BUILDING SCIENCE AND SERVICES SHERVINA SAMUEL E- PORTFOLIO

BUILDING SCIENCE AND SERVICES

ASSIGNMENT 1 LIGHTING AND VAC DESIGN FOR COMFORT

SHERVINA SAMUEL (0339162) BACHELORS IN DESIGN in INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE

1 DISSATISFACTORY ISSUES Human comfort is an essential part of one’s living space as it is where most of our work and daily activities are conducted. However, it is clear to see that the client is not very satisfied with the living conditions of their living and dining area.

A. To begin, the habits and living activities of the client need to be taken into consideration for the reworked design. At the end of the day, she does most of her work in the living room as she enjoys the company of other home residents and the convenience of the television. But the lighting fixtures in the living room are not as bright as she would like them to be. When working on her laptop, the rather dark surrounding causes her to strain her eyes due to the contrast in lighting. This is caused by the two broken lamps above the television (as seen in figure 1.1) The two chandeliers mounted on the ceiling do not provide the sufficient brightness that the client would like. Without the two additional lamps, the brightness stands at a 16 lux (as shown in figure 1.2) which is not suitable for eye comfort level. The client would like a warm setting for cosy comfort when working at night thus does not switch on the cool white ceiling lamp seen in figure 1.3)

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

B. Aside from that the lighting in the dining area is rather glaring to the eye. The LED wall mounted light is placed below the beam with full exposure causing the brightness to be aimed straight at the person sitting directly opposite it at the dining table (as seen in figure 1.4) There is no equal spread of light that comes from above to illuminate the dining area in which client and her accompany sit in a round order. The brightness of the light that stands at 116 lux (as shown in figure 1.5) would be rather irritating to the eye when the person directly opposite sits there for extended periods of time.

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

C. Furthermore, the dining room area does not have a ceiling fan which makes the area rather warm and lack air flow when the AC is not switched on. The fan that is currently being used is a stand fan placed on the floor. However, hot air is less dense and floats up while cool air sinks down, causing the dining area to be rather warm.

With the stand fan placed down, the air circulation is mostly focused on one area (as seen in figure 1.6) instead of the whole dining area. The lack of overall circulation causes the space to be rather stuffy during dinner time when there are many residents using the space.

Figure 1.6

D. Moving on, the air conditioning in the living room leaks which is caused by the vapor condensing on the cold coil to become liquid water that accumulates over time and drips out, then leaving stains on the wall (as shown in figure 1.7) which affects the

aesthetics of the living room space. This also causes discomfort to the client as the old air conditioning leaks and causes a rise in the electrical bill. The extra payment she is making for the air conditioning does not seem worth it due to its age and condition.

Figure 1.7

E. Finally the second mini living room that is placed by the entrance has no ventilation aside from the window (figure 1.8) This causes the client to hardly use the space as it is stuffy with no air flow. Even though there is an old air conditioning in the first living room as previously mentioned, the cool air barely reaches the second living room thus making it lack in proper air flow and ventilation. This causes it to be a waste as it is space that is barely used for work activities or simply to relax.

Figure 1.8

1 REINTRODUCING COMFORT The new living and dining area layout mainly introduces the changes and addition in terms of light fixtures, HVAC and fan circulation. (Refer to page 21 for the new layout plan). The furnitures that were there before as seen in the old layout plan (Refer to page 20) remains in their same position as the aim is to achieve human comfort through lighting and VAC

A. Once taken into consideration the living habits of our client, the 2 previously broken lamps have been fixed and light bulbs changed to a warm white color. This helps maintain the cozy effect that comes with warm illumination as the chandelier lights and wall lamps are mostly used from evening onwards once the sun has gone down.

The location of the wall lamps were maintained as it is most suitable when following the placement of the sofas that go around in a half circle (seen in figure 2.1) The lighting of the chandelier above provides a properly distributed warm white luminance and the added new bulbs gives light to the television area and the overall living room. This way, the client can use the extra wall lamps when doing work and switch it off when simply relaxing for a dimmer luminance. As shown in the new layout plan, both the wall lamps and chandelier have different wiring system, allowing one or the other to be switched on separately for convenience

Figure 2.1

B. To fix the issue of the glaring led light in the dining area, the previously wall mounted LED light that was placed below the beam was removed and replaced with two Natural white downlights. Since the living area is mostly used for relaxing and doing work, the dining area would be illuminated by a brighter cool white light allowing there to be a choice of different luminance for the client. The choice of a downlight that is mounted on the ceiling allows a more equally divided distribution of lighting for the dining area. As seen in figure 2.2, the two downlights will be able to illuminate the space equally without having the light focused on one direction.

C. Tackling the issue of the lack of ventilation in the dining area, the previous stand fan has been replaced with a ceiling mounted fan instead. This helps solve the issue of the air flow only being blown at a low level towards the person sitting nearest to it. With the ceiling fan, the hot air above can be better cooled and distributed down to the clients below. The use of a ceiling fan is also more practical in terms of investment as it is a space that is used everday and frequently, thus holds a greater need for better ventilation as needed by the client. The existing ceiling beam that seperates the living space 1 and the dining area also allows the air flow by the new ceiling fan to be aimed to the dining area. This shows how the ceiling fan choice complements the existing structure of the space

Figure 2.2

D. As discussed previously in 1.D, the old air conditioning that was leaking and causing a spike in the electricity bill will be replaced by a newer more energy saving air conditioning. It is also mounted slightly higher which betters the flow of cool air (which is much denser than hot air) downwards. (shown in figure 2.3)

Figure 2.3

E. Once the client enters the living area 2, they will be welcomed by a small living space that has a wall mounted orbiting fan (shown by figure 2.4) As discussed previously in 1.E, the lack of air flow and ventilation causes the client to barely use the valuable space. In the new layout plan we can see that the fan is mounted on the wall facing the entrance. This allows the air to be blown in all directions in 180 degree mobility. The choice of a wall mounted fan placed above allows the hot air above to be cooled before distributed to the floor level. The floor can be used by the client when working on physical projects in which she would be more comfortable seated on the ground.

Since the living room 2 is not a frequently used area. The choice of a wall mounted

fan is much cheaper than a ceiling fan and saves cost while providing the comfort required by the client.

Figure 2.4

2 HIGHLIGHTED CHANGES FOR HUMAN COMFORT A. LIGHT FIXTURES To achieve better comfort for the client alongside taking into consideration the financial and environmental aspect of the electrical appliances, careful choices have been made to achieve the best decision. To begin with the first lighting issue, the previously broken wall lamp and missing bulbs have been changed to HANKQ wall lamp light bulbs as shown in figure 3.a1.

Figure 3.a1 Standing at a reasonable budget friendly price of RM 5.90 per bulb, it is cost efficient and fulfills the required help that is needed for the new design. Shown below in figure 3.a2, within a short distance if ¼ meters, the 3000k bulb has an illumination of 113 lux. This allows it to work well with the other lighting fixtures that pre-existed for a well-lit living room. The choice of color is warm white to allow the client to have a cozy lit living space that isn’t too dark for eye level comfort. It is also a frosted bulb which further compliments the existing lighting fixtures as they create a visual sparkle that draws people into the living room without being uncomfortably bright.

Figure 3.a2

The second addition to the light fixture section would be the change from the previous LED wall mounted light to two downlights. The previous unfrosted led light that was used was

lacking in terms of aesthetic as it had no shade or lamp to assist it. It used up 36 watts for an illumination of 6500K in cool white. (figure 3.a3)

Figure 3.a3

The LED light was switched out to two energy saving lights that used lower power as well as had a more clean and aesthetic look (shown in figure 3.a4)

Figure 3.a4

It holds a good level of brightness as well with 547 lux when measured two lights side by side in a very close distance (seen in figure 3.a5) Which is suitable when taking into consideration that the lights will be fixed on the ceiling to illuminate the area below at a distance of about 2500mm

Figure 3.a5

Previously, the 36 watts Philips LED light had a monthly cost of RM 1.41 for just one bulb, and the new downlights come at RM0.71per light. Considering the aesthetics, placement and convenience of the new lights, the maintenance of the bill charges are considered worth it.

B. VAC AND VENTILATION Diving into the ventilation aspect of the changes, the first change that occurred was the switching out of a National 3 speed adjustment stand fan to a controller AC motor ceiling fan in a matte black finish. The matte black color would complement the overall aesthetic of the dining area and the white ceiling, adding some contrast to the monotonous color. As discussed previously, the stand fan did not fulfill the air flow needs of the client and only catered the coolest air to the person sitting closest to it. The ceiling fan chosen is the NSB XTRA (MB/MB) 56 Inch AC Motor WITH Remote Control Ceiling Fan as seen in figure 3.b1.

Figure 3.b1

Since the dining area is beside the air conditioned living room, the remote controller allows the client to change the speed of the fan, without getting up or walking, based on their own needs and preference whenever the space gets too cold or even too warm if other visitors drop by. The convenience of this alongside the aesthetics is worth the additional RM0.08 in the monthly billing. As shown in the monthly billing, for a difference in energy consumption of just 1 watt, the ceiling fan would also allow more room on the floor for the client, while making their living conditions more easier. (product link : https://www.esh2u.com/products/nsb-xtra-mb-mb-56-inch-ac-motor-withremote-control-ceilingfan?variant=39802782613569&currency=MYR&utm_medium=product_sync&utm_source= google&utm_content=sag_organic&utm_campaign=sag_organic&gclid=Cj0KCQjwsdiTBhD 5ARIsAIpW8CJPN1ZDI-yFKyUcIAp2QPeVXh5GlgG6WIJF5p17bZeHkrcwyHE2xoaAnxLEALw_wcB#images-1)

Moving on, the replacement in air-conditioning to a newer and better Daikin MKC Series 30% Energy Saving 1.5 H.P Wall Mounted Air Conditioning would highly benefit the client in reducing the monthly bill costings. The current York 2 H.P Wall Mounted Air Conditioner at 2000 watts brings the bill costs to RM 209.28 which is not worth it also considering the leaking issues. The newer aircond has a 30% energy saving feature that comes with a S series inverter multi split model. (seen in figure 3.b2)

Figure 3.b2 Considering the placement of the living room that is beside the dining area with no glass or sheer division, this Daikin series air Cond has an odor removal feature in which the indoor

unit absorbs the unpleasant odors before distributing the air. This way the client can enjoy fresh smelling air with no food scent remains. It is able to work alongside the Titanium Apatite Deodorizing Filter to absorb odors and allergens consistently for 3 years as long as it is washed once every 6 months. (seen in figure 3.b3)

Figure 3.b3 The client also brought up the issue of high monthly costings in the previous aircond. The new chosen design can help combat that issue with its econo mode feature. Through this, the function limits the maximum power consumption. It aids in the reduction of power usage if the cooling load is high when client brings friends for gatherings or expose the living area to direct sunshine, since the window is on the right of the living room. (refer figure 3.b4 for graph explaination)

Figure3.b4

To further justify the choice of new air-conditioning, of 1.5 HP, below is the Heat Load Calculations.

-

Area of living room space = 24ft x 9ft = 216ft2

-

Horsepower

= Area x Heat Load Factor Required cooling Capacity

-

Horsepower

= 216 ft2 x 50 9800

-

Horsepower

= 1.1HP

Considering how the chosen AC is energy saving and has many beneficial features, thus the 1.5Horsepower would be suitable to ensure cool air is delivered to the living space.

C. AESTHETIC PURPOSES The client also brought up the matter of the exposed chandelier lights that takes away from the dimmed cozy factor of the living room as the exposed bulbs causes glaring when reflected harshly on the television or shiny furniture. To resolve this issue and maintain the warm aesthetic, candelabra shades in a muted color are added for better distribution of a light and to achieve a more homely vintage look. (shades seen in figure 3.c1)

Figure 3.c1

3 BILL COUNTING FOR LIVING AND DINING AREA A) Light Fixtures

Item

OLD DESIGN Product Name 1200mm Philips fluorescent tube light (TL-D 36W/54-765 1SL/25) Illumination : Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 36W = 0.036kW Per Day = 0.036kW x 6 hours = 0.216kWh Per month = 0.216kWh x 30 days = 6.48kWh Bill Costing =Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) =6.48kWh x RM0.218 =RM 1.41

NEW DESIGN Item

Product Name LED PANEL Ceiling Downlight (18W/ round model) Illumination : Daylight (2700k)

Calculations Power = 18W = 0.018kW Per Day = 0.018kW x 6 hours = 0.108kWh Per month = 0.108kWh x 30 days = 3.24kWh Bill Costing =Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) x 2 =3.06Wh x RM0.218 x 2 =RM 1.41

B) Fan Fixture

Item

OLD DESIGN Product Name 6 inch adjustable National Brand stand fan with 3 speed adjustments

Calculations Power = 50W = 0.05kW Per Day = 0.05kW x 12 hours = 0.6kWh Per month = 0.6kWh x 30 days = 18kWh Bill Costing =Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) =18kWh x RM0.218 =RM 3.92

NEW DESIGN Item

Product Name NSB XTRA (MB/MB) 56 Inch AC Motor WITH Remote Control Ceiling Fan

Calculations Power = 51W = 0.051kW Per Day = 0.051kW x 12 hours = 0.612kWh Per month = 0.612kWh x 30 days = 18.36kWh Bill Costing =Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) =18.36Wh x RM0.218 =RM 4.00

C) AC

Item

OLD DESIGN Product Name

York 2 H.P Wall Mounted Air Conditioner

Calculations Power = 2000W = 2kW Per Day = 2kW x 16 hours = 32kWh Per month = 32kWh x 30 days = 960kWh Bill Costing =Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) =960kWh x RM0.218 =RM 209.28

NEW DESIGN Item

Product Name Daikin MKC Series 30% Energy Saving 1.5 H.P Wall Mounted Air Conditioning

Calculations Power = 1400W = 1.4kW Per Day = 1.4kW x 16 hours = 22.4kWh Per month = 22.4kWh x 30 days = 672kWh Bill Costing =Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) =672Wh x RM0.218 =RM 146.496

4 BILL OF QUANTITIES

5 PICTORIAL GRAPHICAL REFERENCE IN BQ

7. PLANS AND LEGENDS OF OLD AND NEW DESIGN

8. SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF REWROKED LIVING SPACE

BUILDING SCIENCE AND SERVICES ASSIGNMENT 2A NAME : SHERVINA SAMUEL ID NUMBER: 0339162 LECTURER : SHARON TEH

Introduction Heat transfer is known as the transfer of heat through solid objects, which in this report would be the four external walls that enclose the chosen work space. The direction of heat flow is from hot to cold, from a warm interior to a cooler outdoors.

Through this research it is proven that the higher the temperature difference, the higher the heat transfer and the higher the resistance, the lower the heat transfer.

The heat transfer of walls are highly dependent on the locations of the wall and is effected by the sun path. The wall that is at the east would be the hottest during the day while the wall situated in the west would be the hottest during the evening time. This all effects the living conditions of the client in her 4 wall bedroom.

Heat transfer calculations are using the formula down below. q= A*T R where q = heat flow, Btu/hr A = area, ft2 R = resistance, ft2-hr-°F/Btu T = temperature differential, °F Higher temperature – Lower temperature

The chosen space is the client’s bedroom which from seen by the plan is the shape of a rectangle enclosed by four walls. One out of the four walls is exposed to sunlight while the external side of the other walls are indoors.

The chosen workspace is highlighted in red as shown in the plan (figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1

The 4 walls of the chosen workplace can be seen in the axo view down in figure 1.2

Figure 1.2

The sun path through the day can be seen in figure1.3 below.

The indoor temperature in the room has been noted as the airconditioning temperature which stands at 19.0°C (66.2°F)

Wall A (East facing wall) The first wall is the East facing wall.The internal wall in the room has a plywood wall wall mounted book shelf while the external wall is a plan wall that leads to the staircase on the left.

An exit door is also part of the wall. The chosen wall area is higlighted in red and the autocad elevation and plan drawings are as follows.

LIVE PICTURE

DESCRIPTION

The external side of the chosen wall has 2 faces, FACE 1 with a door and FACE 2 leading down to the staircase. The walls are bone white painted concrete walls.

The internal side of the chosen wall is like the external, where FACE 2 is plain concrete wall while FACE 1 has a wooden door. FACE 2 has a plywood wall mounted book shelf.

A close up view of the wall mounted plywood bookshelf on FACE 2 wall.

A close up view of the door on FACE 1 wall.

AUTOCAD DRAWINGS

WALL A FACE 1

WALL A FACE 2

Before calculations begun, the temperature of the external walls were noted for reporting purposes. Below are the tabulated pictures of the recorded data.

7:00AM

12:00AM

5:00PM

Wall A Heat Transfer Calculations The chosen wall is a precast RC wall, and assuming it is lightweight, the R value taken is for Concrete 60 pounds percubic foot. The R value taken for the wall mounted shelves are a Plywood.

MATERIAL CONCRETE 60 POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT

PLYWOOD WOOD SOLID CORE DOOR (1.75”)

R VALUE 1”= 0.52 6” = 3.12 R= 3.12 ½" = 0.62 2.17

Temperature Difference INTERIOR

7:00AM 66.2°F

12:00AM 66.2°F

5:00PM 66.2°F

EXTERIOR

77°F

84°F

80°F

10.8°F

17.8°F

13.8°F

DIFFERENCE

CALCULATIONS WALL A FACE 1 MATERIALS WOOD SOLID CORE DOOR (1.75”)

CONCRETE 60 POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT

TOTAL HEAT TRANSFER

7:00AM

12:00PM

A = 2.9ft (L) x 7.2 (H) A = 20.88 ft2 R = 2.17 ΔT = 10.8°F

A = 2.9ft (L) x 7.2 (H) A = 20.88 ft2 R = 2.17 ΔT = 17.8°F

A = 2.9ft (L) x 7.2 (H) A = 20.88 ft2 R = 2.17 ΔT = 13.8°F

5:00PM

Q= (20.88ft2 /2.17) x 10.8

Q= (20.88ft2 /2.17) x 17.8

Q= (20.88ft2 /2.17) x 13.8

Q= 103.92 Btu/hr

Q= 171.27 Btu/hr

Q= 132.78 Btu/hr

A = wall – wooden door A= [5ft (L) x 9.5ft (H)] 20.88ft2 A = 26.62ft2 R = 3.12 ΔT = 10.8°F

A = wall – wooden door A= [5ft (L) x 9.5ft (H)] 20.88ft2 A = 26.62ft2 R = 3.12 ΔT = 17.8°F

A = wall – wooden door A= [5ft (L) x 9.5ft (H)] 20.88ft2 A = 26.62ft2 R = 3.12 ΔT = 13.8°F

Q= (26.62ft2 /3.12) x 10.8

Q= (26.62ft2 /3.12) x 17.8

Q= (26.62ft2 /3.12) x 13.8

Q= 92.14 Btu/hr

Q= 151.87 Btu/hr

Q= 117.74 Btu/hr

Q= 103.92 + 92.14 Q= 196.06 Btu/hr

Q= 171.27 + 151.87

Q= 132.78 + 117.74

Q= 323.14 Btu/hr

Q= 250.52 Btu/hr

CALCULATIONS WALL A FACE 2 MATERIALS PLYWOOD SHELVES

CONCRETE 60 POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT

7:00AM

12:00PM

5:00PM

A = 0.168ft2 R = 0.62 ΔT = 10.8°F

A = 0.168ft2 R = 0.62 ΔT = 17.8°F

A = 0.168ft2 R = 0.62 ΔT = 17.8°F

Q= (0.168ft2 /0.62) x 10.8

Q= (0.168ft2 /0.62) x 17.8

Q= (0.168ft2 /0.62) x 13.8

Q= 2.93 Btu/hr

Q= 4.82 Btu/hr

Q= 3.74 Btu/hr

A = wall – plywood shelveS A= [9ft (L) x 9.5ft (H)] - 0.168ft2 A = 85.3ft2 R = 3.12 ΔT = 10.8°F

A = wall – plywood shelveS A= [9ft (L) x 9.5ft (H)] 0.168ft2 A = 85.3ft2 R = 3.12

A = wall – plywood shelveS A= [9ft (L) x 9.5ft (H)] 0.168ft2 A = 85.3ft2 R = 3.12

ΔT = 10.8°F

ΔT = 10.8°F

Q= (85.3ft2 /3.12) x 17.8

Q= (85.3ft2 /3.12) x 13.8

Q= 486.65 Btu/hr

Q= 377.29Btu/hr

Q= 4.82 + 486.65 Q= 491.47 Btu/hr

Q= 3.74 + 377.29

Q= (85.3ft2 /3.12) x 10.8 Q= 295.26 Btu/hr

TOTAL HEAT TRANSFER

Q= 2.93 + 295.26 Q= 298.19 Btu/hr

Q= 381.03 Btu/hr

TOTAL HEAT TRANSFER FOR WALL A MATERIALS TOTAL HEAT TRANSFER

7:00AM Q= FACE 1 + FACE 2 Q= 196.06 + 298.19 Q= 494.25 Btu/hr

12:00PM Q= FACE 1 + FACE 2 Q= 323.14 + 491.47 Q= 814.61 Btu/hr

5:00PM Q= FACE 1 + FACE 2 Q= 250.52 + 381.03 Q= 631.55 Btu/hr

JUSTIFICATION OF HEAT TRANSFER In conclusion, the heat transfer is highest at 12PM when and lowest at 7AM. This can be justified with the explanation that the highest heat transfer would be at 12PM as the external temperature is highest in the noon. Eventhough the wall is an east facing wall, the external side of the wall is located inside the house where there is no open window to directly allow sunlight in. Thus the highest temperature would be at 12pm instead of 7am.

Wall B (North facing wall) The second wall is the north facing wall. This wall is attached to the bathroom that is located right beside it, thus making its external facing side located inside the toilet. The external side of the wall is cladded with wall tiles while the Internal wall in the client’s working space is a bare wall painted white. Below shows the live pictures of the walls, with the chosen area highlighted in red.

LIVE PICTURE

DESCRIPTION

The external side of the chosen wall has wall cladded tilles that go up to about half way of the wall height. This would be taken into account when calculating the heat transfer.

The internal side of the chosen wall is a plain concrete wall with a bone white paint finish.

AUTOCAD DRAWINGS

Before calculations begun, the temperature of the external walls were noted for reporting purposes. Below are the tabulated pictures of the recorded data.

7:00AM

12:00AM

5:00PM

Wall B Heat Transfer Calculations Temperature Difference INTERIOR

7:00AM 66.2°F

12:00PM 66.2°F

5:00PM 66.2°F

EXTERIOR

75°F

82.5°F

84.5°F

DIFFERENCE

8.8°F

16.3°F

18.3°F

MATERIAL TILE + CONCRETE 60 POUNDS (6”)

MATERIALS TILE + CONCRETE 60 POUNDS (6”)

R VALUE =0.08 + 3.12 = 3.2

7:00AM

12:00PM

5:00PM

A= 7.4ft (L) x 9.5ft (H) A = 70.3ft2 R = 3.2 ΔT = 8.8°F

A= 7.4ft (L) x 9.5ft (H) A = 70.3ft2 R = 3.2 ΔT = 16.3°F

A= 7.4ft (L) x 9.5ft (H) A = 70.3ft2 R = 3.2 ΔT = 18.3°F

Q= (70.3ft2 /3.2) x 8.8

Q= (70.3ft2 /3.2) x 16.3

Q= (70.3ft2 /3.2) x 18.3

Q= 193.325 Btu/hr

Q= 358.09 Btu/hr

Q= 402.028 Btu/hr

JUSTIFICATION OF HEAT TRANSFER

In conclusion, the highest heat transfer is at 5pm when the sun is setting. The wall is the north facing wall. However, it can be seen in the picture down below that there is a window opening that allows sunlight to pass through at 5pm when the sun is setting. Thus this can explain why there is a slightly high heat transfer difference between 12PM and 5PM.

LIVE PICTURE

DESCRIPTION

Window that allows sunlight to enter the toilet during 5PM, causing the slight increase in heat transfer value.

Drawing of the toilet window for better explanation.

Wall C ( WEST facing wall) The third wall is a west facing wall with the external side of the wall facing the outside of the house. The internal side on the other hand has a window opening. The chosen area of the walls are highlighted in red.

LIVE PICTURE

DESCRIPTION

The external side of the chosen wall faces the outside of the house, thus is exposed to the most heat during sunset when the sun sets in the west.

The internal side of the chosen wall is a plain concrete wall with a bone white paint finish and a window opening that allows maximum sunlight entry when the sun sets in the west.

Closeup view of the window

Drawings of the labelled internal walls are as follows.

Before calculations begun, the temperature of the external wall that is located outside the house was noted for reporting purposes. Below are the tabulated pictures of the recorded data.

7:00AM

12:00AM

5:00PM

Wall 3 Heat Transfer Calculations

Temperature Difference INTERIOR

7:00AM 66.2°F

12:00PM 66.2°F

5:00PM 66.2°F

EXTERIOR

76.7 °F

85.5°F

89.0°F

DIFFERENCE

10.5 °F

19.3 °F

22.8 °F

MATERIAL SINGLE PANE WINDOW( ¼ “) + ALUMINIUM VINYL NON INSULATED SIDING PLYWOOD FRAME (2”)

R VALUE R= 0.91 + 0.61 R= 1.52 1” = 1.25 2” = 2.5 R = 2.5 R =3.12

CONCRETE 60 POUNDS (6’’)

Calculations 7:00AM SINGLE PANE WINDOW( ¼ “) + ALUMINIUM VINYL NON INSULATED SIDING

12:00PM

A = [1.8 ft (L) x 4 ft (H)] 2 sides A= 14.4 ft2 R = 1.52 ΔT = 10.5°F

A = [1.8 ft (L) x 4 ft (H)] 2 sides A= 14.4 ft2 R = 1.52 ΔT = 19.3°F

Q= (14.4ft2 / 1.52 ) x 10.5°F

Q= (14.4ft2 / 1.52 ) x 19.3°F

Q= 99.47 Btu/hr

Q= 182.84 Btu/hr

5:00PM A = [1.8 ft (L) x 4 ft (H)] 2 sides A= 14.4 ft2 R = 1.52 ΔT = 22.8°F Q= (14.4ft2 / 1.52 ) x 22.8°F Q= 216 Btu/hr

PLYWOOD FRAME (2”)

CONCRETE 60 POUNDS (6’’)

TOTAL

A = [4 ft (L) x 4 .2 (H)] Window Area A = 16.8-14.4 A= 2.4 A= 2.4 ft2

A = [4 ft (L) x 4 .2 (H)] Window Area A = 16.8-14.4 A= 2.4 A= 2.4 ft2

A = [4 ft (L) x 4 .2 (H)] - Window Area A = 16.8-14.4 A= 2.4 A= 2.4 ft2

R = 2.5 ΔT = 10.5°F

R = 2.5 ΔT = 19.3 °F

R = 2.5 ΔT = 22.8 °F

Q= (2.4ft2 / 2.5 ) x 10.5°F

Q= (2.4ft2 / 2.5 ) x 19.3°F

Q= (2.4ft2 / 2.5 ) x 22.8°F

Q= 10.08 Btu/hr

Q= 18.53 Btu/hr

Q=21.89 Btu/hr

A = [9 ft (L) x 9.5 (H)] [Window Area + Frame] A= 85.5 - (14.4 +2.4) A = 68.7 ft2

A = [9 ft (L) x 9.5 (H)] [Window Area + Frame] A= 85.5 - (14.4 +2.4) A = 68.7 ft2

A = [9 ft (L) x 9.5 (H)] - [Window Area + Frame] A= 85.5 - (14.4 +2.4) A = 68.7 ft2

R = 3.12 ΔT = 10.5°F

R = 3.12 ΔT = 19.3°F

R = 3.12 ΔT = 22.8°F

Q= (68.8ft2 / 3.12 ) x 10.5°F

Q= (68.8ft2 / 3.12 ) x 19.3°F

Q= (68.8ft2 / 3.12 ) x 22.8°F

Q= 231.54 Btu/hr

Q= 425.59 Btu/hr

Q= 502.77 Btu/hr

Q= 99.47 + 10.08 + 231.54 Q= 341.09

Q= 182.84 + 18.53 +425.59 Q= 626.96

Q= 216 + 21.89 + 502.77 Q= 740.66

JUSTIFICATION OF HEAT TRANSFER In conclusion, the heat transfer is highest at 5PM when the sun has set in the west as there is direct sunlight facing the this wall.

Wall 4 (South facing wall) The fourth wall is the south-facing wall where the internal side of the wall faces the room while the external side extends into the neighboring room. The live pictures of the chosen wall are highlighted in red as shown below. The temperature of the room next door was estimated as

when seen from the outside has no air-conditioning compressor attached to the wall. The drawing of the area is also shown down below.

Wall 4 Heat Transfer Calculations MATERIAL CONCRETE 60 POUNDS (6’’)

R VALUE 3.12

Temperature Difference INTERIOR

7:00AM 66.2°F

12:00AM 66.2°F

5:00PM 66.2°F

EXTERIOR

76°F

83.5°F

85.5°F

DIFFERENCE

9.8°F

17.3°F

19.3°F

7:00AM A = 12.5 ft (L) x 9.5 ft (H) R = 3.12 ΔT = 9.8°F

12:00PM A = 12.5 ft (L) x 9.5 ft (H) R = 3.12 ΔT = 17.3°F

5:00PM A = 12.5 ft (L) x 9.5 ft (H) R = 3.12 ΔT = 19.3°F

Q= (118.75ft2 / 3.12) x 17.3°F Q= 658.45 Btu/hr

Q= (118.75ft2 / 3.12) x 19.3°F Q= 734.58 Btu/hr

Calculations CONCRETE 60 POUNDS (6’’)

Q= (118.75ft2 / 3.12) x 9.8°F Q= 373 Btu/hr

JUSTIFICATION OF HEAT TRANSFER In conclusion, the heat transfer is highest at 5PM when the sun sets as the sun can enter the window and pass heat to the wall. However the heat transfer of the west facing wall is still the highest at 5PM as its external temperature would be higher since the external wall is outside the house.

HEAT TRASNFER WALL COMPARISON

WALL A ( EAST FACING)

The heat transfer is highest at 12PM when and lowest at 7AM Q= Q= 631.55 Btu/hr

WALL B ( NORTH FACING)

The highest heat transfer is at 5pm when the sun is setting

WALL C ( WEST FACING)

WALL D ( SOUTH FACING)

The heat transfer is highest at 5PM

In conclusion, the heat transfer is highest at 5PM

Q= 740.66

Q= 734.58 Btu/hr

Q= 402.028 Btu/hr

Hottest wall is WALL C (WEST FACING WALL) as the sun shines directly into the window at 5PM. The higher the R-value, the more effective the material is at preventing heat transfer. The R-Value of the window is low thus explains why the wall with the window has the highest heat transfer when the sun is directly shining towards it.

BUILDING SCIENCE AND SERVICES ASSIGNMENT 2B

Passive/Green Insulation Product Development After the completion of Part A, the wall with the highest heat transfer has been identified as WALL C (the west facing wall). To solve this matter, a design has been created to reduce the heat transfer of the wall. The part of the wall that would incorporate the prototype is shown down below.

SKETCH DEVELOPMENT The purpose of the design would be to control the heat transfer that occurs through the window alongside giving the client the ability to control the light/ visual comfort and audio comfort. Sketches of the design can be seen down below, with a rough size of 18’’ x 18’’.

SKETCH

EXPLAINATION

Two frames are made by hammering pieces of of wood with 460mm by 460mm measurement to hold the support shelves.

Shelves are nailed between the frames to support the modular pieces.

Modular piece structure with measurements of 480MM (L) X 127 MM (H) are nailed to form a frame.

This frame is then slid into the frame structure.

MATERIAL CHOICES Having the right materials are important to ensure that the heat transfer is minimised. The materials chosen are lightweight for easy installation while also being able to keep the room cool.

1. Plywood The first material that is chosen for the main frame and the shelves support is plywood. These thin woods allow for minimum heat transfer as they have a high R Value per inch (1.25) The plywood frames can also give good support for the weight of the modular shelves. It is lightweight that prevents breaking and allows the prototype to last a long time.

2. Bubble Wrap As the material that would be placed in the modular piece structures, bubble wrap is chosen. Bubble wrap holds many benefits when it comes to reducing the heat transfer. It has a very good insulator thanks to the small pockets of air trapped within the bubble. Small bubbles serve as a network of many insulating pockets filled with air.

Bubble wrap is made up of two things which is plastic and air. Air is a good insulator. Heat transfers when air molecules crash into each other and transfer energy. The open space of air without the prototype allows limitless amount of molecules to crash into one another. However with the small pockets of air the heat can be held onto rather than being transferred to cooler spaces.

By adding bubble wrap, the single glazed window would also turn into a double glazed window easily. As seen in the R Value table, a double glazed window has a higher R-Value than a single glazed window. The greater the R Value, the better the insulation. Thus bubble wrap is a suitable material. Comparison between a single pane window and double pane can be seen down below.

By using bubble wrap as the material in the modular pieces, it also allows the flexibility of controlling the direction of the heat flow. The heat flows from the flat area to the bubble air sacs area and is trapped. This way, when heat enters the room, the heat can be sent out when the bubble side is placed facing towards the outside of the window.

3. Glass paper tint.

The next material used for reducing the heat transfer is glass paper tint. The glass paper tint controls the amount of UV Rays that enters the room, preventing it from being converted into heat. By eliminating energy coming from the sun, visible light is still able to pass through the glass while the temperature inside the room remains cool.

The glass tint also provides visual comfort during the evening when the west facing wall has direct sunlight as it is able to control the amount of visible light that enters the room.

By blocking the wavlengths from the sun which is the source of heat creation, the tint allows the passing of natural light into the room for illumination. The window tint would act as a filter that prevents interior heating without blocking the illumination from the sun.

4. Felt Paper Felt paper is a waterproof soft material. Felt paper would serve the purpose of audio comfort for when the weather changes and thunder occur. This is because felt paper has a carpet-like soft texture that is able to absorb sound and reduce noise.

Felt is an ideal material for sound absorption as it has many synthetic fibers that create frictional energy. These fibers can dissipate the sound energy that comes from thunder or any general noise. Alongside having frictional energy, felt also has a high density that is ideal for reducing sound

Summary MATERIALS IMAGE

EXPLAINATION

Plywood frames - high R VALUE of 1.25 - Have good structural support for shelves and modular pieces.

Bubble wrap - Forms double glaze window and increases the R value for the window - Traps heat in air sacs

Glass tint - Controls the amount of UV rays that enter the room and the light energy - Provides visual comfort

Felt Paper - Absorbs sound waves and dissipates it for audio comfort.

PROTOTYPE BUILDING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION

Building process starts by preparation of the materials which will be joined using the right joinery methods and tools which are nails and super glue for a sturdy structure.

The plywood sticks are cut using a saw according to the measurment in the design sketches which are a length of 460MM PROCEDURE

EXPLAINATION

Marking of the plywood with marker pen before cutting process begans.

Cutting of the plywood sticks done with a saw for clean and neat cut with the measurment of 460 MM

The 4 pieces of cut wood are nailed together with nails and hammer.

The process is repeated to form a second frame which is combined and nailed together

6 small shelves are sawed to support the modular pieces. They have a length of 50MM

The 4 shelves are nailed between the two supporting frames.

Visual of the supporting shelves after being nailed into the frames.

Modular pieces frames are cut out with the length of 480MM and a height of 127MM

Bubble wrap is first attached to the modular piece frame with super glue before being nailed for maximum support.

Glass tint is first attached to the modular piece frame with super glue before being nailed for maximum support.

Glass tint being nailed into modular piece frame after being stuck with strong glue.

Strips of felt paper are cut

Felt paper is stuck and wrapped around the main frame to provide sound absorption.

Ready frame after wrapping with felt paper.

Bubble wrap modular pieces slid into the main frame to trap heat in the air bubbles while providing light entry with its translucent material.

Glass tint modular pieces slid into the main frame to control the UV light entry thus controlling the heat flow into the window.

Bubble wrap and glass tint can be easily switched depending on the client. Since both reduces the heat transfer, they can be mixed to control the light entry based on the client’s preference.

Hook attached to the window frame so the prototype can be fixed on the window

Prototype fixed on the chosen window on Wall C when the sun is out.

Link to design use on selected window video https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T8i8YWqGo1ZoMs4GjQUnqpjfeP_pUXrx/view?usp=sharing

COST OF ITEM

Image

Description

TIMBER BEADING (PLYWOOD STICKS)

TIMBER BEADING (PLYWOOD STICKS)

GLASS PAPER TINT

FELT PAPER ROLL

HACKSAW FRAME BLADE

POWERMAN WIRE NAIL

METAL HOOKS

RECEIPT PROOF

Perniagaan Gluck USJ 16

WEE EN STATIONARY

SUMMARY Overall the design prototype focuses on the main issues that need to be tackled which are the reduction in heat transfer alongside assisting in the visual and auditory comfort. The R values are taken into serious consideration making sure the increase in the R value would help in the reduction of heat transfer. However, the general price aspect of the item is equally as important as this product would cater to students who live in dorms and rented rooms where renovation isnt easily done.

This design would allow them to make a quick and reasonably priced change to their room which can be easily mounted and dismounted when needed. Since It is lightweight, it can also be brought home with them when they return for the holidays. As a whole, this design aims to provide in all aspects the users need.

DESIGN VALUE After presenting, the market price of the item was collected and written in a paper, the written results can be seen down below.

Design Value = Market Price – Cost price Market Price = 1220/19 = RM 64 – RM57 = RM 7

REFLECTION

After presenting my work, I have concluded many pros and cons about my product. As much as I am satisfied with my work, the clients requests and needs are a top priority. The positive side about my product, as reviewed by my peers, is the convenience in switching the modular pieces according to the time of the day. Since my two chosen materials control different amounts of sunlight from coming in, in which the bubble wrap lets in more sunlight with its transparent surface, and the tinted glass paper controls the light entry with its dark surface. The shelves mechanism allows the clients to easily attach and detach the modular pieces and arrange them according to their liking.

However, I also concluded that the prototype has a weakspot in which it could be more complex in terms of capabilities. For example, besides giving the clients their desired solution to the heat transfer problem, it would also be great to have additional purposes such as a place holder to keep plants by the window or a flat table like attachment to arrange books and belongings. Overall the review helped me understand the strengths and weaknesses of my design for future amendments and improvements.

BUILDING SCIENCE AND SERVICES FINAL ASSIGNMENT NAME : SHERVINA SAMUEL ID NUMBER: 0339162 LECTURER : SHARON TEH

Task 1 (a): Site Selection & Qualitative Description of Incorporated Building Services Chosen floor (SITE) function The floor chosen is the second floor of the REXKL building. This floor serves as a purpose to provide a food retail area in which there is a kiosk to buy dry food and a counter to make payment for the food. This floor also comes with a washroom and basin for users. There is also an open kitchen in the space situated by the dining area to eat the food purchased or eat the food ordered from the open kitchen. The operating hour for this floor is from 12pm to 9pm.

Spaces in the site and their respective building services

Once the visitor has entered, they will be greeted by the food kiosk area where they can purchase dry food. There is a small eating once they leave the kiosk, which is beside an open kitchen area where food can be ordered.

Zoom in view of each area with the labelled building services can be seen down below.

1. WASHROOM

The lighting in the washroom area serves the purpose of lighting up the cubicles when users need to use the toilet. The basin allows water for water supply distribution when users wash their hands.

2. FOOD KIOSK

The lighting the in the kiosk area serves as a purpose to light up the kiosk and the counter. The led light spreads wide on the ceiling and gives a wide illumination to the middle part of the space. For the sake of this assignment the lighting would not be counted as they are led lights attached to the structure and not attached to the ceiling.

3. DINING AREA

The group of lights in the dining area serves as a purpose to give illumination to the diners who are eating. The VAC service on the other hand keeps the dining area cool. The extruded curved fixture that surrounds the hanging lights will not be used in the lighting calculation as it is an led light that is attached to the structure instead of the ceiling. Since there is an open kitchen opposite the dining area, 3 ACs are placed to ensure the area does not get stuffy and heated up. The justification for the number of air conditionings will be later justified in the AC size calculations.

The oak wood with a light brown finish feature on the wall that spreads form the dining area to the kitchen area not only serves for an aesthetic purpose but also for fire safety. This is because hardwoods are naturally more heat resistant due to their thickness and density. This ensures

that they take some time to burn when subjected to heat or fire. Aside from that the walls are also in a polished concrete finish. This is because concrete is mechanically strong, frost and fire resistant. Concrete does not burn – it cannot be set on fire and it does not emit any toxic fumes when affected by fire. Concrete is proven to have a high degree of fire resistance and, in the majority of applications, can be described as virtually fireproof.

4. KITCHEN AREA

The lighting in the kitchen area allows the cooks to have a clear view of the food being prepared.

The acoustic plywood ceiling is chosen for the kitchen area as cooking can get quite noisy. To overcome this problem acoustic plywood is chosen as it has improved density and weight. It is

combined with other materials such as cork rubber to form soundproof plywood panels.

Doing this improves the sound blocking capability of plywood, and the result is a panel that can block and absorb sound.

Task 1(b): Designing and Justification of Building Services Selection & Location Before beginning this part of the assignment, the chosen areas in the site that would be used in the calculations are highlighted in red. For the AC calculations, the dining and kitchen area is assumed to be an enclosed space with a barrier that divides it from the kiosk.

The dwg drawing of the plan is shown down below.

Layout of the relevant building services can be seen down below

B1.1: Building Services design justification VAC (AIRCONDITINING) The suitable hospower which will be later justified in the AC size calculation is 8HP. Thus, three 3HP airconds are used to cool the area. The chosen AC model is Daikin Ceiling Cassette R32 NonInverter (With Built-in Wifi Controller) FCC125A/RC125A. The model of the product is seen down below.

Model of AC used in the site

A. Aesthetics The purpose of choosing this model is because a ceiling mounted AC has the aesthetic benefit of preventing the AC model from distrupting the wall designs of the interior space as well as having an evenly distributed cool air that comes from the air conditioning. It is has a low profile making it unobtrusive. From the picture shown in the Daikin website, we can see that the CeilIng Cassette model is suitable for dining areas and gives a clean look.

Model of the chosen AC seen used in dining area of other users

B. Ventilation Aside from that, hot air floats to the top as it has a lower density while cool air sinks down to the bottom as it has a higher density. With a ceiling mounted air conditioning, the cooling system can be maximized as it will be able to cool the warm air that comes from the crowd of people in the dining area as well as the heat that is released from the cooking done in the kitchen area.

Diagram of air flow based on density

From the catalog of the AC model, it also shows that the model comes with am 8 way air flow discharge. This benefits the dining area as it will be able to distribute cool air to cover every area of the chosen site.

8 way air flow discharge

C. Eco Friendly From the catalog we can also see that the AC model has eco friendly benefits that is highly important for a big site that would use the AC for long periods of time.

AC SIZING CALCULATION We must calculate the total heat for that room in unit Btu/hr.From this we can convert Btu/hr to airconditioner size in horse power ( Hp ).We can estimate the size depend on horse power ( hp ).

-

Finding the total heat calculation (BTU/hr)

1. Area of the chosen place =LXW = 15ft X 4 ft Multiply with 700 to get in Btu/hr

= 60M2 X 700 =42,000Btu/hr

2. Estimated room occupants = An average of 25 persons at a given time.

Multiply with 500 to get in Btu/hr

=12,500 Btu/hr

3. Heat from electrical appliances

Electric stove – 4000W (2000W X2) Lights – 1590W ( 53W X 30 Lights ) Microwave – 700W Fridge – 1400W (1400W x 2 Fridge) Multiply with 3.5 to get in Btu/hr = 7690W X 3.5 = 26915 Btu/hr

4. Total Btu/hr = 42,000Btu/hr + 12,500 Btu/hr + 26915 Btu/hr = 81415 Btu/hr

5. Ac sizing = 81415 Btu/hr / 9800 = 8HP

Thus, this justifies the chosen airconditioning as three 3HP AC will be installed in the chosen space.

LIGHTING Lighting illuminance levels indicated and justified down below.

Foot candles required

Standard bulb lumens

A. Toilet area lighting

Before calculations begin, the chosen light for the toilet area is a Philips surface mounted cool daylight light. Reasons of choosing the said light are as follows.

-

-

Give the washroom area a clean and clear lighting for the users.

Ceiling light is chosen instead of downlight to prevent water splashing from touching the light for safety reasons. With a downlight, it is situated on the ceiling reducing the risk of it being touched by water Chosen area has a low ceiling height of 2800 thus a ceiling light would be suitable and give a wider illumination.

Chosen light

Product details

Calculations Area

= 19ft (l) X 13ft (w)

= 247ft2 Bathroom requires 70-80 footcandles Total lumen (lm) needed = 80 footcandles X 247ft2 = 19760 lm 24 watt led light has a lumen of 2600 lm No of lights needed

=19760 lm/2600lm = 7 lights

Lux = Total lumen (lm) / Area (ft 2) = 80 lux Thus the chosen light roughly fits the requirement of 100 lux.

B. Kitchen and dining area lighting

Before calculations begin, the chosen light for the toilet area is a Philips 50W halogen warm white light in 3000k illumination. Reasons for choosing the said light are as follows -

These lamps are typically used as general or task lighting. Tis makes it suitable for both kitchen task usage and creating a cosy environment for a dining area It produces a nice warm glow in all directions and uses 20-30% less energy than a traditional incandescent bulb These bulbs are compact in size and have a high lumen output Uniform color temperature, it produces uniform and consistent light throughout the scene

Chosen light

Calculations Area

= 52ft (l) X 16ft (w)

= 832ft2 Dining and kitchen area requires 40 footcandles Total lumen (lm) needed = 40 footcandles X 832ft2 = 33280 lm 50 watt halogen light has a lumen of 1100 lm No of lights needed

=33280 lm/1100lm = 30 lights

Lux = Total lumen (lm) / Area (ft 2) = 33280 lm / 832ft2 = 40 lux Thus the chosen light roughly fits the requirement of 40 lux.

Product details

B1.2: Qualitative and quantitative justification (energy use, safety) to be included

ITEM

USAGE

Philips surface mounted cool daylight light

This light is used in the toilet area. Since there is natural light entering the place, the light would only be required to be used in the evening to night time. The estimated use of the light would be from around 3pm to 9pm.

CALCULATIONS Power = 24W = 0.024kW Per day = 0.024kW x 6 hours = 0.144kWh Per month = 0.144kWh x 30 days = 4.32kWh Total = 4.32kWh x 7 units = 30.24kWh Bill costing = Prorated block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 30.24kWh X RM 0.218 = RM 6.60

Philips 50W halogen warm white light in 3000k illumination

This light is used in the kitchen and dining area.

Since there is natural light entering the place, the light would only be required to be used in the evening to night time. The estimated use of the light would be from around 3pm to 9pm.

Power = 50W = 0.050kW Per day = 0.050kW x 6 hours = 0.3kWh Per month = 0.3kWh x 30 days = 9kWh Total = 9kWh x 30 units = 270kWh Bill costing = Prorated block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 270 kWh X RM 0.218 = RM 58.86

Daikin Ceiling Cassette 3HP ceiling Air conditioning

2000W Philips Induction stove cooker

Midea 700W Microwave oven

The AC calculations were done for the kitchen and dining area. Thus this area would require constant cooling due to the open kitchen and constant flow of customers. Because of this the AC would be switched on the whole day when operating, starting at 12pm to 9pm

Power = 2.23kW Per day = 2.23kW x 9 hours = 20.07kWh Per month = 20.07kWh x 30 days = 602.1kWh Total = 602.1kWh x 3 units = 1806.3 kWh

Bill costing = Prorated block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 1806.3 kWh X RM 0.218 =RM 393.77

Power = 2kW Per day = 2kW x 5 hours = 10kWh

Cooking operation in the kitchen starts at 12pm when the site opens, however cooking would not be carried Per month = 10kWh x 30 days out the whole day, only when = 300kWh orders come in. Thus an estimated time of 5 hours Total = 300kWh x 2 units will be used for the = 600 kWh calculations.

Bill costing = Prorated block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 600 kWh X RM 0.218 =RM 130.08

Power = 0.7kW Per day = 0.7 +kW x 5 hours = 3.5kWh

Cooking operation in the kitchen starts at 12pm when the site opens, however cooking would not be carried Per month = 3.5kWh x 30 days out the whole day, only when = 105kWh orders come in. Thus an estimated time of 5 hours Total = 105kWh x 1 units will be used for the = 105 kWh calculations.

Bill costing = Prorated block (kWh) x Rate (RM)

= 105 kWh X RM 0.218 =RM 22.89

Fridge would be used the whole day to prevent food from spoiing thus the usage hours would be 12 hours

Power = 0.7kW Per day = 0.7kW x 24 hours = 3.5kWh Per month = 3.5kWh x 30 days = 105kWh Total = 105kWh x 2 units = 210 kWh Bill costing = Prorated block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 210 kWh X RM 0.218 =RM 45.78

To conclude, the estimated monthly kWhr for the chosen space in the floor is = 30.24kWh + 270kWh + 1806.3 kWh + 600 kWh + 105 kWh + 210 kWh =3021.54kWh

The total bill costing would be = RM 6.60 + RM 58.86 + RM 393.77 + RM 130.08 + RM 22.89 + RM 45.78 = RM 657.98

Task 1(c): Water Supply Network & Drainage of Bathroom 1. Water supply inlet and outlet for W/C toilet bowl.

The water supply inlet enters inro the toilet bowl tank and is flushed out in the drainage outlet that flows downwards.

2. Water supply inlet and outlet for basin (washing hands)

Water supply enters from the sink and is drained out from the PVC outlet pipe.

Task 1(d): Integrated Building Services in Drawings