % change jan-nov %jan-nov 2024(mt) nov 24/23 2024 (mt) 24/23

nov 2024 (mt)

% change nov 24/23

jan-nov 24 (mt)

% change jan-nov 24/23

1.8

-5.0

20.4

1.3

China

78.4

2.5

929.2

-2.7

Asia and Oceania

107.4

2.0

1,251.5

-1.8

India

12.4

4.5

135.9

5.9

EU (27)

10.7

3.9

119.9

2.2

Japan

6.9

-3.1

77.1

-3.6

Europe, Other

3.4

-5.5

39.9

5.2

United States

6.4

-2.8

72.9

-2.2

Russia

5.5

-9.2

64.9

-7.0

Africa

Middle East

5.1

2.7

49.2

1.4

North America

8.5

-5.2

97.1

-4.1

Russia & CIS + Ukraine

6.5

-7.8

77.9

-4.1

South America

3.4

-3.4

38.8

0.9

Total 71 countries

146.8

0.8

1,694.6

-1.4

e

South Korea

5.2

-3.6

58.3

-4.9

Germany

2.9

8.6

34.5

5.3

Türkiye

3.0

0.7

33.9

11.2

Brazil

2.8

1.9

31.2

5.6

Iran

3.1

0.1

28.0

0.5

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

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Skillings.net | January 2025

2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,888.2 MT IN 2023

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

1

China

1,019.1

1,019.1

0.0

22

Poland (e)

6.4

7.4

-13.1

2

India

140.2

125.4

11.8

23

Austria

7.1

7.5

-5.0

3

Japan

87.0

89.2

-2.5

24

Belgium (e)

5.9

7.0

-16.1

4

United States

80.7

80.5

0.2

25

Ukraine

6.2

6.3

-0.6

5

Russia (e)

75.8

71.7

5.6

26

Netherlands

4.7

6.1

-23.9

6

South Korea

66.7

65.8

1.3

27

United Kingdom

5.6

6.0

-6.5

7

Germany

35.4

36.9

-3.9

28

Pakistan (e)

5.3

6.0

-11.3

8

Turkey

33.7

35.1

-4.0

29

Australia

5.5

5.6

-2.9

9

Brazil

31.9

34.1

-6.5

30

Thailand

5.0

5.3

-6.7

10

Iran

31.1

30.6

1.8

31

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.2

5.8

11

Italy

21.1

21.6

-2.4

32

Argentina

4.9

5.1

-3.2

12

Taiwan, China (e)

18.9

20.8

-8.9

33

Sweden

4.3

4.4

-3.3

13

Viet Nam (e)

19.0

20.0

-5.0

34

South Africa

4.9

4.4

10.6

14

Mexico

16.3

18.4

-11.6

35

Czechia

3.4

4.3

-21.1

15

Indonesia (e)

16.0

15.6

2.8

36

Kazakhstan

3.9

4.1

-5.5

16

France

10.0

12.1

-17.4

37

Slovakia (e)

4.5

3.9

15.4

17

Canada (e)

12.3

12.1

1.3

38

Finland

3.8

3.5

7.7

18

Spain

11.3

11.6

-2.7

39

Algeria

4.4

4.3

2.8

19

Malaysia (e)

7.5

7.2

4.1

40

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.2

0.8

20

Egypt

10.4

9.8

5.4

Others

39.6

41.4

-4.4

21

Saudi Arabia

5.9

9.9

0.8

World

1,888.2

1,888.7

0.0

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

Sustainability Indicators report 2024

T

he World Steel Association (worldsteel) today publishes its Sustainability Indicators 2024 report. worldsteel uses eight indicators to measure key aspects of the steel industry’s economic, environmental, and social sustainability performance on an annual basis. worldsteel members have been providing data for the eight indicators every year since

2004. A total of 93 steel companies and associations were included in this year’s data collection.

The 36 companies who provided data for all eight indicators are listed in the report here: https://worldsteel.org/media/ press-releases/2024/sustainability-indicators-2024/

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country. worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.

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