Skillings_February_2025

www.skillings.net

Volume: 114. Issue.02. February 2025

14 Exploration & Geology in 2025 Innovations, Challenges, and the Future of Mining

26

Global Iron Ore Exploration 2025 Game-Changing Projects and Shifting Power Dynamics

2

Skillings.net | February 2025

10 How Rwanda’s Exploitation of Eastern Congo Fuels a 20-Year Crisis

18 Trump Admin Tariffs Ignite Gold and Silver Market Volatility

Volume: 114. Issue.02. February 2025

Global Iron Ore Exploration 2025 Game-Changing Projects and Shifting Power Dynamics

26

38 Rat Hole Mining: A Deadly Practice Claims Lives in India’s Coal Mines

As we navigate through 2025, the global iron ore exploration landscape is undergoing significant transformations, influenced by a confluence of market dynamics, geopolitical shifts, and technological advancements.

33 14

Revolutionize Mining Workforce Training in 2025

Exploration & Geology in 2025: Innovations, Challenges, and the Future of Mining

In 2025, the mining industry is undergoing a transformative shift in training methodologies for equipment operators, driven by technological advancements, safety imperatives, and the pressing need to address labor shortages.

As the mining industry navigates the complexities of 2025, exploration and geology are at the forefront of its evolution.

05 Keystone Project Nevada: U.S. Gold Corp.’s High-Stakes Bet in the Cortez Trend 06 Future Minerals Forum 2025 08 China’s Copper Demand Stabilizes Global Markets Amid Renewable Energy Boom 12 GoviEx Uranium Advances Muntanga Project with Strong Feasibility Study Results

Mine Safety: U.S. Mining Industry Achieves Milestone of No Pattern of Violations

41

12 Metso Expands African Presence with New Screen Centre in Germiston, Johannesburg 22 Geopolitics, Arctic Dominance, & Economic Ambitions: Rare Earth Elements in Greenland 24 Rio Tinto and Glencore’s Merger Talks 28 Environmental Considerations and Community Impact

32 Global Coal Demand Hits Record in 2024 34 Phoenix Tailings’ Green Revolution in Critical Metals 35 Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling 37 Mining Boom Fuels Employment in Sierra Leone 44 Trump Administration Could Spur Deep-Sea Mining Boom Amid Controversy

3

Skillings Mining Review of CFX Network LLC, publishes comprehensive information on global mining, iron ore markets and critical industry issues via Skillings Mining Review Monthly Magazine and weekly. SMR Americas, Global Skillings and Skilling Equipment Gear newsletters.

Skillings Mining Review (ISSN 0037-6329) is published monthly, 12 issues per year by CFX Network, 350 W. Venice Ave. #1184 Venice, Florida 34284. Phone: (888) 444 7854 x 4.

Printed in the USA.

Payments & Billing: 350 W. Venice Ave. #1184, Venice, FL 34284.

Periodicals Postage Paid at: Venice, Florida and additional mail offices.

Postmaster: Send address changes to:

Skillings mining review, 350 W. Venice Ave. #1184, Venice, Florida 34284.

Phone: (888) 444 7854 x 4.

Fax: (888) 261-6014.

Email: Advertising@skillings.net.

w w w.s k i l l i n g s. n e t SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW NEWS ROOM  Digital Monthly Magazine 12 issues  Paywall-free website experience  Digital archive back to 1912  Skillings video stories and podcasts  Subscriber-only newsletter  Rich multimedia contentData, Photographs and Visuals  Access paperless reading across multiple platforms. Portable, carry with you, anytime, anywhere

UNITED STATES

OUTSIDE OF THE U.S.A.

$72 Monthly in US Funds $109 Monthly in US (Funds 1st Class Mail)

$250 U S Monthly for 7-21 day delivery $335 U S Monthly for Air Mail Service

All funds are monthly

PUBLISHER MANAGING EDITOR CHARLES PITTS SAKSHI SINGLA chas.pitts@skillings.net

sakshi.singla@skillings.net

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF CREATIVE DIRECTOR JOHN EDWARD MO SHINE john.edward@skillings.net

mo.shine@skillings.net

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS ROB RAMOS AALIYAH ZOLETA MARIE GABRIELLE

DIRECTOR OF SALES & MARKETING CHRISTINE MARIE

MEDIA PRODUCTION STANISLAV PAVLISHIN

MEDIA ADMINISTRATOR SALINI KRISHNAN

media.team@ cfxnetwork.com

advertising@skillings.net

salini.krishnan@ cfxnetwork.com

PROFILES IN MINING mining.profiles@skillings.net

GENERAL CONTACT INFORMATION info@cfxnetwork.com

CUSTOMER SERVICE/ SUBSCRIPTION QUESTIONS: For renewals, address changes, e-mail preferences and subscription account status contact Circulation and Subscriptions: subscriptions@Skillings.net. Editorial matter may be reproduced only by stating the name of this publication, date of the issue in which material appears, and the byline, if the article carries one.

4

Skillings.net | February 2025

Keystone Project Nevada: U.S. Gold Corp.’s High-Stakes Bet in the Cortez Trend

U

significant gold-bearing material, suggesting a larger gold system.

.S. Gold Corp. (NASDAQ: USAU) is advancing the Keystone Project Nevada, a district-scale gold exploration initiative spanning 20 square miles in the Cortez Trend, one of North America's most prolific mining corridors. Some geologists believe this region could surpass the Carlin Trend in economic potential.

The Keystone Project hosts Carlin-style sedimentary rock-hosted mineralization, hydrothermal alteration zones, and oxidized, cyanide-soluble gold—all characteristics of Nevada’s largest gold deposits. Since acquiring Keystone, U.S.

Gold Corp. has conducted gravity surveys, geochemical sampling, geological mapping, and scout drilling to refine exploration models. A 2019 drilling program in the Nina Skarn target revealed

In 2023, the company completed a hyperspectral study using satellite imaging to detect hydrothermal alteration signatures, identifying multiple high-priority drilling targets. As existing gold mines deplete, Keystone represents a vital opportunity for future gold production, supported by Nevada’s pro-mining policies.

If exploration efforts confirm high-grade deposits, Keystone could emerge as a game-changing discovery for U.S. Gold Corp. and the global gold industry.

5

Zijin Mining Eyes $6.4 Billion Stake in Zangge Mining Future Minerals Forum 2025

Terra Drone Arabia Showcases Cutting-Edge Drone Solutions

T

erra Drone Arabia took center stage at the Future Minerals Forum 2025 in Riyadh, unveiling advanced drone and AI-powered solutions tailored for the mining sector.

As Saudi Arabia accelerates its mining ambitions under Vision 2030, Terra Drone Arabia’s technologies enhance exploration, production, and reclamation, improving operational efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Mahmoud Attia, Technical & Business Director, emphasized the company’s role in integrating technology to support Saudi Arabia’s mining expansion. With an estimated $2.5 trillion in untapped mineral resources, the Kingdom aims to diversify its economy, making mining a key industrial pillar.

Looking ahead, Terra Drone Arabia plans to localize operations by establishing production facilities and R&D centers to support job creation, technological advancement, and sustainability. By aligning with Vision 2030, the company is set to contribute significantly to Saudi Arabia’s mining transformation and long-term economic growth.

6

Skillings.net | February 2025

In a strategic mining acquisition, China’s Zijin Mining Group is in talks to acquire a 40% stake in Zangge Mining, a Chinese potash and lithium producer valued at approximately $6.4 billion.

T

he deal could significantly bolster Zijin’s position in the lithium market as global competition intensifies for this critical battery metal.

Strategic Mining Acquisition for Lithium Expansion Zijin Mining, traditionally known for its gold and copper operations, is reportedly negotiating with Zangge Mining’s two major shareholders, Tibet Zangge Venture Capital and Ningbo Meishan Bonded Port Area Xinsha Hongyun Investment Management. Together, these entities control 40% of Zangge, which focuses on potash production but derives about one-third of its revenue from lithium extraction.

Zangge Mining operates primarily in Qinghai, a mineral-rich province in western China, and produced 9,278 metric tons of lithium carbonate in the first nine months of 2024. The company’s lithium assets are centered on salt lake brines, a resource vital for lithium-ion battery production.

For Zijin, this mining acquisition represents an opportunity to diversify its portfolio and accelerate its lithium ambitions. Chairman Chen Jinghe has spearheaded the company’s transition from a regional gold miner into a global resource powerhouse, with growing interests in green energy metals.

Synergies with Existing Mining Projects The acquisition could enhance Zijin’s control over the Julong copper project in Tibet, where the two companies are joint venture partners. Julong, China’s largest single copper mine, recently received regulatory approval to increase output to 350,000 metric tons per day. Beyond domestic expansion, Zijin is advancing lithium projects internationally. The company plans to begin lithium production in the Democratic Republic of Congo by 2026, while its Argentina and Tibet projects are slated to come online in 2025, following delays attributed to weak lithium prices and permitting challenges.

By 2028, Zijin aims to achieve an annual lithium production capacity of 300,000 metric tons. While current output remains limited, acquiring Zangge Mining through this mining acquisition would provide a significant boost to this goal.

Innovative Comminution Strategies from ME Elecmetal Transformative Solutions, Unmatched Performance

ME Elecmetal offers more than mill liners — we provide innovative, tailored solutions for your comminution needs. With over a century of expertise, we focus on strong customer relationships, collaboration, and delivering effective solutions that optimize processes, extend wear life, reduce risks, and increase profitability. Discover how we can improve your grinding and crushing processes!

Grinding Mill Liners • Iron • Steel

• Rubber • Composite

Grinding Media FEBRUARY 23-26, 2025 | DENVER, CO

BOOTH 1601

• SAG Mills: 4.0” to 6.5” • Ball Mills and Regrind Mills: 7/8” to 4.0” • Rod Mills: 3.0” to 4.0” Diameter

Crusher Wear Parts • Gyratory Crushers • Jaw Crushers

• Cone Crushers

www.me-elecmetal.com

China’s Copper Demand Stabilizes Global Markets Amid Renewable Energy Boom China’s copper demand is playing a crucial role in stabilizing global copper markets, even as economic slowdowns and geopolitical tensions impact demand in other regions. potential oversupply, and material substitution could influence the longterm outlook for the metal.

C

hina's ambitious green energy strategy is not only transforming the nation's power landscape but also significantly reshaping global copper markets. As the world’s largest consumer of copper, China’s rapid investment in renewable energy infrastructure, electric vehicles (EVs), and power grids is driving strong copper demand.

However, this growth comes with challenges, including supply bottlenecks, geopolitical tensions, and rising costs.

Here’s a closer look at how China’s green energy expansion is influencing the copper industry and the strategies being employed to meet its growing needs.

Copper Demand Surges with Green Energy and EV Expansion China's role in the global copper market is undeniable. Copper is essential in numerous green energy technologies, especially in solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles, all of which are at the core of China’s clean energy revolution.

The country is already the world leader in EV production and adoption, with over 8 million EVs sold in 2023—a number expected to increase in 2024. Each EV uses nearly three times more copper than a traditional car, thanks to copper-in-

8

Skillings.net | February 2025

tensive components such as motors, batteries, and charging infrastructure.

This surge in EV demand, bolstered by government incentives and large-scale investments in charging networks and battery technologies, will continue to be a significant driver of copper consumption. In addition, China’s leadership in renewable energy expansion is adding even more pressure on copper supplies.

By 2030, the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects China will account for 60% of global renewable energy expansion, which requires extensive copper wiring, transformers, and connectors to integrate new energy sources into the grid.

Large-scale power grid upgrades are also necessary to manage the increased load

from renewables, further solidifying China’s copper needs.

Supply Chain Risks and New Copper Sources** While demand for copper in China remains robust, the global supply chain faces significant risks. The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) predicts a surplus of 469,000 tons of copper in 2024, easing to 194,000 tons in 2025, driven by aggressive mining expansion in previous years. However, global copper supply remains vulnerable to disruptions, including political instability in major copper-producing regions like Chile and Peru, declining ore quality, and logistical challenges. These issues create price volatility, making it harder for companies to plan long-term investments

in copper. To stabilize prices and ensure a steady supply, new mining projects like the Warintza Project in Ecuador are emerging as potential solutions.

This project, led by Solaris Resources, focuses on sustainable copper production, reflecting the growing trend towards responsible mining practices. Such projects are closely watched by investors seeking long-term, stable sources of copper.

China’s Strategy: Substitution and Recycling In response to potential supply disruptions, China is taking proactive steps to secure its copper needs. One approach involves material substitution, where aluminum is used in place of copper in certain applications. Aluminum, being more abundant, cheaper, and lighter

than copper, could ease some pressure on China’s copper demand, though it is not a perfect replacement for all copper uses.

Another key strategy is ramping up copper recycling. China aims to increase its recycled copper output from 2.5 million tons in 2024 to over 3.5 million tons by 2030.

This move not only helps reduce reliance on newly mined copper but also aligns with China’s carbon reduction goals. By focusing on secondary copper production, China seeks to stabilize supply and minimize the environmental impact of its copper consumption.

The Future of Copper Demand While China’s green energy investments have provided stability to global cop-

per demand, long-term sustainability challenges remain. The combination of stringent environmental regulations, rising operational costs, and community resistance to large-scale mining may limit the growth of new copper projects. Latin America, home to some of the world’s largest copper reserves, will play a critical role in meeting future demand.

However, overcoming regulatory hurdles and ensuring the economic viability of projects like Warintza will be crucial in securing a stable copper supply.

As global electrification accelerates, the copper industry’s ability to balance supply with sustainable practices will determine how well China’s green energy strategy can continue to drive copper demand in the coming decade.

9

The Hidden Cost of Critical Minerals

How Rwanda’s Exploitation of Eastern Congo Fuels a 20-Year Crisis In 2019, President Donald Trump’s suggestion to “purchase” Greenland seemed outlandish to some, but it highlighted the growing strategic importance of the Arctic region. Beneath the surface of this diplomatic curiosity lies a deeper story—Greenland’s vast reserves of rare earth elements (REEs), which are critical to modern technologies and defense applications.

T

rump’s proposal, though controversial, underscored the United States’ increasing interest in Greenland as a resource hub with significant geopolitical implications.

The Strategic Value of Greenland’s Rare Earths The U.S. has long had an eye on Greenland. Efforts to acquire the island date back to 1868, with a more significant push under President Harry Truman

10

Skillings.net | February 2025

in 1946 when the U.S. offered Denmark $100 million in gold for Greenland.

Trump’s 2019 proposal to buy the territory marked a continuation of this historical interest, but this time, it was driven by the growing importance of rare earth elements.

Greenland is home to some of the world’s richest deposits of REEs, including neodymium, dysprosium, and scandium.

These minerals are indispensable in

the production of electric vehicles, wind turbines, and advanced defense systems. Particularly valuable is the Kvanefjeld deposit, which contains rare earths as well as uranium, positioning Greenland as a potential game-changer in the global REE market.

“Greenland is strategically vital, not just as a resource hub but as a potential chokepoint in global supply chains,” says Neha Mukherjee, senior critical minerals analyst at Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. The island’s abundance of these rare elements has the potential to shift the balance of power in global markets dominated by China.

Breaking China’s Rare Earth Monopoly As of 2024, China controls approximately 70% of global rare earth mining and 90% of its processing. This near-mo-

nopoly provides Beijing with significant leverage in geopolitical disputes, especially since rare earths are crucial for cutting-edge technologies like electric vehicle batteries, fiber optics, and military systems.

In October 2024, China further tightened its control by banning the export of REE extraction technologies, highlighting the growing urgency for nations like the U.S. to diversify their supply chains.

Greenland’s vast REE reserves could offer a viable solution to reduce U.S. dependence on China. Establishing a presence in Greenland would help the U.S. secure a more reliable source of these critical minerals, boosting both economic security and supply chain resilience.

However, diversifying away from China is easier said than done. Chinese firms benefit from economies of scale, substantial government subsidies, and vast stockpiles, which allow them to undercut global competitors. Additionally,

many rare earths are by-products of mining other minerals, such as iron ore, complicating efforts to ensure a consistent, high-quality supply.

The Arctic: A Hotspot for Great-Power Competition Greenland’s rare earths are not the only factor making the Arctic region strategically important. The U.S., Russia, and China are all vying for influence in the region.

Russia has prioritized the Northern Sea Route, a key Arctic shipping lane, and is expanding its mining activities. Meanwhile, China has declared itself a “near-Arctic state,” signaling its own ambitions in the region.

For the U.S., gaining access to Greenland’s resources would not only help secure vital rare earth supply chains but also strengthen its strategic position in the Arctic. Trump’s suggestion to treat Greenland as a “national security” asset reflects the broader geopolitical importance of the region.

11

Metso Expands GoviEx Uranium African Presence with New Advances Muntanga Screen Centre Project with Strong in Germiston, Feasibility Study Results Johannesburg GoviEx Uranium Advances Muntanga Project study underscores the project’s attractiveness as a shallow open-pit mine with heap leaching capabilities, positioning it favorably in a tightening uranium market.

G

oviEx Uranium has revealed promising feasibility study results for its Muntanga uranium project in Zambia, positioning it as an attractive investment in the tightening uranium market. The project offers a low-risk, cost-effective operation with a focus on sustainable practices, set to capitalize on the growing demand for nuclear energy.

Solid Economics and Growth Potential The Muntanga project is expected to deliver an after-tax net present value (NPV) of $243 million and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 20.8%, based on a uranium price of $90 per pound. The project’s NPV is sensitive to uranium price fluctuations, with each $5 increase in prices adding $45 million to the NPV. Muntanga is designed as a shallow openpit mine with heap leaching capabilities, forecasted to produce 2.2 million pounds of U₃O₈ annually over a 12-year mine life. Additional inferred resources and satellite deposits present opportunities for further growth.

The project’s design emphasizes cost-efficiency with soft rock mining, minimal crushing, low acid consumption, limited energy requirements, and high

12

Skillings.net | February 2025

uranium recovery rates, contributing to both economic and environmental sustainability.

Environmental Stewardship and Low Costs Muntanga prioritizes environmental sustainability by forgoing tailings storage, in line with the global push for greener mining practices. The use of existing infrastructure, including roads, water, and electricity, further enhances the project’s environmental credentials.

CEO Daniel Major highlighted the project’s low operating cost of $32.20 per pound of U₃O₈ and its strong profitability, underscoring its low technical risk and fast uranium recoveries.

Seizing the Uranium Opportunity With growing demand for nuclear energy and a global supply gap due to years of underinvestment, the Muntanga project is well-positioned to meet rising uranium needs.

Production could begin as early as 2028, depending on financing. Muntanga’s favorable economics and sustainable design make it a promising development in the growing uranium sector.

M

etso, a global leader in industrial equipment, has opened a new screen centre in Germiston, Johannesburg, to enhance its regional supply and delivery capabilities. The facility, inaugurated on January 16, marks a significant step in Metso’s commitment to better serving Africa’s industrial and mining sectors.

Localized Manufacturing for Regional Needs The new centre focuses on assembly, testing, and painting of Metso’s screening solutions, providing a more efficient response to African market needs. Ian Barnard, President of Metso’s Africa market area, highlighted the importance of adapting global technologies for local manufacturing, ensuring faster delivery and customized solutions for customers.

Strategic Expansion In line with its regional strategy, Metso aims to position itself closer to African customers by expanding local engineering, sourcing, and technical support.

Adrian Wood, Vice President of Screening Central, emphasized that this initiative will strengthen Metso’s presence and foster market-focused development in Africa.

Diverse Screening Solutions Metso offers a wide range of high-performance screening solutions, including the UFS Series™ for fine material processing and the EF Series™ for precise classification.

13

Innovations, Challenges, and the Future of Mining

14

Skillings.net | February 2025

As the mining industry navigates the complexities of 2025, exploration and geology are at the forefront of its evolution. The imperative to secure critical minerals essential for renewable energy technologies has intensified, prompting a surge in global exploration initiatives. Concurrently, technological advancements are revolutionizing traditional geological methods, enhancing efficiency and sustainability.

Global Exploration Initiatives The global shift towards renewable energy has escalated the demand for minerals like lithium, copper, and cobalt.

In response, countries worldwide are intensifying their exploration efforts.

For instance, India is set to apply for licenses to explore deep-sea minerals in the Pacific Ocean, aiming to secure critical minerals essential for energy transition technologies.

Similarly, Japan has discovered a vast deposit of valuable minerals, including manganese, nickel, and cobalt, around Minami Torishima Island, with plans to extract resources gradually to minimize environmental impact.

In Africa, Zambia is attracting significant foreign investment in its copper assets.

Saudi Arabia's Manara Minerals has expressed interest in investing in critical minerals projects, especially copper, in Zambia, aligning with the country's plans to increase copper production to 3 million tons per year within a decade.

Technological Advancements in Exploration Technological innovation is reshaping mineral exploration. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are being integrated to enhance the discovery and delineation of mineral resources. A notable development is the end-to-end

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) and machine learning are being integrated to enhance the discovery and delineation of mineral resources. A notable development is the end-to-end workflow combining ambient noise tomography (ANT) and AI, which improves decisionmaking capabilities for targeting mineralization.

workflow combining ambient noise tomography (ANT) and AI, which improves decision-making capabilities for targeting mineralization.

Additionally, companies like Fleet Space Technologies are pioneering the use of low Earth orbit nanosatellites and ground-based sensor arrays to create 3D subsurface geological maps. This approach accelerates the exploration process, making it more accurate and environmentally friendly.

Policy and Regulatory Developments Policy changes are significantly impacting the mining sector. In the United States, President Donald Trump has halted $300 billion in clean energy loans, affecting projects in manufacturing and renewable energy. This decision has introduced uncertainty into the clean energy sector, influencing companies like Fortescue to reassess their green energy initiatives in the U.S. Conversely, Indonesia's parliament has proposed revisions to its mining law to expedite the development of the mineral processing industry and regulate mining permits for religious groups and universities. This initiative reflects a strategic move to enhance the country's mineral value chain and create domestic employment opportunities.

Environmental Considerations The pursuit of mineral resources is increasingly balanced against environmental concerns. Deep-sea mining, for example, has sparked debate due to potential ecological impacts. Scientists warn that such activities could disrupt delicate marine ecosystems and release stored CO2, exacerbating climate change.

Despite these concerns, countries like Norway are exploring deep-sea mining opportunities, highlighting the tension between resource acquisition and environmental preservation.

The landscape of exploration and geology in 2025 is characterized by a dynamic interplay of increased global exploration efforts, technological innovation, policy shifts, and environmental considerations. As the demand for critical minerals escalates, the industry must navigate these complexities to ensure sustainable and responsible resource development.

15

Industry Collaboration and Strategic Partnerships In 2025, the mining industry has increasingly recognized the value of collaboration and partnerships in overcoming shared challenges. Major players in the sector are forming alliances to pool resources, knowledge, and technology.

For instance, Rio Tinto and BHP are working jointly on a decarbonization initiative aimed at reducing emissions across their operations, including exploration activities. This partnership leverages cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices to align with global climate goals.

Additionally, smaller exploration firms are partnering with universities and research institutions to gain access to advanced technologies and specialized expertise. These collaborations not only enhance the precision of exploration but also provide new insights into geochemical and geophysical processes.

Critical Mineral Focus As nations race to secure critical minerals, some regions have emerged as hotspots of interest. In South America, Chile and Argentina continue to lead in lithium production, while Peru is attracting investment for its untapped copper reserves.

The European Union has also identified Greenland as a strategic source of rare earth elements and is exploring ways to develop its resources sustainably. The EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act, passed in 2024, has set clear targets for domestic mineral production and recycling to reduce dependency on external suppliers.

In North America, Canada is ramping up its exploration initiatives, with significant discoveries reported in the Yukon and Quebec.

The Canadian government is also providing financial incentives for exploration projects focused on critical minerals, reflecting its commitment to strengthening its domestic supply chains.

Challenges and Risks Despite these advancements, the industry faces significant challenges. Geopolitical tensions have disrupted exploration efforts in some regions, particularly in areas with valuable deposits. For example, escalating tensions between major powers have raised concerns about the security of critical mineral supply chains.

Moreover, the rising costs of exploration, driven by inflation and stricter environmental regulations, are putting pressure on companies to optimize their operations. While technological innovations help mitigate some of these challeng-

es, the initial investment required for such technologies can be prohibitive for smaller firms.

Community and Indigenous Engagement The importance of community and Indigenous engagement has become a central focus for exploration projects in 2025. Companies are increasingly adopting a collaborative approach, ensuring that local communities are not only consulted but also benefit directly from mining activities. This includes agreements for profit-sharing, employment opportunities, and investments in local infrastructure.

In Australia, for instance, mining companies are partnering with Aboriginal groups to co-manage exploration activities on traditional lands. These partnerships aim to respect cultural heritage while promoting sustainable development.

As we move further into 2025, the exploration and geology sector is poised for transformative growth, driven by the global energy transition and technological innovation. However, the industry's success will depend on its ability to address environmental concerns, foster collaboration, and navigate geopolitical complexities.

Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Modeling By 2030, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in exploration may become ubiquitous. Predictive algorithms, coupled with extensive geological datasets, could enable companies to identify mineral-rich zones with unprecedented accuracy. Advances in machine learning could also model underground conditions in real-time, reducing the risk of exploratory drilling and optimizing resource allocation.

16

Skillings.net | February 2025

Imagine an AI-powered digital twin of the Earth, continuously updated with satellite and subsurface data. Such a system could not only predict mineral deposits but also monitor environmental changes and community impacts, guiding sustainable practices at every stage of exploration.

Quantum Computing and Exploration Quantum computing, while in its infancy, holds immense potential for exploration. By harnessing quantum mechanics, these machines could solve complex geological problems that traditional supercomputers cannot. For instance, quantum algorithms might simulate subsurface mineral formations with atomic-level precision, revolutionizing the accuracy of exploration models.

Speculatively, quantum systems could also analyze the vast volumes of data generated by nanosatellites and autonomous drones, providing insights that reshape the way we understand Earth's geology.

Ocean Floor Mining Despite its controversies, deep-sea mining could gain traction as terrestrial resources become scarcer. Advances in robotics and autonomous vehicles might enable the efficient extraction of nodules rich in manganese, cobalt, and other critical minerals from the ocean floor.

However, this raises ethical and ecological questions: Could we develop technologies to mitigate the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining? Could artificial ecosystems or bioremediation strategies repair the damage? Speculative innovations, such as underwater reforestation or symbiotic partnerships with marine life, may hold the key to balancing resource extraction with conservation.

Decentralized Exploration and Blockchain Integration Blockchain technology could revolutionize how exploration data is shared and validated. By creating decentralized networks of geological data, exploration companies might collaborate on a global scale while maintaining data security and transparency. Imagine a blockchain-based platform where stakeholders, including governments, companies, and local communities, can verify exploration claims in real time.

This could also pave the way for community-led exploration initiatives, where local groups have a stake in the decision-making process and share in the profits of resource development.

Space Mining: A New Frontier Speculation around space mining is no longer confined to science fiction. The demand for rare earth elements and critical minerals might push humanity to look beyond Earth for resources. Companies like Planetary Resources and government agencies like NASA are already exploring the feasibility of asteroid mining. By 2035, it is conceivable that robotic missions to extract metals from near-Earth asteroids could become a reality.

Such developments would bring new challenges, including the ethical implications of space exploration, the potential militarization of extraterrestrial resources, and the environmental consequences of mining in microgravity environments.

Geological Engineering and Synthetic Resource Creation Another speculative frontier lies in synthetic geology. Advances in material science and biotechnology might enable the creation of synthetic minerals or the enhancement of existing deposits through bioengineering. Engineered microbes, for instance, could “grow” metals in controlled environments, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional mining.

This shift could redefine exploration, moving it away from destructive practices and toward controlled, lab-based resource generation. Such innovations might also decentralize resource production, reducing the geopolitical tensions associated with critical mineral supply chains.

The Speculative Path Ahead While these speculations may seem futuristic, the rapid pace of technological and societal change suggests that they are within reach. The mining industry’s ability to adapt to these possibilities will determine its relevance in an increasingly resource-conscious world.

In the coming decades, exploration might not only involve finding minerals beneath the Earth’s surface but also in the skies, the oceans, and even laboratories. The industry stands at the brink of a renaissance, where imagination, innovation, and responsibility will shape the next chapter of human progress.

17

Trump Administration Tariffs Ignite Gold and Silver Market Volatility The inauguration of President Donald Trump has ignited dramatic gold and silver market volatility, with investors scrambling to respond to potential Trump administration tariffs on imported bullion.

The Global Scramble for Bullion Amid Trump Administration Tariffs

S

peculation surrounding the new administration’s trade policies has sent ripples through global financial markets, driving up lease rates, futures premiums, and demand for physical metals.

A Market in Disarray Amid Gold and Silver Market Volatility The possibility of Trump administration tariffs on imported gold and silver, first floated in late 2024, has thrown precious metals markets into turmoil. Hedge funds and banks rushed to close short positions, spiking futures prices well above spot prices. Typically aligned, the divergence between these benchmarks reflects mounting uncertainty.

18

Skillings.net | February 2025

Behind the market turbulence lies a frenzied rush to relocate physical gold and silver into the U.S. Major dealers, bracing for the prospect of Trump administration tariffs, have ramped up bullion shipments.

For example, in the days preceding President Trump’s January 20 inauguration, the premium for front-month silver futures surged from $0.56 to $1.12 per ounce—far exceeding the typical $0.14 range. Gold futures experienced a similar trend, with the premium jumping from $12 to $44 per ounce before plummeting to $8 after a Trump administration memo eased concerns about immediate tariffs.

The memo outlined plans to review trade imbalances before imposing broad measures, calming markets briefly. However, gold and silver market volatility resumed later that day when Trump hinted at potential 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada starting February 1.

Since November 2024, 7.4 million ounces of gold have been delivered to CME Group warehouses in the U.S., underscoring the scale of the operation.

This physical demand has driven gold lease rates in London to their highest levels in decades.

Typically near zero, these rates spiked to an annualized 3.5%—a clear indicator of tightening supply and elevated demand for short-term gold loans.“The markets are in total dislocation,” said Robert Gottlieb, former managing director at JPMorgan Chase & Co., in a recent Bloomberg interview. “There seems to be a scarcity of available stocks in both gold and silver.”

the case for higher precious metals prices. As the U.S. evaluates its trade policies, the uncertainty alone could provide further impetus for gold and silver market volatility to persist, driving prices higher.

The onset of the Trump presidency has injected a new layer of unpredictability into global markets, particularly for gold and silver. Trump administration tariffs, physical bullion demand, and tight supply chains are driving unprecedented gold and silver market volatility, creating both risks and opportunities for investors.

While the road ahead remains uncertain, one thing is clear: gold and silver are once again proving their mettle as indispensable safe-haven assets in times of economic turbulence. For those willing to navigate the volatility, 2025 may be a golden opportunity.

Technical Breakouts Highlight Gold and Silver Market Volatility The combination of speculative activity and physical demand is fueling bullish technical signals in precious metals.

Gold recently broke out of a consolidation triangle pattern, sparking optimism among traders that the metal is poised for further gains.

Silver, meanwhile, appears to be nearing a breakout from its own consolidation range, setting the stage for a potential rally.

These developments highlight a broader trend: uncertainty surrounding Trump administration tariffs is pushing investors toward safe-haven assets. Precious metals, traditionally viewed as a hedge against economic and geopolitical instability, are benefiting from this flight to safety.

The Long-Term Bull Case for Gold and Silver While near-term volatility dominates headlines, many analysts view recent developments as a buying opportunity. Following a sharp pullback after the November 5 election, gold and silver have resumed their upward trajectory, supported by robust demand and constrained supply.

The broader macroeconomic backdrop remains favorable.

Central banks’ dovish monetary policies, persistent inflation concerns, and geopolitical tensions continue to underpin

19

Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project

Premier African Minerals Secures $4.35 Million to Revive Operations

P

remier African Minerals Limited, listed on the AIM Stock Exchange, has raised $4.35 million in a critical fundraising effort to revive its Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project in Fort Rixon, Zimbabwe.The initiative marks a pivotal moment in the company’s strategy to restore production at one of its flagship ventures amid mounting financial obligations and operational setbacks.

Retail Offer and Share Placing for Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project The financing includes a retail offer of $2.87 million through the issuance of 8.263 billion new ordinary shares at a price of 0.0275 pence per share, representing a 30% discount to the mid-market closing price as of January 15, 2025. An additional $1.5 million was raised through a share placement. The

20

Skillings.net | February 2025

new shares are expected to be admitted for trading on AIM by January 23, 2025, subject to regulatory approval.

Premier CEO George Roach emphasized the importance of the funding, stating, “This capital injection ensures we have the means to complete critical stages of the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project and bring it back to operational status.

Other key allocations include:

• Government Obligations: $250,000 to settle deferred VAT and other statutory payments owed to the Zimbabwean government.

• Employee Wages: $400,000 to cover overdue salaries, alleviating labor pressures.

• Maintenance Costs: $180,000 earmarked for suppliers of plant spares and upkeep.

We are confident in our ability to deliver results.”

Allocating Funds to Restart the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project The bulk of the capital will be allocated to completing the commissioning of the Primary Flotation Plant and acquiring a Secondary Flotation Plant for the Zulu

Lithium and Tantalum Project. The company plans an initial test run lasting three to five days, a step expected to cost $800,000. The remaining funds will be used for partial payments to contractors and creditors, ensuring continuity of operations at Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project while addressing long-standing financial liabilities.

Negotiations with Creditors Premier African Minerals is also in discussions with creditors to settle outstanding debts, exploring the option of issuing new shares as partial or full repayment.

The outcome of these negotiations is expected to be announced in the coming

weeks, a critical step in stabilizing the financial health of the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project.

Industry Context and Challenges Surrounding the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project Premier African Minerals’ Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project has faced delays and funding shortfalls amid broader challenges in the global mining industry.

The project, known for its lithium and tantalum reserves, holds strategic importance as demand for lithium—a critical component in electric vehicle batteries—continues to grow. However, operational hurdles and geopolitical

complexities in Zimbabwe have tested the company’s resilience. The successful fundraising effort reflects cautious optimism among investors, though the heavily discounted share issuance highlights the pressure Premier faces to maintain liquidity.

Outlook for the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project As Premier African Minerals moves toward restarting production at the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum Project, the stakes remain high.

The company’s ability to meet operational milestones and manage creditor relationships will be closely watched.

21

Rare Earth Elements in Greenland

Geopolitics, Arctic Dominance, & Economic Ambitions In a move that blends economic ambition with national security strategy, President Donald Trump’s suggestion to “purchase” Greenland has reignited longstanding U.S. interest in the Arctic landmass.

W

hile dismissed as a diplomatic curiosity by some, the proposition underscores deeper geopolitical stakes, particularly in the realm of rare earth elements in Greenland—critical to modern technologies and defense applications.

A Renewed Interest in Greenland The U.S. government’s fascination with Greenland is not new. The first recorded attempt to acquire the territory dates back to 1868, with a more concerted effort under President Harry Truman in 1946, when the U.S. offered Denmark $100 million in gold.

Trump’s proposal to purchase Greenland during his 2019 term reflected a continuation of this historical pattern, though his methods were less conventional, sparking international debate.

Unlike past attempts, Trump’s push ties directly to Greenland’s abundant reserves of rare earth elements, including neodymium, dysprosium, and scandium.

These minerals are indispensable to the production of electric vehicles, wind turbines, advanced defense systems, and nuclear energy applications. Greenland’s Kvanefjeld deposit, a treasure trove of rare earths and uranium, makes the island uniquely valuable.

22

Skillings.net | February 2025

“Greenland is strategically vital, not just as a resource hub but as a potential chokepoint in global supply chains,” says Neha Mukherjee, senior critical minerals analyst at Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.

The Rare Earths Equation Rare earth elements are vital to the global economy, yet their production and processing remain heavily concentrated in China.

As of 2024, China accounted for approximately 70% of global rare earth mining and 90% of processing. The dominance is even starker in heavy rare earths, critical for cutting-edge technologies like EV batteries and fiber optics, where Beijing commands 99% of processing.

This monopoly provides China with significant geopolitical leverage. Beijing

has weaponized its control over rare earths, using export restrictions to exert pressure in trade disputes. In October 2024, China further tightened its grip by banning the export of REE extraction technologies. Such actions underscore the urgency for nations like the U.S. to diversify supply chains.

Greenland’s vast reserves of rare earth elements offer a solution. By establishing a foothold in Greenland, the U.S. could reduce reliance on Chinese rare earths, enhancing supply chain resilience and economic security.

Challenges to Diversification Breaking China’s stranglehold on rare earth elements is easier said than done.

Economies of scale, heavy government subsidies, and extensive stockpiles allow Chinese firms to undercut global competitors. Additionally, many rare earths are

by-products of mining other minerals like iron ore, complicating efforts to ensure consistent production. Moreover, developing Greenland’s resources presents its own set of challenges. Harsh Arctic conditions, environmental concerns, and geopolitical tensions could slow exploration and production efforts.

“Resource-rich regions like Greenland hold immense promise, but the infrastructure and investment required to operationalize these reserves are daunting,” Mukherjee notes.

Arctic Geopolitics: A ThreeWay Contest Greenland’s rare earth elements are only one piece of the Arctic puzzle. The region is increasingly a focal point for

“GREENLAND IS strategically vital, not just as a resource hub but as a potential chokepoint in global supply chains” Neha Mukherjee, senior critical minerals analyst, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.

great-power competition, with Russia and China asserting their influence.

Russia has prioritized the Northern Sea Route, a critical Arctic shipping lane, and is expanding its mining activities in the region. Meanwhile, China has declared itself a “near-Arctic state,” signaling its ambitions in the polar zone.

The U.S., for its part, sees Greenland as a critical counterbalance. Gaining access to its resources would not only secure rare earth element supply chains but also bolster U.S. strategic positioning in the Arctic. Trump’s framing of Greenland as a “national security” asset reflects this dual imperative.

Outlook: The Tug of War Continues While Trump’s proposal to buy Greenland may not have gained traction, it brought attention to the strategic importance of the island’s resources.

The Arctic, once a frozen frontier, is now a geopolitical hotbed where economic interests and national security intertwine.

23

Rio Tinto and Glencore’s Merger Talks

A Potential Shift in Mining Industry Dynamics

T

he mining industry could be on the brink of a major transformation as Rio Tinto and Glencore engage in merger talks that have the potential to reshape the sector. Although it remains unclear whether discussions will lead to a finalized deal, the prospect of such a merger could send shockwaves through the industry.

With both companies being major players in copper production, the combined entity would create a dominant force, positioning itself as a key competitor to BHP, the world’s largest mining company.

Copper as a Strategic Driver One of the main factors driving the merger talks between Rio Tinto and Glencore is the surging global demand for copper. Copper is a critical element in the energy transition, playing a central role in the infrastructure needed for solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. As the world moves towards renewable energy and electrification, copper’s importance has skyrocketed.

Currently, Glencore is set to produce about 1 million metric tons (Mt) of copper in 2024, while Rio Tinto is expected to reach 720,000 metric tons. Combined, their production would rival that of BHP, creating a powerful entity capable of meeting the growing demand for copper. This would not only give them a stronger market position but would also make the merger a strategic move to dominate the copper market in the coming decades.

24

Skillings.net | February 2025

A MERGER BETWEEN RIO Tinto and Glencore would create one of the most powerful players in the global mining market.

key jurisdictions, including Australia, the UK, and the US. The combined entity would hold substantial power in key markets, particularly copper, which could raise concerns over reduced competition and market dominance.

Implications for the Market and Industry

In addition to regulatory challenges, investor skepticism may also play a role in the deal's success. Mergers of this scale often face doubts regarding their ability to deliver on synergies and long-term value for shareholders. Both companies would need to convincingly address these concerns to secure broad investor support.

The potential merger would create a mining giant with an enhanced valuation and production capabilities. Rio Tinto, valued at $103 billion, ranks as the second most valuable mining company in the world, while Glencore’s market capitalization stands at $55 billion. If the merger is successful, it could create an entity that surpasses Rio Tinto’s current value and potentially challenges BHP’s leadership in both market capitalization and copper output.

However, the mining industry has faced declining valuations since 2022, driven by macroeconomic challenges and shifting investor sentiment. Despite these headwinds, the merger talks underscore a fundamental shift in the industry, with copper becoming an even more critical commodity as the demand for clean energy solutions rises globally.

Challenges and Regulatory Scrutiny While the merger talks between Rio Tinto and Glencore are captivating attention, they face numerous obstacles. One significant challenge would be navigating the regulatory hurdles.

The merger would likely attract intense scrutiny from competition regulators in

The Road Ahead for the Mining Sector A merger between Rio Tinto and Glencore would create one of the most powerful players in the global mining market. This development highlights the increasing importance of copper and critical minerals in the global energy transition. As governments and corporations continue to push for net-zero emissions, demand for copper, lithium, and other essential materials is expected to surge.

If the merger goes ahead, it could serve as a catalyst for further consolidation within the mining sector. The deal would not only reshape competition but also highlight the growing strategic value of securing key minerals for future energy needs. As the talks progress, the outcome will undoubtedly have a lasting impact on the trajectory of the mining industry for years to come.

GLOBAL IRON ORE E X P LO RAT I O N 202 5

Game-Changing Projects and Shifting Power Dynamics As we navigate through 2025, the global iron ore exploration landscape is undergoing significant transformations, influenced by a confluence of market dynamics, geopolitical shifts, and technological advancements.

26

Skillings.net | February 2025

Market Dynamics and Production Forecasts The global iron ore market is experiencing a nuanced balance between supply and demand. Brazilian mining giant Vale has projected an iron ore production range of 325 to 335 million tonnes for 2025, aligning closely with its 2024 output of approximately 328 million tonnes. This steady production underscores Vale's strategic approach to maintaining market equilibrium amidst fluctuating demand.

In parallel, Australia's dominance in iron ore production is poised to strengthen. Analysts from S&P Global Commodity Insights anticipate that Australia will widen its lead as the top iron ore producer in 2025 and beyond, driven by robust mining activities and expansion projects. This projection is bolstered by the country's rich resource base and advanced mining infrastructure.

Geopolitical Influences and Strategic Developments Geopolitical factors are exerting considerable influence on iron ore exploration and production. Notably, the Simandou iron ore project in Guinea, a collaboration between Rio Tinto and a Chinese consortium, has secured all necessary regulatory approvals from both local and Chinese authorities.

This project, anticipated to be the world’s largest and highest-grade new iron ore mine, is expected to commence production by the end of 2025, significantly impacting global supply chains.

Conversely, Fortescue Metals Group's nearly $900 million hydrogen project in Arizona faces uncertainty due to policy changes following Donald Trump's return to the White House. The company is reevaluating its focus on this and other green energy projects in Norway and Brazil, highlighting the sensitivity of mining investments to political shifts.

Technological Advancements and Sustainability Initiatives The pursuit of sustainable mining practices is gaining momentum. Rio Tinto and BHP have initiated a collaboration to develop a pilot plant aimed at producing "green" direct reduced iron using natural gas and hydrogen.

If successful, this technology could reduce emissions by up to 80% compared to traditional iron production methods, marking a significant stride towards decarbonizing the steel industry.

Additionally, Epiroc has secured a substantial order from BHP for autonomous surface mining equipment to be de-

The pursuit of sustainable mining practices is gaining momentum. Rio Tinto and BHP have initiated a collaboration to develop a pilot plant aimed at producing "green" direct reduced iron using natural gas and hydrogen.

ployed at an iron ore mine in Western Australia's Pilbara region. This move underscores the industry's commitment to integrating automation and digitalization to enhance operational efficiency and safety.

Economic Indicators and Future Outlook Economic indicators present a complex picture for the iron ore market. China, which purchases more than two-thirds of global seaborne iron ore, imported 1.124 billion tonnes in the first 11 months of 2024, up 4.3% year-on-year, despite a 2.7% decline in its crude steel output over the same period.

This trend suggests a decoupling of iron ore imports from domestic steel production, potentially due to stockpiling or shifts in supply chain strategies.

Looking ahead, the global iron ore market is expected to experience fluctuating growth trends in 2025, influenced by policy volatility in China.

According to Wood Mackenzie, iron ore miners will adopt divergent strategies, with some focusing on high-grade ore production to meet environmental standards, while others may scale back operations in response to market conditions.

Emerging Players and Regional Contributions In addition to the established mining giants, emerging players in underexplored regions are making significant strides. West Africa, in particular, is gaining attention as a burgeoning hub for iron ore exploration.

Countries like Sierra Leone and Liberia are witnessing renewed interest in their mineral-rich landscapes, supported by foreign investments and infrastructure projects. This

27

region's development could diversify global iron ore supplies and reduce dependence on traditional powerhouses like Australia and Brazil. For instance, the ArcelorMittal-operated Tokadeh mine in Liberia has ramped up production, signaling a resurgence in the region’s mining potential.

Meanwhile, Sierra Leone’s Tonkolili mine, operated by China’s Kingho Mining Company, continues to expand its output, supported by extensive rail and port upgrades.

These developments are part of broader efforts to integrate West African resources into global supply chains.

Environmental Challenges and Community Engagement The environmental impact of iron ore mining remains a critical issue, as communities near mining sites demand greater transparency and accountability.

The industry is under pressure to address concerns over deforestation, water usage, and waste management.

Companies are responding by adopting stricter environmental standards and increasing investments in community development.

In Guinea, the Simandou project has faced scrutiny for its potential ecological footprint, prompting Rio Tinto and its partners to implement extensive environmental assessments and community consultations.

Supply Chain Resilience and Resource Nationalism The COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions have underscored the importance of supply chain resilience.

Countries are increasingly pursuing resource nationalism to secure critical minerals, including iron ore.

Indonesia's recent move to limit exports of low-grade iron ore is a case in point, as the government seeks to develop its domestic steel industry. Such policies could reshape trade flows and incentivize other nations to consider similar measures.

Meanwhile, China is actively seeking to diversify its iron ore imports to reduce its reliance on Australia. The country has intensified efforts to develop domestic resources and explore new partnerships THE RETURN OF in Africa and South America.

PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP TO THE WHITE HOUSE IN 2025 SIGNALS A SIGNIFICANT POLICY SHIFT TOWARD BOLSTERING DOMESTIC FOSSIL FUEL INDUSTRIES, INCLUDING OIL, GAS, AND COAL.

These initiatives reflect broader shifts in global trade patterns as nations prioritize strategic resource security.

Technological Disruptions and Exploration Techniques Advancements in technology are revolutionizing exploration and mining techniques. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are increasingly being used to analyze geological data and identify promising ore deposits.

Drones and remote sensing technologies are also enhancing efficiency and accuracy in exploration activities.

Similarly, Australian miners are working to minimize the environmental impact of operations in the Pilbara region, incorporating water recycling systems and biodiversity conservation initiatives.

Moreover, blockchain technology is being adopted to improve transparency in the supply chain, ensuring that iron ore sourced from ethical and environmentally responsible operations is traceable.

Environmental Considerations and Community Impact The administration's approach includes waiving certain environmental reviews for federally funded critical minerals projects to boost U.S. production. Advisers have recommended bypassing the National Environmental Policy Act

28

Skillings.net | February 2025

(NEPA) requirements to expedite permitting and construction processes.

While this may accelerate project timelines, it raises concerns among environmental groups and local communities about the potential ecological

and social impacts of mining activities. The iron ore industry will need to navigate these dynamics carefully, balancing development objectives with environmental stewardship and community engagement.

Global iron ore production by country 2021-2025.

Global iron ore production by country 2021-2025. Credit: GlobalData, Mining Intelligence Centre.

This trend aligns with growing consumer demand for sustainably produced materials and the rise of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) criteria in investment decisions.

Global Outlook: Challenges and Opportunities While 2025 presents numerous challenges for the iron ore industry, including volatile pricing, environmental concerns, and geopolitical risks, it also offers significant opportunities. The continued push for green steel production, driven by the global energy transition, is expected to create new demand for high-grade iron ore. Innovations in mining and exploration technologies are likely to enhance operational efficiencies and reduce environmental impact.

The return of President Donald Trump to the White House in 2025 signals a significant policy shift toward bolstering domestic fossil fuel industries, including oil, gas, and coal.

This administration's energy strategy is poised to influence various sectors, including iron ore exploration and mining.

Energy Policy and Mining Sector Implications On his first day back in office, President Trump declared a national energy emergency aimed at accelerating oil and gas production. This initiative includes expediting permits for energy projects and reversing previous restrictions on

energy exploration in regions like Alaska. The administration's focus is on lowering energy costs and increasing U.S. energy exports. While the primary emphasis is on fossil fuels, the mining sector, particularly iron ore exploration, may experience indirect effects.

The administration's pro-industry stance suggests a potential relaxation of environmental regulations and permitting processes, which could facilitate the development of new mining projects. For instance, Rio Tinto is optimistic that its extensive copper mining project in Arizona will receive approval under the Trump administration after a prolonged permitting battle.

Critical Minerals and Resource Development The administration has expressed interest in enhancing cooperation on critical minerals supply chains to reduce dependence on foreign sources, particularly China. Australia anticipates stronger collaboration with the U.S. in developing non-China supply chains for rare earths and other critical minerals.

While iron ore is not classified as a critical mineral, the administration's broader resource development policies could create a more favorable environment for iron ore exploration. The emphasis on domestic production and reducing reliance on imports may encourage investment in the iron ore sector.

29

The Dark Side of Job Recruitment

Exposing Fake Jobs in the Mining Industry The mining industry, a cornerstone of global infrastructure and energy, has long been a field associated with high wages and robust career opportunities.

H

owever, as digital recruitment grows and demand for skilled labor surges, the industry has also become a hotspot for fraudulent job postings.

These fake jobs not only waste the time of job seekers but also expose them to financial scams and identity theft. The types of fake jobs, the recruiters and companies most likely to perpetuate such schemes, and the steps job seekers can take to protect themselves.

Types of Fake Jobs in the Mining Industry Non-Existent Remote Roles: With the rise of remote work during the pandemic, some scammers exploit the trend by advertising mining-related jobs that can allegedly be performed from home.

Roles like “Remote Mining Operations Coordinator” or “Virtual Mining Analyst” sound appealing but often do not align with the hands-on nature of the industry.

High-Paying Entry-Level Positions: Scammers prey on individuals desperate to break into the mining industry by advertising high-paying entry-level roles like “Assistant Drill Operator” or “Junior Site Supervisor.” These jobs often come with inflated salary promises and minimal qualifications, luring unsuspecting candidates.

“Pay-to-Play” Jobs: Some fraudsters advertise roles requiring candidates to pay upfront for training, certifications,

30

Skillings.net | February 2025

or specialized equipment. Common examples include positions like “Certified Excavator Operator” or “Mining Safety Inspector,” where the candidate is instructed to send money to a third-party vendor for “mandatory” requirements.

Bogus International Opportunities: The promise of lucrative international jobs in countries rich in mining resources, such as Australia, Canada, or South Africa, can be irresistible.

Roles like “Overseas Mining Consultant” or “Global Exploration Specialist” are frequently used by scammers who demand upfront visa fees or deposits for travel arrangements.

Recruitment Agent Frauds: Scammers posing as legitimate recruiters or hiring agencies advertise high-level positions such as “Chief Geologist” or “Mine Manager” and require candidates to pay administrative fees or provide sensitive personal information under the guise of background checks.

Recruiters and Companies Most Likely to Commit Such Indiscretions Fake Recruitment Agencies: Many scams originate from phony recruitment agencies that mimic the names and branding of legitimate organizations. These agencies often operate entirely online, making them harder to track.

Unvetted Job Boards: Some less-regulated job boards and social media platforms become breeding grounds for fake job postings.

Scammers exploit platforms like LinkedIn, Indeed, or Facebook by posting listings under fabricated company profiles.

Small, Obscure “Mining Firms”: Fraudulent companies often create professional-looking websites and social media accounts to appear legitimate. These entities claim to be startups or international branches of existing firms, using names similar to well-known mining corporations. Recruiters Targeting Vulnerable Populations: Scammers frequently target recent graduates, unemployed individuals, and workers from developing countries who are eager to secure opportunities in the lucrative mining sector.

Fraudsters Impersonating Real Companies: Some scammers impersonate well-known mining corporations, using cloned websites or official logos to deceive job seekers.

Victims often realize they’ve been duped only after receiving fake offer letters or fraudulent onboarding documents.

A Call to Defend the Mining Industry’s Integrity The mining industry has been an enduring backbone of global progress, providing essential resources that fuel economies and innovation. Yet, it is now under unfair scrutiny due to the unscrupulous actions of fringe scammers and fraudulent actors. Let’s be absolutely clear: these scams are

not indicative of the mining sector itself but rather of opportunistic criminals exploiting its prestige and economic significance.

Mining has provided countless individuals with stable careers, financial security, and a sense of purpose. The industry’s reputation for rigorous standards and the rewarding nature of its work is what makes it a target for these malicious schemes. Unfortunately, instead of highlighting the critical role mining plays in supporting modern life—from powering renewable energy technologies to building global infrastructure—detractors often focus disproportionately on isolated negatives like job scams.

Here’s the truth: The mining industry is not only vital but also offers opportunities that are unparalleled in other sectors.

For every fake job posting, there are legitimate, life-changing positions being offered by real companies that adhere to the highest standards of integrity. It’s imperative to separate the actions of bad actors from the broader, overwhelmingly positive contributions of mining firms.

The mining industry remains an irreplaceable pillar of global development, and its reputation should not be tarnished by the unethical practices of scammers. Job seekers must understand that the presence of fraudulent postings is not unique to mining but a symptom of a larger digital age issue. Let’s not let the actions of a deceitful few overshadow the tremendous value and opportunity the mining sector brings to society.

Red Flags and How to Protect Yourself Upfront Payments: Genuine employers do not require payment for training, equipment, or administrative processes.

Any request for money should raise immediate suspicion.

Unprofessional Communication: Emails from legitimate companies typically come from official domains. Scam-

mers often use generic email providers (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo) and poorly written messages riddled with grammatical errors.

Too Good to Be True: Be wary of job offers promising exceptionally high salaries, minimal qualifications, or guaranteed placement—especially for

roles that traditionally require extensive experience or certifications.

Lack of Verification: Always verify job postings on the company’s official website or contact their HR department directly to confirm the position’s legitimacy.

Pressure Tactics: Scammers often pressure candidates to act quickly, claiming limited openings or urgent deadlines.

Legitimate companies allow candidates sufficient time to review offers and complete onboarding requirements.

31

Global Coal Demand Hits Record in 2024 Set to Plateau Amid Renewable Energy Surge Global coal demand is expected to plateau in the coming years after reaching a record high in 2024, according to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Coal 2024 report. The findings underscore the growing role of renewable energy in meeting global electricity demands and a gradual structural shift in the energy landscape.

A

fter a sharp decline during the COVID-19 pandemic, coal consumption rebounded significantly, reaching an unprecedented 8.77 billion tonnes in 2024. This resurgence was driven by continued reliance on coal in major markets like China and persistently high global energy demand.

However, the IEA projects that coal use will plateau near this peak through 2027 as the global transition to renewable energy accelerates. Coal remains the dominant energy source for electricity generation, accounting for two-thirds of global consumption.

China’s Decisive Role in Global Coal Demand China, which accounts for one-third of global coal consumption, plays a pivotal role in shaping coal market trends. The IEA notes that China’s coal demand in 2027 could vary by as much as 140 million tonnes depending on weather-driven fluctuations in renewable energy output.

China is actively diversifying its energy mix through investments in nuclear pow-

32

Skillings.net | February 2025

er and rapid expansion of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind capacity. However, urbanization, industrial growth, and increasing electricity demand—fueled by the electrification of transport and heating—may complicate efforts to curb coal reliance.

Keisuke Sadamori, IEA Director of Energy Markets and Security, stated: “The rapid deployment of clean energy technologies is reshaping the global electricity sector, which accounts for twothirds of the world’s coal use. However, weather factors—particularly in China, the world’s largest coal consumer—will have a major impact on short-term trends for coal demand.”

Coal Trade Trends International coal trade is forecast to reach a record 1.55 billion tonnes in 2024, with Asia dominating both imports and exports. Major consumers like China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam rely heavily on shipments from key exporters, including Indonesia and Australia.However, global coal trade

volumes are expected to shrink after 2024, particularly for thermal coal, as countries prioritize renewable energy and seek energy independence.

Price Pressures and Production Outlook Coal prices remain elevated, averaging 50% higher than pre-pandemic levels from 2017 to 2019. Despite record-high production in 2024, the IEA predicts production growth will stabilize through 2027 as renewable energy adoption accelerates and global coal demand plateaus.

Key Uncertainties and the Path Ahead The IEA highlights several uncertainties that could impact coal’s trajectory, including weather patterns, policy changes, and the speed of renewable energy adoption.

While the structural shift in the energy sector suggests a plateau in coal use, emerging economies’ demand and shortterm market dynamics could still disrupt this trend. As Sadamori emphasized, “The speed at which electricity demand grows will also be very important over the medium term.”

The record coal demand of 2024 reflects the complexities of balancing global energy needs with climate goals. While renewable energy is reshaping the global energy mix and reducing coal reliance in advanced economies, coal remains a cornerstone in emerging markets.

MINE SAFETY U.S. Mining Industry Achieves Milestone of

No Pattern of Violations

In a significant achievement for the U.S. mining sector, the Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) reported that no mines met the Pattern of Violations (POV) criteria during its latest screening. This marks the first time since 2021 that no operations were flagged as chronic violators under Section 104(e) of the Mine Act.

T

he milestone, based on MSHA’s review of all U.S. mines during a 12-month enforcement period ending November 30, 2024, reflects progress in mine safety compliance and underscores the effectiveness of enhanced regulatory measures aimed at safeguarding miners.

Mine Safety Initiatives Yield Results “When the mining industry faced an alarming rise in fatalities in 2023, MSHA intensified efforts to address safety risks head-on,” said Chris Williamson, Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health.

“Fatal mining accidents dropped by 30% in 2024, and no mines were flagged under the most recent POV screening. This progress highlights the critical role of rigorous enforcement and an adequately staffed MSHA.”

The POV screening process focuses on identifying mines with a high incidence of significant and substantial (S&S) violations—issues that pose serious risks to worker health and mine safety.

The agency’s enforcement measures, including impact inspections and targeted oversight, have proven effective in driving compliance. Over the past two years, the 200 mines with the highest number of S&S violations have collectively seen: • A 15% reduction in S&S violations, • A 10% decline in total violations, and • A 26% drop in elevated enforcement actions.

“When the mining industry experienced a troubling increase in fatalities in 2023, MSHA actively led efforts to combat the trend, including enhanced enforcement like Pattern of Violations and impact inspections to improve compliance and focus on chronic violators,” said Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health Chris Williamson.

“Mining fatal accidents decreased by 30% in 2024, and no mines were identified during the most recent POV screening.

We know from recent experience and history that an active, adequately staffed MSHA is critical to preventing accidents and protecting miners’ safety and health.”

33

Mining Waste Recycling

Phoenix Tailings’ Green Revolution in Critical Metals As the global transition to renewable energy accelerates, the demand for critical metals like copper, nickel, and rare earth elements is skyrocketing.

“Our method allows us to recover these materials domestically, breaking reliance on foreign monopolies,” says co-founder Tomás Villalón, an MIT graduate. “We’re focused on creating critical materials for the next generation of technologies in a way that’s sustainable for the long term.”

Scaling Up for Impact

T

hese materials power wind turbines, solar panels, and electric vehicles—technologies vital to decarbonizing the economy. Yet, much of the world’s supply chain for these metals relies on China, which refines about 60% of rare earth elements. This dependency has raised alarms in Washington, with the Biden administration labeling it a threat to both economic and national security.

Now, one Massachusetts-based startup is challenging this status quo. Phoenix Tailings, founded by MIT alumni, has developed an innovative mining waste recycling method to extract critical metals from mining waste, promising a domestic, sustainable alternative to foreign imports.

Reclaiming Value from Mining Waste Recycling Every year, the U.S. mining industry generates approximately 1.8 billion tons

34

Skillings.net | February 2025

of waste, much of it laced with valuable metals. Traditionally, these metals have been overlooked due to the environmental and economic costs of extraction.

Phoenix Tailings aims to change that by using a proprietary mining waste recycling process that combines water, recyclable solvents, and electricity to recover metals from waste without producing toxic byproducts or carbon emissions.

At its pilot facility in Woburn, Massachusetts, Phoenix Tailings is refining rare earth metals such as neodymium and dysprosium, essential for the magnets in wind turbines, EV motors, and defense systems.

Unlike conventional methods, which often rely on hazardous chemicals, the company’s process is entirely carbon-free when powered by renewable energy.

With backing from the Department of Energy, Phoenix Tailings is scaling operations. By 2026, it aims to produce over 3,000 tons of rare earth metals annually—equivalent to 7% of the U.S.’s current output. The company has also received $2 million in federal grants to expand its mining waste recycling process to other materials, including nickel, magnesium, and iron, which are crucial for battery production and clean energy infrastructure.

The technology’s adaptability is key to its potential. “Mining waste comes in many forms, and our process is compatible with a wide array of ore types,” Villalón explains. “That opens up opportunities not just for rare earths but for other critical metals as well.”

A Model for Sustainable Mining Waste Recycling Phoenix Tailings’ approach reflects a broader trend toward circular economies, where industrial byproducts are repurposed rather than discarded.

By transforming waste into a resource

through mining waste recycling, the company addresses two challenges simultaneously: reducing environmental harm from mining operations and securing a domestic supply of critical metals.

“This is a solution that works on multiple levels,” says Villalón. “It’s not just about meeting demand but doing so in a way that aligns with our values and responsibilities as stewards of the planet.”

From Backyard Experiments to Industry Leader Phoenix Tailings began humbly in Villalón’s backyard, where he and co-founders Nick Myers, Michelle Chao, and Anthony Balladon tested early prototypes. Guided by lessons from their MIT coursework and mentorship from professors like Donald Sadoway, they refined their mining waste recycling system and produced their first batch of rare earth concentrate.

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

A Game-Changer in Economic and Technological Stakes

W

ith the surge in global demand for electric vehicles and portable electronics, lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling has become crucial for industrial innovation and environmental sustainability. The scarcity of critical metals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel—exacerbated by geopolitical risks—underscores the economic necessity of recycling. By 2050, the world could face a 46.7 million-ton shortfall in lithium, threatening industries reliant on these metals. Recycling not only mitigates these risks but also reduces dependency on volatile regions, turning LIB waste into valuable resources.

The global LIB recycling market is projected to reach $23.72 billion by 2030, driven by cost reductions in battery manufacturing and environmental benefits. Technological advancements, particularly in hydrometallurgy, have achieved over 99% recovery rates for key metals, making recycling more efficient and sustainable.

Today, the company operates on a much larger scale but remains committed to innovation. Villalón sees their work as part of a broader effort to redefine how materials are sourced and used.

Charting the Future As Phoenix Tailings expands, it faces challenges, including navigating complex regulations and scaling its technology economically. But the founders remain optimistic. “The U.S. has the talent, the resources, and the drive to lead in this space,” Villalón asserts. “What we’re doing is proof that it’s possible to build a sustainable supply chain for critical metals through mining waste recycling.”

Innovations in solvent extraction and precipitation techniques further enhance metal recovery, though challenges like high costs and environmental impact persist. Despite these hurdles, the push for closed-loop systems—where recycled materials are continuously repurposed—signals a transformative shift. Companies like Tesla and Redwood Materials are leading this change, investing in scalable recycling solutions that align with global sustainability goals.

For a world hurtling toward electrification, companies like Phoenix Tailings offer a glimpse of what the future could look like: cleaner, greener, and more self-reliant.

The urgency to develop and implement effective LIB recycling technologies is paramount. As demand accelerates, the question is not whether to recycle but how quickly it can be scaled. LIB recycling is not only an environmental obligation but a strategic imperative for sustaining future industries, ensuring economic security, and achieving environmental stewardship.

35

Mining at a Crossroads

Decarbonization & Critical Mineral Demand As the global push for decarbonization accelerates, the mining industry is navigating a critical dual mandate: scaling up production of essential minerals for electrification while meeting ambitious sustainability targets.

I

ndustry events like the FT Mining Summit and MINExpo International in Las Vegas have highlighted the urgency of these challenges, with fleet electrification and operational efficiency taking center stage in the sector’s transformation.

Fleet Electrification: The Path to Sustainable Mining Governments worldwide are driving sustainability mandates, prompting mining companies to electrify their off-highway vehicle fleets. While promising, this transition poses significant challenges. The capital required to replace diesel-powered fleets with electric alternatives is considerable, further strained by costs for engineering, maintenance, training, and installing charging infrastructure in remote areas.

A critical decision involves choosing between owning or leasing electrified fleets.

Ownership requires substantial upfront capital expenditure (capex), while leasing incurs operational expenditure (opex), each with distinct financial and tax implications.

Additionally, the sector’s unique scale and safety requirements complicate the shift. Electrification technologies for large mining vehicles are still in their infancy, with limited products tailored

36

Skillings.net | February 2025

to industry-specific needs. Overcoming these barriers necessitates robust supply chain collaborations to drive innovation and reduce the risks of supply disruptions.

Circular Economy Principles: A Key to Sustainability The mining industry’s role in advancing the circular economy has grown increasingly relevant amid concerns over potential shortages of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements.

These materials are vital for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles.

To address rising demand sustainably, mining companies must adopt recycling initiatives and integrate secondary resource utilization into their operations.

This not only conserves finite resources but also reduces reliance on new extractions, aligning with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives.

Data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) are pivotal in these efforts, enhancing regulatory compliance, forecasting energy production, and optimizing grid performance.

Mergers, Acquisitions, and Portfolio Recalibration As technology evolves and market demands shift, mining companies increas-

ingly rely on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) to streamline operations and recalibrate their portfolios. Divesting non-core assets allows firms to focus on priority projects, while partnerships foster innovation in areas like electrification and green technology development.

The geopolitical landscape also plays a crucial role. While China dominates clean technology manufacturing, trade restrictions and tariffs pose risks to progress. Collaborative strategies with global stakeholders are essential to maintaining momentum toward net-zero goals.

The Road Ahead The mining industry’s journey toward decarbonization is both a challenge and an opportunity. By adopting advanced technologies, embracing circular economy principles, and forming strategic alliances, companies can spearhead the green transition while meeting the surging demand for critical minerals.

Although upfront investments in sustainability initiatives may delay immediate returns, the long-term benefits—lower carbon emissions, improved operational efficiency, and a more resilient supply chain—are undeniable. As the industry enters this transformative era, the potential for greener, cleaner operations is well within reach.

Mining Boom Fuels Employment in Sierra Leone, but Gender Gaps Persist Sierra Leone’s mining sector reached a pivotal milestone in 2023, with employment increasing by 207% compared to 2022. According to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) report for 2022–2023, released on December 30, 2024, the sector employed 32,443 people in 2023, up from just 10,539 the previous year.

D

espite this growth fueling local economies and boosting national revenues, persistent gender imbalances and operational challenges remain.

Surge in Domestic Employment The employment boom was largely driven by domestic hires, which grew by an astonishing 246%, from 9,076 workers in 2022 to 31,408 in 2023.

Men Leading Permanent Roles: Permanent male workers saw the largest growth, rising from 8,597 in 2022 to 27,932 in 2023.

Key Mining Companies Driving Job Growth Major mining companies contributed significantly to the employment surge: Kingho Railway and Port Co. Ltd: Workforce numbers soared from 2,382 in 2022 to 22,184 in 2023, making it the largest employer in the sector.

Kingho Mining Company: Employment grew by 75%, from 2,526 workers in 2022 to 3,950 in 2023.

Marampa Mines Ltd: Increased iron ore production led to a 49% workforce expansion, from 997 in 2022 to 1,484 in 2023.

FG Gold Ltd: Employment rose from 205 in 2022 to 339 in 2023, reflecting a rise in gold mining activity.

Sierra Rutile Ltd: Employment declined slightly, from 2,371 in 2022 to 2,065 in 2023, raising questions about operational sustainability.

Increased employment has boosted household incomes and contributed to greater tax revenues. Despite its successes, the mining sector still faces critical challenges: Women remain underrepresented, accounting for just 10.9% of the workforce.

Policies promoting gender equity in hiring are needed.

Temporary and Contract Jobs: Non-permanent positions expanded from 479 in 2022 to 3,476 in 2023, including male and female employees.

Women’s Participation Still Low: Female employment increased by 238%, from 1,048 in 2022 to 3,544 in 2023. However, women made up just 10.9% of the workforce, underscoring significant gender disparities.

Meanwhile, foreign employment grew modestly, rising from 437 workers in 2022 to 539 in 2023. The share of foreign workers in the total workforce fell from 4.1% to 1.7%, reflecting a shift toward prioritizing domestic hiring.

37

 Rat Hole Mining

A Deadly Practice Claims Lives in India’s Coal Mines

A

On January 6, 205, a rat-hole mine in Assam’s Dima Hasao district was flooded, trapping nine men. More than 10 days after the incident, only four bodies have been retrieved. Though banned, rat-hole mining, which is dangerous but lucrative, continues unabated in Assam and Meghalaya.

t least eight miners trapped in a flooded coal mine, as the body of one miner was recovered on January 7th. The dramatic operation underscores the perils of rat hole mining, a dangerous and often illegal practice prevalent in the region.

The miners became trapped on January 6th after water from an abandoned adjacent mine flooded their work site in the Umrangso area of Dima Hasao district, approximately 125 miles from Guwahati, the capital of Assam. Efforts to locate and save the miners face significant challenges due to the mine’s precarious conditions and narrow, unstructured shafts, characteristics typical of rat hole mining operations.

Rat-hole mining, of two types, is so named as it involves digging tunnels 3-4 feet deep, barely allowing workers to crawl in and out. They have to squat while extracting coal with pickaxes. The side-cutting type of mining is usually done on hill slopes by following a coal

38

Skillings.net | February 2025

seam — dark brown or black-banded coal deposited within layers of rock— visible from the outside. The second type called box-cutting entails digging a circular or squarish pit at least 5 sq. metre in width up to a depth of 400 feet. Miners who drop down in makeshift cranes or using rope-and-bamboo ladders dig horizontally after finding the coal seam. The tunnels are dug in every direction from the edge of the pit, resembling the tentacles of an octopus.

Desperate Rescue Efforts Amid ‘Rat Hole’ Mining Hazards Local government officials confirmed the grim discovery of the first victim.

“Army deep divers have found and retrieved one body from the flooded mine,” said Kaushik Rai, a minister overseeing the rescue operation. “The divers will go into the mine again to continue their search operations.”

The operation involves teams from the Indian Army, National Disaster

Response Force (NDRF), and local authorities. Specialized divers are navigating the submerged labyrinth of tunnels, typical of rat hole mining, using minimal visibility and battling strong water currents.

Authorities have not disclosed the identity of the recovered miner and fear that the chances of survival for the remaining trapped workers diminish with each passing hour. However, rescuers remain determined. “We are doing everything in our power to save lives,” Rai said.

Grieving Families and Mounting Questions As rescue efforts unfold, families of the trapped miners are gathering near the site, desperate for news. “My brother went to work every day to feed his children,” said Raju Singh, whose sibling is among the missing. “We are praying for a miracle, but no one is telling us if they are alive.” The tragedy has sparked outrage among local activists and lawmakers who accuse mining op-

Rat-hole mining, of two types, is so named as it involves digging tunnels 3-4 feet deep, barely allowing workers to crawl in and out. They have to squat while extracting coal with pickaxes. The side-cutting type of mining is usually done on hill slopes by following a coal seam — dark brown or blackbanded coal deposited within layers of rock— visible from the outside.

The Dangers of ‘Rat Hole Mining’ The incident highlights the longstanding dangers of rat hole mining, a practice involving narrow, unregulated tunnels often carved deep into the earth. These tunnels—too small for machinery—require miners to crawl inside, relying

on rudimentary tools to extract coal.

natives in impoverished communities.

Though officially banned in several Indian states, including Meghalaya and Assam, rat hole mining persists due to high demand for coal and a lack of viable economic alter-

Mining in the Umrangso area, located near the Kopili River, has long been contentious. Environmental activists have raised concerns about unregulated rat hole mining weaken-

erators of negligence. “This is the result of profit-driven exploitation without any regard for human lives or the environment,” said Debashish Dutta, a local activist. “Authorities must ensure accountability and enforce the mining ban strictly.”

Government officials have promised a thorough investigation. Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma tweeted, “We will ensure justice for the families of the miners and strengthen measures to prevent such incidents in the future.”

International Focus on the Hazards of Rat Hole Mining The incident has renewed global scrutiny on mining safety, particularly in

developing countries where regulations are often poorly enforced. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has previously flagged India’s informal mining sector, including rat hole mining, as one of the most hazardous in the world, citing frequent collapses, flooding, and health risks for miners.

Experts argue that without significant reforms, accidents like the one in Umrangso will remain a tragic fixture. “Illegal mining thrives because it feeds into the formal economy,” said Dr. Anirban Roy, an environmental policy researcher. “The government must address both demand and the socio-economic conditions that drive workers into these perilous jobs.”

ing geological structures and increasing the risk of water ingress. Monday’s flooding appears to have occurred after water breached from an abandoned mine nearby, raising questions about oversight and safety standards.

Addressing Rat Hole Mining Risks As search operations continue, the focus is on recovering the remaining miners and ensuring accountability. But the tragedy has laid bare systemic flaws in India’s mining sector that require urgent attention. From inadequate enforcement of bans to the absence of alternative livelihoods for miners, the road to reform is fraught with challenges.

For the families of the trapped miners, however, the priority remains clear: bringing their loved ones home, alive or dead. The risks of rat hole mining have once again cast a shadow on the lives of workers and the region’s vulnerable communities.

39

e z i n o i t u Revol e c r o f k r o W g n i Min 5 2 0 2 n i g n i n i a r T

n ve shift i i t a m r o f a trans ological g n n h i c o e g t r e y b d stry is un rs, driven u o t d a n i ess labor r r e g d p n d i o a n t i o n t m e ed the ipm essing ne In 2025, o s for equ r e p i g e o h l t o d d n o repared t a h p , t s e e r e m a v i t s g r a n r ato pe traini how oper safety im , g s n t i n n e fi e m ed ns. advance ution is r l o v e operatio s i g h n i T n . i s e m n shortag of moder s d n a m e d meet the

40

Skillings.net | February 2025

The integration of cutting-edge technologies has become central to operator training programs. Leading equipment manufacturers like Komatsu have developed comprehensive training modules that encompass virtual, classroom, and on-themachine activities, aiming to enhance equipment utilization and operator proficiency.

S

imulation-based training is also gaining traction. Companies such as VISTA Training offer programs like TruckLogic™, which combines webbased learning, simulation, and on-thejob training tools. This multifaceted approach allows operators to experience realistic scenarios in a controlled environment, improving their skills without the risks associated with on-site training.

Addressing Labor Shortages Through Innovative Training The mining sector is facing significant labor shortages, particularly in regions like Canada, where companies are striving to meet the soaring demand for minerals essential to technologies such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.

The Mining Industry Human Resources Council (MiHR) has highlighted a severe skills gap, exacerbated by declining enrollment in mining training courses and a lack of interest among younger demographics.

To combat this, mining firms are implementing diverse and inclusive recruitment strategies, focusing on environmental sustainability, and offering advanced technological training programs to attract new talent. For instance, initiatives like the Inexperienced Miner Program by Mastermyne provide handson training to individuals without prior mining experience, thereby expanding the talent pool.

Global Developments in Training Facilities Significant investments are being made worldwide to establish state-of-the-art

training centers. In Moranbah, Australia, the Queensland Mines Rescue Service (QMRS) is set to develop a cutting-edge training facility aimed at providing highly skilled mines rescue teams with advanced training and reduced travel times. This initiative underscores the industry's commitment to safety and preparedness.

The Role of Automation and Sustainability in Training As the industry moves towards automation and sustainable practices, training programs are evolving to include these aspects. The adoption of autonomous vehicles and digital twin technologies necessitates that operators are proficient in managing and maintaining advanced systems. Training now often includes modules on operating electric and hydrogen-powered equipment, integrating renewable energy sources, and implementing water recycling systems, aligning with the industry's sustainability goals.

Collaborative Industry Partnerships To further enhance training effectiveness, many mining companies are partnering with technology providers, educational institutions, and government bodies. These partnerships aim to create comprehensive curriculums tailored to the specific needs of the industry. For example: Rio Tinto, in collaboration with TAFE Western Australia, has developed specialized training programs focused on operating autonomous mining trucks

and drills. This initiative is part of their larger strategy to transition into fully autonomous mine operations.

Anglo American has partnered with universities to research and implement training programs on emerging technologies, such as AI-driven predictive maintenance and drone-based site monitoring.

These collaborations not only provide cutting-edge skills but also ensure that the workforce remains adaptable to future technological advancements.

E-learning and Remote Training Solutions The rise of e-learning platforms has revolutionized how training is delivered in the mining sector. Remote training solutions are particularly valuable for operators in geographically isolated areas, where access to physical training centers is limited. Platforms like Edumine and 360Training offer a wide range of online courses, including safety protocols, equipment maintenance, and environmental management.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are further enhancing e-learning by providing immersive experiences.

For instance, VR-based training allows operators to virtually "step into" a mining site, interact with machinery, and practice emergency responses without leaving their homes.

Focus on Safety and Compliance Safety remains the cornerstone of operator training in 2025. The implementation

41

of enhanced safety modules ensures that operators are well-versed in identifying and mitigating risks.

The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) has introduced updated safety guidelines that many companies are incorporating into their training programs.

Additionally, training now includes compliance with ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) standards, reflecting the increasing importance of ethical and sustainable mining practices. For example, operators are trained to minimize environmental impact through efficient equipment operation and adherence to strict emissions protocols.

Adapting to Changing Workforce Dynamics The demographic profile of the mining workforce is changing, with increasing participation from underrepresented groups, including women and Indigenous communities. Training programs are adapting to these changes by addressing diverse learning styles and cultural sensitivities.

In Canada, for instance, initiatives like the Indigenous Apprenticeship Program focus on equipping Indigenous workers with the skills needed for long-term careers in mining. Similarly, programs promoting gender equality, such as the Women in Mining Training Program, aim to close the gender gap in the industry.

Looking Ahead As the mining industry continues to evolve, the focus on advanced, inclusive, and sustainable training practices will only grow stronger. The integration of AI and machine learning into training systems is expected to further enhance personalization and effectiveness. By investing in the workforce of the future, the industry is not only addressing current challenges but also laying the foundation for sustainable growth and innovation.

In 2025, the commitment to equipping equipment operators with 21st-century skills stands as a testament to the mining sector's resilience and adaptability. As new technologies emerge and the global demand for critical minerals surges, these training advancements ensure that mining operations remain safe, efficient, and forward-looking.

42

Skillings.net | February 2025

Speculation

How the New U.S. Administration Might Address Training for Mining Equipment Operators in 2025 The new U.S. administration, with its focus on economic revitalization, clean energy transition, and workforce development, is likely to take several strategic steps to address the challenges and opportunities surrounding the training of mining equipment operators. Here are potential measures and policy directions the administration might pursue:

1. Investment in Workforce Development The administration could prioritize workforce training initiatives as part of its broader economic agenda. This might involve: Increased Funding for Training Programs: Allocating federal funds to vocational and technical training schools, with a focus on mining and heavy equipment operation.

Tax Incentives for Employers: Offering tax credits to mining companies that invest in advanced training technologies such as simulators and virtual reality platforms.

Apprenticeship Programs: Expanding apprenticeship opportunities in partnership with mining companies to provide hands-on experience to new entrants.

2. Integration with Clean Energy Policies Given the administration's likely emphasis on renewable energy and critical minerals, mining workforce training could be tied to clean energy goals. For instance: Training for Green Technologies: Developing specialized programs to train operators on equipment used in extracting rare earth elements and other materials critical for electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.

Sustainability-Focused Training: Encouraging environmentally friendly mining practices and teaching operators to use machinery in ways that minimize environmental impact.

3. Collaboration with Private Sector and Unions The administration may foster public-private partnerships to enhance training infrastructure. This could include: Partnerships with Equipment Manufacturers: Collaborating with companies like Caterpillar, Komatsu, and others to create standardized, high-tech training modules.

Union-Backed Initiatives: Working with labor unions like the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) to ensure training programs align with worker needs and safety standards.

4. Use of Federal Infrastructure Plans If the administration pursues large-scale infrastructure investments, it could tie

mining operator training to these projects by: Creating National Training Hubs: Establishing regional training centers near major mining operations or critical infrastructure projects.

Incentivizing Technological Integration: Offering grants to states and mining firms to adopt technologies like AI and automation in operator training.

5. Addressing Labor Shortages To mitigate labor shortages in mining, the administration could: Promote Immigration Reform: Introducing policies to attract skilled workers from other countries for the mining sector.

Boost Recruitment Efforts: Launching awareness campaigns to highlight career opportunities in mining, particularly in underserved and rural communities.

6. Strengthening Safety Regulations With safety being a key concern, the administration may: Enhance OSHA Standards: Updating safety regulations and mandating comprehensive training for all mining operators.

Fund Safety Research: Allocating resources to study and implement the latest safety practices and technologies in mining.

7. Federal Mandates on Training Standards The administration could introduce nationwide training standards for mining operators, ensuring consistency and quality across states. This might include: Certification Requirements: Mandating federal certification for all equipment operators.

Technology Proficiency Standards: Requiring operators to be trained on automation and digital tools as part of their licensing.

8. Inclusivity and Diversity Initiatives Reflecting its broader social equity agenda, the administration might: Expand Access to Training: Target underrepresented groups, such as women and minorities, to diversify the mining workforce.

Community Outreach Programs: Partner with local organizations to offer scholarships and training for marginalized communities near mining regions.

9. Leveraging the Defense Production Act The administration could invoke the Defense Production Act to expedite workforce development in critical mineral mining, tying training initiatives to national security priorities.

10. Support for Remote and E-Learning Platforms Given the widespread adoption of remote learning, the administration may: Fund E-Learning Innovations: Support virtual and augmented reality training solutions to expand access for workers in remote locations.

Provide Broadband Access: Ensure mining regions have reliable internet infrastructure to facilitate online training programs.

The new U.S. administration is likely to adopt a multi-pronged approach, addressing training for mining equipment operators through policies that align with its broader goals of economic growth, energy transition, and workforce equity.

By fostering collaboration between federal agencies, private companies, and local communities, it could lay the groundwork for a skilled, adaptable, and sustainable mining workforce in the years to come.

43

Trump Administration Could Spur Deep-Sea Mining Boom Amid Controversy The incoming Trump administration appears ready to foster growth in the deep-sea mining industry, potentially transforming how the U.S. accesses critical minerals.

B

y signaling increased support through key cabinet appointments and congressional initiatives, the administration has energized industry proponents. However, environmental concerns and international opposition present significant challenges to this rapidly growing sector.

Congressional Backing for Deep-Sea Mining A key provision in the recently passed defense funding bill directs the Department of Defense to evaluate the feasibility of processing deep-sea minerals domestically. This move highlights the administration’s focus on enhancing resource security, especially as concerns over China’s dominance in critical mineral supply chains intensify.

The administration’s cabinet appointments further underscore its commitment to advancing deep-sea mining. Elise Stefanik, nominated as U.N. ambassador, has been a prominent advocate for exploring this emerging resource frontier.

Her prior efforts included urging the Defense Department to assess the strategic potential of deep-sea mining to counter China’s growing influence.

Critical Minerals and Strategic Interests The appeal of deep-sea mining lies in its potential to provide access to essential materials like cobalt, nickel, and copper.

44

Skillings.net | February 2025

These minerals are vital for developing energy technologies, bolstering national defense, and producing electronics.

Duncan Wood, president of the Pacific Council, believes that the Trump administration’s alignment with economic nationalism could serve as a powerful catalyst for the deep-sea mining industry.

“The political conditions are more favorable now than ever,” said Wood. “The Biden administration laid the groundwork by emphasizing the importance of critical minerals, and the Trump administration is likely to build on this momentum by supporting deep-sea exploration.”

Environmental and International Resistance to Deep-Sea Mining While the potential benefits of deep-sea mining are undeniable, environmental advocates warn of its severe ecological consequences. Critics, including Greenpeace, argue that mining operations in the deep sea could irreparably damage ecosystems essential to global ocean health. Nations like Canada, France, and the U.K. have called for moratoriums or outright bans on deep-sea mining, citing the environmental risks and lack of comprehensive regulations.

Louisa Casson, global lead for deep-sea mining at Greenpeace, emphasized the stakes involved in upcoming decisions by the International Seabed Authority (ISA).

“Governments must choose whether to safeguard the deep ocean or yield to industry pressure,” she said.

Key Developments on the Horizon for Deep-Sea Mining The Metals Company (TMC), a Nasdaq-listed firm specializing in deepsea mining, is set to file its first mining application with the ISA this year. The Republic of Nauru, an ISA member, will submit the application on behalf of TMC, compelling the ISA to issue a decision.

The ISA, which oversees international seabed mining under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, plays a central role in regulating deep-sea mining.

Although the U.S. is not a signatory to the treaty, it actively participates in ISA discussions. The Trump administration, consistent with its broader skepticism toward multilateral agreements, is unlikely to ratify the convention.

Newly elected ISA Secretary-General Leticia Carvalho has pledged to prioritize sustainability and inclusiveness in regulating deep-sea mining activities.

Industry Optimism Amid Deep-Sea Mining Uncertainty TMC CEO Gerard Barron expressed optimism about the Trump administration’s potential to accelerate progress in deepsea mining.

He highlighted the recent appointment of Steve Jurvetson, a former Tesla executive, to TMC’s board as evidence of the industry’s readiness to overcome future challenges.

Mining Info you don’t have to Dig for...

SUBSCRIBE NOW!

BEYOND EXPERTISE Barr has assisted national and international mining and minerals processing clients with complex, large-scale projects for more than 60 years. We offer drill-to-mill optimization services—and assistance with everything that comes before and after.

By integrating engineering and environmental expertise, we can provide a streamlined approach to your project—one that improves efficiency, communication, and understanding of both the small details and the big picture.

Barr Engineering Co. | 800.632.2277 | barr.com 2024_ad placement.indd 2

4/1/2024 9:07:13 AM

45

SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

DECEMBER 2024 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

W

orld crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 144.5 million tonnes (Mt) in December 2024, a 5.6% increase compared to December 2023.

Africa produced 1.9 Mt in December 2024, down 1.0% on December 2023. Asia and Oceania produced 106.3 Mt, up 9.0%.

The EU (27) produced 9.6 Mt, up 7.2%.

Europe, Other produced 3.3 Mt, down 14.3%. The Middle East produced 4.6 Mt, down 4.5%. North America produced 8.8 Mt, down 4.3%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 6.8 Mt, down 6.8%.

South America produced 3.1 Mt, down 3.8%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China produced 76.0 Mt in December 2024, up 11.8% on December 2023. India produced 13.6 Mt, up 9.5%. Japan produced 6.9 Mt, down 1.1%. The United States produced 6.7 Mt, down 2.4%. Rus-

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

sia is estimated to have produced 5.7 Mt, down 8.6%. South Korea produced 5.2 Mt, down 3.2%. Germany produced 2.7 Mt, up 4.1%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, down 7.6%. Brazil produced 2.6 Mt, up 1.8%. Iran produced 2.6 Mt, down 8.2%.

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change dec % change jan-dec % jan-dec 2024(mt) dec 24/23 2024 (mt) 24/23

dec 2024 (mt)

% change dec24/23

jan-dec 24 (mt)

% change jan-dec 24/23

1.9

-1.0

22.3

1.0

China

76.0

11.8

1,005.1

-1.7

106.3

9.0

1,357.8

-1.0

India

13.6

9.5

149.6

6.3

EU (27)

9.6

7.2

129.5

2.6

Japan

6.9

-1.1

84.0

-3.4

Europe, Other

3.3

-14.3

43.2

3.4

United States

6.7

-2.4

79.5

-2.4

Russia

5.7

-8.6

70.7

-7.0

South Korea

5.2

-3.2

63.5

-4.7

Germany

2.7

4.1

37.2

5.2

Africa Asia and Oceania

e

Middle East

4.6

-4.5

54.1

0.5

North America

8.8

-4.3

105.9

-4.2

Russia & CIS + Ukraine

6.8

-6.8

84.8

-4.2

-7.6

36.9

9.4

3.1

-3.8

41.9

Türkiye

3.0

South America

0.6

Brazil

2.6

1.8

33.7

5.3

Total 71 countries

144.5

5.6

1,839.4

-0.9

Iran

2.6

-8.2

31.0

0.8

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

46

Skillings.net | February 2025

2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,888.2 MT IN 2023

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

1

China

1,019.1

1,019.1

0.0

22

Poland (e)

6.4

7.4

-13.1

2

India

140.2

125.4

11.8

23

Austria

7.1

7.5

-5.0

3

Japan

87.0

89.2

-2.5

24

Belgium (e)

5.9

7.0

-16.1

4

United States

80.7

80.5

0.2

25

Ukraine

6.2

6.3

-0.6

5

Russia (e)

75.8

71.7

5.6

26

Netherlands

4.7

6.1

-23.9

6

South Korea

66.7

65.8

1.3

27

United Kingdom

5.6

6.0

-6.5

7

Germany

35.4

36.9

-3.9

28

Pakistan (e)

5.3

6.0

-11.3

8

Turkey

33.7

35.1

-4.0

29

Australia

5.5

5.6

-2.9

9

Brazil

31.9

34.1

-6.5

30

Thailand

5.0

5.3

-6.7

10

Iran

31.1

30.6

1.8

31

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.2

5.8

11

Italy

21.1

21.6

-2.4

32

Argentina

4.9

5.1

-3.2

12

Taiwan, China (e)

18.9

20.8

-8.9

33

Sweden

4.3

4.4

-3.3

13

Viet Nam (e)

19.0

20.0

-5.0

34

South Africa

4.9

4.4

10.6

14

Mexico

16.3

18.4

-11.6

35

Czechia

3.4

4.3

-21.1

15

Indonesia (e)

16.0

15.6

2.8

36

Kazakhstan

3.9

4.1

-5.5

16

France

10.0

12.1

-17.4

37

Slovakia (e)

4.5

3.9

15.4

17

Canada (e)

12.3

12.1

1.3

38

Finland

3.8

3.5

7.7

18

Spain

11.3

11.6

-2.7

39

Algeria

4.4

4.3

2.8

19

Malaysia (e)

7.5

7.2

4.1

40

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.2

0.8

20

Egypt

10.4

9.8

5.4

Others

39.6

41.4

-4.4

21

Saudi Arabia

5.9

9.9

0.8

World

1,888.2

1,888.7

0.0

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

T

2024 Steel Statistical Yearbook published

he World Steel Association (worldsteel)’s Steel Statistical Yearbook 2023 contains comprehensive statistics from 2014 to 2023 on crude steel production by country and process, steel production by product, steel trade by product, apparent steel use and apparent steel use per capita by country, as well as production and trade of pig iron and

directly reduced iron. It also includes data on production and trade of iron ore and scrap.

Individuals access the data by logging into the worldsteel data platform with a personal username and password automatically issued at the time of purchase.

Access is granted once payment is con-

firmed. The data can be easily downloaded in Excel format once payment has been processed. A PDF version of all the data is also included.

Buy it here: https://worldsteel.org/media/ publications/ssy_subscription-2024/

47