Te?cnicas de comprensio?n de lectura en ingle?s

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura Libro de Ejercicios Mág. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

DESCRIPCIÓN El curso de comprensión de lectura en inglés busca ayudar al lector a usar una variedad de técnicas de lectura que le permitan participar en la construcción del texto de forma activa y lógica.

OBJETIVO GENERAL Al finalizar el curso los participantes serán capaces de interactuar activamente con textos de diversos contenidos de diversas realidades educativas aplicando las destrezas de lectura apropiadas.

METODOLOGÍA El curso contempla la lectura de textos de corta y mediana extensión. Dichos textos son genuinos o adaptados en cuanto a composición, redacción, puntuación, ortografía y vocabulario se refiere. El curso busca estimular una participación activa del lector en una negociación significativa con el texto, donde se propicie el análisis y la síntesis durante las fases de pre-lectura, lectura y post-lectura. La dinámica de clase está constituida por actividades enfocadas en la exposición, la ejemplificación, la puesta en práctica y la evaluación de la teoría, las destrezas y las diversas técnicas del proceso de lectura.

*Cada participante tendrá su cuaderno de trabajo electrónico, dentro del cual se desarrollará el trabajo individual como actividad secundaria al proceso de asimilación y puesta en práctica de las técnicas estudiadas.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Diagnóstico Como parte de la evaluación diagnóstica de inicio de curso, por favor lea detenidamente los siguientes textos. Sin ayuda del diccionario ni cualquier otra herramienta tecnológica, realice una traducción década uno.

What Is the Role of Teachers in Education?

-A teacher's role involves more than simply standing in front of a classroom and lecturing. In fact, even though a teacher spends the majority of the day in the classroom, the actual teaching component is only part of the job. An effective teacher understands that teaching involves wearing multiple hats to ensure that the school day runs smoothly and all students receive a quality education.

-Teachers also design lesson plans to teach the standards and provide engaging activities, while taking into account each student's interests and instructional needs. Teachers are facilitators of learning, providing students with the information and tools they need to master a subject. A teacher has the power to build up or tear down a student's self-esteem and make a student's day or ruin it in an instant.

-When interacting with students, a teacher must fill the role of a counselor, a surrogate parent, a nutritionist and someone who has the best interests of every child at heart. Teachers also play the role of interior designer, making sure their classrooms are set up to support learning and act as artists when they update their bulletin boards and other displays.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Grammar Review #1

Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Tome en cuenta que debe respetar el tiempo verbal que está subrayado.

1. Two recent publications are of great importance for the future of education statistics.

2. The study grew out of an early study of educational coordination.

3. Decentralization of education systems complicates the process of analyzing education statistics.

4. The utilization of education statistics and indicators is extremely weak.

5. The study proposes a set of four categories: context, students, teachers and staff, student achievement.

6. There will be additional statistics and indicators that countries in Latin America need to guide to their models.

7. The universities of El Salvador are preparing their students not only academically, but also for a successful professional future.

8. Foreign universities such Florida State University opened franchises in Central America. Education in the American colonies began as a religious effort.

9. Education was playing a fundamental role in the economic growth of the countries.

10. Sub regional groups are going to establish systems of indicators.

11. While the number of children with access to education is growing, the quality of education remains low in most countries of the world.

12. Students that are in their second and third year of secondary school attend a local public school.

13. All the teachers at our school are native Spanish speakers, with a university degree and specific training in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language.

14. For the academic year 2005 - 2006, the minority schools are going to operate in accordance with the law requirements.

15. Students in 4th, 5th, and 6th grades from 14 different public schools in the area wrote a 2-5 page long story focusing on an environmental theme.

Grammar Review #2

Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Tome en cuenta que debe respetar el tiempo verbal que está subrayado.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

CEPAL has indicated that Latin America is the region of the world with the most unequal distribution of wealth.

Many studies have revealed the importance of increasing access to secondary education.

Figure 7 shows that El Salvador is the country that has presented the greatest educational progress.

As we have previously been mentioning, education has proven to be a good strategy to reduce poverty.

Honduras has been investing considerable amounts of money to finance higher education.

On multiple occasions it had been shown that primary education repetition occurred most frequently in the early grades.

7. Statistics show that the educational policies implemented over the past decade have had an important impact.

8. Citizens living in rural areas haven’t been having many advantages in terms of access to education compared to those residing in urban areas.

9. A significant percentage of the population aged 25 to 45 has not accumulated any school enrollment.

10. Had the average number of school years been calculated for the population between 15 and 24 years of age?

11. The number of students enrolled at this school is constantly increasing, and including the academic year 2003/2004, it sums to 80.4% all students who have enrolled at different schools all over the country that year.

12. Recent cooperation has involved activities for rebuilding schools, reconstructing libraries and assessing damage caused to World Heritage sites.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Grammar Review #3

Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Tome en cuenta que debe respetar la estructura gramatical subrayada.

1. The gap is wider among the older age groups.

2. Honduras is the country where students from the poorest 20 percent of the population suffer the greatest disparities compared with those from the richest 20 percent of the population.

3. Guatemala presents the greatest inequality in enrollment distribution, followed by Nicaragua and Honduras. El Salvador presents the best education distribution.

4. One can note that Honduras is the country that presents the greatest primary education repetition rate, while Nicaragua has the lowest rate.

5. The government must fight for having a greater percentage of students to complete the primary and secondary education cycles.

6. The country with the worst indicator is Nicaragua, which presented only a slight increase of 0.6 school years.

7. It is interesting to note that El Salvador has the greatest absolute difference between the poorest 20 percent and the richest 20 percent of the population.

8. For first grade, the countries with the highest repetition rates are Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.

9. It should be pointed out that Guatemala is the country with the greatest degree of educational inequality.

10. An education administrator must first have a vision about how education should look in his/her school.

11. Similarly, secondary school teachers with greater awareness of research themes, could take part in this strategic sector.

Grammar Review #4

Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Tome en cuenta que debe respetar el tiempo verbal que está subrayado.

1. An administrator must have the ability to get others to share the same goals and plans for the school.

2. If an administrator is unable to do this, then the school will be divided, and the progress of students can turn deficient.

3. In terms of secondary education, Figure 9 shows that Nicaragua has the highest repetition rate in all cases, followed by Guatemala and Honduras. These three countries also have the highest repetition rates in rural areas.

In terms of gender disparity, Nicaragua has the highest repetition rate for boys, while in Guatemala girls are affected by greater levels of secondary education repetition.

4. As can be observed in Appendix A11, students in Central America desert school throughout the educational cycle.

Guatemalan and Honduran students are least probable to remain in the school system and, consistent with results from other indicators, the country with the greatest student retention is El Salvador.

5. Honduras and Guatemala show the greatest coverage reduction for the 13–15 age group. In addition, it is interesting to notice the 16–17 age group (the age when official secondary education is concluded) is where the lowest levels of enrollment are present. This problem is more severe in Guatemala and Honduras. El Salvador shows the greatest participation rate in the school system for youths in this age range.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Quiz # 1: Grammar Review

Lea detenidamente cada uno de los textos. Realice una traducción en español lo más aproxima al texto original. Tome en cuenta que el testo incluye tiempos verbales, auxiliares de modo o formas de adjetivos (en incluso vocabulario) ya estudiadas en sesiones pasadas.

Part A: Nations should invest in the education of the underprivileged; they must provide children of poor parents with educational opportunities (better than the ones that their parents didn´t have access to). This will help to break the vicious cycle of poverty that has overwhelmed generations and lots of citizens of Latin Americans. Education in developed societies such as that of the United States, has made what many call the “American dream” possible, where children from poor families receive a higher quality education that allow them to achieve greater levels of education and income generation than the one of their parents. Nations are expecting to have a better and more successful quality of life in the next years.

Part B: In terms of investing in education, it can be observed that the total investment made by the government in education is progressive in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala but highly regressive in Nicaragua. It should be mentioned that Honduras invests the greatest percentage of resources in education while Guatemala invests the lowest percentage.

It is interesting to note that Central America needs to increase and improve investment in education. At the same time, these societies have to work against social justice and equality, and invest more in policies for more enrollment and training. The achievement of peace and social and economic development in these countries depends, in large part, on meeting these themes.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Using the Dictionary #1 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el uso del diccionario para lograr determinar el significado apropiado según cada contexto.

1. Using the most recent household surveys available, a series of indicators have been analyzed in order to better understand the educational inequalities and disparities that exist in each of these countries.

2. These findings suggest that it is desirable for all citizens to have access to education.

3. Education policies to attain greater education relevance should be implemented.

4. Investment in education is considered to be profitable not only for society as a whole but also for individual citizens.

5. Guatemala is the country with the greatest illiteracy rate.

6. The data has been broken down by income quintile, location, sex, and ethnicity.

7. This indicator enables a comparison of priorities between different countries.

8. Guatemalan experience in the distribution of free notebooks and supplies shows a good distribution of resources that benefits a greater percentage of disadvantaged families.

Using the Dictionary #2 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el uso del diccionario para lograr determinar el significado apropiado según cada contexto.

1.

The Federal Universal Fund (FUSF) supports telecommunications and information services in schools, public libraries, and rural health-care facilities.

2.

Lions clubs sponsor a contest in a local school or an organized youth group.

3.

Our target groups are school children and students, but in fact everybody who wants to come is welcome.

4.

One child grabs a roll of masking tape and begins to make shapes on the carpet.

5.

They will lead to the next generation Internet and will have to support the exchange of increasingly large amounts of information.

6.

He is specifically sensible to the concerns of Minister of Education.

7.

Immediately we arranged medical care for her and called her relatives.

8.

The Committees consisted of parents, school principals, and members of School Development Committees and education officials.

9.

School record of the pupil (dates of enrollment, admission and exit, class, grade, academic cycle).

10. We do not want to choke it off by some of the things that we are talking about.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Using the Dictionary #3 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el uso del diccionario para lograr determinar el significado apropiado según cada contexto. Tome en cuenta la naturaleza de cada verbo frasal.

1.

We must work out who should pay the tuition and school materials.

2.

We need to get back to work on the basis of the curriculum and school chronogram.

3.

The Principal had to call on other budget to pay for school supplies.

4.

Call for an appointment with the school counselor to talk about curricular adaptations.

5.

The opportunity to call off this meeting that is due next month offers us the opportunity to think about new ideas.

6.

The new curriculum is trying to teach kids to take apart the stereotypes.

7.

Parents are responsible to take care of their children.

8.

You cannot take off of work because of a few minor conflicts.

9.

The Ministry has tried to take over some aspects of school administration.

10. The teachers did not allow the students to take back home the Science Project.

Using the Dictionary #4 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el uso del diccionario para lograr determinar el significado apropiado según cada contexto. Tome en cuenta la naturaleza de cada verbo frasal.

1.

A good solution is to break down school homework into short time periods, with breaks and constant support for what has been achieved.

2.

One element of an integrated strategy is to break up existing structures in the old curriculum.

3.

There has been a break in into schools with security problems.

4.

It also indicates why schools cannot break out of the vicious circle of miserable results.

5.

Not long after, things began to come apart in the young province.

6.

Our teacher informed us this morning that we should all come back to school.

7.

That comes down to saying that the school develops the scientific, technological and ethical abilities and the ability to communicate.

8.

Come on students, Let's Go to School!

9.

This situation will be of short-term duration and normal school enrollments are predicted to drop back to normal

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Quiz #2: Using the Dictionary Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el uso del diccionario para lograr determinar el significado apropiado según cada contexto.

1. A principal is an individual who directs and monitors the academic and nonacademic activities within a school environment. The principal is the individual who plans and implements the daily routines within an educational setting. He or she has many general responsibilities that must carry out efficiently, and also has many numerous duties that must take part in since he/she is a supervisory position. The principal is often the individual who takes care of disciplinary actions with students, too.

2. Consistent efforts to support education and training are among the most important tools.

Ethical difficulties involved in education helped communities to realize the importance of direct communication. We have to establish a possible exit point in the training process.

3. There are many different activities in this event. There is a contest organized together with the Regional Education Department. There is also a lecture on education and immigration by professor Levitt. If we want this event become a success, we need to arrange it with prior organization.

4. Educational Policy X (EPX) focuses on the practical consequences of educational policy decisions and alternatives. It examines the relationship between educational policy and educational practice, and sheds new light on important debates and controversies within the field.

Educational Policy X mixes the best of educational research with the world of practice, making it a valuable resource for educators, policy makers, administrators, researchers, teachers, and graduate students.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Identifying Pronouns #1 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el la identificación y uso correcto de los pronombres según el contexto..

1.

Perhaps one of the questions most discussed in our century and our world today is education, teaching and learning?

2.

Every child has the right to an education-regardless of its disability. In fact, there are numerous laws and programs that have been established to ensure that children like yours receive the quality education they deserve.

3.

Let’s use with deeper awareness this new language in our teaching and education!

4.

The family and the state will ensure the education of children, teaching them with values of national unity, respect for the nation, equality between men and women, respect and social solidarity.

5.

Beyond this, teaching across a broad range of subjects in schools and higher education institutes needs to encourage the development of entrepreneurial skills and to bring students into contact with entrepreneurs.

6.

A significant minority of those teaching in higher education only has a bachelors' degree or its equivalent, and part-time staff are even less qualified.

Identifying Pronouns #2 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el la identificación y uso correcto de los pronombres según el contexto.

7.

8.

9.

Reference has been made throughout this report to measure adopted in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices, which lead to racial discrimination and to promoting tolerance among nations and racial or ethnical groups.

If nobody predicts removing the teaching of literature, history, mathematics or the modern languages, this is not the case for philosophy, which has been removed for the most diverse reasons (by military dictatorships, for example, or more recently in the name of liberal ideology and professionalization).

These classes are designed for anybody wanting personalized teaching as well as for students who are unable to attend a class because their schedules are incompatible.

10. Every student will be provided with a quality education by highly qualified staff who will be continuously trained in

teaching strategies, support programs, and staff development activities.

11. Among formal institutions, we recognize school systems where education is carried out by a teaching staff.

12. It is important that all of them, using this plan of action as a reference, promote a rights-based approach to

education, which goes beyond teaching and learning and looks at providing a platform for systemic improvement of the school sector in the context of national education reforms.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Identifying Sentence Structure #1 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para reconocer la estructura de cada oración.

1. Despite gains to address these issues, mainly through the construction of new classrooms and development of in-teacher training programs to improve teaching skills, improvements are still limited.

2. Besides teaching English, the Instituto de Idiomas also grants 25 scholarships for its students to improve their knowledge of English, by attending summer courses, both abroad and within the national territory.

3. There can be no equity unless the education offered is of sufficient quality, and there can be no quality if teaching and institutions are evaluated.

4. The context in which teachers work has significantly changed over the past decade, yet teaching has not been sufficiently adapted to these new situations: teachers basically continue to have the same preparation and tools that they had before.

5. Since 'teaching to the test' is a common phenomenon, at least with public examinations where success or failure has important consequences, measurement devices can be used to influence the topics that teachers emphasize in their teaching.

Identifying Sentence Structure #2 Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para reconocer la estructura de cada oración.

6. Thus, in order to be credible, anti-corruption teaching must relate to the daily lives of the students and address real life ethical dilemmas, conflicts of interest and corruption cases.

7. The effect on universities' internationalization strategies and development of international support services is significant, whereas the effect on teaching and research at departmental level seems more indirect.

8. Meanwhile, the teaching of cross-curricular skills such as learning to communicate in different formal and informal contexts has been adopted in different countries.

9. There is no doubt that the education system needs to help to humanize globalization, although what teaching can do to improve the world is severely limited.

10. This is normally announced as long as your language course is more than 12 weeks long and has a minimum of 20 teaching hours per week.

11. However, in the teaching profession, it is necessary to recognize and accept the need for learning and evolution with regards to ICT.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Quiz #2: Identifying Pronouns & Sentence Structure

a) Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. Aplique técnicas eficientes para el uso del diccionario para lograr determinar el significado apropiado según cada contexto.

1. For example, there are teachers, school administrators, or perhaps the minister of education, who should be included either as speakers or as guests.

2. We have promulgated a law prohibiting the use of child labor under the age of 15 or until the time they complete their primary education.

3. The best interests of a child include access to education; however, there are a number of children whose families allege that they cannot afford to educate them.

4. I am among those who consider that we created this Agency not only to show that we are concerned with combating poverty and crime, but because we need strong instruments.

b) Lea las siguientes oraciones. Analice la función de cada uno de los pronombre subrayados y enumerados. Identifique a qué sustantivo hacen relación cada uno de ellos.

The Regions emphasize that (1) their participation can be very costly in financial terms. (2) They point out that some States delegate part of (3) their development budget and the definition and implementation of certain programs to associations of local or regional authorities, cities, counties or Regions.

The President (spoke in Spanish): “(4) I should like to inform the Council that I have received letters from the representatives of Armenia, Benin and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in (5) which (6) they request to be invited to participate in the discussion of the item on the Council’s agenda.”

If the students are selected to represent AMBergh Education (7) they will get access to (8) their own website to (9) where they will refer to people (10) who are interested in studying Russian.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Context Clues #1a Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. No utilice ningún tipo de diccionario. Aplique técnicas eficientes para inferir los significados.

[1] The transition to a postmodern culture will bring about significant and weighty changes in all areas of society. Our ways of thinking about healing or curing, spirituality, food, community, the natural world, and even economics and business are, turning from the materialism and reductionism of the industrial age to a more organic, holistic, and person-centered worldview. It is no accident that modern educational institutions are challenged by alternative ways of teaching and learning.

[2] The system of schooling as we know it, with its grading, testing, standardized curriculum, and control over students’ use of time, reflects the mechanistic worldview of the age that contrary to rise, it is now beginning to decline.

[3] Parents and educators who are beginning to question this worldview have turned to diverse philosophies and methods, from Montessori and Waldorf schools, to democratic schools, home education and community learning centers, among others.

[4] This is a confusing time in education. Public schools are going into standardization and desperate competition by the socalled No Child Left Behind policy of the federal government. Conservative politicians call for new types of systems, for example: privatization schemes.

[5] Some see charter schools, publicly funded but independently run, as the ideal model. And over a million families are keeping their children out of school, for all sorts of reasons. Until this generation, most parents simply sent their kids to the neighborhood school, but now we are faced with a numerous array of options, with little understanding of their philosophical differences.

[6] Simply stated, holistic education is an effort to cultivate the development of the whole human being. Where conventional schooling views the child as a passive receiver of information and rules, or at most as a computer-like processor of information, a holistic approach recognizes that to become full person, a growing child needs to develop—in addition to intellectual dexterities—physical, psychological, emotional, interpersonal, moral and spiritual potentials. The child is not merely a future citizen or employee in training, but an intricate and complex individual of vital forces and environmental influences.

[7] Ultimately, holistic education reflects a spiritual rather than a mechanistic worldview; it recognizes that in the growth of every child, some mysterious life force is unfolding, growing and looking for expression. This force might be understood in religious or quasi-religious terms, as in Waldorf education, or it can be seen in a more naturalistic sense, as a biological urge—a worldview that makes sense to many progressive and democratic educators. In any case, a holistic approach to education respects this life force and seeks to nourish and cultivate it. Clearly this worldview is very closely aligned with the impulse behind organic agriculture, natural medicine, ecological awareness, and other areas of the emerging of a new “green” society.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Context Clues #1b Realice una traducción de las siguientes oraciones. No utilice ningún tipo de diccionario. Aplique técnicas eficientes para inferir los significados.

[8] A holistic education is usually characterized by several core and principal qualities. First, it encourages experiential learning. There is more discussion, questioning, experimentation, and active engagement in a holistic learning environment, and a noticeable absence of grading, testing, labeling, and comparing. Learning is more meaningful and relevant to students—it matters to their lives. Second, personal relationships are considered to be as important as academic subject matter. These learning environments try and strive to cultivate a sense of community and belonging, and qualities of safety, respect, caring, and even love. Third, there is concern for the interior life, for the feelings, aspirations, ideas and questions that each student brings to the learning process. Education is no longer viewed as the transmission of information; instead, it is a journey in and out into the world. Fourth, holistic education expresses an ecological consciousness; it recognizes that everything in the world exists in context, in relationship to inclusive communities. This involves a deep and profound respect for the integrity of the biosphere, if not a sense of reverence for nature. It is a worldview that embraces diversity, both natural and cultural. Holistic education avoids ideology, categorization, and fixed answers; on the contrary, it appreciates the interrelatedness of all life.

[9] These core qualities are not practiced in single, but on the contrary in diverse ways. Montessori schools provide a carefully designed, multi-age “prepared environment” that encourages children to explore and experiment according to their own pace and speed. Waldorf teachers lead classes through a curriculum that responds to the stage of soul development of each age group, using stories and arts. “Democratic” and “free” schools, and many people, seek –as an attempt to find- to remove all adult obstacles to children’s curiosity and spontaneous community.

[10] Our nation is blessed by a rich diversity of private schools -- some rooted in religious traditions, some that provide intensive academic experiences, some that reflect a particular pedagogy, and some that are specialized for specific populations. These diverse and assorted schools and strong, often faith-based, communities help fulfill the American ideal of educational pluralism and collectively contribute to the common good.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Skimming & Scanning #1 Realice un skimming y scanning del siguiente texto.

CENTRAL AMERICA: Private higher education booming Recent years have witnessed a boom in private education opportunities across the Central American isthmus. To some, it seems that private entities cannot open classrooms fast enough. Whereas 30 years ago there were virtually no private universities, today there are more than 151 and every year more emerge.

Foreign universities such as Florida State University are opening franchises in Nicaragua, Panama and Costa Rica.

A big concern is the lack of regulation.

Online degrees have multiplied, while entrepreneurs have been leasing buildings, hiring professors and offering degrees at such a rapid, unchecked rate that some complain a university degree has become meaningless.

"There is no comprehensive regulatory system," said Jaime Chahin, dean of the College of Applied Arts at Texas State University and an analyst of higher education systems in Latin America. "The number of private universities has grown very quickly and governments have not been able to keep pace to ensure there are appropriate controls."

Some countries have established regulatory bodies such as SINAES (National Accreditation System for Higher Education) in Costa Rica, the System for Monitoring and Improving the Quality of Higher Education in El Salvador, the Council of Private Higher Education in Guatemala and CNAE (National Assessment and Accreditation Council of the National Education System) in Nicaragua, among others.

"Save for a few exceptions, private education is a business," said Oscar Carlos Picardo, a higher education analyst in El Salvador. "While they are good companies, they are bad universities." He noted: "They are limited in their admission filters - those that pay, are accepted."

Between 1994 and 2003, the number of students enrolled in higher education grew from seven million to 13 million in Latin America, with coverage jumping from around 1.2% of the population to 3.2%, according to the International Institute for UNESCO for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC).

1. Según el skimming y scanning realizado en un muy corto período, describa brevemente la siguiente información.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

30 years ago= 151= Florida State University= Jaime Chahin= SINAES= CNAE= Oscar Carlos Picardo= 1994 and 2003= 13 million= 3.2%=

2. Basado en el skimming y scanning realizado (SIN realizar lectura detenida del texto), procure hacer una interpretación de la idea que pretende transmitir el texto.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Skimming & Scanning #2 Realice un skimming y scanning del siguiente texto.

"It's been primarily the private universities that have addressed the region's increase in demand for higher education," wrote Francisco Alarcón and Julio Guillermo Luna in a study done for IESALC in 2004. "The public systems' lack of resources have prevented them from absorbing these students."

Among the universities that have opened in the last few decades, some have been very good, some have been OK and some have been very bad, said Alban Bonilla, executive director of the Rectors Union for Private Universities (UNIRE) in Costa Rica.

"The good universities are the profitable ones. The bad are expelled from the system." He gave the examples, outside of Central America, of Harvard, Navarra, Deusto, Yale, MIT and Stanford, which "are profitable because they are good. If not, they would no longer exist."

As recently as the First International Forum for Higher Education held in Honduras in June, educators promoted their respective governments for increased funding to absorb the growing student demand.

It is not like private universities are rolling in money, argued Manuel Sandi Murillo, vice-president of the Association of Private Universities for Central America and Panama.

In fact, many are trying to maintain a delicate balance between keeping tuition fees low and covering their costs. "People think there is a lot of money in the private system. That's not true. We have to show that private education is a service and it's not only an avenue to create wealth."

While public institutions receive as much as 6% of their country's gross domestic product, private universities do not receive any financial support, and therefore are forced to charge tuition in order to stay in operation.

1. Según el skimming y scanning realizado en un muy corto período, describa brevemente la siguiente información. a. b. c. d. e. f.

2004= OK= Central America= Yale= Honduras= 6%=

3. Basado en el skimming y scanning realizado (SIN realizar lectura detenida del texto), procure hacer una interpretación de la idea que pretende transmitir el texto.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Skimming & Scanning #3 Realice un skimming y scanning del siguiente texto.

Qualifying for Educational Administration is Arbitrary

Carolyn J. Grundt, 28, is a popular and highly skilled second-grade teacher at Trinity Lutheran School in Roselle. Recently, she`s been considering becoming a school administrator.

Educational administrators are principals, assistant principals, curriculum supervisors, superintendents, assistant directors and directors of instruction and personnel and business officials. ``To do so, I need to change my whole master`s program and it might take me five years more, `` said Grundt, who has been working on her graduate degree in elementary education at the National College of Education since 1987.

Many educational experts agree that qualifying for the important job of administration is too haphazard-and that something must be done about it. A report by the National Policy Board for Educational Administration cites a 1988 study that found that ``many graduate programs adhere to an unspoken pact that any teacher, even an unsuccessful teacher with marginal academic ability, has an inalienable right to study for an administrator`s certificate . . .``

The exact count of administrators is not known. There are some 17,000 U.S. public school districts and, with hundreds of other educational institutions and their layers of administrative staff, it`s safe to assume there are many thousands of these professionals. The National Policy Board estimates the average salary in this graying profession is $50,000. Supervisors of big-city schools may earn $150,000.

Despite national focus on improving the nation`s schools, administrators have escaped much of the severe criticism extended to teachers. Though some cities such as Chicago are returning decision-making power to local school councils, most communities are not concerned about the job. James W. Guthrie, professor in the graduate school of education at the University of California at Berkeley, has a doctorate in educational administration from Stanford University and has defined ideas about what the profession should be. ``The U.S. system of education has an absolutely upside-down incentive system`` said Guthrie.

1. Según el skimming y scanning realizado en un muy corto período, describa brevemente la siguiente información.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Carolyn J. Grundt = James W. Guthrie= 1987= 1988= 17,000= $50,000= Chicago=

2. Basado en el skimming y scanning realizado (SIN realizar lectura detenida del texto), procure hacer una interpretación de la idea que pretende transmitir el texto.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Skimming & Scanning #4 Realice un skimming y scanning del siguiente texto.

Qualifying for Educational Administration is Arbitrary

Preparation to become an educational administrator is in a ``sorry state,`` said Terry A. Astuto, associate professor of education at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville and executive associate secretary for the National Policy Board, a nonprofit agency headquartered on the campus. ``Most states don`t require teachers to go through an approved program to become administrators, as lawyers, architects and librarians must,`` said Astuto, a former teacher with a degree in educational administration from the University of Wisconsin. ``Teachers take random courses in educational administration, but there isn`t a concentrated period of study and no sequence to what they study.`` Last year, Astuto`s organization was formed to ``put together a program that has some sequence . . . to increase the number of women and minorities in administration`` she said. Astuto, who teaches educational administration, says the group wants the course to be a two-year, full-time doctoral program, taken by people ``recognized as excellent teachers and who already have master`s degrees.`` She says most of the doctoral students will need financial aid. ``We must be willing to make this kind of investment in the preparation of school leaders,`` she said.

Although she agrees standards are important, Nelvia M. Brady, president of City Colleges of Chicago, warns against ``becoming too rigid.`` Brady, a former classroom teacher who has a master`s degree in counseling and a doctorate in personnel administration, was an associate superintendent of the Chicago public schools. She became head of the second-largest college system in the nation in 1988. ``I believe some aspects of educational administration can be handled by noneducators,`` said Brady. `` Management skills become more critical than specific knowledge of the field. Your job becomes management and leadership.`` She says the ``best way to become an educational administrator is to study full-time which I did by taking a leave of absence. But the reality of everyone`s being able to do that is questionable.``

1. Según el skimming y scanning realizado en un muy corto período, describa brevemente la siguiente información. a) b) c) d) e)

Terry A. Astuto University of Wisconsin Nelvia M. Brady 1988 Management skills

2. Basado en el skimming y scanning realizado (SIN realizar lectura detenida del texto), procure hacer una interpretación de la idea que pretende transmitir el texto.

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Mag. Silvia SaborĂ­o Taylor

Quiz #: Skimming & Scanning Realice un skimming y scanning del siguiente texto.

[1] More Latin Americans are living in poverty than twenty years ago, despite the region's economic growth. The poor generally are still illiterate or little literate. What is worse is that their children have limited opportunities to learn. They do not get a chance to move out of poverty by acquiring skills and knowledge, although about nine out of every ten children in the region enrolls in first grade.

There is a documented association between poverty and educational attainment in Latin America. The poor are those with lower levels of education. Because they have disproportionately more children, most children in Latin America are poor.

Although most poor children enter first grade, they enroll in schools of lower quality, and are more likely to drop out after completing a few grades. In order to reduce poverty in Latin America, we must first understand the simultaneous processes of how education reproduces poverty and how education fosters opportunities to learn and for social mobility for the poor.

At least one in three people in Latin America now lives in poverty. Thirty six percent of the population lives on less than US$2 per day at 1985 prices. Countries achieving significant economic growth during the last ten years have not reduced the incidence of poverty. In Argentina, for example, economic growth more than doubled per capita income and led to increases in real salaries and to the creation of thousands of jobs. Yet, unemployment in that country has also doubled and about a quarter of the population has lived with unmet basic needs since 1991. The percentage living below the poverty line in Latin America has stagnated since 1980, according to World Bank studies. The percentage had declined significantly from 60% in 1950 to 35% in 1980.

a) twenty years ago= b) lower levels= c) Thirty six percent= d) Argentina= e) 1991=

[2] A fair amount is already known about the relationship between education and poverty in Latin America. We know that the poor have lower levels of education and that income rises with educational level. In Latin America, 14% of adults 26 years and older cannot read or write at all. If we assume a sixth grade education is necessary to reach functional literacy and to acquire basic cognitive skills, the number of Latin Americans who are absolutely or functionally illiterate equals the number of people living in poverty.

Education and income are closely related. In Brazil, for instance, the poorest 40% of teenagers (ages 15-19) average four years of schooling, while their counterparts in the top 20% of income distribution have twice that average level of schooling. In Northeast Brazil the gap increases: the poorest 40% of fifteen- to nineteen-year-olds average only two years of schooling versus 5 years for the top 20%. In Haiti the poorest 40% of the youth average two years in school, while the wealthiest 20 % averages six years. In Guatemala the gap between these groups is 2 versus 6 years of schooling on average.

Indigenous Latin Americans suffer even more from lack of schooling. For instance, in Bolivia's urban areas, the average nonindigenous person goes to school for ten years, Spanish-speaking indigenous people average six years of schooling, and those who do not speak Spanish have an average of 0.4 years of schooling.

f) 14%= g) 40%= h) 5 years= i) Spanish-speaking= j) 0.4 years=

[3] Considerable progress has been made in expanding access. In the last 50 years, the number of students at all levels in Latin America increased from 32 million in 1960 to 114 million in 1990. Only three out of every five children were enrolled in first grade in the early 1960s, but today 95% of nine-year-olds are enrolled in school. Enrollment rates since 1960 increased from 60% to 88% at the primary level, from 36% to 72% at the secondary level and from 6% to 27% at the tertiary level. It is generally between the first and second level of the ladder of educational opportunity that the poor fall behind in today's Latin America. One out of every three children who enroll in first grade fail just as they are beginning school. Many

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Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

of the poor have no preschool education whatsoever, and many teachers serving poor children have not been prepared to address their particular needs. For instance, many indigenous children are taught in a language and with materials they don't understand. Grade repetition is disproportionately higher among the poor. Research shows that repetition leads to more repetition and eventually to school dropouts. The third stage of educational opportunity gives students a chance to complete the first cycle of education, to achieve functional literacy, to do simple math, to establish cause-effect relationships, and to have basic information about science, history, social studies. Most of the children of the poor do not complete this cycle. One reason is that parents of children who must repeat grades find it increasingly impossible to continue supporting their studies. High repetition rates mean children only reach an average of fourth grade, even if they are staying in school longer.

k) l) m) n) o)

last 50 years= 60% to 88%= first and second level= third stage= High repetition=

1. Según el skimming y scanning realizado en un muy corto período, describa brevemente la información presentada en a-o.

2. Basado en el skimming y scanning realizado (SIN realizar lectura detenida del texto), procure hacer una interpretación de la idea que pretende transmitir cada texto.

3. Lea detenidamente todo el texto. Realice un resumen que exponga coherentemente las ideas presentadas en los párrafos 1,2,3. (Tome en cuenta que las respuestas en la pregunta #2, no necesariamente coinciden luego de realizar la lectura detenida del texto.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

Progress Quiz

How do teachers perceive their principals? Do they regard them as transformational or transactional leaders?

Do they evaluate them as participative or autocratic? How does the behavior of principals relate to teacher job satisfaction? A number of researchers have investigated the relationship between principals’ leadership style and decision-making processes and teacher satisfaction and performance and teacher efficacy.

However, a crucial factor has not been incorporated in these investigations, specifically the perceptions of the teachers regarding their occupation. This variable involves a number of aspects that relate to the concept of teaching as a profession: professional prestige, professional identification and status, sense of self-fulfillment, scope for self-expression and personal development, job autonomy, and centrality of the vocation.

The goal of the current study is to examine the effects of three factors on teacher satisfaction from the job: principals’ leadership style (transformational or transactional), principals’ decision-making strategy (autocratic versus participative), and teachers’ perceptions of their occupation.

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Mag. Silvia SaborĂ­o Taylor

Topic Sentences #1

[1] Successful educational administrators can delegate effectively, manage tasks and select teachers and support staffers who can help students graduate and ultimately contribute to society. Providing a school vision, encouraging others, taking risks and instilling pride and enthusiasm in students and staffers are leadership skills necessary for the job.

[2] A school leader must set an easily understood vision of the future for students and the school itself. This vision becomes the school community's focal point; it's the stated goal that everyone strives to achieve. A well-articulated vision makes it easier to take action, especially when the decision to act on something helps the school or student move closer to the stated vision.

[3] Working for achievements -- and finding the courage to do what is necessary to achieve identified goals -- is crucial. Students and teachers can more easily believe in the vision when the leadership's commitment is evident and solid. In this way, the educational administrator must feel the school's leadership is committed to the vision.

[4] A school-leadership role means taking risks -- not those career-ending or life-threatening; just a willingness to look at things differently, and always keeps a plan B in mind. So, courage represents a necessary skill for a leader. Under effective leadership, schools, principals, teachers and students can recover from actions were taken. And with the courage that a school leader inculcates in everyone around him/her, decisions to move forward to try something else can be enthusiastically accepted.

[5] School leaders depend on showing empathy towards the others. Empathy is the ability for school leaders to listen and interact with students and teachers in a way that shows they care about others' feelings. Empathy is not taught; people can easily be empathetic with people they care about in their personal lives, but the school leader must visibly exhibit that same level of caring to all others in the school community. Leaders should try to show this empathy by understanding and sharing feelings from teachers and students.

Topic Sentences #2

[1] Choosing between a private education and a public education is a decision many parents make every year. This is a tough choice as public schools offer free education, which the parents are actually funding through taxes, while private schools provide students with a strict college-preparatory education. But for those parents who think that these are the only two options, it is important to also consider magnet schools. These schools are part of the public school system and educate students in specific academic areas. Although parents have three types of schools to choose from, the decision is not as difficult as one would think. After researching private, public, and magnet schools, it can be concluded that a quality education can be received from all three as long as the student pursues a strong education.

[2] Private education can provide solid education for students. Mater Dei High School is a private, Catholic school located in Orange County, California. In order to be admitted into this school, students must pass a standardized exam, which is also used for the placement of students into more advanced classes, and students must also write a personal essay stating why he or she would like to attend the school. The cost for attending Mater Dei is approximately $4,300 per year (approx. because tuition is raised each year) plus the cost for uniforms and books (totaling nearly $5,000). This may seem costly for some parents, but the school promises a "coeducation environment dedicated to the development of mature, well-rounded individuals."

[3] The most popular choice for high school level education is the public school. Beginning in 1969, public schools have come under heavy scrutinization, resulting in academic standard reforms. The improved curriculum established new roles for teachers and developed school level structures to support teaching and learning. Los Alamitos High School is one such public school that provides a comparable education when compared to a private school. The school is located in Orange County, California and is responsible for providing a college-preparatory education for 2836 students. The average class has between 32 and 35 students, and like Mater Dei, averages a smaller class size for honors and AP classes. When comparing the students' SAT scores, 524 in verbal and 541 in math, to Mater Dei's average, Los Alamitos actually ranks higher. Once again this proves that a public education is just as good as, if not better, a private education, while saving parents thousands of dollars.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

[4] Another type of high school education that was mentioned earlier was magnet schools. These schools have a specific academic focus, usually science or the arts, and can accept students from any part of the school district. One example of a magnet school is Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, which is located in Alexandria, Virginia. There are exactly 1600 students at the school, with 400 in each grade level. In order to apply for admission into Thomas Jefferson, students must live in a region served by the high school. Also, students must meet three criteria: have an aptitude for successful study of science, math, computer science, and related technology, have a record of prior academic achievement, and pass an admissions examination. This appears to be rigorous for a free public school, but it is necessary as the school was created to improve education in science, math, and technology. These type of schools also include include classes like robotics, engineering, and computer systems.

[5] By examining the three types of high school education options, private, public, and magnet it becomes apparent that each provides its students with a premium education. It is true that there are a number of students in public schools who are failing, but they are offered the opportunity to get good education, but they choose not to accept this. So the opportunity is there, students just need to make an effort to find it. When choosing between a private, public, or magnet school, parents need not worry about which one provides a better education because each one had sufficient opportunities available for academic success.

1. Realice un Skimming y scanning y luego intente determinar: • Oración principal cada párrafo • Para cada párrafo, lluvia de predicciones.

• Idea central del texto en general.

2. Realice una lectura profunda de análisis y luego indique: • Explique brevemente cuales son los 3 tipos de educación que se ofrece.

• Explique cual tipo de educación es mejor según el autor.

3. Seleccione un título para el texto.

Topic Sentences #3 [1] Teacher education materials from other countries and regions can be useful for offering comparisons between different ideas and approaches. However, often teacher educators and/or student teachers are not given the advice and support they need to interpret and adapt these ideas or examples from other contexts so that they suit their own situation.

[2] Student teachers and teacher educators need access to a wide range of materials on inclusive education – both through materials that are dedicated to inclusive education, and through core and subject-specific teacher education materials that have inclusive education messages embedded in them (e.g. inclusive education issues raised in teacher education materials focusing on mathematics, science, history, etc.).

[3] These materials need to offer a comprehensive interpretation of inclusive education; supporting student teachers to understand the importance of whole-school changes as well as helping them to gain skills and confidence in responding to specific individual learning needs. Teacher education materials also need to more clearly and accurately indicate whether they are educating student teachers about inclusive education, or whether they are focusing only on a particular group, such as learners with disabilities.

[4] Teacher educators and student teachers need access to more inclusive education materials that are contextually relevant. More materials need to be developed in-country and regionally, featuring local case studies and examples to which the teacher educator and student teachers can relate. Further, more teacher education materials are needed in local and national languages – not just through basic translations of imported materials, but by having materials that are written specially for use in those languages.

Técnicas de Comprensión de Lectura

Mag. Silvia Saborío Taylor

[5] Teacher education materials imported from other countries should be selected for their ability to offer additional insights, new developments, global perspectives and comparisons, but they should not form the bulk of student teachers’ reading. There should also be greater guidance given to teacher educators and their students regarding how to interpret and adapt non-local materials. In particular, teacher educators need support to develop the skills and confidence to be critical, selective and creative in the use of teacher education materials. For instance, when using books published in other countries they need to be skilled at supporting student teachers to reflect on when and how to adapt ideas to their own context; they need to be able to find local case studies to supplement or replace foreign examples, and so on.

[6] Staff within ministries of education and/or teacher education institutions, who are responsible for selecting or designing teacher education materials, need to be well informed about inclusive education. Inclusive education experience, knowledge and skills should, ideally, be recruitment criteria for new personnel. There also needs to be continuous professional development for existing and new developers of teacher education materials, so that they stay up-to-date with inclusive education debates and practice. Linked to this, it is also important that material developers are not working in isolation. They need to be linked in with other teacher education material and curriculum developers regionally and globally, and have opportunities to share ideas and examples of their work.

1. Realice un Skimming y scanning y luego intente determinar: • Oración principal cada párrafo.

• Para cada párrafo, indique 2 ideas secundarias.

• Escriba una idea central para el texto en general.

2. Realice una lectura profunda de análisis y luego indique: • La relación entre materiales educativos y educación inclusiva, fundamente esta relación al menos con 3 ideas del texto.

• Dos posibles recomendaciones que puedan surgir directamente de la lectura.

3. Seleccione un título para el texto.