Skillings_December_2024

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Volume: 113. Issue.12. December 2024

16 How Technology is Making Mining Blasting Smarter

INSIDE

2024 Annual Index of Skillings Mining Review

22 Key Trends in

Workforce Development & Employment in the Mining Sector

INSIGHTS FROM EXPERIENCED PROFESSIONALS ON

A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility Interview with Industry Leaders Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls.

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08 Hot Rolled Coil: Key to Europe’s Industrial Transformation

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Australian Mining: BHP Warns of Rising Low-Cost Competition

Volume: 113. Issue.12. December 2024

Wired for Success

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How Technology is Making Mining Blasting Smarter

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2024 Annual Index of Skillings Mining Review

Digital technologies have revolutionized mining blast planning and execution, yet safety remains a top priority in modern blasting operations despite these advancements.

Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls.

INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS

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Cybersecurity in Mining The High-Stakes Challenge of Securing Digital Frontiers. The mining industry, historically reliant on heavy machinery and labor-intensive processes, is undergoing a significant transformation toward digitization. While this shift offers unparalleled efficiencies, it also introduces a critical vulnerability: cybersecurity threats.

Key Trends in Workforce Development & Employment Technological innovation, sustainability imperatives, and shifting geopolitical dynamics are reshaping how mines operate and the types of jobs they offer.

05 Metso's hydrometallurgy offering 06 VR Resources Wraps Up Geophysical Surveys in Ontario 06 China Gold Deposit Unearthed 06 World’s Largest Find Shakes Up Global Markets 10 Greenland Mining Investment: Biden Makes Final Push 12 Botswana to establish an export

A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

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certification point for rough diamonds 12 Carnaby teams up with Glencore 14 Trump’s Tariff Plans Could Reshape the Industrial Metals Market 15 Copper Supply Gap Fuels M&A Frenzy in Mining Sector Amid Energy Transition 29 Deep-Sea Mining Risks Over

$560 Billion in Export Earnings, Report Warns 30 Smarter Design & Resource Optimization: Rethinking Mining Operations 44 Russia-Ukraine Conflict’s Escalation Could Spark Record Gold Prices 46 Statistics 47 Sustainability Indicators report

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Metso extends hydrometallurgy offering maximises surface aeration, increasing oxygen mass transfer and enhances foam entrainment back into the slurry using a novel surface aeration ring. Thanks to its innovative design, it delivers more than 20% energy savings on agitation power, lowering operational costs.”

etso is extending its hydrometallurgy offering with the launch of OKTOP® BIOX® Reactor. The reactor is ideal for the pre-treatment of refractory gold concentrate and base metal leaching.

It is part of the Metso Plus offering and enables enhancing oxygen mass transfer to improve energy efficiency and process performance during the leaching process.

“The OKTOP BIOX Reactor provides increased operational efficiency with the most energy-efficient agitator design available for the BIOX process,” stated Waldemar Olivier, Senior Process

Engineer, Gold, at Metso. “The reactor features a dual-pumping agitator that

Metso provides comprehensive support from design to service for OKTOP BIOX Reactor deliveries. This includes, for example, full process design, mechanical guarantees, and test work capabilities.

To support steady operational efficiency, Metso’s in-house engineering team offers accurate monitoring and optimisation services.

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VR Resources Wraps Up Geophysical Surveys in Ontario VR Resources Ltd. has announced the completion of two advanced DCIP geophysical surveys at its Empire and Silverback assets in northwestern Ontario, with inversions ongoing, preliminary data being reviewed, and drill planning started.

World’s Largest Find Shakes Up Global Markets A groundbreaking discovery in China’s Hunan Province has unveiled the world’s largest China gold deposit, valued at an astounding US$83 billion. The find, located in Pingjiang County, is estimated to contain 1,000 metric tons of gold, surpassing all previously known reserves.

The surveys were performed as intended, on schedule, and under budget, as specified in NR-24–26 beginning November 12th, 2024. Data quality for both surveys is high, with negligible EM coupling at the surface, low noise, and a strong correlation to conductivity in previously acquired airborne EM data. Details include:

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Empire Project: Approximately 7 km of 2D DCIP readings were taken along three lines across the Westwood target, a 3 km long magnetic anomaly, with a survey depth penetration of 500 m

Implications for Global Markets

Silverback Project: A 4×4 km 3D-array DCIP grid was constructed, resulting in 90,000 distinct dipoles and 500 m depth penetration. |The grid is centered on a shear zone with 9.5g/t gold, 5.6% copper, and 52 g/t silver, and it encompasses the recently announced gold-enriched porphyry intrusion, as well as quartz vein stockworks found in outcrop during the survey, near a 6-channel EM anomaly from an OGS survey in 1980.

In disseminated sulfide, surface mineralization at the Westwood target, close to the Trans Canada highway, averages 0.2% Cu, 0.54 g/t Pt+Pd, and 0.14 g/t Au. During the survey, a fresh outcrop of ultra-mafic rock tinged with iron and containing vein and disseminated sulfide was found.

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China Gold Deposit Unearthed

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he Geological Bureau of Hunan Province confirmed the discovery following months of intensive exploration. Advanced 3D modeling revealed a network of 40 gold veins extending to depths of 2 kilometers, with projections suggesting a reach of 3 kilometers. The deposit’s average grade of 138 grams per metric ton far surpasses the global standard for high-quality ore. Chen Rulin, a senior prospector, remarked on the deposit’s exceptional quality, noting many drilled cores revealed visible gold. The China gold deposit is hailed as transformative for the mining industry.

China, a global leader in gold production, stands to solidify its position further with this discovery. Despite holding over 2,000 metric tons of reserves and producing 10% of global output, domestic consumption outpaces production, requiring significant imports. The Hunan deposit may reduce reliance on imports but would satisfy domestic demand for only 1.4 years at current rates. Analysts predict the find will stabilize China’s gold market in the short term and enhance its influence on global pricing and supply dynamics.

Gold prices, already near record highs of US$2,700 per ounce, surged after the announcement, reflecting investor demand amid economic uncertainty. The Pingjiang deposit eclipses South Africa’s South Deep mine and surpasses reserves in Australia and England, bolstering China’s leadership in gold mining innovation.

This discovery coincides with breakthroughs in understanding gold formation, including seismic activity’s role in creating deposits. Advanced exploration technologies enabled the find. Simultaneously, researchers are innovating, synthesizing “goldene,” a two-dimensional gold with unique properties, broadening exploration possibilities. The Pingjiang deposit challenges the notion of “peak gold” while highlighting finite resources. Technological advances continue to redefine mining’s potential. This historic discovery underscores gold’s enduring value, marking a new chapter for mining, exploration, and global economic impact.

Hot Rolled Coil (HRC): Key to Europe’s Industrial Transformation HOT ROLLED COIL (HRC) DEMAND surges as Europe’s green steel strategy and U.S. tariff policies reshape the global steel market for investors and manufacturers.

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ot rolled coil (HRC) is at the forefront of a dramatic shift in the global steel industry. The European Union’s €800 billion industrial strategy, championed by former Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi, seeks to position the EU as a leader in green steel production.

Across the Atlantic, Donald Trump’s re-election has raised the specter of aggressive trade policies, including substantial tariffs on Chinese steel imports, which could profoundly alter supply chains. These developments have major implications for investors and manufacturers, who must navigate a complex landscape defined by sustainability goals and geopolitical tensions.

Hot rolled coil (HRC) is an essential product in construction, automotive manufacturing, and pipe production.

Its versatility and relative cost-efficiency make it a cornerstone of industrial activity. With downstream products like cold rolled coil commanding a premium of €100 ($105) per metric ton, HRC often serves as the starting point for high-value manufacturing.

In Europe, HRC demand is set to soar as the EU’s industrial strategy begins rolling out in 2025. The plan includes major investments in infrastructure and a transition to sustainable steel production processes. As a key material for building projects and renewable energy

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installations, HRC’s role in this green transformation cannot be overstated.

“This plan could increase hot rolled coil (HRC) consumption significantly, provided the green transition doesn’t overly strain costs,” said Anna Müller, a senior analyst at EuroSteel Research.

“The focus on sustainability presents both an opportunity and a challenge for manufacturers.”

Green Steel and the EU’s Industrial Strategy The European Commission’s strategy includes funding for low-carbon steel production technologies such as hydrogen-based steelmaking and electric arc furnaces. These methods aim to drastically reduce carbon emissions, aligning the bloc with its net-zero goals by 2050.

The strategy’s €800 billion price tag will be allocated over five years, with a significant portion dedicated to modernizing steel infrastructure.

For hot rolled coil (HRC), this shift could translate into steady demand growth.

The construction of wind farms, solar installations, and electric vehicle charging networks—cornerstones of Europe’s green agenda—relies heavily on steel products.

While this is good news for manufacturers, the cost of transitioning to green technologies remains a sticking point.

Iron ore prices, a key input for HRC production, have been volatile. As of November 21, the benchmark 62% Fe

iron ore traded at $101.95 per metric ton, an 11.62% increase since September.

Rising raw material costs could create short-term challenges for steelmakers, particularly those investing in costly low-carbon technologies.

Trump’s Tariffs: A Wild Card for HRC Prices Meanwhile, the U.S. steel industry faces potential upheaval under Donald Trump’s leadership. Trump, who secured a second term after defeating Kamala Harris in the November election, has renewed his focus on trade protectionism. Industry insiders anticipate tariffs on Chinese steel imports as high as 60-100%, reigniting fears of a global trade war.

For hot rolled coil (HRC), the implications are profound. If Chinese steel is redirected to Europe, manufacturers in the EU could face intensified competition, even as they invest heavily in green production. On the other hand, U.S. producers might benefit from reduced import competition, though higher input costs could erode margins.

“Trump’s policies are likely to have a ripple effect,” said John Simmons, a trade expert at GlobalSteel Insights. “Hot rolled coil (HRC) prices might stabilize in Europe but rise in the U.S., forcing investors to reallocate resources strategically.”

U.S. manufacturers reliant on HRC could face higher costs, particularly if tariffs

HRC and the Global Supply Chain

with broader global trends, such as the Paris Agreement, which have prioritized environmentally friendly practices.

However, achieving these goals requires significant investment in technology and infrastructure, which could strain smaller manufacturers.

target. Europe’s industrial strategy could create growth opportunities for companies aligned with green technologies, such as those producing hydrogen-based steel. Investors should also monitor emerging markets like India, which could benefit from shifting trade dynamics.

The interplay between Europe’s green ambitions and U.S. trade policies will have lasting implications for global steel markets. In the short term, rising input costs and logistical bottlenecks could disrupt pricing. For example, the construction sector—one of the largest consumers of hot rolled coil (HRC)—is sensitive to both material costs and project delays.

In the U.S., Trump’s policies are likely to exacerbate volatility. If tariffs are enacted, they could trigger retaliatory measures from trading partners, further complicating global supply chains. For investors, understanding the interplay between these forces will be key to identifying opportunities in the steel sector.

Manufacturers investing in low-carbon technologies stand to gain from government incentives and increased demand for sustainable products. However, those operating in the U.S. must prepare for potential disruptions from tariffs and higher raw material costs.

extend to raw materials like iron ore. This could strain sectors such as construction and automotive, both of which are already grappling with inflationary pressures.

In Europe, the focus on sustainability is expected to drive long-term demand for HRC. The EU’s commitment to decarbonizing its industrial base aligns

Investment Opportunities in Hot Rolled Coil (HRC) Despite the uncertainties, hot rolled coil (HRC) remains a compelling investment

Iron ore volatility also warrants attention. With prices fluctuating amid supply chain disruptions and geopolitical tensions, securing stable input sources will be critical for maintaining profitability.

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Greenland Mining Investment: Biden Administration Makes Final Push AS PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN PREPARES TO LEAVE OFFICE, HIS ADMINISTRATION IS making an eleventh-hour effort to galvanize Greenland mining investment in the island’s untapped mineral wealth. The move is a calculated step to secure the United States’ critical minerals supply chain while setting the stage for Western-led energy transition initiatives.

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ose Fernandez, the State Department’s undersecretary for economic growth, energy, and the environment, is leading the charge with a high-profile visit to Nuuk, Greenland’s capital.

During his four-day trip, Fernandez engaged with officials from Greenland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Mineral Resources Authority.

The outreach culminated in an eighthour virtual conference that connected Greenlandic leaders with over 70 potential investors from the U.S., Europe, and Japan, along with diplomatic representatives from Australia and the EU.

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Greenland: A Critical Mineral Frontier

vide investors a glimpse of these opportunities.”

Greenland, a semi-autonomous territory of Denmark, is strategically significant due to its vast reserves of minerals critical for technologies like electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and advanced manufacturing. The island hosts substantial deposits of rare earth elements, nickel, and molybdenum— resources the U.S. Geological Survey deems essential.

The Biden administration’s efforts align with broader Western strategies to counter China’s dominance in the critical minerals market. Beijing currently controls a significant portion of the global rare earth supply chain, raising concerns about supply security amid escalating geopolitical tensions.

“Greenland wants to become the next mining frontier,” Fernandez remarked in an interview. “My visit aimed to pro-

Greenland officials share this vision.

“In Greenland, we see the development of critical minerals as a shared global responsibility, where our country can

take on a leading role,” said Naaja Nathanielsen, Greenland’s minister for industry, trade, minerals, and justice.

Incentives for Greenland Mining Investment To attract investment in Greenland’s mining sector, the U.S. has offered Greenland technical assistance in areas like permitting, resource mapping, and regulatory development.

Additionally, the State Department has played a crucial role in drafting a mining investment law that promotes sustainable development with environmental and labor standards surpassing those of Chinese-backed projects.

“Yes, we want to get their critical minerals and use them in our economy,” Fernandez emphasized, “but we don’t want to do that at their expense.” At the recent conference, seven key projects were highlighted. These included Neo Performance Materials’ rare earth initiative, Anglo American’s nickel project, and Greenland Resources’ molybdenum venture.

Financial institutions such as the U.S. Export-Import Bank and the European Investment Bank also joined discussions to explore funding opportunities.

Legacy and Transition Challenges Biden’s push for Greenland mining investment underscores the administration’s broader strategy to bolster the West’s critical mineral supply chains. This initiative is part of a flurry of actions aimed at cementing Biden’s energy and foreign policy legacy, which includes increased aid to Ukraine and expedited permitting for U.S.-based mining projects.

However, uncertainty surrounds the incoming Trump administration. During his first presidency, Trump unsuccessfully attempted to purchase Greenland, citing its strategic location and resource potential. Fernandez declined to comment on potential policy shifts, noting, “I cannot forecast what the next administration will do, but the business case will not change. The demand for critical minerals worldwide is increasing exponentially.”

Greenland’s mineral reserves offer both economic growth opportunities and geopolitical leverage. As Western nations accelerate their decarbonization goals, securing sustainable and ethically sourced critical minerals remains a top priority.

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Botswana to establish an export certification point for rough diamonds Botswana, the world’s second-largest diamond producer, is partnering with the G7 to establish an export certification hub for rough diamonds, a move aimed at enhancing traceability and ensuring that Russian-mined diamonds are excluded from G7 markets.

FOR BOTSWANA, THE CERTIFICATION NODE COULD prove transformative. The country relies heavily on diamonds, which account for 70% of its export revenue and 30% of its GDP.

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his collaboration follows a G7 ban on Russian-origin diamonds imposed in January 2024, later expanded to include diamonds processed in third countries.

In March, the European Union established a certification node to enforce compliance, and Botswana’s forthcoming certification point represents a significant step in reinforcing integrity in the diamond trade as the G7 tightens enforcement mechanisms.

A joint statement from Botswana and the G7 technical team emphasized the critical need for transparency and traceability, underscoring the global urgency to restrict the flow of Russian diamonds into prohibited markets.

President Duma Boko has positioned Botswana as a leader in ethical diamond mining, stating: “Botswana is deeply committed to ethical and sustainable

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diamond production. By pioneering traceability solutions, we are ensuring that our diamonds symbolize integrity and responsible stewardship.” Botswana conducted a gap analysis of its certification processes with G7 assistance, informing a roadmap for the certification node’s operationalization in 2025.

Industry observers believe this initiative will bolster Botswana’s credibility as a source of ethically mined diamonds and attract investors.

The G7 plans to engage other African diamond producers, including Namibia and Angola, to establish similar certification nodes. Experts note that this aligns with growing consumer demand for responsibly sourced diamonds, with Botswana setting a benchmark for ethical practices. The G7’s focus on traceability positions participants as trusted partners in the global diamond trade, reshaping industry dynamics.

Carnaby teams up with Glencore Carnaby Resources is set to acquire the high-grade Trekelano copper-gold deposit in Queensland, which includes a binding tolling and offtake agreement with Glencore.

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he company has entered a binding asset sale agreement with Chinova Resources Osborne to acquire Trekelano, which boasts a JORC inferred mineral resource estimate (MRE) of 5.2 million tonnes (Mt) at 1.6 per cent copper equivalent (CuEq) for 85,000 tonnes (t).

Located within 20km of Carnaby’s Greater Duchess deposits, Trekelano is expected to significantly bolster production capacity. “The Trekelano acquisition is a rare opportunity to bolt on high-grade critical mass to the Greater Duchess copper-gold project, resulting in a pro-forma mineral resources increase of 27 per cent to 400,300 CuEq tonnes at 1.5 per cent CuEq,” Carnaby managing director Rob Watkins said.

“We have also secured a start-up processing solution through our partnership with Glencore which involves an equity investment of $3.4 million. “High-quality institutional investor support of the raise to facilitate the acquisition, pre-feasibility study and ongoing exploration is a further endorsement of the company’s strategy.”

Key highlights include impressive drill results beneath the inheritance open pit, including 93m at 5.2 per cent copper and 1.2 grams per tonne (g/t) gold, which were historically un-mined due to lease constraints.

The acquisition is expected to increase Greater Duchess’ annual production target to 20,000–25,000t CuEq per annum.

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A PERIOD OF UNCERTAINTY AND TRANSFORMATION

Trump’s Tariff Plans Could Reshape the Industrial Metals Market

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INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND PROTECTIONIST trade policies set to spur volatility, opportunities in 2025 s President-elect Donald Trump prepares to take office in January 2025, the industrial metals market enters a period of uncertainty and transformation. His proposed policies, including significant tariffs and ambitious infrastructure projects, promise to reshape the sector, driving volatility while creating new opportunities for domestic producers.

Trump’s proposed tariffs of 60% to 100% on Chinese goods, along with a 10% to 20% levy on imports from other nations, aim to bolster domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on foreign suppliers.

These measures are expected to raise production costs for industries reliant on imported metals but could encourage substantial investment in U.S. production facilities.

“Higher tariffs make domestic metals more competitive,” says Robert Caldwell, a metals procurement strategist. “But scaling capacity to meet demand will require time and capital.” Currently, U.S. steel mills operate at 80% capacity utilization, according to the American Iron and Steel Institute. Should tariffs make imports less viable, utilization could exceed 90%, necessitating significant upgrades to meet demand.

Trump’s commitment to revitalizing infrastructure could further drive demand for industrial metals, with projects focused on roads, bridges, and water

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systems. “Big infrastructure plans could turbocharge metal demand in the short term,” says Elena Perez, a commodity markets analyst. However, the success of these initiatives depends on timely funding and efficient implementation.

Delays could temper the expected demand surge.

Proposed tariffs may also escalate global trade tensions, particularly with China, a leading supplier of industrial metals and raw materials. Beijing has signaled readiness to retaliate by targeting U.S. exports or limiting the supply of critical materials like rare earth elements. “Retaliation is a wildcard,” warns Joseph Lin, head of trade policy at the International Economic Institute. Such disruptions could trigger price volatility, challenging procurement managers to secure stable pricing.

Higher production costs and rising metal demand could contribute to inflation, with manufacturers likely passing these costs onto consumers. During the last major tariff implementation in 2018, the Producer Price Index for metals rose 12%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Analysts expect similar trends if Trump’s policies take effect.

For industry players, Trump’s policies represent both opportunities and risks.

While domestic producers may benefit from a protected market, they face challenges scaling operations and addressing potential shortages. Meanwhile, global trade disruptions could force companies to rethink supply chains and sourcing strategies.

“Trump’s policies could reshape the metals landscape,” concludes Caldwell. “Industries must remain agile to capitalize on these changes.”

Copper Supply Gap Fuels M&A Frenzy in Mining Sector Amid Energy Transition

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These acquisitions offer larger companies faster production capacity boosts.

For example, BHP’s acquisition of OZ Minerals strengthened its energy transition metals portfolio.

opper supply concerns are reshaping the mining sector, driving a surge in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as companies secure resources vital for renewable energy and electric vehicles.

With copper demand expected to double by 2040, firms like BHP and Anglo American are vying for key assets to meet renewable energy needs.

BHP’s $39 billion bid for Anglo American highlights this urgency, targeting Anglo’s copper mines in Chile and Peru. However, Anglo executives argue the offer undervalues their portfolio, reflecting fierce competition for high-quality copper resources. In 2024, 358 mining M&A

deals worth $10.4 billion were recorded globally, underscoring the strategic push to alleviate supply gaps.

Smaller firms like Solaris Resources are prime targets, with high-grade discoveries expanding their resource base.

However, critics warn that consolidation could stifle innovation and investment, worsening supply challenges. Regulatory scrutiny and valuation disputes further complicate deals like the potential BHP-Anglo merger. As demand grows, balancing strategic acquisitions with market sustainability remains critical.

The industry's adaptability will shape its role in enabling a sustainable, electrified future.

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WIR ED F OR SU CCESS

How Technology is Making Mining Blasting Smarter Blasting, a cornerstone of mining operations, has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years, driven by the dual imperatives of innovation and sustainability.

ward-thinking strategies is not just a competitive advantage—it’s a necessity for long-term success.

In the ever-evolving mining industry, advancements in blasting technology are pivotal for enhancing operational efficiency, safety, and environmental stewardship. Recent innovations have introduced wireless initiation systems, digital blast optimization tools, and autonomous drilling techniques, collectively transforming traditional blasting practices.

Wireless Initiation Systems: A Paradigm Shift Traditional blasting methods often involve complex wiring, which can be cumbersome and pose safety risks. The advent of wireless initiation systems, such as Orica's WebGen™ technology, marks a significant leap forward. WebGen™ eliminates the need for physical connections by utilizing wireless primers comprising a battery/receiver, booster, and detonator integrated into a single unit.

This system enables precise timing and sequencing of blasts, enhancing safety and efficiency. The recent release of WebGen™ 200 has further advanced this

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dvances in wireless initiation systems, digital optimization tools, and autonomous drilling have redefined how materials are extracted from the Earth, emphasizing precision, safety, and efficiency. From reducing environmental impact to enhancing ore recovery and minimizing community disturbances, modern blasting technologies are shaping a more responsible and productive mining industry. As companies navigate a rapidly evolving

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Digital technologies have revolutionized mining blast planning and execution, yet safety remains a top priority in modern blasting operations despite these advancements. technological landscape, the integration of cutting-edge solutions and for-

technology, offering variants tailored for surface and underground applications, thereby broadening its applicability across various mining environments.

Digital Blast Optimization: Harnessing Data for Precision The integration of digital technologies into blasting operations has revolutionized the planning and execution of blasts. Platforms like BlastIQ™ provide real-time data analytics, allowing for meticulous design and monitoring of blasting activities.

By analyzing rock properties, explosive performance, and blast outcomes, these systems facilitate continuous improve-

ment in blasting strategies. The synergy between digital tools and wireless initiation systems enables mining operations to achieve optimal fragmentation, reduce environmental impact, and enhance overall productivity.

Autonomous Drilling: Enhancing Safety and Efficiency Autonomous drilling technologies have gained traction, driven by the dual imperatives of safety and productivity.

Automated drill rigs, equipped with advanced sensors and control systems, can operate with minimal human intervention, reducing exposure to hazardous conditions. These systems ensure

consistent drilling patterns, which are crucial for effective blasting. The integration of autonomous drilling with digital blast design tools allows for seamless coordination between drilling and blasting processes, further optimizing mining operations.

Safety Considerations: Addressing Persistent Challenges Despite technological advancements, safety remains a paramount concern in blasting operations. Incidents involving flyrock, misfires, and toxic fumes continue to pose risks. For instance, a recent unplanned explosion at the Mt Arthur South coal mine in New South Wales was attributed to live explosives

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left from a misfire three months earlier.

A bulldozer conducting routine work inadvertently set off these explosives, creating a significant crater and causing equipment damage, though fortunately, no injuries were reported.

To mitigate such risks, regulatory bodies like the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) emphasize strict adherence to safety protocols, including thorough inspection of blast sites, proper handling and storage of explosives, and comprehensive training for personnel.

The integration of advanced technologies, while beneficial, must be complemented by robust safety management practices to prevent accidents.

Environmental Impact: Striving for Sustainability Modern blasting technologies also focus on minimizing environmental impact.

Precision in blasting reduces overbreak and excessive vibration, thereby lessening the disturbance to surrounding ecosystems. Digital tools enable accurate prediction and control of blast-induced effects, facilitating compliance with environmental regulations. The use of stable, less sensitive emulsion explosives enhances safety and promotes eco-friendly blasting practices.

Case Studies: Innovation in Action Rio Tinto's Koodaideri Mine – A Digital Frontier Rio Tinto's Koodaideri iron ore mine in Western Australia exemplifies how digital and autonomous systems are shaping the future of blasting.

Equipped with integrated data systems and predictive analytics, Koodaideri employs advanced blast monitoring to achieve optimal fragmentation.

The mine uses real-time feedback from sensors embedded in drill holes to adjust blasting parameters dynamically, ensuring precision while reducing waste and energy consumption. This approach aligns with Rio Tinto's broader commitment to sustainability and operational efficiency.

Anglo American's Quellaveco Project – Emulsion Explosives for Efficiency In Peru, Anglo American's Quellaveco copper project has adopted bulk emulsion explosives to enhance blasting outcomes. The use of emulsions not only reduces the risk of accidental detonation but also offers superior energy distribution for more consistent rock fragmentation. The project also incorporates advanced stemming materials to further reduce dust and vibration. These measures illustrate how innovations in blasting contribute to sustainable mining practices.

Technological Synergies: Combining Innovations for Impact The real power of these advancements lies in their combination. Mines like BHP's Pilbara operations integrate autonomous drills with wireless initiation systems and digital analytics to create a cohesive blasting ecosystem. This integration allows for seamless communication between equipment, enabling precise execution of blasting plans and minimizing downtime.

Future Trends: What Lies Ahead?

Green Explosives With the global push towards decarbonization, research is intensifying into environmentally friendly explosives. Green alternatives, such as those made with bio-based materials or reduced nitrogen compounds, aim to lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with blasting.

Early trials show promise, particularly in open-pit mining, where emissions from traditional explosives can be significant.

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AI-Powered Blast Optimization

Regulatory Push for Sustainability and Safety

Artificial intelligence is poised to play a larger role in blasting design and execution. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast datasets from previous blasts to predict outcomes and optimize parameters in real time. This capability is expected to make blasting even more precise and cost-effective, with reduced environmental and operational risks.

Governments and industry regulators are increasingly mandating the adoption of advanced technologies to meet stricter safety and environmental standards. In 2024, new guidelines from the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) emphasized using data-driven tools to minimize blasting's environmental footprint while enhancing worker safety.

Blasting and Community Relations: Reducing Social Impacts As mining operations expand closer to populated areas, managing the social impacts of blasting has become a significant focus. Advanced technologies aim to minimize community disturbances, including noise, vibration, and dust from blasting operations.

Key Developments: Vibration Monitoring Tools: Modern vibration sensors, such as those developed by Dyno Nobel, are deployed near communities to measure and mitigate the effects of seismic waves from blasts.

Adjustments to blast timing and charge sizes help reduce disturbances.

Dust Suppression Strategies: Mines are increasingly using water-infused stemming materials and pre-blast wetting techniques to limit airborne dust, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and improving air quality in nearby areas.

Case Example: At the Cerro Verde mine in Peru, collaboration with local communities and the adoption of these technologies have significantly reduced complaints related to blasting activities.

Community engagement and transparent communication further strengthen mining companies' social licenses to operate.

Training and Workforce Development in Blasting Technology The rapid evolution of blasting technologies has created a demand for skilled operators proficient in using advanced systems.

Workforce Trends: Training Programs: Companies like Orica and Sandvik are investing in virtual reality (VR) training tools that simulate blasting scenarios. These programs offer hands-on experience in a controlled, risk-free environment, allowing workers to practice safety protocols and optimize blasting techniques.

Blasting Academies: Universities and mining institutions are collaborating

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with industry leaders to establish specialized courses on digital blasting tools, wireless systems, and AI applications in mining.

Resource Maximization: Digital tools ensure accurate blast patterns, leading to improved ore recovery rates and reducing waste rock extraction.

Blasting Innovations in Space Mining: Preparing for the Future

Cross-Disciplinary Expertise: Engineers and technicians are increasingly required to understand geology, data analytics, and software programming to work with integrated systems effectively.

Maintenance Reduction: Autonomous and precise drilling and blasting reduce wear and tear on equipment, lowering maintenance costs and extending machinery lifespan.

Adaptations for Zero Gravity:

Notable Initiative: South Africa’s Wits Mining Institute launched a program in 2023 focusing on digital transformation in blasting, equipping students with skills in handling wireless initiation systems and interpreting data from advanced analytics platforms.

Economic Benefits: Blasting Innovations Driving Cost Savings Advanced blasting technologies are also proving economically beneficial, providing substantial returns on investment by enhancing efficiency and reducing waste.

Cost-Saving Mechanisms: Reduced Energy Costs: Precise blasting results in better fragmentation, minimizing the energy required for crushing and grinding downstream. Studies indicate that well-optimized blasts can lower energy costs by 10-15%.

Industry Success: A 2024 report from McKinsey highlighted that a South American copper mine saw a 20% increase in ore throughput and a 12% decrease in energy costs after implementing AI-powered blasting solutions.

Global Adoption of Blasting Technologies Different regions are adopting these technologies at varying rates, influenced by factors like resource type, regulatory requirements, and technological infrastructure.

Regional Highlights: • Australia: Leading in wireless and autonomous systems, with widespread adoption driven by stringent safety and environmental regulations.

• North America: Focused on digital optimization tools and environmental compliance, with mines in Canada pioneering the use of AI in blast design.

• Africa: Emerging as a testing ground for cost-effective, scalable technologies, with local innovation centers exploring ways to adapt global systems to regional needs.

A Global Trend: The International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) reports that by 2026, 60% of global mining operations are expected to adopt digital blasting solutions, a significant increase from the current 35%.

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While still in its infancy, the concept of space mining is beginning to influence blasting technology development.

• Non-explosive rock fragmentation techniques, such as laser ablation and water jetting, are being tested for use on asteroids and the Moon.

• Controlled micro-blasts, which minimize debris, are being explored to address the unique challenges of operating in a vacuum environment.

Current Progress: NASA and private companies like SpaceX have initiated collaborations to develop blasting techniques that could one day facilitate the extraction of rare earth metals from extraterrestrial sources. These innovations may eventually inform new approaches to blasting on Earth, particularly in sensitive environments.

Paving the Way Forward Mining blasting improvements are reshaping the industry on multiple fronts, from enhancing operational efficiency to ensuring environmental and social responsibility.

The integration of cutting-edge technologies, robust training programs, and innovative community engagement practices sets a promising path forward.

The story of blasting innovations is a testament to how the industry continues to adapt and thrive, aligning economic success with safety and sustainability.

As new challenges and opportunities emerge, the relentless drive for improvement ensures that mining will remain at the forefront of technological and environmental progress.

KEY TRENDS IN

Workforce Development & Employment IN THE MINING SECTOR

Technological innovation, sustainability imperatives, and shifting geopolitical dynamics are reshaping how mines operate and the types of jobs they offer. From automated machinery to renewable energy initiatives, the sector is not only addressing ageold challenges but also creating new opportunities in response to evolving market demands.

Today’s mining workforce must adapt to a landscape where traditional skills intersect with cutting-edge technologies, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility.

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he mining industry, a cornerstone of global economic development, is experiencing a dynamic shift in its employment landscape. As of November 2024, the sector is navigating a complex interplay of technological advancements, environmental considerations, and evolving market demands, all of which are reshaping job opportunities and workforce requirements.

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Tech Integration & Workforce Evolution The integration of advanced technologies, such as automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and data analytics, is revolutionizing mining operations. Companies are increasingly adopting automated machinery and AI-driven systems to enhance efficiency and safety.

This technological shift necessitates a workforce proficient in operating and maintaining sophisticated equipment, as well as analyzing complex data sets. Consequently, there is a growing demand for professionals with expertise in mechatronics, robotics, and data science within the mining sector.

Environmental Sustainability & Regulatory Compliance Environmental sustainability has become a pivotal focus for the mining industry. Companies are striving to minimize their ecological footprint and adhere to stringent environmental regulations. This commitment has led to the creation of roles centered on environmental management, sustainability reporting, and compliance. Professionals specializing in environmental science, sustainable resource management, and regulatory affairs are increasingly sought after to ensure that mining operations align with global sustainability standards.

Market Dynamics and Commodity Demand Fluctuations in commodity prices and shifting market demands significantly influence employment trends in the mining industry. For instance, the rising demand for critical minerals essential for renewable energy technologies has spurred exploration and production activities.

This surge has generated job opportunities in exploration geology, mineral processing, and project management. Conversely, sectors experiencing declining demand may face workforce reductions or a reallocation of resources.

Regional Employment Trends Employment opportunities in the mining sector vary across regions, influenced by local resource availability, regulatory environments, and economic conditions. In the United States, states like Nevada and Arizona continue to be hubs for mining activities, offering numerous job prospects. However, regions with declining resource deposits or stringent environmental regulations may witness a contraction in mining-related employment.

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES in the mining sector vary across regions, influenced by local resource availability, regulatory environments, and economic conditions.

Future Outlook: Job Creation in Green Mining The push toward decarbonization is expected to generate significant employment opportunities in "green mining."

This includes roles in renewable energy-powered operations, carbon capture and storage, and recycling of mining waste.

Companies investing in these initiatives will need environmental engineers, sustainability consultants, and energy transition specialists.

Policy and Industry Collaboration Governments and industry leaders are recognizing the importance of collaboration to address workforce challenges.

Initiatives like the "Skills for the Future of Mining" partnership between the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) and leading global mining firms are aimed at fostering innovation, inclusivity, and sustainable growth in mining employment.

The Human Element in an Automated Era As the industry moves toward automation, retaining a human-centered approach remains crucial. Roles that emphasize creativity, critical thinking, and interpersonal skills, such as project leadership and community engagement, will continue to play a vital role in the industry's success.

The Role of Diversity and Inclusion

To adapt to the evolving demands of the mining industry, there is an emphasis on workforce training and skill development.

As the mining industry evolves, diversity and inclusion are becoming critical priorities. Historically male-dominated, the sector is actively working to attract women and underrepresented groups. Initiatives like Women in Mining (WIM) and partnerships with Indigenous communities aim to diversify the workforce and make mining more inclusive.

Educational institutions and industry organizations are collaborating to offer specialized programs that equip individuals with the necessary skills in technology integration, environmental management, and safety protocols. Continuous professional development is becoming essential for career advancement in this dynamic sector.

Women in Mining: Organizations such as the International Women in Mining (IWiM) advocate for greater female participation in leadership and technical roles. Companies are implementing mentorship programs, offering flexible work arrangements, and addressing gender pay gaps to attract and retain female talent.

Skill Development and Workforce Training

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Challenges and Opportunities for Job Seekers Global Talent Competition The global demand for skilled professionals in mining and related fields has intensified competition for talent.

Countries like Canada and Australia are attracting international professionals with favorable immigration policies and robust mining sectors.

Safety and Working Conditions While the evolution of mining jobs presents opportunities, it also introduces challenges:

The Skills Gap Many regions face a skills gap as the industry pivots toward technol-

Indigenous Workforce Development: Mining companies operating in regions with significant Indigenous populations are investing in community engagement and workforce development programs.

These efforts not only provide employment opportunities but also promote cultural respect and benefit-sharing agreements.

The Impact of Geopolitics on Mining Employment Geopolitical factors also shape job opportunities in mining. Trade policies, resource nationalism, and supply chain disruptions can influence investment decisions and workforce needs.

ogy-driven roles. Workers with traditional mining experience may require retraining to remain competitive. Initiatives such as government-sponsored programs and private sector partnerships are stepping in to bridge this gap.

As the mining industry evolves, diversity and inclusion are becoming critical priorities.

Historically maledominated, the sector is actively working to attract women & underrepresented groups.

Critical Minerals and Strategic Reserves: Governments worldwide are prioritizing the development of domestic critical mineral industries to reduce dependence on imports. For example, the U.S. has introduced incentives for domestic mining and processing of lithium, cobalt, and

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Despite advancements in automation and safety protocols, mining remains a physically demanding and potentially hazardous occupation. Companies are investing in advanced monitoring technologies and wearable devices to ensure worker safety, which also creates jobs in safety technology and risk management.

rare earth elements, creating jobs in exploration, processing, and logistics.

Global Supply Chain Challenges: Mining companies face disruptions due to geopolitical tensions and logistical constraints.

This has spurred a demand for supply chain experts, procurement managers, and risk analysts to ensure resource security.

The Digital Workplace: Remote Mining Operations

Advances in connectivity and remote monitoring have enabled the rise of remote mining operations, where sites are controlled from centralized hubs.

This shift not only reduces the need for on-site personnel but also opens opportunities for urban-based professionals in areas like operations management, data analysis, and equipment maintenance.

Examples: BHP’s remote operations center in Perth, Australia, manages multiple mines across vast distances, showcasing how remote technology is transforming workforce dynamics.

Small-Scale Mining & Artisanal Sector Jobs While large-scale industrial mining dominates the global market, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) remains a critical source of employment, especially in developing countries. According to recent estimates, over 40 million people work in the ASM sector globally.

Challenges in ASM Employment: Workers in this sector often face poor working conditions, safety risks, and limited access to formal markets. However, initiatives by organizations such as the Alliance for Responsible Mining (ARM) are helping to formalize the sector, improve safety, and promote fair trade practices.

Technological Assistance: Innovative tools like portable mining equipment and blockchain-based traceability solutions are being introduced to support ASM workers and improve transparency in the supply chain.

Emerging Roles in the ESG Era The rising importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria in corporate strategy is creating new job roles within mining. Positions such as ESG analysts, corporate social responsibility (CSR) managers, and climate risk advisors are becoming essential to meet investor and stakeholder expectations.

Data-Driven Decision Making: ESG reporting is increasingly reliant on real-time data, which is driving demand for data scientists and specialists in sustainability analytics.

Navigating a Complex Industry For professionals in or aspiring to join the mining industry, the current landscape offers both challenges and opportunities. Upskilling, adaptability, and a proactive approach to engaging with new technologies and sustainability practices are critical for career growth.

As the industry continues to adapt to external pressures and internal innovation, mining jobs will not only reflect these shifts but also drive them, creating a workforce that is as dynamic as the industry itself.

Case Studies: Companies Leading Workforce Transformation Several mining companies are at the forefront of reshaping the industry's workforce, reflecting broader trends and challenges.

Rio Tinto's Automation Drive Rio Tinto, one of the largest mining companies globally, has been pioneering automation across its operations.

In its Pilbara iron ore mines in Western Australia, the company operates a fleet of autonomous trucks and trains. This innovation reduces operational costs and enhances safety but has also shifted the workforce structure. While traditional roles such as heavy machinery operators have declined, there’s a surge in demand for software engineers, remote operation technicians, and data analysts.

Freeport-McMoRan's Focus on Sustainability Freeport-McMoRan, a leading producer of copper and gold, has embraced sustainability in its operations, particularly in Arizona. The company has increased hiring in roles focused on water management, environmental impact assessments, and community relations. These positions are vital to ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and maintaining local support for mining operations.

Glencore's Push into Renewable Energy Materials With the growing emphasis on renewable energy technologies, Glencore has expanded its focus on mining critical minerals like cobalt and nickel. These minerals are essential for battery manufacturing in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. The company is investing heavily in training programs for geologists and metallurgists specializing in rare earth elements.

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Interview with Industry Leaders

SKILLINGS MINING

INDUSTRY DIALOGUE Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi

S K I L L I N G S R O U N D TA B L E Q & A D I S C U S S I O N

GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ENTHUSIAST, INDONESIA

Interview/Discussion with Three Experienced Mining Professionals: Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls.

Terence Jordaan CEO, TERRA GROUP, SOUTH AFRICA Terence Jordaan, CEO of Terra Group, specializes in strategic leadership and business growth.

With vast experience in mining and sustainability, he focuses on innovative solutions, risk management, and operational efficiency to drive success and create a positive global impact.

Ricardo Valls SENIOR GEOLOGIST, VALLS GEOCONSULTANT, CANADA Ricardo Valls is a senior geologist with over 30 years of experience in mining. Specializing in geological and geochemical analysis, he has led diverse exploration projects worldwide, focusing on resource evaluation, mineral deposits, and sustainable practices to support efficient and environmentally responsible mining operations.

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A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, a geological engineering enthusiast with mining exploration and development expertise, specializes in resource assessment and project management. He focuses on innovative techniques, contributing to exploration initiatives that enhance resource identification and align with sustainable mining practices.

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The mining industry thrives on the insights of its professionals, whose diverse experiences and perspectives shape its future. Leaders like Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls offer valuable lessons on leadership, career progression, and innovation, emphasizing the critical need for adaptability, technical expertise, and sustainability in this evolving sector.

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eadership emerged as a cornerstone of career success among mining professionals, with Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls highlighting its multifaceted role in shaping teams, improving operations, and achieving long-term goals. Bagus emphasized trust as the foundation of leadership, particularly in industries like mining that depend heavily on teamwork and collaboration.

He remarked, “Trust forms the backbone of any successful operation—without it, progress stalls.”

Terence, drawing from his experience as CEO of Terra Group, stressed that leadership involves creating a vision and aligning the team to achieve it. “Leadership isn't just about directing—it’s about inspiring,” he noted.

Ricardo, with his extensive global mining experience, underscored the importance of leading by example and empowering teams with the right tools and knowledge. He stated, “A strong leader is someone who builds others’ confidence and guides them through complex challenges.”

Navigating career progression in the mining industry revealed diverse paths and strategies. Bagus described the early stages of his career as “unfocused,” comparing it to a “headless rooster,” but emphasized the importance of defining clear goals over time.

Terence shared that his progression relied heavily on setting measurable objectives, while Ricardo highlighted the role of mentorship in guiding young professionals. “Mentors help navigate the complexities of mining operations and accelerate learning,” Ricardo noted.

The debate around formal education versus real-world experience revealed differing perspectives. Bagus acknowledged The trio also shared insights on promotions and managerial the importance of his geological engineering degree, statroles. While Bagus valued trustworthiness as the primary ing it provided him with foundational criterion, Terence leaned toward a knowledge, but stressed that fieldwork balanced mix of technical expertise honed his skills. and managerial skills. Ricardo echoed Strong leadership, this sentiment, noting that promotions Ricardo shared a similar sentiment, sustainable practices, should reward individuals who demoncrediting his advanced degrees for and innovation are strate both operational knowledge and broadening his understanding while people management abilities. vital for the mining emphasizing the irreplaceable value of on-the-job learning. Conversely, TerImproving the mining industry’s pubindustry's future. Emence argued that practical experience lic image was another critical topic. phasizing trust, adaptoften outweighs theoretical knowledge Ricardo suggested proactive media in leadership roles. “While education engagement to highlight the sector’s ability, and collaborais critical, the ability to adapt to recontributions to society. tion, these insights al-world scenarios defines success,” Bagus advocated for transparency, offer a blueprint for he explained. particularly around environmental navigating challenges Commitment was universally acpractices, while Terence emphasized knowledged as essential for effective partnerships with educational instituand driving progress management. Bagus emphasized that tions to attract young talent. “Engagein this evolving global commitment builds trust, creating ment with communities and educaa more cohesive work environment. tional organizations can bridge gaps in sector. perception and reality,” he remarked.

“A committed leader inspires their team to stay motivated,” he added.

The professionals also explored chalTerence highlighted its role in maintaining organizational lenges and opportunities for innovation within the industry. focus, while Ricardo viewed commitment as the link between Ricardo emphasized the need for sustainable practices, management and operational success. particularly in exploration and resource management, while Bagus highlighted the role of emerging technologies Work-life balance emerged as a priority for all three proin optimizing processes. fessionals. Bagus stressed its significance in ensuring longterm productivity, labeling it as “integral to personal and Terence, on the other hand, pointed out that innovation professional success.” must be coupled with strong leadership to drive adoption.

Terence advocated designing a work-life balance tailored to individual needs, while Ricardo highlighted the importance of taking deliberate breaks to avoid burnout. “Balance is crucial—it allows you to recharge and approach challenges with clarity,” he said.

Their collective insights demonstrate a unified vision for the mining industry: a sector that values leadership, embraces education and experience, fosters trust, and prioritizes sustainability. By addressing these key areas, the industry can continue to thrive while meeting global demands.

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Australian Mining

BHP Warns of Rising Low-Cost Competition Australia’s mining industry is under mounting pressure as lower-cost international competitors make significant inroads.

BHP has already responded to these market shifts by suspending its Western Australia nickel operations. This decision reflects the dominance of Indonesian producers, who have benefited from streamlined production methods and cost-efficient policies.

BHP’s Geraldine Slattery.Credit:Oscar Colman. theage.com

AUSTRALIA’S MINING INDUSTRY IS UNDER MOUNTING pressure as lower-cost international competitors make significant inroads. Speaking in Brisbane, BHP Group’s Australia President, Geraldine Slattery, warned that the nation is ill-equipped to contend with these growing threats, particularly from regions like Indonesia and South America.

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lattery's remarks underscored the urgent need for strategic reforms to ensure Australia retains its position as a global mining powerhouse. She emphasized that Australia’s mining sector has long thrived on China’s industrial boom.

However, this growth has plateaued, leaving major players like BHP and Rio Tinto grappling with reduced demand for Chinese steel—a cornerstone of Australia’s iron ore exports.

“The surge in demand from China’s industrialisation has passed its peak,” Slattery stated, highlighting the sector’s vulnerability to shifting global dynamics.

At the same time, competition from low-

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cost producers, particularly Indonesia, has intensified. Indonesia’s government has invested heavily in mining infrastructure, while China has bolstered this growth by financing nickel processing plants across the region, further eroding Australia’s competitive edge.

Nickel’s Plunge Reflects Broader Trends Nickel, a critical component in electric vehicles and energy technologies, has experienced a sharp price drop.

Since early 2024, prices have fallen by over 5%, a stark contrast to the 2007 peak of $54,050 per metric tonne.

“The nickel market is a prime example of how competitors are outpacing us,” Slattery noted. “Indonesia’s rise as a nickel powerhouse should serve as a wake-up call for Australia’s policymakers.”

Australia Faces Cost Disadvantages Slattery also pointed out that Australia’s high operational costs and rigid royalty structures limit its ability to compete globally. Queensland’s recent decision to raise coal royalties typifies this issue.

While the increase may boost short-term state revenues, it risks discouraging long-term investments in the sector.

“Short-term revenue gains from increased royalties won’t benefit the state if they drive investment away,” Slattery cautioned.

Labour costs compound the problem.

Australian mining companies face relentless pressure from unions advocating higher wages, further inflating operational expenses. “Australian operations face mounting costs, whereas international competitors can produce at a fraction of the expense,” Slattery explained.

Policy Reform and Strategic Investments Needed To address these challenges, Slattery urged policymakers to enhance the sector’s competitiveness through tax reform, streamlined regulations, and investments in advanced technologies.

“In this shifting world, many competitors are aggressive in their pursuit of market share and the technology that unlocks a lower cost of supply,” she said.

Without decisive action, Australia risks losing its mining dominance to more agile rivals.

Implications for the Industry BHP’s warning comes at a critical juncture for Australia’s resource-dependent economy. As global markets gravitate toward cheaper suppliers and advanced processing technologies, Australia’s traditional mining advantages are being steadily undermined. The country must strike a balance between securing immediate revenue and fostering sustainable, long-term growth.

Failure to adapt could result in Australia’s diminished influence in the mining sector—a pillar of the nation’s economy for decades. Industry leaders and policymakers must act boldly to safeguard its future.

BHP’s cautionary remarks highlight the pressing need for action within Australia’s mining sector. With low-cost competitors gaining ground and traditional markets evolving, the nation’s policymakers face a crucial choice: implement reforms or risk relinquishing Australia’s global mining leadership.

The years ahead will determine whether Australia can rise to the challenge and maintain its dominance in this increasingly competitive landscape.

Deep-Sea Mining Risks Over $560 Billion in Export Earnings, Report Warns Deep-sea mining could jeopardize more than $560 billion in annual export revenues from terrestrial mining, a new report from financial think tank Planet Tracker argues.

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eep-sea mining could jeopardize more than $560 billion in annual terrestrial mining export revenues, according to Planet Tracker’s report Race to the Bottom. The study highlights the economic and environmental risks of extracting minerals from the ocean floor, warning that such operations may undermine demand for terrestrial resources critical to many economies.

Even under favorable conditions, annual corporate tax revenue from deep-sea mining is projected to reach just $6.25 million globally, a negligible figure compared to land-based mining revenues. Emma Amadi, an investment analyst at Planet Tracker, stated, “Deep-sea mining offers minimal financial returns to ISA member states, triggering a race to the bottom in corporate tax rates.” Royalties, another revenue source, could range from $42,000 to $1.1 million annually—amounts insignificant for most nations.

Environmental concerns compound these issues. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has warned that over 40% of coral species face extinction due to activities like deep-sea mining. Polymetallic nodules, rich in minerals such as nickel and cobalt, are abundant in areas like the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, where companies like The Metals Company hold contracts. Advocates argue these nodules are essential for green technologies, but Planet Tracker stresses the environmental damage outweighs the benefits.

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is finalizing its Mining Code, with growing calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining until comprehensive studies assess its impacts. The report urges governments and investors to improve sustainable terrestrial mining practices, emphasizing that short-term economic gains from deep-sea mining could have catastrophic long-term consequences.

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SMARTER DESIGN & RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION

Rethinking Mining Operations In an era defined by rapid technological advancement and an urgent call for sustainability, the mining industry is undergoing a transformative shift in how mines are designed and planned.

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nce driven solely by resource extraction, today’s mine planning encompasses a complex interplay of cutting-edge technologies, environmental stewardship, community engagement, and economic considerations.

From leveraging artificial intelligence for precise resource mapping to integrating renewable energy systems and fostering circular economy practices, modern mining design is reshaping the industry’s footprint on the planet.

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(GIS) and 3D modeling software enable precise mapping and visualization of geological data, facilitating informed decision-making. These technologies allow for the creation of detailed mine layouts, optimizing resource extraction while mitigating risks.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also making significant inroads into mine planning.

Companies like KoBold Metals are leveraging AI to identify potential mineral deposits, enhancing exploration efficiency. By analyzing vast datasets, AI algorithms can predict mineral locations with greater accuracy, reducing the time and cost associated with traditional exploration methods.

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations Modern mine design increasingly prioritizes sustainability. The integration of environmental management systems ensures that mining operations comply with regulatory standards and minimize ecological footprints. For instance, the Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI) in India provides consultancy services focused on environmental engineering, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in mining.

As global demand for critical minerals accelerates, the imperative to innovate responsibly is not just a challenge but a defining opportunity for the mining sector to lead the way into a sustainable and efficient future.

Technological Advancements in Mine Planning The adoption of digital tools has revolutionized mine planning processes.

Geographical Information Systems

In Australia, environmental concerns have led to significant regulatory actions. The High Court's decision to block a new coal mine in Cumbria underscores the growing emphasis on environmental considerations in mine planning.

This ruling reflects a broader trend towards scrutinizing the environmental impact of mining projects, compelling companies to adopt more sustainable practices.

Innovations in Mine Design The concept of designing mines from the "inside out" focuses on understanding the ore body first and then developing the mine plan and infrastructure around it. This approach ensures that the mining method, recovery sequence, and infrastructure are tailored to the specific characteristics of the mineral deposit, optimizing efficiency and safety.

Additionally, the use of stochastic optimization in mine planning allows for the assessment of various scenarios, helping to identify value drivers and bottlenecks in the mineral value chain. This method enables more flexible and responsive planning, accommodating uncertainties inherent in mining operations.

Regulatory and Community Engagement Effective mine planning now necessitates proactive engagement with regulatory bodies and local communities.

In New South Wales, Australia, the approval process for mining projects has become more stringent, with increased scrutiny on environmental and cultural impacts. The recent challenges faced by the Cadia goldmine, where local farmers and residents opposed the construction of a new tailings dam due to environmental and health concerns, highlight the importance of community involvement in mine planning.

Industry Collaborations and Best Practices Collaboration among industry players, academic institutions, and technology providers is becoming a cornerstone of modern mine design and planning. Industry consortia like the Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG) foster innovation by sharing best practices and developing standardized approaches to complex challenges such as tailings management and automation integration.

the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act, which incentivizes domestic mineral production and processing to support green energy initiatives.

One notable development is the Thacker Pass lithium mine in Nevada, where mine design and planning have been heavily focused on integrating environmentally sensitive practices to meet the expectations of both policymakers and local communities. (reuters.com)

Automation and Workforce Transformation Automation is rapidly reshaping how mines are designed and operated. Autonomous vehicles, drones, and robotic equipment are enabling companies to operate in previously inaccessible areas, improving safety and efficiency. Rio Tinto’s Gudai-Darri mine in Western Australia, often referred to as “the world’s most technologically advanced mine,” exemplifies this trend. The mine’s design incorporates fully automated haul trucks, drilling systems, and real-time data analytics, showcasing how technology can be seamlessly integrated into mine planning. (riotinto.com) However, this shift necessitates a transformation in workforce skill sets. Mining companies are increasingly partnering with educational institutions to train the next generation of mining professionals in disciplines like data science, AI, and robotics. Initiatives such as these not only address workforce gaps but also ensure the mining industry remains competitive in a rapidly changing world.

For example, a recent GMG initiative on underground mine electrification has spurred the adoption of battery-powered mining equipment, reducing the reliance on diesel and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. These efforts underscore the role of collaborative frameworks in driving systemic improvements across the sector. (gmggroup.org)

Resilient Supply Chains and Geopolitical Factors The geopolitical landscape also influences mine planning.

The rising demand for critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earths has prompted mining companies to reassess their strategies to secure supply chains and reduce dependencies on politically volatile regions. This shift is evident in

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EMERGING Technologies in Exploration and Planning Breakthroughs in remote sensing and exploration technology are further revolutionizing the early stages of mine planning. Technologies like hyperspectral imaging and satellite-based remote sensing provide detailed mineralogical data without the need for invasive exploration techniques. These methods are particularly valuable in areas with fragile ecosystems or stringent environmental regulations.

Moreover, blockchain is emerging as a tool for ensuring transparency in mine planning and execution. By tracking the provenance of minerals, blockchain can provide stakeholders with verifiable data on the ethical and sustainable practices involved in resource extraction.

This technology is increasingly being adopted by companies aiming to enhance their ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) credentials. (forbes.com)

CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN MINE PLANNING Climate change is an increasingly critical factor in mine design and planning.

Mining companies are now incorporating climate resilience into their strategies to protect operations from extreme weather events, such as floods, wildfires, and heatwaves. For instance: Tailings Storage and Water Management: Designing tailings dams and water systems that can withstand extreme rainfall and seismic activity is now a priority. Recent tailings dam failures, such as the Brumadinho disaster in Brazil, have pushed companies to adopt stricter design standards and continuous monitoring using IoT-enabled sensors.

Energy Transition in Mine Operations: Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are being integrated into mine designs to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Anglo American’s hydrogen-powered haul trucks at its Mogalakwena platinum mine in South Africa exemplify the shift toward cleaner energy in mining.

COMMUNITY-CENTERED MINE DESIGN Modern mine planning increasingly involves stakeholders such as local communities and indigenous groups, ensuring that their needs and concerns are addressed. Community-centered mine design includes: Co-Design Initiatives: Collaborative approaches that involve local populations in decision-making, ensuring that infrastructure and development benefits are shared. For instance, companies operating in Canada’s Arctic region work closely with indigenous communities to design mining projects that respect cultural heritage while delivering economic benefits.

Resettlement Planning: In cases where mining operations displace communities, ethical and transparent resettlement plans are critical. The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) provides guidelines to help companies ensure equitable treatment and long-term support for displaced populations.

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CIRCULAR MINING PRACTICES The push toward a circular economy is influencing mine design and planning. Companies are exploring ways to minimize waste and recycle materials, reducing the overall environmental footprint of mining operations. Examples include: Mine Waste Valorization: Transforming mining waste into valuable products, such as using tailings for construction materials or extracting secondary metals from waste streams.

Mine Closure and Rehabilitation: Planning for mine closure is now integrated into initial design phases.

Companies are designing mines with post-closure land uses in mind, such as converting depleted mines into renewable energy sites, water reservoirs, or ecological preserves.

GLOBAL TRENDS DRIVING Innovation in Mine Planning Several global trends are forcing mining companies to innovate:

DECARBONIZATION THROUGH SMARTER Mine Layouts Optimizing mine layouts to minimize transportation distances, reduce energy consumption, and streamline material flow is becoming a key strategy in decarbonization efforts. For example: In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC): This technology replaces traditional truck hauling with conveyor belts, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fuel costs.

IPCC systems are being adopted at large-scale mines such as the Grasberg mine in Indonesia.

Underground Mining Innovations: Underground mines are increasingly being designed with modular systems that allow for better airflow, reduced energy consumption, and the potential for automation-friendly layouts.

ETHICAL SOURCING and Supply Chain Transparency

Critical Minerals Boom: The surging demand for minerals essential to green technologies, such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earths, has led to exploration in previously untapped regions. This requires adaptive mine planning techniques tailored to challenging environments.

Urban Mining: Recycling materials from urban waste (e.g., e-waste) is emerging as a viable alternative to traditional mining. Companies are incorporating urban mining into their strategies as part of a broader sustainability agenda.

Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Analytics: Predictive tools are not only improving resource estimation but also helping to anticipate market shifts and optimize supply chains, making mine planning more dynamic and responsive.

As global demand for critical minerals accelerates, the imperative to innovate responsibly is not just a challenge but a defining opportunity for the mining sector to lead the way into a sustainable and efficient future.

As consumers and investors demand greater transparency, companies are embedding traceability and ethical sourcing mechanisms into their mine design strategies.

Technologies include: Digital Twins: Creating digital replicas of mining operations allows stakeholders to monitor and verify sustainability practices in real-time, ensuring compliance with global standards.

Blockchain for Responsible Mining: As highlighted earlier, blockchain is being used to trace the journey of minerals from mine to market, providing verifiable data on their origins.

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FUTURE POSSIBILITIES: AUTOMATED and Autonomous Mining As mining shifts toward Industry 4.0, fully autonomous mines are on the horizon. Autonomous mines would involve: Robotic Drilling and Excavation: Robots handling drilling and blasting operations to reduce human exposure to hazardous conditions.

Autonomous Logistics Systems: Trucks, loaders, and trains that operate without human drivers, integrated with real-time data systems for precise coordination.

Smart Maintenance: AI-enabled predictive maintenance systems ensuring equipment is serviced before failures occur, improving efficiency and reducing downtime.

Case studies like the Syama Underground Mine in Mali, operated by Resolute Mining, provide a glimpse into this future, with fully automated systems already in place.

The field of mining design and planning continues to evolve in response to technological advancements, societal expectations, and environmental challenges.

Companies that prioritize innovation, transparency, and sustainability will not only thrive but also set new standards for the mining industry of tomorrow.

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead While the mining industry has made significant strides, challenges remain.

Balancing economic viability with sustainability goals is an ongoing struggle,

ATLANTIC MINING NOVA SCOTIA, A SUBSIDIARY OF Australia’s St Barbara (SBM), is grappling with regulatory hurdles as it faces a looming deadline to post the remaining $38.7 million bond for the cleanup of the Touquoy gold mine, located 175 km west of Halifax.

particularly as deposits in remote or politically unstable regions become increasingly important. Additionally, the escalating complexity of regulatory frameworks across jurisdictions requires mining companies to invest in compliance and stakeholder engagement.

Opportunities, however, abound. The transition to renewable energy and electric vehicles has created unprecedented demand for metals like copper and nickel, driving investment in mine expansion and modernization. Companies that innovate in mine design and planning—emphasizing sustainability, efficiency, and community collabora-

34

Skillings.net | December 2024

tion—are well-positioned to lead the industry into a resilient and responsible future.

Future Outlook The future of mine design and planning lies in the continued integration of advanced technologies and sustainable practices. The development of new tools, such as Micromine's upcoming mine planning solution for underground operations, indicates a trend towards more sophisticated and efficient planning methodologies. These innovations aim to enhance productivity while reducing environmental impact, aligning with the industry's commitment to responsible mining.

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35

 Cybersecurity in Mining

The High-Stakes Challenge of Securing Digital Frontiers

F

The mining industry, historically reliant on heavy machinery and laborintensive processes, is undergoing a significant transformation toward digitization.

While this shift offers unparalleled efficiencies, it also introduces a critical vulnerability: cybersecurity threats.

rom ransomware attacks that disrupt operations to risks of environmental disasters, cyber breaches pose an existential threat to mining companies’ safety, functionality, and reputation. Modern mining’s increasing reliance on advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) enhances operational efficiency but also expands vulnerabilities.

Successful cyberattacks can lead to financial losses, threats to human safety, supply chain disruptions, and reputational damage to an industry already under scrutiny for its environmental impact.

A Sector Underprepared The convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) creates unique challenges for mining. IT focuses on safeguarding data, while OT secures critical physical processes like ore crushing and equipment control. Breaches in OT systems can disrupt production or cause

36

Skillings.net | December 2024

catastrophic damage. Brian Persaud, a cybersecurity manager specializing in mining, observes, “Many mining companies are still playing catch-up when it comes to securing their operational technology. This isn’t just an IT problem—it’s a question of physical safety.”

Building Cyber-Resilient Teams Talent and leadership are critical in cybersecurity. However, mining companies face difficulties attracting professionals capable of navigating the complexities of IT and OT systems.

Jose Mendez, a seasoned mining executive, notes, “Cybersecurity expertise in OT systems is a niche skill set. We need specialists who understand not just technology but also the operational realities of mining.”

Strong leadership is equally crucial.

Companies like BHP and Kinross Gold integrate cybersecurity into their operations, emphasizing risk assessments and employee training. This proactive

approach ensures cybersecurity initiatives receive adequate resources and alignment with business priorities.

Securing IT and OT Infrastructure The integration of IT and OT systems enables real-time data sharing but also creates vulnerabilities. Lateral attacks, where hackers exploit IT weaknesses to breach OT systems, are a significant risk.

Persaud highlights the importance of network segmentation: “Critical controls like firewalls and secure data transfer protocols are non-negotiable.

The cost of downtime from a breach can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars per hour.”

Legacy OT systems, often lacking builtin security features, exacerbate these challenges. Retrofitting them is costly, but the risks of inaction—operational disruptions and reputational damage— justify the investment.

Cyber breaches threaten mining companies' operations, safety, and reputation.

As mining becomes more tech-reliant, cybersecurity is vital. Proactive strategies, modernized systems, and strong governance are essential to protect assets and ensure sustainable operations in a digital age.

Path Forward: A Blueprint for Resilience Mining companies can adopt a proactive approach to mitigate cybersecurity risks and ensure operational resilience by focusing on these key strategies: Invest in Talent Development: Expand efforts to recruit IT specialists, cybersecurity analysts, and data scientists. Continuous training in emerging technologies like AI keeps teams agile and prepared.

Integrate IT and OT Security: Implement unified strategies that include network segmentation, multi-factor authentication, and AI-driven monitoring for real-time threat detection.

Governance and Risk Mitigation Governance is fundamental to effective cybersecurity. Boards and audit committees must identify and protect “digital crown jewels.” The 2024 KPMG Global Metals and Mining Outlook revealed that 39% of executives consider cybersecurity a top challenge in implementing technology. John Heaton, Executive

Foster Leadership and Collaboration: Encourage cooperation between IT and OT teams under strong leadership to establish cohesive cybersecurity measures.

Promote a Culture of Transparency: Encourage employees to report vulnerabilities and suggest solutions without fear of reprisal, creating an open environment to preempt cybersecurity issues.

Director of Technology Risk Consulting, states, “Cybersecurity needs to be part of the boardroom discussion. This isn’t just an operational issue; it’s a strategic imperative.”

Securing the Future

Embed Cybersecurity Early: Incorporate security measures into the earliest stages of project planning to ensure resilience from exploration to production.

ernizing systems, prioritizing talent, and embedding governance practices, companies can safeguard assets, protect reputations, and secure critical supply chains. Proactive approaches will ensure the industry thrives amid growing challenges.

As mining operations become increasingly interconnected, cybersecurity is a cornerstone of sustainability. By mod-

37

2024 Annual Index of Skillings Mining Review Perusing through our 100+ annual index will give the reader a good retrospective of 2024. New headings reflect trends unique to what has been an extremely interesting year. There is an increasing emphasis on sustainability - clean technologies, waste water management, re-vegetation and adherence to legislation.

JANUARY 2024 Article

P

Article

P

Rio Tinto enters aluminum recycling race through 50% stake in Matalco.

06

Insights From Industry Professionals: Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends

28

ArcelorMittal Liberia Proposal

07

34

Us Gives $50m Boost To Critical Minerals Investor Techmet

Greenfield Investment Lagging Badly, Mining’s Contribution To Economy Halved

08

Australia Sees 5.6% Rise In Mining Investment

34

08

Zimbabwe: United States Participation in Kimberley Process Plenary Meetings

35

WA Mines and Petroleum Minister Resigns

10

TAZARA’s Trajectory: A Lens on China’s Growing Influence in Africa and Beyond

36

Top 5 investments made in Africa’s critical minerals in 2023

12

A Lens on China’s Growing Influence in Africa and Beyond

36

GHH going for Gold in Bulgaria

14

GM and Komatsu Collaborate on Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Mining Truck

42

16

Columbia And Brazil Raze Illegal Mining Dredges In Amazon ENGIE successfully acquires BTE Renewable

44

Rwanda’s Mining Sector Holds U.S.$150 Billion Potential

18

GBML expands Lithium operations in Ireland

44

Harmony Gold to delay Eva project

20

Stastistics

46

The Socio-Economic Impacts of Mining in Latin America

2023 Steel Statistical Yearbook published

47

22

Crude Steel Production

48

Uganda Maintains Ban On Export Of Raw Minerals

38

Skillings.net | December 2024

FEBRUARY 2024 Article

P

Article

P

Atlantic Lithium completes first stage of offtake partnering process

05

Queensland Resources Sector Strengthened

by Women

27

Capital positive about growth prospects in 2024

06

28

Lancaster Resources Announces Financing

07

Insights From Industry Professionals: Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends: Gabriel Gonzalez Rodriguez, A. Waleed Rashid, James Morris, Kemper Portocarrero

Ausgold closes in on Katanning Development

08

Pilbara Minerals bolstered by Lithium Production

10

31

Norway Defends Deep-Sea Mining

12

Africa Energy Indaba: Unveiling Vital Energy Solutions in Response to South Africa’s 31% Electricity Hike

Liebherr & Fortescue Repower R 9400 Excavator to Electric Configuration

14

The Intersection of Engineering & Critical Materials in Electric Vehicle Batteries

32

Sayona Mining to undertake review of North American Lithium ops

16

Pioneering vent shaft at Palabora holes out safely at 1,200 metres

38

Iron ore prices climb as China pledges to stabilize market

Latin Metals acquires Argentina copper project

39

18

40

Early Blow to SA Coal Exports

19

Multotec scoops SACEEC Exporter of the Year Award

Leadership Upheaval at Endeavour Mining

20

The Downside of Senegal’s Gold Rush

41

Risky Minerals: The Increasing Hazard in Red Sea Shipping Channels

QC Copper Employs AI to Target Drill Program

42

22

Crude steel production December 2020

47

MARCH 2024 Article

P

Article

P

Ghana regains position as the main gold producer in Africa

05

Advancements in Explosives Engineering & Blasting Technology

22

Nigerian Govt Shuts Down Illegal Mining Factory

07

28

Af rica’s Energy Landscape Innovations Spearhead Solutions to Power Crisis

08

Insights From Industry Professionals: Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends: Bernard Amponsah-Poku, Paul Dockweiler, Brad Dalton & Otto Heinisch.

Anglo American Platinum plans job cuts amid profit squeeze

12

The global coal market is experiencing a surge as Indonesia’s exports reach record highs and cross-border investments flourish

32

Germany and Argentina discuss cooperation on critical minerals

14

36

ABB joins Euromines to promote responsible industry practices

14

Navigating the Shift: US Coal Market Trends Towards Export Expansion Despite Domestic Decline

Implats impairs mines for R1.69Bn as metal shake-out hits sector

16

Artemis says expanded Blackwater gold mine would generate f ree cash flow of $500M per year

39

Forensic Report Reveals Financial Turmoil Threatens Reopening of Vubachikwe Gold Mine

20

Zimbabwe: Zida Gets U.S.$7 Billion Mining Investment Deal

40

Core Lithium looks to the future

42

BHP supports women and children in need

21

Minnesota Power Issues Utility-Scale Wind RFP for Energy Forward Program

43

39

Article

P

Fiscal incentives or tax regulations for Mining funding in Zimbabwe

44

Statistics

47

Article

P

Crude steel production December 2022

48

APRIL 2024 Article

P

Article

P

Magna Mining signs off-take agreement with Vale Canada

05

The Surface Mining Industry at the Forefront of ESG Innovation

22

Zimbabwe’s Platinum Sector Faces Crisis Amid Plummeting Prices

06

Insights From Industry Professionals: Leadership

28

Mining Training Companies and Mining Simulation Solutions

32

07

Global Iron Ore Mining Evolution: Pioneering Sustainable Practices & Advanced Technologies

Metso opens largest service centre in Western Australia

38

10

MinRes awards Wodgina contract to Indigenous business

AEI 2024 sets the stage for Africa’s Sustainable Energy Future

39

12

Uncertainty Looms Over Canadian Mineral Exploration Amid Proposed AMT Changes

Iron Ore Futures Surge as Chinese Demand Grows: Ferrochrome & Consumer Demand Follow Suit

Sibanye-Stillwater’s Rhyolite Ridge Project Faces Funding Uncertainty

41

14

ARM Explores Strategic Options for Nkomati Nickel Mine

42

CSIRO Calls on Australians to Participate in Major Mining Survey

16

Gold Prices Soar to Record High

43

Australia: Net Zero Economy Authority Bill Introduced

18

Golden Minerals stops mining at Velardeña two months after restart

44

Wits Mining Institute to unlock mining potential with short courses

Mining statistics

46

20

Steel Statistical Yearbook published

47

Mayfair Gold Outlines Pre-Feasibility Study Plan

21

MAY 2024

40

Article

P

Article

P

Minespider and Star Diamond Corp. Partner to Launch Diamond Passport

05

Fortune Minerals Announces Arrival of Samples at SGS Canada

16

EMP Metals Initiates Commissioning of DLE Pilot Plant

06

Transforming Artisanal Mining: A Pathway to Sustainable Development & Shared Prosperity

18

Vale Registers 9% Drop in Q Profit

07

20

African Mining Indaba: Integration of Collision Prevention in SA Mines

Perseus Mining Finalizes Takeover Offer for OreCorp

08

22

Revolutionizing the Green Hydrogen Sector

10

Mergers and Acquisitions in Iron Ore Mining: 2024 Outlook

Metso Introduces Recycling Solution for Sustainable Mining in Chile

12

Clean energy: Global Collaboration on Green Hydrogen Key to Just Energy Transition, EU Official Emphasizes

27

Lithium Australia and Centrex Forge Path for Domestic Plant

14

Insights From Industry Professionals: Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends: Muhittin Aslan & Barb Elinesky

28

Skillings.net | December 2024

Article

P

Article

P

Pambili’s Acquisition of the Golden Valley Mine Sparks Investor Interest

31

American Pacif ic Mining Corp Advances Palmer Project

41

Constructing a Lithium Refinery: An Essential Achievement for the Advancement of Renewable Energy

32

WesTrac Marks Milestone

42 42

Mount Clear Mine Incident Reignites Concerns Over Mining Safety

Namibia’s uranium mining growth to slow in 2024 due to water shortages

38

44

Gold Price Skyrockets to Record Highs Amid Fed Rate Cut Speculation

Australian Lithium Industry Poised for Growth Despite Price Volatility

40

Statistics

46

Integra Resources Secures Financing

41

JUNE 2024 Article

P

Article

P

Invest in African Energy Forum 2024: Uniting Global Industry Leaders in Paris

12

Mining Industry Advances in Social Responsibility: Achieving a Social License to Operate

29

Metso Unveils Next-Generation Crushing Solutions: Lokotrack EC

13

JPMorgan Says BHP Plan Risks $4.3 Billion S. Africa Outflow

30

Petra Diamonds Secures Long-term Agreements with Etana Energy

14

Alaska Energy Metals Expands Nickel-CopperPGE Portfolio

31

South African Mining Industry:Addressing the Need for GenderAppropriate PPE shortages

16

Mineral Processing Jobs

32

Manganese Market Sees Surge in Prices Amid Supply Disruptions

18

Insights from the field Leadership. Career, Progression & industry Trends: AI Workman & Jining Zhong

36

Major Upcoming and Recently Launched Iron Ore Mining Projects

22

KEFI Launches Tulu Kapi Gold Project in Ethiopia, Creating 1,000Direct Jobs

38

North American Graphite Miners Push for Tariffs on China-Sourced EV Material

20

Container Rotation Systems Unveils Advanced Lid Removal System

39

Iamgold to Raise $410 Million through Share Offering

27

Loyal Lithium Raises A$3.3 Million to Advance Trieste Project

40

FutureCoal Encourages G7 Adopt Balanced Approach to Coal

28

Angola’s Natural Gas Drive: A GameChanger for Africa’s Energy Sector

42

JULY 2024 Article

P

Article

P

American Rare Earths Secures $7.1M Grant to Advance Cowboy State Mine in Wyoming

05

18

Why Insurance is Crucial for Mining

06

Codelco’s Copper: Why Copper Output is Falling: Delays, Accidents, & Maintenance Failures

Immigration: The Mining Industry’s Lifeline

12

Manganese Prices Surge as Cyclone Halts Australian Exports

20

Advanced Water Treatment Solutions Transform Industry Practices

14

20

Mining Transformed by Digital Technologies

16

What Caused Newmont Corporation (NEM) Stock to Decline While Market Rallied?

Rivian’s Path to Prof it: Streamlining EV Production

21

41

Article

P

Article

P

G e o te ch n i c a l E n g i n e e ri n g i n 2024 : Groundbreaking Innovations & Their Influence on the Mining Sector

22

Lithium: Mexico Seeks Agreement with Chinese Lithium Firm Over Disputed Mining Concessions

41

Ministry of Mines Praises Bravura Group’s Readiness for Major Zimbabwe Projects

29

Southern Palladium’s Resource Update Paves Way for $408 M Project

40

Lithiumbank Announces North America’s Largest Lithium Brine Resource

41

Canada Adds 27,000 Jobs, but Unemployment Rate Rises to 6.2%

42

Revolutionizing Quartz Mining: Tomra’s SensorBased Sorting Unlocks Full Value Potential

44

Mining Stastistics

46

World Steel in Figures 2024

47

Enhancing Mining Practices: Leadership, Technology, & Community Engagement; Insights from the field Leadership. Career, Progression & industry Trends: Piyush Srivastava & James Olls

30

Insights for the Year 2024 The North American Iron Ore Market

34

Caterpillar Loses Norwegian Pension Fund Investment

38

AUGUST 2024 Article

P

Article

P

AME Urges Swift Government Action on Mineral Tenure Act Modernization

05

34

Potential Impact of South Africa’s Minerals Export Tax on Mining

How Information Technology is Transforming the Mining Industry: Revolutionizing Mineral Extraction

06

38

How Building on Chilean Sand Dunes Threatens Communities

Top 8 Mineral Exploration Phases: From Discovery to Production Decision

06

Western Miners Seek Higher Prices to Compete with Chinese Rivals in Critical Metals Market

07

30

Xcel Energy Secures Permit for at Sherco Site, One of America’s Largest Solar Farms

08

Insights from the field Leadership. Career, Progression & industry Trends : A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility- Pam Luettich & José Armando Castillo.

Chile to evaluvate 81 Private Lithium Proposals

39

Top 15 Movies About Mining You Must Watch

10

Strategies & Innovations to Maintain Productivity in Iron Ore Mines

40

12

China Discovers Strategic Minerals at World’s Largest Rare Earth Mine Sovereign Metals Completes Kasiya Dry Mining Trial

41

ISA Debates Future of Deep-Sea Mining Portuguese Resistance to Lithium Mining Grows

21

Seafloor ‘Dark Oxygen’ Phenomenon Adds Complexity

43

Environmental Impacts of Iron Ore Mining

22

Stastistics

46

Anglo American Engages Financial Advisors for Major Coal Asset Sale

29

World Steel in Figures 2024 now available

47

SEPTEMBER 2024

42

Article

P

U.S. Defense Department Boosts Electra Battery Materials Corp. with $20 Million Grant

06

Creating a Zero-Harm Workplace: The 3C’s Approach to Safety

07

Skillings.net | December 2024

Article

P

Copper production soars in 2024

08

Global Market Faces Record Surplus Amid Faltering Demand

08

Mining Industry Struggles with Talent Shortage

10

Article

P

Article

P

U.S.-Philippines Nuclear Tech Pact Makes Strategic Progress

12

A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility: Ramon Romero & Eduardo Zamanillo

30

Illegal Mining Gangs Devastate Amazon Rainforest in pursuit of green energy minerals

14

Botswana Unearths Second Largest Diamond

32

FiberConnect 2024: Unveiling the Booming US Fibre Optic Market

16

The twin pillars of Modern Mining management: Sustainability and Technology

34

Amendment to nickel low-carbon briquette premium

20

New Tech to Battle Corrosion: Game-Changer for Mining Equipment Maintenance

39

Lithium prices: Where is the highest risk of curtailment?

21

Power Quality Challenges in Electrification of Steel Production

40

Steelmakers’ Demand forHigher Grade Iron Ore

22

De Grey Mining Secures $150 Million NAIF Loan

41

The Irritating Fallacy of the Gold-Silver Ratio

28

China Tightens Export Controls on Antimony

44

Lucara Diamond Corp at the Karowe Mine

30

Statistics

46

OCTOBER 2024 Article

P

Article

P

New Anomalies Identified at Mt Gordon Mine

06

29

Core Lithium’s BP33 Ore Reserves Surge 223%

06

Pan African cracks US index after Van Eck takes 5.9% stake

Komatsu Unveils HD465-10 and HD605-10 Haul Trucks

06

Insights f rom the f ield Leadership. A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

30

Alpha Petroleum Secures Landmark $200M Contract

07

Revolutionizing Iron Ore

32

Copper Prices Surge Amid China’s Recovery

08

Miners prefer Canada to overseas: KPMG

35

BHP helps conserve Canada’s natural wonder

10

Data-Driven Hauling Optimizing Load & Haul with Digital Technologies.

36

Inflation Trends and the U.S. Debt Crisis 2024

16

Adina Lithium Project: A Capital Efficient Leader in Lithium

41

20

Gold ETFs Surge as Investors Eye Interest Rate Cuts

Mining industry struggles with valuation gap

20

SA’s Ferroalloys Industry Adapts to Green Energy Pressures

41

Mine Waste Management Tech Promises Safer, Greener Mining

27

Miners Leveraging Chinese Capital

42

Mining Automation

22

Steel Prices Continue to Decline Amid Weak Chinese Demand

43

Bastion Minerals to Explore Large Mineralized Quartz Vein

28

Touquoy Mine Cleanup: St Barbara’s Atlantic Mining Faces Tight Deadline

44

NOVEMBER 2024 Article

P

Article

P

Gold Mining Sparks Community Resistance in North Leitrim

12

EV Supply Chain: Rio Tinto’s Strategic Acquisition of Arcadium Lithium

16

Whitehaven Coal Sees Upside in Metallurgical Coal Prices

14

Türkiye Strengthens Global Mining Footprint

18

Copper Plate Prices Drop in Key Markets: Amid Weak Demand and Surging Supply

20

43

Article

P

Article

P

Gold Prices Surge Amid ECB Rate Cuts

20

Global Coal Consumption Trends: Countries Driving Growth & Decline

22

Self-cleaning technology: Non Blinding Aggregate Screens Can Enhance Mining Efficiency

36

A Game-Changer for Safety: Automation in Mining

28

South African Coal Industry Faces Pressure to Cut Prices

38

Rio Tinto Reports Steady Growth

21

39

Coal Output to 2030 Impacted by Phase-Outs from Top Miners

Grindex Bravo 500 Pumps: South African Gold Mine Reprocesses Slurry

26

UK-Brazil Critical Minerals Seminar

40

Kenya’s Bold Move to Restrict Raw Mineral Exports

41

Nokia Bell Labs & Vale Launch Mining Monitoring Network

42

SA’s R400-Million Exploration Fund

43

Golden Lake Exploration Expands Drilling Program to Sterling Mine

44

A Game-Changer for Safety: Automation in MiningThe mining Insights From Industry Professionals: Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends: Mike Mcdowell, Cory Schwarzschild & Gilberto Velasquez Jr

30

Russia-Ukraine Conflict’s Escalation Could

Spark Record Gold Prices

The Russia-Ukraine war has already reshaped global geopolitics, but the tacit approval of long-range missile use by Western allies signals a perilous escalation. As Ukraine targets strategic sites within Russia using advanced munitions like ATACMS and Storm Shadow missiles, Moscow has issued stark warnings.

P

otential retaliation could escalate the Russia-Ukraine conflict into a broader NATO confrontation, raising the specter of global war with profound financial repercussions. Such a scenario would likely elevate gold’s status as a “safe-haven” asset, driving prices to unprecedented levels due to surging investor demand, inflationary pressures, and disrupted global trade.

Historically, gold has served as a refuge during geopolitical crises, economic instability, and market downturns. An expanded conflict would likely trigger panic-driven investments in gold, as financial markets already strained by war and inflation concerns face sell-offs

44

Skillings.net | December 2024

in equities and other high-risk assets.

“Geopolitical tensions like these inject profound uncertainty into markets,” says Daniel Briesemann, a commodities analyst at Commerzbank. “Gold tends to benefit as investors seek stability.”

War disrupts supply chains, and a NATO-Russia conflict would exacerbate shortages in energy and commodities.

Sanctions on Russia could trigger dramatic price spikes in oil, gas, and agricultural products, intensifying inflation—a historical driver of rising gold prices. “If inflation accelerates during war, gold’s value as an inflation hedge becomes vital,” explains Ole Hansen, head of commodity strategy at Saxo Bank.

Energy markets and currency risks further complicate the scenario. A direct conflict could spike energy prices, fueling inflation globally. Simultaneously, central banks injecting liquidity to sustain wartime economies would weaken currencies like the U.S. dollar, enhancing gold’s appeal. “Energy and currency markets are the first dominoes to fall in crises,” says John Reade, chief strategist at the World Gold Council.

If the conflict escalates, analysts predict gold prices could surpass $3,000 per ounce. Amid geopolitical chaos, gold remains the ultimate hedge, shining as a stable store of value and beacon of financial security.

SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

SEPTEMBER 2024 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

W

orld crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 152.1 million tonnes (Mt) in October 2024, a 1.0% increase compared to October 2023.

Africa produced 2.0 Mt in October 2024, down 0.4% on October 2023. Asia and Oceania produced 111.3 Mt, up 1.7%. The EU (27) produced 11.3 Mt, up 5.5%. Europe, Other produced 3.4 Mt, down 6.2%. The Middle East produced 5.0 Mt, up 5.4%.

North America produced 8.8 Mt, down 3.6%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 6.7 Mt, down 12.2%. South America produced 3.8 Mt, up 7.2%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China produced 81.9 Mt in October 2024, up 2.9% on October 2023. India produced 12.5 Mt, up 1.7%. Japan produced 6.9 Mt, down 7.8%. The United States produced 6.6 Mt, down 2.0%. Russia is estimated

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

to have produced 5.6 Mt, down 15.2%.

South Korea produced 5.4 Mt, down 1.8%.

Germany produced 3.2 Mt, up 14.7%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, up 0.7%. Brazil produced 3.1 Mt, up 16.2%. Iran produced 3.0 Mt, down 1.9%.

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change oct % change jan-oct % jan-oct 2024(mt) oct 24/23 2024 (mt) 24/23

oct 2024 (mt)

% change oct24/23

jan-oct 24 (mt)

% change jan-oct 24/23

Africa

2.0

-0.4

18.6

1.9

China

81.9

2.9

850.7

-3.0

Asia and Oceania

111.3

1.7

1,143.5

-2.1

India

12.5

1.7

123.0

5.6

EU (27)

11.3

5.5

109.3

2.1

Japan

6.9

-7.8

70.2

-3.7

Europe, Other

3.4

-6.2

36.5

6.3

United States

6.6

Russia

5.6

South Korea

5.4

Germany

3.2

e

-2.0

66.7

-1.9

-15.2

59.4

-6.8

-1.8

53.1

-5.1

14.7

31.6

5.0

Middle East

5.0

5.4

44.1

1.3

North America

8.8

-3.6

88.8

-3.8

Rus & oth CIS + Ukraine

6.7

-12.2

71.4

-3.8

0.7

30.9

12.4

3.8

7.2

35.3

Türkiye

3.0

South America

1.2

Brazil

3.1

16.2

28.4

6.0

Total 71 countries

152.1

1.0

1,547.3

-1.6

Iran

3.0

-1.9

25.0

0.6

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

46

Skillings.net | December 2024

2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,888.2 MT IN 2023

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

Rank Country

2023

2022

% 2023/ 2022

1

China

1,019.1

1,019.1

0.0

22

Poland (e)

6.4

7.4

-13.1

2

India

140.2

125.4

11.8

23

Austria

7.1

7.5

-5.0

3

Japan

87.0

89.2

-2.5

24

Belgium (e)

5.9

7.0

-16.1

4

United States

80.7

80.5

0.2

25

Ukraine

6.2

6.3

-0.6

5

Russia (e)

75.8

71.7

5.6

26

Netherlands

4.7

6.1

-23.9

6

South Korea

66.7

65.8

1.3

27

United Kingdom

5.6

6.0

-6.5

7

Germany

35.4

36.9

-3.9

28

Pakistan (e)

5.3

6.0

-11.3

8

Turkey

33.7

35.1

-4.0

29

Australia

5.5

5.6

-2.9

9

Brazil

31.9

34.1

-6.5

30

Thailand

5.0

5.3

-6.7

10

Iran

31.1

30.6

1.8

31

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.2

5.8

11

Italy

21.1

21.6

-2.4

32

Argentina

4.9

5.1

-3.2

12

Taiwan, China (e)

18.9

20.8

-8.9

33

Sweden

4.3

4.4

-3.3

13

Viet Nam (e)

19.0

20.0

-5.0

34

South Africa

4.9

4.4

10.6

14

Mexico

16.3

18.4

-11.6

35

Czechia

3.4

4.3

-21.1

15

Indonesia (e)

16.0

15.6

2.8

36

Kazakhstan

3.9

4.1

-5.5

16

France

10.0

12.1

-17.4

37

Slovakia (e)

4.5

3.9

15.4

17

Canada (e)

12.3

12.1

1.3

38

Finland

3.8

3.5

7.7

18

Spain

11.3

11.6

-2.7

39

Algeria

4.4

4.3

2.8

19

Malaysia (e)

7.5

7.2

4.1

40

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.2

0.8

20

Egypt

10.4

9.8

5.4

Others

39.6

41.4

-4.4

21

Saudi Arabia

5.9

9.9

0.8

World

1,888.2

1,888.7

0.0

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

T

Sustainability Indicators report 2024

he World Steel Association (worldsteel) today publishes its Sustainability Indicators 2024 report. worldsteel uses eight indicators to measure key aspects of the steel industry’s economic, environmental, and social sustainability performance on an annual basis. worldsteel members have been providing data for the eight indicators every year since

2004. A total of 93 steel companies and associations were included in this year’s data collection.

The 36 companies who provided data for all eight indicators are listed in the report here: https://worldsteel.org/media/ press-releases/2024/sustainability-indicators-2024/

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country. worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.

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