Preston 2050 Structure Plan

C ONT E NT S TA B L E

Pg.

01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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02 INTRODUCTION

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03 SITE CONTEXT

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04 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

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05 STRATEGIC CONTEXT

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06 SITE ANALYSIS

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07 SUMMARY OF ISSUES + OPPORTNITIES

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08 VISION + OBJECTIVES

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09 STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED

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10 CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS

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FRAMEWORK PLAN

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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13 PLAN: SUSTAINABILITY

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14 PLAN: ACCESSIBILITY

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15 PLAN: DIVERSITY

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16 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

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STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

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IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 46

19 CONCLUSION

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20 REFERENCES

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A C K NOWL E D G E M E NT In the spirit of reconciliation, we would like to begin by acknowledging the Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung people, Traditional Custodians of the land which is studied in this report. We pay our respects to their Elders past and present and extend that respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples today.

E X E C U T I V E S UM M A R Y

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The Preston 2050: A Cohesive Suburb Structure Plan sets out a clear framework for the future growth of the suburb of Preston. A small outer ring suburb with an approximate population of 33,000 as of 2020, Preston’s ideal location within the Northern Metro Region of Melbourne lends itself as a significant area for change.

This plan is supported by the vision for Preston to connect as a cohesive suburb with 3 core values of sustainability, accessibility, and diversity. These values have been developed through thorough research into the existing site context, and Preston’s connection within the Northern Metro Region as well as to Melbourne CBD. A desktop demographic analysis into the people of Preston, what they do, how they live and who they are, led to identification of future needs of the said people. In understanding the people of Preston, it was necessary to guage the existing infrastructure and services within the area and their current capacity to allow this plan to adequately provide policies that ensure the infrastructure and services are accounted for.

This plan consists of detailed site, demographic and planning analysis, accompanied by approximate forecasts into the numbers possibly present in Preston by 2050.

The projection stage leads to identification of issues and opportunities. These issues and opportunities are visualised and located clearly within Preston to aid the next stage of the structure plan, the Vision.

The design response for key areas of development within Preston has been split up by the 3 core values of the vision. Each theme will present visual representations of the future of Preston and the actions required to be taken by the responsible authorities to get there.

The theoretical basis of the Framework Plan for Preston, one based around the planning theory of Placemaking helps illustrate the key markers of the Framework Plan which inspired the need for Preston to be designed around placemaking.

Through these processes, a final implementation program is presented in this structure plan, highlight the markers for each action.

Figure 1: Preston TAFE Campus; Melbourne Polytechnic, 2020

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I NT R OD UC T I ON Preston’s location in the Northern Metro Region within Metropolitan Melbourne lends itself to be recognised within the region as a desirable place to be. This structure plan aims to analyse the key aspects of the area within Preston, focusing on physical, social and economic characteristics.

Further discussion regarding the the issues and opportunities present in the area bring forth the vision for Preston to be known as a cohesive suburb by 2050. A cohesive suburb can be described as one in a general sense, to work harmoniously in various aspects of planning, including accessibility, diversity and sustianability (Lubna, Aman and Morshed, 2014). In addition, a cohesive suburb will ensure holistic development of the suburb, rather than focused in specific areas while other areas miss out (Klein and Trembley, 2016).

This structure plan is organised to first inform the reader of the site and its characteristics, then take the reader on a journey to envision what Preston will look like by 2050 through specific policies and action plans brought to life. In doing this, any future development in Preston will be well-versed on the area and understand detailed components of what is required. Through measurable action plans, a detailed implementation program caps off the structure plan to allow stakeholders and policy makers to keep track of the progress.

On the right is a summary of the processes undertaken to reach the final outcome of this plan.

Through detailed research into each section of the plan, beginning with a brief for the area, this document has emerged. The process is key in understanding the thought process of the report maker, also to be detailed as the plan goes forth.

02 T HE P R O C E S S T HE B R I E F

SI TE C ON T E X T

S T R AT E G I C C ON T E X T

I DE N T I F I C AT I ON OF I S S UE S & OP P OR T UNI T I E S

V I S I ON & OB J E C T I V E S

F OR E C A S T I NG

S C E NA R I O DE V E L OP M E N T

PRE ST ON 2 0 5 0 : A COHE S I VE CI T Y S T R UC T UR E P L A N

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R E G I ONA L C ONT E X T Metropolitan and major activity centres around Preston

Map 1: Preston Regional Context Map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Preston is a suburb located 9km North East of Melbourne CBD, known as City of Darebin’s multicultural capital (Victorian Places, 2015). Preston Central is a major activity centre within Melbourne, creating a consistent public transport network with surrounding major activity centres and with Melbourne CBD while serving as a key employment and socioeconomic development precinct (State Government of Victoria, 2020). Preston’s connection to surrounding suburbs and major activity centres is highlighted in Map 1.

The competition of surrounding major activity centres of Northcote and Coburg has led to significant impact on the housing market within Preston (REA Group Ltd., 2020). In saying that, Preston’s continious growth while combating the needs of the population at affordable rates means it is often picked by families and singles to settle into (View Bank Homes, 2020).

The proximity of La Trobe National Employment and Innovation Cluster [NEIC] has opportunity to lead to attraction of new business and investment into Preston, strengthened by the proposed development of the Suburban Rail Loop (Victorian Planning Authority, 2017). In addition, the direct connection to Melbourne Airport has opportunity to allow employment and investment to pool in Preston (State of Victoria, 2020).

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03 LO C A L C ONT E X T

Map 2: Preston Local Context Map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Key functional spaces within 800m walkable distance from Preston & Bell Station

Figure 2: Preston Market, Mary St. (Google Maps, 2019)

Figure 3: Preston Library, Gower St. (Torcasio, J. 2018)

Figure 4. Ray Bramham Gardens (Ross, L.D., 2016)

Figure 5: High Street Medical & Dental Centre Preston, State Rd. 29 (Google Maps, 2019)

Figure 6: Darebin City Council, State Rd. 29. (Google Maps, 2017)

Figure 7: Darebin Arts & Entertainment Centre, Bell St. (Google Maps, 2019)

Encapsulated by the Merri and Darebin Creek borders on the West and East boundaries respectively, Preston in total holds the Preston East and West suburbs. These spaces in total make up around 11.47km2 of area (Nearmap, 2020). Low density housing, mostly flat terrain and key educational and commercial spaces make up the built environment dotted with notable green spaces (Fig. 4). The multiple public transport modes line major arterial roads such as High St and Bell St with the well-known Preston Market situated at the major Preston Railway Station (Fig. 3). Two major activity centres of Preston Central and Northland Shopping Centre Precinct play a major role in determining the need for developmental changes to infrastructure, housing and the natural environment.

The area is currently reliant on car use, despite availability of public transport as the Principle Activity Centre, Northland, hosts majority of the commercial and retail activity yet lacks in transport connectivity.

This lack of connection presents opportunity to strengthen the development of Preston for the future.

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P R E S T ON’ S HI S T OR Y SET TLEMENT

T R A DI T I ONA L

PRESTON

Figure 8: Location of Preston within the Aboriginal language groups (TimeOut, 2017)

The traditional owners of the land which Preston sits on are the Wurundjeri woiwurrung people of the Kulin Nation.

Traditionally, the Woi wurrung clans are connected and located along rivers and waterways, such as Darebin and Merri Creek within Preston (VACL, 2020). The land of City of Darebin was most liekly to be inhabited by Wurundjeri Willam clan (City of Darebin, 2018).

Figure 9: John Batma’s treaty with elders of Wurundjeri people. (Museum Australia, 1835)

On 6th of June, 1835, John Batman met with the elders of the Wurundjeri people and brought forth a document that claimed they had given the British rights to the land in exchange for goods and rations. The location of the exchange is believed to have happened on the banks of Merri Creek within today’s City of Darebin (Aboriginal History of Yarra, 2020).

G R OW T H

UR B A NI S AT I ON

Figure 11: High Street (Preston) Precinct, (City of Darebin, n.d.)

As Melbourne was seeing urbanisation take place, Preston became a city within itself. Additional transport facilities of a direct train to Melbourne, new tram services and electrified trains were seen.

In addition, shopping strips sprouted along High Street, as seen in Figure 5, and Plenty Road.

Figure 10: Howe Leather Factory (Former) (City of Darebin, n.d.)

Preston, now separated from Northcote as a separate shire grew to welcome industries such as brick, pottery, tiles, tanneries and farms. The growing population led to a railway connection from Preston to Melbourne City. Majority of the settlement was concentrated around the south of Bell St.

P R E S T ON OF T ODAY

Figure 12: Northland Shopping Centre (Northland, 2020)

Figure 13: Northland Shopping Centre, East Preston (Young, J., n.d.)

Post war, Preston experienced heavy population growth due to international migration and is now known as multicultural suburb and the ‘capital’ of City of Darebin.

Preston’s boundaries remain dynamic with Northland under review to become a new suburb. The area has now shifted to a knowledge intensive field.

Timeline adapted from Victorian Places, 2015

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DE MOGR A PHI C A N A LY S I S

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Preston’s diverse nature is reflected within the demographic analysis, which is imperative to understand the truly who the people of Preston are and how they live and work. The population and socio-economic analysis fuels the way this the framework plan takes place.

As we have known, Preston is a multicultural suburb, with 34.2% of the population born overseas, this indicates need for services that attend to the needs of people of various backgrounds. In addition, greater attention needs to be placed on community engagement activities which ensure accommodation of people of diverse backgrounds.

The employment sector within Preston has seen a shift from manufacturing in the past, to knowledge intensive work as seen in the dominating industries of healthcare, education and retail. The implications of this shift mean that plans for Preston’s development will require allocation of space for these industries to thrive.

Preston’s low density housing structure means people are further away from where they need to be for their work and amenities. The median rent vs weekly income analysis shows that residents are paying 45% of their income towards rent, indicating to an unaffordable housing crisis. With this comes challenges to combat the unaffordable housing and get people closer to where they need to be.

Adding on to the challenges facing the residents of Preston, the reliance on car usage as seen through the graphics poses threat to the environmental health of the area. Poor use of existing transport infrastructure has led to a car dependent suburb in need of upgrades to human behaviour along with infrastructure.

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T HE P E OP L E OF P R E S T ON

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34. 2%

Total population of Preston stands at

of Preston’s population was born overseas

32 , 8 51

as of 2016 Household type

Preston is home to

3. 5% 25. 2% SINGLE

Indigenous population

21.9%

COUPLE

2 7. 1 %

FAMILY Within Preston,

2 3%

The unemployment rate of Preston is

7. 4 %

of the population attends an educational institution 7

S OC I O - E C ONOM I C A NA LY S I S 0 4 Dwelling Structure APARTMENT

11%

66%

2 2 % SEMIDETACHED HOUSE

MEDIAN RENT

1 3 . 3%

Å ~ Ä Å

Healthcare & social assistance

11.1 %

Ä

~ Å ~ Ä Å

9 . 9 % Retail

Trade

WEEKLY INCOME

$500 $1500

How the people in Preston get to work In addition, 11% took other modes of transport while 4.1%worked from home

2.2% 4% walk

take the train

take the bus

bicycle 54.6% drive

2.4%

Ä

~

Education & training

DETACHED HOUSE

$450 /wk

Jobs in Preston

7.2% tram it!

14.5% 8

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S T R AT E G I C C ONT E X T PL A N MELB OUR NE Within Plan Melbourne, Preston holds strong place 2017 - 2050 with two major activity centres, Preston-High St and Outcome 1: a productive city that attracts investment, supports innovation and creates jobs Outcome 5: Melbourne is a city of inclusive, vibrant and healthy neighbourhoods

Preston-Northland. The recognition of Preston indicates opportunity for concurrent development of Preston with Plan Melbourne 2050, hence aligning specifically with Outcome 1 and 5. Outcome 1 encourages economic growth supported through major infrastructure projects such as the Suburban Rail Loop (State Government of Victoria, 2016). The Reservoir Station planned for the rail loop neighbours Preston, in conjunction with the La Trobe NEIC, giving the area a head start in attracting investment and economic growth.

As a suburb with diverse voices, Outcome 5 aligns with Preston’s need to develop into a safer community with adequate steps taken to achieve social sustainability through community activities and infrastructure (State Government of Victoria, 2016). As the length of Preston spans simply 6km laterally, yet takes an hour to travel by public transport, ensuring Preston’s public services growth to align with the 20 minute neighbourhood objective within Plan Melbourne is a key component for this structure plan.

CI T Y OF DA R EB I N: COUNCI L PL A N 2 0 1 7- 2 0 2 1 City of Darebin, 2017, identifies Preston as one of the area to focus their educational goal upon. With improvements planned for East Preston Community Centre and Preston Library, the council places emphasis on provision of adequate services and amenities for residents to engage in community activities and enhance social inclusion (City of Darebin, 2017).

Along with major Level Crossing Removal Project at Bell and Preston Station, City of Darebin identifies Preston Central as a key area for revitalisation in terms of housing, density and mixed up development. Northland is also identified as a key area to develop a new suburb, hence having adverse effects on the way Preston’s growth can be planned.

Goal 2 . 3: Expand lifelong-learning opportunities, to enable local people to develop their interest, and secure good quality work.

Goal 3.1: Encourage appropriate highquality development in identified areas to create opportunities.

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S T R AT E G I C C ONT E X T PL A NNI NG ZONE S

Observations made from the current land zoning of Preston show the land use being dominated by residential with commercial and industrial activity present in the East and South East of Preston.

Priority Development Zone allocated for High St indicates positive future development for the area with opportunity to identify itself as a key landmark within Metro Melbourne.

Map 3: Planning Zones Map(3DConsultants, 2020)

P L A N N I N G O V E R L AY S

Historical industrial land use along High St and Plenty Rd contributes to vulnerability of sensitive residential use planned within the area as it is susceptible to contamination.

To encourage active frontage and pedestrian movement, Design Development Overlay along Plenty Rd imposes rules towards human-scale 4-6 storey development and active frontage facades to strengthen character of area.

Special Building Overlay over areas prone to flooding to to regulate free passage for floodwater within any new development.

The Northland Shopping Precinct is serviced by Albert St, identified as a Primary Arterial boulevard for future development of transport network.

Map 4: Planning Overlays Map (3DConsultants, 2020) LEGEND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OVERLAY (ESO)

DEVELOPMENT PLAN OVERLAY (DPO)

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT OVERLAY (EAO)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY - SCHEDULE 11/10 (DDO-11/10)

LAND SUBJECT TO INUNDATION OVERLAY (LSIO) DEVELOPMENT CONTRIBUTIONS PLAN OVERLAY (DCP) INCORPORATED PLAN OVERLAY (IPO)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY - SCHEDULE 03 (DDO-03) DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY - SCHEDULE 19 (DDO-19) DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY - SCHEDULE 17 (DDO-17)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OVERLAY - SCHEDULE 16 (DDO-16)

BUILDINGS BY MESHBLOCK

SPECIAL BUILDING OVERLAY (SBO)

TRAIN LINE

PUBLIC ACQUISITION OVERLAY 1 (PAO1)

MAJOR ARTERIAL ROADS

STUDY AREA BOUNDARY

MINOR ARTERIAL ROADS

TRAM LINE

0

0.5

1 km

GREEN SPACE 1

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S I T E A NA LY S I S S I T E C A PA C I T Y

Map 5: Site capacity map

Land categor y

% of total area

Non-developable land

72 . 5%

Vacant land

0. 5 0 %

Infill areas

5. 24%

Re-developable land

1 0. 7%

Green re-developable land

2 .1 2 %

Note: for purposes of calculation, all residential area was considered ‘non-developable’ in nature.

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To undertake an analysis of the site capacity of Preston meant identifying areas within the area which had restrictions or opportunity for development. While not illustrated on the map to avoid confusion, the ‘Non-developable land’ makes up a significant portion as it includes not only places of heritage, but also takes into consideration the current housing of the residents which cannot be teared down. Aligning with the existing Northland Urban Renewal Precinct Plan, 2018, the selected area is a major chunk ready for redevelopment, considering the existing industrial use does not fulfill its employment capacity.

To retain heritage along High St, the commercial strip is identified as the next largest area for “infill” development which may contribute to the increasing requirement for dense, mixed use living. Places recognised as green redevelopable land place emphasis on the need to secure green space for future residents amisdst a dense living situation.

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S I T E A NA LY S I S - F OR E S C A S T I NG 0 6 P O P U L AT I O N

The population of Preston is expected to grow to

7 0 , 0 0 0 +people

The projected number of dwellings required are

35, 000 dwellings

by 2050

The average household size is projected to be

2 people/ hous ehold 12

S I T E A NA LY S I S - F OR E S C A S T I NG 0 6 E M P L OY M E N T

by 2050

Preston is expected to generate

5 8 , 6 0 0 more jobs

which equates to

2 0.70 km of employment space Ä

~

Å

25,000

2050

~ Ä Å

Change in no. of jobs by leading sectors

20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0

2016 Ä

~ Å ~ Ä Å

Knowledge intensive

Health + Education

With the increase in population, Preston’s health services will require more

144

hos pit al beds

Population serving

Industrial

I NF R A S T RUC T UR E and

5 8 7 addit ional healt h wor k er s

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P R OJ E C T I O N S

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Projection of population, employment and infrastructure is a key activity within this structure plan to understand the context in which the action plans ahead will be implemented. Analysing and calculating with data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census in 2016 and using appropriate growth rate to gain approximate projections for 2050 was the method for this activity.

We can see that Preston’s population is set to more than double in the next 30 years, going from the current 32,851 (ABS, 2016), to going over 70,000 people by 2050. This indicates a dire need to plan carefully to accomodate for the growing population’s services and amenities. As families are decreasing, according to Australian Institute of Family Studies [AIFS], 2017, we can see a reduction of average household size from 2.45 to 2 in 2050, hence resulting in an average of 35,000 dwellings required to service the people. With dense living becoming the future, Preston in 2050 will need to incorporate dense living amenities as well as ensure the health and well-being of residents is retained through green and open space.

Sufficient space for employment needs to be allocated within the area to ensure the additional jobs are serviced, therefore Preston will be a shift from big box retailing and large warehouse style lots to denser mixed use commercial properties and light industrial use.

The ageing population, due to lower fertility rate and increased life expectancy means a greater number of people will require health care services. The implications of this will include allocation of space for new health centres to combat the lack of any currently present within Preston itself. Not only will more health workers be required, but importance should be placed on the need for multicultural workers to accomodate for the diverse population (The Health Industry, 2019).

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C UR R E NT I S S UE S Issues associated with the physical, social and economic environment within Preston are categorised into 3 key areas which, these have allowed for each issue to be highlighted and discussed thoroughly in relation to each theme, allowing this report to find gaps and opportunities for development.

ENV I RONMENTAL TR ANSPORT SOCI O-ECONOMI C

ENV I RONMENTAL I S SUES

Map 6: Environmental issues map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Lower sense of walkability due to lack of sufficient integration of green space into the urban fabric.

Stems from no spaces for people to linger and play (Shaftoe, 2012) hence the pedestrian spaces become unsafe with no eyes on the street to create a sense of safety (Jacobs, 2016).

The barren and univiting spaces may lead to lower foot traffic to economic locations.

Reduction in health and wellbeing of residents due to the lack of exposure to green and open space.

Dense living for the growing population means a reduction in amount of green space for residents if not allocated properly.

Reduced spaces for mental stimulation between communities may lead to losing a sense of identity (Lachowycz & Jones, 2013).

Lack of cultural awareness and deteriorating climate effects due to absence of Indigenous flora.

There are no places for the community in Preston to understand the Indigenous flora that is native to the land. In turn, the lack of diversity in the landscape means less habitat for biodiversity to cool the environment. Relates to the urban heat island effect prevelant in Preston.

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ENV I RONMENTAL OPPORT UNI TI ES

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Map 7: Environmental opportunities map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Apply Green Streets Initiative to ignored and barren footpaths and linear reserves; St George’s Linear Reserve.

This approach is an invitation for better stormwater management that is not directed into sewers through activating linear reserves and paths with shrubs and trees.

This method is integrated with pedestrian friendly street furniture to create a safe and permeable walkway.

Integrate native vegetation into footpaths and nature strips to create better habitat for biodiversity.

Providing a deeper knowledge of the Indigenous history of Preston is beneficial for residents to feel a sense of identity with the place within Metro Melbourne. The native vegetation not only brings beautiful streets but also has positive urban cooling effects.

Integrate the Merri and Darebin Creek landscape into the urban fabric to provide those key areas with a sense of identity

A Green-Blue City plan (DEWLP, 2017), integrates the water and land features to allow for better stormwater management and education about natural areas. This is an opportunity to connect Preston laterally with Metro Melbourne and surrounding suburbs.

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ENV I RONMENTAL CONTI NUED. . .

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To understand the environmental issues within Preston at a deeper level, the illustration below highlights the inherent problem. If a park or open space is identified as a place of gathering, exercise and play (Carter and Horwitz, 2014), then it should be accessible and serve multiple purposes for a range of users in a public setting.

The diagram below clearly indicates that although all of Preston has access to green space within a walkable distance, this does not correlate to having access to a quality green.

Therefore, Preston’s lack of ideal green spaces is an identified issue.

Map 8: Green space analysis map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Map 9: Walkability of public parks map (3DConsultants, 2020)

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TR ANSPORT I S SUES TRANSPORT

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Map 10: Transport issues map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Lack of public and active transport connection between Northland and Preston Activity Centres

Disconnected bike paths, tram route and 20-22 minute bus wait period leads to a sense of detachment between the two major activity centres. This further affects the increased car dependency, urban heat island effect and an increased carbon footprint from traffic congestion.

Reduction in use of public open spaces - pedestrian footpaths, community hubs and parks

The increased car dependency has led to anti-social behaviour noticed as people tend to use cars for short trips. Results in mental stress on residents from lack of stimulation with the outdoors and increased threat to safety from the lack of foot traffic.

Low bus patronage despite good existing infrastructure available for use

The current bus routes connect Preston well yet the human behaviour related to taking the bus has not been met. Bus stops are not friendly for all ages to wait for a bus. In turn has led to people preferring to use their vehicles to drive to and from errands and activities.

TR ANSPORT OPPORT UNI TI ES TRANSPORT

Map 11: Transport opportunities map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Better public transport network between the two major activity centres will result in decreased need for parking space, better affordable housing with location efficient development.

High density living means people have to travel shorter distances which can be achieved through active and public transport reward systems which incentivise healthier human behaviour and open minds towards use of the existing public transport system.

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TR ANSPORT CONTI NUED TRANSPORT

Map 12: Public transport catchment map

Map 13: Pedestrian and cycling routes map (3DConsultants, 2020)

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Further analysis of transport issues in Preston have led to the following results. When the public transport catchment analysis was undertaken, a 800m radius as applied and adjusted, resulting in a discussion of 22.2% of individuals in Preston needing to travel more than 5 minutes for a bus or tram stop and more than 10 minutes for a train station. The implications of this justify the car dependency issue present in Preston as people have no option but to take their car for short trips if the public transport infrastructure cannot suffice the (3DConsultants, 2020) population.

Furthermore, the major pedestrian and cycling routes in Preston are located amongst the strongest car dominant streets.

This may result in a sense of danger for users of active and public transport.

In turn, the residents of Preston reduce usage of public footpaths and open spaces due to said perceptionof safety. Map 14 showing extreme sparse areas indicating where people in Preston have little to no access to key infrastructure highlights another issue of lack of active transport in Preston.

Map 14: Walkability to key infrastructure map (3DConsultants, 2020)

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SOCI O-ECONOMI C I S SUES

Map 15: Socio-economic issues map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Increasing land prices are unaffordable for residents and businesses

Preston’s households are paying a higher percentage of their weekly income towards rent relative to Greater Melbourne’s housing stress. The implications of this issue would lead to residents being forced out and local businesses facing closure.

The distances between services and quality of services forces disadvantage on residents.

Elderly population unable to access a proper hospital within Preston itself therefore may be forced to move away to be closer to health service. Young families would not be incentivised to move into Preston due to lower liveability.

Threat to heritage and neighbourhood character due to increase in development land demand.

Overshadowing by new developments without respect to Victorian architecture through overshadowing. Removal of heritage buildings to make space for new developments.

SOCI O-ECONOMI C OPPORT UNI TI ES Map 16: Socio-economic opportunities map (3DConsultants, 2020)

Provide social housing for low income residents to maintain social diversity.

Improve service availability according to increasing population trends.

Increase quality of life and idea of liveability of Preston to increase resident retention.

Using precendence of existing social housing projects such as Village Bell community housing, Preston can extend these projects to usually ignored areas in the North East of Preston as seen in the map above. Encourage affordable development near the creek corridors to provide a better quality of life for residents within Preston without driving up land prices that force them to move out.

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SOCI O-ECONOMI C CONTI NUED

07

Map 17: Heritage overlay map (3DConsultants, 2020)

As discussed previously, a key issue within Preston is the threat to heritage and neighbourhood character due to the increased demand in land for new developments. A prime example of the battle of neighbourhood character can be seen in Figure 14, with a modern residential development contrasts with Victorian Era architectture on High St Preston. As seen in Map 14, the strip of High St is one ridden with buildings and areas under Heritage Overlay, therefore the issue within Preston to combat a rise in population and provide for dense housing clashes with the need to retain neighbourhood character and heritage. With new developments that incorporate heritage facades, the cost of development may increase significantly, therefore developers are incentivised to price the product higher, leading into a circle of housing unaffordability for Preston which needs to be addressed and solved.

Figure 14: Contrasting styles of development on High St, Preston (Google Maps, 2016)

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S TA K E H O L D E R S I N V O LV E D Category

Specific groups

Department of Transport [inc. VicRoads + Public Transport Victoria] State Government of Victoria

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Melbourne Water Heritage Victoria Department of Health and Human Services [Families & Children, Housing, Health]

City of Darebin

Residents

Land Owners

Demographic Groups

Culturally & Linguistically Diverse groups

Indigenous

Role

Have policies provided to be followed, will need comprehensive strategy to understand how their policy is implemented into the local development.

Need to adjust the level of adherence to policies based on the agency, for example Heritage Victoria will require an extensive strategy regarding any heritage property.

Recreation & Libraries

Management of library and recreation services

Property & Business Development

Asset planning, property service and risk and improvement of property

City Works

Management of infrastructure and waste

Communications & Engagement

Engagement with community, customer service

City Futures

Economic development, city design and strategic planning

Parks & Open space

Open space, tree and turf management

Climate Emergency & Sustainable Transport

Dealing with transport engineering and climate emergency programs

Families, Youth & Children

Services and development of children, families and youth

Equity & Wellbeing [Economic]

Economic development and community wellbeing

Aged & Disability

Service delivery, participation and transition

Residents within Structure Plan boundary

Be the end user of the space in everyday context

Residents from area of high migration into Preston

Bring in economic activity, contribute to tourism

Northland Shopping Centre – Vicinity Group

Cater to the public, act in favour of their financial benefit

Shop owners – High St

Act in favour of financial benefit

Land owners of major redevelopment sites

Assess the impact of redevelopment on their property

Women

Assess the new spaces in terms of safety, ease of movement

Millennial age group/Youth

See how the space works towards their future

Ageing population

Consider if the space fits their dynamic needs

POC

Majority of the population, therefore be key stakeholders in engagement

Multi-lingual population

Be provided for in aspects of planning

Interpreters

Provide a middle person for council to ensure engagement of multilingual population

Darebin Aboriginal Advisory Committee

Provide consultation to council on specific regulations and services

Seniors and Elders of language group (Owners of the land or their representatives

Be an integral part of the development process and exercise their right to the land

Educators

Assist council in implementing educational programs with expertise

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SCENARIO 1: TRANSI T-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

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P R E S T O N C E N T R A L H U B

N O R T H L A N D B U S I N T E R C H A N G E

Map 18: Scenario 1 TOD map

The first scenario generation for the development of Preston was focused around the concept of a transit-oriented development [TOD]. The TOD, traditionally encompasses higher and mixed use development within 10 minutes walking distance of a major transport stop, such as a train station (Huston, Simon & Searle, Glen & Darchen, Sebastien, 2013).

For Preston, the need for two major TOD hubs was identified at Preston Train Station and Northland Bus Interchange.

These transit hubs would be serviced by the main public transport mode, and also connect with others such as the tram to outer areas. Active frontages and key places of gathering at major intersections was a key feature for this development as the concept of a TOD is used to encourage building well-designed communities and encourage public transport use over car use in a community. While the Preston Central Hub would be an easier change, as it is currently a dense area, Northland Bus Interchange would see a transformation from big box retailing to mixed and dense residential and commercial land uses over a longer period.

Figure 15: Architectural concept for TOD in Buranda, QLD (Teece, 2020)

25

SCENARIO 2 : PLACEMAK ING

10

N O R T H E R N A C T I V I T Y C O R R I D O R

S O U T H E R N A C T I V I T Y C O R R I D O R

S E R V I C E D B Y B U S C O R R I D O R S

Map 19: Scenario 2 Placemaking map

The second concept drawn up for Preston was one based around the theme of Placemaking. This development is serviced by 2 major activity corridors, the Northern and Southern, which run along Murray Rd and Bell St, respectively. The main aim for this concept was to ensure the lateral development of Preston and working upon the existing bus infrastructure with improved frequency and interconnectedness to service these corridors.

Moreover, this concept ensures holistic development of Preston from East to West with active frontages, slower pedestrian friendly main roads and key green spaces to create safer and attractive places for gathering. To cap off, development of a bike trail and river bank play spaces along Merri and Darebin Creeks ensure Preston’s connection with its surrounding suburbs. Neighbourhood centre plan along Gilbert Rd is planned to service the western residential area with essential needs. This design achieves placemaking as it encourages creative development of key urban spaces to facilitate a unique social identity for the community (Creative Communities, 2020).

Figure 16: Purposeful placemaking to watch over water in Memphis, Tenn. (Selavie, 2019)

26

SCENARIO 3: CBD FOCUSED

10

Map 20: Scenario 3 CBD map

The final concept for Preston is one that develops a small scale CBD along High St. This CBD would be the main mixed use precinct with denser residential development and commercial precincts. The inspiration for this comes from Plan Melbourne’s Direction 1.2 which focuses on improving access to jobs where people live. The development of this CBD will increase resident retention in Preston and service the upcoming employment projection. With Preston CBD, the residential areas surrounding will have an opportunity to gain spillover growth but essentially remain the same. In this design, the Northland Precinct will transition into a Retail and Light Industrial use precinct in line with the upcoming inner city manufacturing property market trend.

Figure 17: Geelong Civic Centre plan by COX Architecture in Geelong CBD (ADR, 2020)

27

E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K Components of a “Cohesive suburb”

Dual TOD

Placemaking

CBD Focused

Sustainability Diversification of use of green space

0

2

1

Green-blue infrastructure implementation

0

2

2

Accessibility Multi-modal transport network

2

1

1

Improvement of existing bus infrastructure

2

2

1

Pedestrian & cycling focus

0

2

1

Diversity Dense land use near key landmark areas

2

2

2

Providing areas for employment growth

2

1

2

Encouraging social diversity & interaction

1

2

1

Total

9

14

11

Key: 0 – Not addressed; 1 – Sufficiently addressed; 2 – Well addressed | Total - 16

Each scenario was then held against a criteria comprised on the key components of a “Cohesive suburb” as identified in the vision and objectives for Preston. The components stemmed from 3 core values for Preston in 2050, sustainability, accessibility and diversity. Each scenario was ranked from 0 to 2 based on how well they addressed the criteria and the results show that Scenario 2 achieved not only the highest score therefore well addressed criteria but allows for an all rounded development of Preston.

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THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

11

PRESTON 2050: A COHESI VE SUBURB

0.5

Map 21: Preston Framework Plan, 2020

LEGEND Main activity corridor

Shopping landmarks

Existing green space

Education services

Places of gathering Meshblock

Civic spaces Health services

Bus route Train line + stop Tram line Creek corridor

B Sub Precinct identification

Through an amalgamation of research into the ins and outs of Preston, the final outcome for Preston 2050: A Cohesive Suburb is illustrated above. This plan combines 6 sub precincts and 18 action plans based on the 3 core values of Sustainability, Accessibility and Diversity.

Each section is carefully thought out and planned to accomodate for the growing population and employment within Preston.

The theme of Placemaking is embodied within this structure plan through simple, budget friendly community led actions which will ensure a holistic development of Preston by 2050. Going forward the action plans on how to achieve this framework plan will be detailed.

2

28 29

1

T HEORE T I CA L F R A ME WORK

12

Project for Public Spaces [PPS], a nonprofit organisation passionate about helping people create better communities has designed a booklet outlining 11 elements of placemaking. They highlight these 11 elements within 4 key themes of Underlying Ideas, Planning & Outreach Techniques, Translating Ideas into Action and Implementation. The elements solidify the idea that placemaking is a multidimensional process of collaboration with the community to strengthen the relatioships between people and place (PPS, 2018).

This structure plan embodies and takes inspiration from Project for Public Space’s ideas of what is Placemaking to connect Preston laterally with its people using existing infrastructure, low budget changes with high quality outcomes and overall enhancing beatuiful and comfortable spaces for the people to use.

Figure 18: Placemaking by Project for Public Spaces (2018)

In addition to the 11 elements of Placemaking, PPS highlights a simple way to attract people into a city and facilitate relationships. This is to simply have 10 destinations with 10 places within a city, called the Power of 10+. The theory for this is that each space should be multi functional and each destination with 10 places ensures each member of the community has a place to identify as their own (PPS, 2018). While the places may be small such as a place to sit and drink coffee, kids play area or a place to meed friends, these places together create a sense of identity. Throughout Preston’s Structure Plan, the action plans focus on ensuring that each space is multi use and offers an opportunity for each diverse member of the community.

Figure 19: Power of 10+ by Project for Public Spaces (2018)

Plac e mak ing i s the pr oc e s s of “ cr eating qualit y plac es that people

wa nt t o l i ve , wo r k , pl a y a nd l e a r n i n.

MSU L and Pol i c y Ins t i tu t e , 2 0 1 5

” 30

13

Key strategy: To enhance the usability of green and open space while integrating native and blue infrastructure into the urban fabric

SUSTAINABILI T Y ACTION PLANS

Objective S1: Diversify the useability of green and open space.

Action Plan S1.1 - Apply GreenStreets Initiative to St Georges Linear Reserve to create a pedestrian friendly walking space.

Action Plan S1.2 - Create a children’s play program in local neighbourhood parks; such as Ta Cochrane Reserve.

Action Plan S1.3 - Apply river bank play spaces and walking/bike trails to Merri Creek corridor.

Objective S2: Integrate native vegetation into everyday landscape for education and climate change purpose.

Action Plan S2.1 - New “Native Vegetation Plan” created as legislation for council to ensure native vegetation along every footpath in Preston.

Action Plan S2.2 - Community led educational events by Indigenous leaders about native vegetation types and their uses

Objective S3: Improve health and wellbeing of current and new residents through green infrastructure.

Action Plan S3.1 - Install circular park benches every 50m in existing and new public parks to encourage social interaction.

Action Plan S3.2 - Revitalise Preston Library as a green haven for education about green infrastructure and to absorb the urban heat.

Action Plan S3.3 - Run community led exercise sessions for all ages in public parks and reserves to encourage healthy living.

31

13 Objective S1: Diversify the useability of green and open space.

0.5

S1

Action Plan S1.1 - Apply GreenStreets Initiative to St Georges Linear Reserve to create a pedestrian friendly walking space. + Action Plan S3.1 - Install circular park benches every 50m in existing and new public parks to encourage social interaction.

1

(City Services, n.d.)

Park bench Water station + trash can combo

EXISTING ST GEORGE’S LINEAR RESERVE

Direction of pedestrian flow Native vegetation cluster + tree canopy Map 22: Sub Precinct A2: St Georges Linear Reserve Map

Water station + bin as amenity

Park benches every 50m for eldery to rest Figure 20: St Georges Linear Reserve (Google Maps, 2019)

PROPOSED ST GEORGE’S LINEAR RESERVE Combined pedestrian + bike path at slower speeds

Shared bike path and walkway

Green barrier to reduce busy road intimidation

Adequate pause and linger amenities Park benches every 50m for people to rest Tactical path to create interest

Native vegetation to absorb urban heat

Figure 21: Artistic impression of revitalisation (created by author)

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13

Objective S2: Integrate native vegetation into everyday landscape for education and climate change purpose.

S2

Action Plan S2.1 - New “Native Vegetation Plan� created as legislation for council to ensure native vegetation along every footpath in Preston.

NATI VE VEGETATION PLAN 2020-2050

Through beginning the process in creating a Native Vegetation Plan for Preston and City of Darebin, comes the first steps in reigniting the educational spirit for the rich Indigenous history and culture of the land. The plan would further highlight steps taken to integrate native vegetation into footpaths, parks and open spaces as well as identify actions to be taken in the next 30 years to ensure the Indigenous history is not lost.

Figure 22: Artistic impression of future Native Vegetation Plan (created by author)

Community led educational events can have a great impact on retaining the rich history of an area. This action plan would be led by consulting agencies such as Yarn Strong Sista, an Aboriginal Education Consultancy who specialise in going to schools and educational events to represent the Traditional Custodians of the land and bring back their cultural practices for the generations ahead. Their work has been seen in childcare centres, primary and secondary schools as well as for educators to take ideas forward (Yarn Strong Sista, 2020).

Action Plan S2.2 - Community led educational events by Indigenous leaders about native vegetation types and their uses

Figure 23: Education consultancy logo (Yarn Strong Sista, 2020)

Figure 24: Children learning about native vegetation (Bunjilsbiik, 2020)

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13

Objective S3: Improve health and wellbeing of current and new residents through green infrastructure.

S3

Action Plan S3.2 - Revitalise Preston Library as a green haven for education about green infrastructure and to absorb the urban heat.

In recent times, Preston Library has been placed under scrutiny stemming from recent criminal act occuring in that space. The residents of Preston have asked for a safer space for their children and this action plan aims to deliver just that. This illustrated new vibrant educational hub will incentivise foot traffic of all ages into the place, keeping eyes on the street and thus, increasing safety as said by the great Jane Jacobs (2016).

Map 23: Sub Precinct A: For Preston Library

EXISTING PRESTON LIBRARY

Preston Library location is key to identify it as an educational hub for the public

Figure 25: Preston Library (John Torcasio, 2013)

PROPOSED PRESTON LIBRARY Planting native trees with young population

Create interest and interactive space through painted walls

Canopy over seating to adapt to rain

Shaded seating

Circular bench space with shade

Town Hall

Preston Library Site

Essential amenities

Tactical pathways

Figure 26: Revitalisation of Preston Library (Created by author)

Native vegetation and tree canopy

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13

CASE STUDIES Sønder Boulevard, Copenhagen

Port Phillip & Western Port Native Vegetation Plan

Figure 27: Sonder Boulevard, Copenhagen (Wonderful Copenhagen, 2020)

Key points:

Major pause and play space Converted old linear reserve Increase economic activity by 275% Increased satisfaction of residents Slowed down vehicle traffic Sønder Boulevard in Copenhagen began as a drab linear reserve in a working-class neighbourhood of Vesterbro. As a response to increased traffic, speed and dead walkway, in 2007, the local authorities set to begin community engagement sessions to plan a revitalisation for the boulevard. With responses from the community, the revitalisation of the space saw reduced car lanes, increased width of walking space and beautiful pause and play spaces within the linear reserve (Danish Design Review, 2020) . In turn, overtime, the area saw gradual lively uplift with families choosing to stay in the existing apartments, along with significant increase in economic activity for the area.

Key challenges Preston could face in applying this concept to St Georges Linear Reserve and other areas, would be the budget available from council, yet a smaller scale redevelopment led by the community would ensure quality results at low cost.

Figure 28: Port Phillip and Westernport Native Vegetation Plan front cover (Sight Photography, 2006)

Key points:

Created out of concern of native vegetation clearing Identified environmental and economic benefits Key strategic directions to maintain, enhance and revegetate parts with low native vegetation The purpose of this report not only focuses on vegetating areas of low native vegetation, but also providing an educational booklet on the types of native vegetation in the area plus how to preserve it and regulations that can be put into place to avoid clearing of the native vegetation to preserve the cultural history.

City of Darebin has opportunity to invest in a plan of such type to maintain the existing native vegetation, especially along creek corridors and within the residential areas. A plan such as this would give clear guidelines to developers and authorities on steps forward.

35

Key strategy: To increase reliability of existing public and active transport networks to improve accessibility within Preston and to and from Metro Melbourne in an effort to reducing car dependency

14

ACCESSIBILI T Y ACTION PLANS

Objective A1: Improve existing bus infrastructure network and usage through targeted strategies.

Action Plan A1.1 - Grow the existing bus interchange around Northland Shopping Centre to integrate pedestrian friendly access to each bus stop .

Action Plan A1.2 - Use a retail-reward system to incentivise bus usage between and within the two major retail precincts/activity centres to contribute to economy.

Action Plan A1.3 - Collaborate with PTV to increase bus frequency and align the timings of bus with train and tram times to create a smoother journey for users.

Objective A2: Create a multimodal transport network by improving cycling and pedestrian infrastructure.

Action Plan A2.1 - Implement a “Painting Streets Day” quarterly along Preston’s parallel roads to invite community members to colour the streets in effort to slow down traffic and increase pedestrian activity.

Action Plan A2.2 - Improve mobility of elderly and disabled people by aiming to attend and fix uneven footpaths and implement street furniture every 50m and comfortable seating at bus and tram stops.

36

A1

14

Objective A1: Improve existing bus infrastructure network and usage through targeted strategies.

Action Plan A1.1 - Grow the existing bus interchange around Northland Shopping Centre to integrate pedestrian friendly access to each bus stop.

Map 24: Sub Precinct B: For Northland Bus Interchange

Figure 29: Artist’s impression of Northland Bus Interchange extension (Created by author)

EXISTING NORTHLAND BUS INTERCHANGE

PROPOSED NORTHLAND BUS INTERCHANGE SHOPPING CENTRE ENTRANCE

Figure 31: Existing Northland Bus Interchange (Nearmap, 2019)

• Removal of 54 car parks • 5 additional bus stops added • Connecting public transort to Northland Shopping Centre entrance

Figure 30: Birds eye view of Northland Bus Interchange extension (Created by author)

37

A2

14

Objective A2: Create a multimodal transport network by improving cycling and pedestrian infrastructure.

Action Plan A2.1 - Implement a “Painting Streets Day” quarterly along Preston’s parallel roads to invite community members to colour the streets in effort to slow down traffic and increase pedestrian activity.

Main activity corridor

Shopping landmarks

Existing green space

Education services

Places of gathering Meshblock

Civic spaces Health services

B Sub Precinct identification

Bus route Train line + stop Tram line Creek corridor

Intersections chosen for Painting Streets Day

Map 25: Identifying streets for Action Plan A2.1

In an effort to integrate active transport into the road network in Preston, this action plan introduced a few community led, budget friendly activities. To align with Preston’s growth through the theme of Placemaking, this action plan specifically ensures growth without a significant cost to the council or the people.

Figure 32: Corner of Murray Rd and High St (Google Maps, 2019)

Figure 33: Murray Rd near Northland Shopping Centre (Google Maps, 2019)

A ‘Painting Streets Day’ is a form of tactical urbanism used in many urban areas to bring the community together to shape their public realm (Khorram, 2019) within the theme of Placemaking. Using small scale pieces of interest along busy streets, the people allow the formal space to move into an informal setting, thus, strengthening that relationship between the community and their neighbourhood.

An event such as this may be accompanied by moving food stalls from Preston Market outdoors in an empty parking lot as a further incentive for the people of Preston to not only participate in the public realm, but also contribute to the economy and understand the reasons behind the activity.

3 key intersections have been identified for this project initally, as pictured on the left. Painting the main road or even areas around the curb lead to positive effects such as drivers slowing down when they see an interesting piece, therefore increasing the shareability of the road between pedestrians, cyclists and drivers (Provost, 2019).

Figure 34: Corner of Gower St and High St near Preston Market (Google Maps, 2019)

A1.1

A1.2

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14

CASE STUDIES

Chadstone Shopping Centre Bus Interchange

Jersey City, NJ Walkability Workshop

Figure 35: Chadstone Bus Interchange (Wongm, 2019 )

Key points:

Biggest shopping centre in southern hemisphere Acts as the main public transport access Connects directly into entrance 14 bus routes active In 2015, Chadstone Shopping Centre opened a redeveloped bus interchange and taxi rank for its plethera of visitors.

Being relatively far away from a train station, the only access to Chadstone by public transport is the bus route.

Therefore, a positive change to congregate all bus routes into one area meant people could create a sense of identity with this bus interchange. The location of the bus interchange being a prime one, fronting the vast outdoor dining scene and leading into a main entrance meant that more people would be incentivised to arrive by bus rather than spend hours looking for parking in a dark basement.

Being the Chadstone of the North, Northland Shopping Centre is on par to be one of the key destinations for residents within the Northern Metro Region. Also identified as a key area of redevelopment as highlighted in the Northland Urban Renewal Precinct [NURP] (City of Darebin, 2018).

Vicinity Centres owning both shopping centres at play means application of a better bus interchange in Preston could generate greater economic activity hence be a positive incentive to invest into the revitalisation.

Figure 36: Jersey City, NJ Walkability workshop (Street Plans, 2017)

Key points: Planned by the city’s Pedestrian Enhancement Plan Pop-up stalls, way finding signage created interest in residents Colourful paint for curb extensions Street Plans Consultancy was brought in for this Walkability Workshop Project in 6 of the city’s wards. Each workshop demonstrated different ways of people to interact with the space such as pop up stall, parklets and public feedback boards.

One of the workshops focused around painting the extensions of curbs with colourful paint as a strategy to present first hand experience of improvement to traffic flow to the residents. Feedback was collected by the Street Plans team during the course of the workshops and this event allowed the people to understand the potentials of their everyday urban space if small tactical urbanism projects were applied.

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15

Key strategy: Provide a high quality of life and encourage social diversity through providing affordable housing mix and essential services.

DI VERSI T Y ACTION PLANS

Objective D1: Combat changing population needs with provision of essential services .

Action Plan D1.1 - Incorporate affordable housing within Northland area to diversify the use of the and attract residents to locate near the major retail centre.

Action Plan D1.2 - Establish local community services in General Residential Zone to incentivise residents to remain in Preston such as Gilbert St Neighbourhood centre.

Action Plan D1.3 - Rezone current INZ to PUZ3 to accommodate for Preston Health Hub, a new small scale 150 bed public hospital.

Objective D2: Prioritise human scale dense land use near key attractive areas and substantial change areas.

Action Plan D2.1 - Integrate residential development within High St Precinct to combat the additional need for dwellings till 2050.

Action Plan D2.2 - Limit development to 5 storeys and regulate active frontage facing Darebin Creek and facing High St.

40

D1

15

Objective D1: Combat changing population needs with provision of essential services.

Action Plan D1.2 - Establish local community services in General Residential Zone to incentivise residents to remain in Preston such as Gilbert St Neighbourhood centre.

Map 26: Sub Precinct C2: For Gilbert Rd Neighbourhood Centre

Preston’s West is considered a heavily residential area, mostly under the General Residential Zone. Gilbert Rd is the major vertical thouroughfare for the western precinct of Preston and carries Tram Route 11. A strip of Gilbert Rd was identified within the site capacity analysis for this report, as it currently lined by run down, old shops, as evidenced

by Figure 37. The prime location of this site outside Tram stop 39 means it has potential to generate local and tourist foot traffic, therefore economic activity. Situating a mix of food and beverage shops, daily needs and amenity stores and some specialised shops would allow the western side of Preston to develop its identity within the structure plan.

The vertical nature of the development also means it is able to connect the two major activity corridors over time as this neighbourhood centre grows.

EXISTING GILBERT RD RETAIL STRIP

Figure 37: Existing run down Gilbert Rd Neighbourhood Centre (Google Maps, 2019)

PROPOSED GILBERT RD NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE

Figure 38: Digital impression of Gilbert Rd Neighbourhood Centre (Created by author)

Gilbert Rd

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15

Objective D2: Prioritise human scale dense land use near key attractive areas and substantial change areas.

D2

Action Plan D2.2 - Limit development to 5 storeys and regulate active frontage facing Darebin Creek and facing High St. Main activity corridor

Shopping landmarks

Existing green space

Education services

Places of gathering Meshblock

Civic spaces Health services

Bus route Train line + stop Tram line Creek corridor

2

B Sub Precinct identification

Map 27: Identification of areas for D2.1 and D2.2, 2020

1. Yellow area properties setback & active frontage requirement

2. Purple area properties land use requirements

3m 5 storey limit

Residential 3m

5 storey limit

3m

Residential

3m

Residential Commercial/Retail

Active frontage

Figure 39: Example of streetscape for Bell St under new regulations (Streetmix, 2020)

Figure 40: Example of streetscape for properties near Darebin Creek under new regulations (Streetmix, 2020)

Commercial/Retail

Active frontage

By regulating the land use around areas of key activity, specifically the two major activity corridors, Precinct A and Precinct B, Preston by 2050 will be able to transtion smoothly into a mixed use, denser living area.

The requirement for dense living comes from the doubling population by 2050 as highlighted in the forecasting section of this structure plan.

Therefore, incorporating residential developments into the existing commercial or allowing for this mix of uses can address the need for additional dwellings by 2050.

In saying that, as the suburb is to grow in the theme of Placemaking, it is essential to limit development to a human scale of 5 storeys on major streets to avoid intimidation onto passerbys and the community.

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15

CASE STUDIES Wantirna Health Precinct

Figure 41: Wantirna Health Precinct Masterplan documents (City of Knox, 2020)

Key points: A public hospital considered heart of the project Collaboration with DHHS, DoT and VPA Zoned for PUZ for a planned health precinct The case study of Wantirna Health Precinct is essential to understand the process to undertake in order for Preston’s planned Health Hub to grow. The site for redevelopment is located in a much larger area than Preston, yet the context of the site being located amongst a new upcoming residential and commercial precinct approved for townhouses and further development, means this type of development is possible for Preston as well.

As Preston’s highest job percentage is in the health service, the need for a hospital in the area is imminent, considering the lack of health services in and around Preston. In addition, an ageing population, as seen within City of Knox as well, means in the upcoming years, the elderly will require further healthcare and social assistance, therefore the services need to be in place before it is too late.

A key challenge to implement this in Preston would be the available capital from council and availability of space within the allocated area.

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C O M M U N I T Y Adapted from City of Darebin Community Engagement Strategy, 2019

KEY PRINCIPLES 1. RESPECTFUL 2. ACTION-ORIENTED 3. FOCUSED ON JUSTICE AND EQUIT Y 4. TRUST 5. INCLUSIVE 6. INTEGRIT Y

THE ENGAGEMENT FRAMEWORK STEP 1

IDENTIFY THE OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE CHALLENGE AND INFORMATION REQUIRED

STEP 2

STUDY THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS TO IDENTIFY WHO TO ENGAGE

STEP 3

IDENTIFY THE METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT. CONSULT INTERPRETERS IF REQUIRED.

STEP 4

GATHER AND STORE THE DATA GAINED IN A PROPER MANNER FOR FUTURE USE

STEP 5

REPORT BACK TO THE COMMUNITY ON FINDINGS AND UPDATES. LET THEIR VOICES FEEL HEARD.

16

E N G A G E M E N T 44

S TA K E H O L D E R A N A LY S I S Category

Objective/ Action Plan

Specific groups

Department of Transport [inc. VicRoads + Public Transport Victoria] State Government of Victoria

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Melbourne Water

S1

A1

D1 + 2

City Works

ALL

Communications & Engagement

ALL

City Futures

ALL

Parks & Open space

S1,2,3 ALL D1 + 2 ALL

Aged & Disability

S3

A2

Residents within Structure Plan boundary Residents from area of high migration into Preston

ALL S1

A1

Northland Shopping Centre – Vicinity Group Shop owners – High St

A2.1

Women

D1

A1.1

Land owners of major redevelopment sites

D2 D2

S1

A1

Millennial age group/Youth

D2

ALL

Ageing population

S3

A2

POC Multi-lingual population

ALL

Interpreters Darebin Aboriginal Advisory Committee

INFORM

Empower

S3.2

Equity & Wellbeing [Economic]

Indigenous

Collaborate

D1 + 2

Families, Youth & Children

Culturally & Linguistically Diverse groups

Involve

D2

Climate Emergency & Sustainable Transport

Demographic Groups

Consult

D2

Heritage Victoria

Property & Business Development

Land Owners

Inform

ALL

Recreation & Libraries

Residents

IAP2 Engagement level

A1 + 2

Department of Health and Human Services [Families & Children, Housing, Health]

City of Darebin

17

ALL

Seniors and Elders of language group (Owners of the land or their representatives

S2 + 3

Educators

S2 + 3

Provide with transparent information to help them understand the alternatives.

Keep informed.

CONSULT

INVOLVE

COLLABORATE

EMPOWER

To obtain feedback on alternatives.

Listen to concerns and keep informed and provide feedback.

To work with to understand the concerns and reflect these in alternatives.

Provide feedback.

To partner with in each aspect of decision making and incorporate advice into decision making as much as possible.

To place the final decision making in their hands and implement what they have decided.

Adapted from IAP2 public participation spectrum (Australian National University, 2020)

45

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N P R O G R A M E X PL A I NED

18

LOCATION - organised by sub-precincts Refer to Framework Plan (copied from Map 21, pg.28)

A

A1

B

A2

C1

C2

BUDGET Low [LOW]

Medium [MED]

High [HIGH]

TIMEFRAME - Adapted f rom Smar t Cities design timef rame (Burro Happold, 2020) & Cit y of Lethbridge Masterplan (2007) Immediate [IMM]

0-2 years (Relatively quick projects, low cost, community led)

Short term [SHO]

2-3 years (Political climate certainty, future proofing)

Medium [MED]

5-10 years (Physical changes noticable, change in strategies)

Long [LON]

11-30 years (Revisiting vision, asset management)

Ongoing [ONG]

Throughout (Infrastructure works that require constant upkeep)

KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Refer to Stakeholder Analysis (pg. 30 & 44) Stakeholders identified in the Implementation program will take lead on the specific action plan.

RESOURCES - Adapted f rom Knox Cit y Council Implementation Strategy (2015) NEW [N] - Indicates need for new resources, may lead to increased cost UPGRADE [U] - Existing infrastructure in need of a slight rebrand or redevelopment EXISTING [E] - Infrastructure and resources already in place, lower cost See next page for Implementation Program table.

46

18

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N P R O G R A M

Action plans

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

Key Stakeholders

Resources

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

Key Stakeholders

Resources

A2

MED

IMM

ALL

LOW

C2

Key THEME: SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVE S1 Action S1.1 Green Streets Initiative

Parks & Open Space

U

SH

Youth

N

MED

SH

DEWLP, Melbourne Water, DoT

U

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

Key Stakeholders

Resources

Action S2.1 Native Vegetation Plan

ALL

MED

ONG

Indigenous, City Futures

N

Action S2.2 Community led educational events

ALL

LOW

IMM

Educators, Indigenous

U

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

Action S3.1 Park benches every 50m

ALL

LOW

MED

City Works

N

Action S3.2 Revitalise Preston Library

A

MED

MED

Recreation & Libraries

U

ALL

LOW

IMM

Residents

U

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

B

HIGH

LON

DoT, Vicinity Centers, Sustainable Transport

N

ALL

MED

SHO

Economic development

N

LOW

SHO

Department of Transport [DoT]

U

Budget

Time Frame

LOW

IMM

City Futures, Residents

E

ALL

LOW

ONG

City Works

U

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

MED

MED

DHHS, Equity & Wellbeing

E

Action S1.2 Children’s Play Program Action S1.3 Merri Creek corridor OBJECTIVE S2

OBJECTIVE S3

Action S3.3 Community led exercise program

Key Stakeholders

Resources

Key THEME: ACCESSIBILITY OBJECTIVE A1 Action A1.1 Northland Bus Interchange Extension Action A1.2 Retail-reward system Action A1.3 Align bus and train frequency and timing OBJECTIVE A2 Action A2.1 ‘Painting Streets Day’

A

B

Sub Precinct

A

Action A2.2 Repair uneven paths

B

Key Stakeholders

Key Stakeholders

Resources

Resources

KEY THEME: DIVERSITY OBJECTIVE D1 Action D1.1 Affordable housing incentive for developers

A

B

Key Stakeholders

Resources

Action D1.2 Gilbert St Neighbourhood Centre

C2

MED

MED

City Futures, DoT

U

Action D1.3 Rezone INZ to PUZ3 for Preston Health Hub

B

HIGH

LON

DHHS, City Futures

N

Sub Precinct

Budget

Time Frame

Key Stakeholders

Action D2.1 Integrate residential development within High St

A

MED

ONG

DHHS, Equity & Wellbeing

N

Action D2.2 Limit development to 5 storey and regulate active frontage

ALL

MED

SHO

DEWLP

E

OBJECTIVE D2

Resources

Review of this document will occur in 2022, cohesive with Pan Melbourne.

47

CONCLUS I ON In this Structure Plan, we have identified Preston’s growth by 2050 as a cohesive suburb deep rooted with 3 core values of sustainability, accessiblity and diversity. A comprehensive plan such as this will ensure future authorities, policy makers, developers and residents have a document as reference whenever Preston’s growth is at stake.

In line with Plan Melbourne, Preston 2050: A Cohesive Suburb will be monitored through a review in 2022 and every 5 years from then on till 2050. This ensures the holistic development of Preston along with the rest of Metro Melbourne and keeps our policies in check with the surrounding ones.

A major limitation in this report is brought forward by COVID-19. Firstly, being unable to visit the site meant this report is based on desktop analysis of Preston, to the best of its ability. In addition, certain action plans may be altered to adhere to health and safety requirements brought forward by COVID-19 and other factors such as mental health and wellbeing of residents may require higher priority compared to other projects. These limitations would be considered when required.

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R E F E R E N C E S : A C A D E M I C C O N T. View Bank Homes. (2020). Preston Suburb Profile: A Vibrant Lifestyle Just 9km From CBD. Retrieved from https://viewbankhomes.com.au/preston-suburb-profile/ Water Environment Research Foundation. (2009). Green Streets Basics and Design. Retrieved from https://www.werf.org/liveablecommunities/toolbox/ gst_design.htm Yarn Strong Sista. (2020). Yarn Strong Sista: About us. Retrieved from https:// www.yarnstrongsista.com/about-us-yarn-strong-sista/

R EF ER ENCE S : F I GUR E S Figure 1. Melbourne Polytechnic. (2020). Preston TAFE Campus; Melbourne Polytechnic [Photograph]. From Melbourne Polytechnic. Retrieved from https://www.melbournepolytechnic.edu.au/locations/preston/.

Figure 2. Google maps. (2019). Preston Market, Mary St [Google street view].

Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 3. Torcasio, J. (2018). Preston Library, Gower St [photograph]. Google maps. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/place/Preston+Librar y/@-37.740496,145.005482,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipNY9rzxf V0051L16XAVE5wLleC_USuhl8AU7-SA!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5. googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNY9rzxf V0051L16XAVE5wLleC_ USuhl8AU7-SA%3Dw203-h134-k-no!7i4691!8i3104!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ad64456 3ad5e509:0x5d68de6bfa24011a!8m2!3d-37.7404022!4d145.0058886?hl=enGB Figure 4. Ross, L. D. (2016). Ray Bramham Gardens [photograph]. Gogle maps.

Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/place/ R a y + B r a m h a m + G a r d e n s / @ - 37. 74 6 8 7 5 5 ,1 4 4 . 9 9 7 7 6 5 2 , 3 a , 7 5 y, 9 0 t / data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipPgGpGnk9Kmys88A4At1fNVPqH0kqxFbGo4-W2M!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPgGpGnk9Kmys88A4At1fNVPqH0kqxFbGo4-W2M%3Dw203-h114 -k-no!7i2048!8i1152!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ad644f3a8c69439:0xf04567605317390!8 m2!3d-37.7468756!4d144.9977651?hl=en-GB Figure 5. Google maps. (2019). High Street Medical and Dental Centre Preston, High St. [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 6. Google maps. (2017). Darebin City Council, High St. [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 7. Google maps. (2019). Darebin Arts and Entertainment Centre, Bell St. [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 8. TimeOut. (2017). Location of Preston within Aboriginal Language groups on map [Diagram]. Retrieved from https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/things-to-do/an-introduction-to-boon-wurrung-language-fromaunty-fay-stewart-muir Figure 9. Museum Australia. (1835). John Batman’s Treaty with the Wurundjeri elders for Melbourne . [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://poi-australia.com. au/points-of-interest/australia/victoria/briar-hill/approximate-site-of-thesigning-of-batmans-treaty-6-jun-1835/ Figure 10. Heritage Council Victoria (n.d). Howe Leather Factory (Former) [photograph]. Retrieved from https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/ places/24274 Figure 11. Heritage Council Victoria (n.d). High Steet (Preston) Precinct [photograph]. Retrieved from https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/ places/43994 Figure 12. Victorian Places (2015). Northland Shopping Centre [photograph].

Retrieved from https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/node/71235.

Figure 13. Northland SC. (2020). Northland Shopping Centre [photograph].

Retrieved from https://www.northlandsc.com.au/ Figure 14. Google maps. (2016). Contrasting styles of development on High St, Preston [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 15. Teece. (2020). Architectural concept for TOD in Buranda, QLD [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.jacksonteece.com/projects/the-boulevard-transit-oriented-development Figure 16. Selavie. (2019). Purposeful placemaking to watch over water in Memphis, Tenn [photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/ research/transformative-placemaking-a-framework-to-create-connected-vibrant-and-inclusive-communities/ Figure 17. Australian Design Review. (2020). Geelong civic centre plan [photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/cox-architecture-designs-geelong-precinct/

R EF ER ENCE S : F I GUR E S Figure 18. Project for Public Spaces. (2018). Placemaking booklet front cover [screenshot]. Retrieved from https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5810e16fbe876cec6bcbd86e/5b71f88ec6f4726edfe3857d_2018%20placemaking%20 booklet.pdf Figure 19. Project for Public Spaces. (2018). Power of 10+ illustration [screenshot]. Retrieved from https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5810e16fbe876cec6bcbd86e/5b71f88ec6f4726edfe3857d_2018%20placemaking%20booklet.pdf Figure 20. Google maps. (2019). St Georges Linear Reserve [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 21. Preston 2050: A Cohesive suburb. (2020). Artistic impression of revitalisation [diagram]. Created by author.

Figure 22. Preston 2050: A Cohesive suburb. (2020). Artistic impression of Native Vegetation plan [diagram]. Created by author.

Figure 23. Yarn Strong Sista. (2020). Yarn Strong Sista logo [screenshot]. Retrieved from https://www.yarnstrongsista.com/about-us-yarn-strong-sista/ Figure 24. Bunjils biik. (2020). Children learning about native vegetation [photograph]. Retrieved from https://lfk.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ BoonwurrungWorkshop1.pdf Figure 25. Torcasio, J. (2018). Preston Library, Gower St [photograph]. Google maps. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/place/Preston+Librar y/@-37.740496,145.005482,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipNY9rzxf V0051L16XAVE5wLleC_USuhl8AU7-SA!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5. googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNY9rzxf V0051L16XAVE5wLleC_ USuhl8AU7-SA%3Dw203-h134-k-no!7i4691!8i3104!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ad64456 3ad5e509:0x5d68de6bfa24011a!8m2!3d-37.7404022!4d145.0058886?hl=enGB Figure 26. Preston 2050: A Cohesive suburb. (2020). Revitalisation of Preston Library [diagram]. Created by author.

Figure 27. Wonderful Copenhagen. (2020). Sønder Boulevard [image]. Retrieved from https://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/planning/ sonder-boulevard-gdk705372.

Figure 28. Port Phillip and Westernport. (2006). Port Phillip and Westernport native vegetation plan [screenshot]. Retrieved from https://www.ppwcma. vic.gov.au/Resources/PublicationDocuments/6/Port%20Phillip%20and%20 Westernport%20Native%20Vegetation%20Plan_web.pdf.

Figure 29. Preston 2050: A Cohesive suburb. (2020). Extension of Northland Bus Interchange [diagram]. Created by author.

Figure 30. Nearmap. (2019). Northland Bus Interchange [satellite view]. Retrieved from Nearmap.

Figure 31. Preston 2050: A Cohesive suburb. (2020). Birds eye view of extension [diagram]. Created by author.

Figure 32. Google maps. (2019). Corner of Murray Rd and High St [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 33. Google maps. (2019). Murray Rd near Northland Shopping centre [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 34. Google maps. (2019). Corner of Gower St and High St [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 35. Rail Gallery. (2019). Chadstone Bus Interchange [photograph]. Retrieved from https://railgallery.wongm.com/bus-stops/F136_3458.jpg.html Figure 36. Street Plans. (2017). Jersey City, NJ Walkability workshop [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.street-plans.com/jc-walks-pedestrian-enhancement-plan-jersey-city-nj/ Figure 37. Google maps. (2019). Existing run down shops on Gilbert Rd [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Figure 38. Preston 2050: A Cohesive suburb. (2020). Gilbert Rd Neighbourhood centre [diagram]. Created by author.

Figure 39. Streetmix. (2020). Bell St screetscape proposed [diagram]. Retrieved from https://streetmix.net/shortings209/2 Figure 40. Streetmix. (2020). Near Darebin Creek screetscape proposed [diagram]. Retrieved from https://streetmix.net/shortings209/1/darebin-creek-frontage Figure 41. City of Knox. (2020). Wantirna Health Precinct Masterplan documents [screenshot]. Retrieved from https://www.knox.vic.gov.au/wantirnahealth.

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R EF ER ENCE S : MA P S Map 1. 3DConsultants. (2020).” Preston Regional Context map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Infrastructure. (2002).

Melbourne 2030 planning for sustainable growth: Implementation plan 4 Activity Centres October 2002 draft, pg. 31-34. https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0020/100694/Activity-Centres.pdf, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State of Victoria. (2020). Suburban Rail Loop: Connecting our suburbs and creating opportunities in great places [map diagram].

Retrieved from https://suburbanrailloop.vic.gov.au/en, from Australian Government. (2020). VIC Local Government Areas - PSMA Administrative boundaries [data set]. Retrieved from https://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-dga-bdf92691-c6fe42b9-a0e2-a4cd716fa811/details Map 2. 3DConsultants. (2020).” Preston Local Context map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic. gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Strategic Cycling Corridor- Vic Roads [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/strategic-cycling-corridor,from City of Darebin (2018). Level Crossings [map diagram]. Retrieved from https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/projects/bell-street-preston, from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from Google maps. (2019). Key landmarks. Retrieved from Google maps, from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts [interactive map]. Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/darebin Map 3. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston Planning Zones Map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Photoshop [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Zones. Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin Map 4. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston Planning Overlays Map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Overlays. Retrieved from https:// planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin\ Map 5: Shruti Dalvi. (2020). “Site Capacity Map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Nearmap, 2019.

Map 6. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Environmental issues in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves.

Retrieved from Google Maps.

Map 7. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Environmental opportunities in Preston” [map].

Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from the State Government of Victoria.

(2020). Native vegetation - Modelled 1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/native-vegetation-modelled-1750-ecological-vegetation-classes Map 8. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Green Spaces in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Google Street View. Retrieved from Google Maps.

Map 9. 3DConsultants. (2020). “ Walkability of Public Parks in Preston” [amp].

Scale on map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from State Government of Victoria. (2012).

Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover. data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Features of Interest- Vicmap [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-features-of-interest, from the State Government of Victoria (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@. nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocument, from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020).

Map 10. 3DConsultants. (2020). “ Transport Issues Map for Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves.

Retrieved from Google Maps, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012).

Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover. data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from City of Darebin (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocument, from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts [interactive map]. Retrieved from https://forecast. id.com.au/darebin, from Google Maps. (2019). Preston - Traffic Congestion Monday peak hour. Retrieved from Google Maps, from Google Maps. (2019). Preston - health clinics. Retrieved from Google Maps, from Google Maps. (2019). Preston - car parks [satellite image]. Retrieved from Google Maps.

Map 11. 3DConsultants. (2020). “ Transport Opportunities Map for Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne.

University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from City of Darebin (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocument, from Darebin City Council.

(2013-18). Darebin Cycling Strategy 2013-2018, p. 39-40. Retrieved from http:// www.yoursaydarebin.com.au/climateaction/documents/45710/download, from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Zones. Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/ darebin, from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts [interactive map]. Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/darebin, from VPA (Victoria Planning Authority). (2017). La Trobe National Employment and Innovation Cluster: Draft Framework Plan March 2017, p. 5. Retrieved from https://vpa-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/La-TrobeNational-Employment-and-Innovation-Cluster-Draft-Framework-Plan-VPA-1. pdf Map 12. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston Precinct Transport Catchment Areas” [map]. Scale on map. Using: QGIS [GIS Software]. Version 3.2. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Public Transport Victoria. (2020).

Public Transport - a collection of PTV datasets [dataset]. Retrieved from https:// discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/public-transport-a-collection-of-ptv-datasets?fbclid=IwAR0DUMhYEubMp2uc3qsdPg1F_ZFmxDtkLYhNNYr7pfSvGnK9RtjLsiMd99c, from Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning.

(2020). Cadastral Property Boundary - Vicmap Property [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/cadastral-area-boundary-vicmap-property, from Victorian Planning Authority. (2020). Open Space Network (Polygon) [dataset]. Retrieved from https://data.aurin.org.au/dataset/vic-govtvpa-vic-govt-vpa-vpa-draft-open-space-data-na?fbclid=IwAR0TQDCztYmoVkFJvuEJ0YFtzHQI0fLSYNI7kP0lTTb1x2fAzNs19jGp0UA. Map 13. 3DConsultants. (2020).” Pedestrian and Cycling Routes in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Strategic Cycling Corridor- Vic Roads [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic. gov.au/dataset/strategic-cycling-corridor, from State Government of Victoria.

(2020). Principal Pedestrian Network [map diagram]. Retrieved from https:// www.yoursaydarebin.com.au/33420/documents/95403, from City of Darebin (2018). Level Crossings [map diagram]. Retrieved from https://levelcrossings. vic.gov.au/projects/bell-street-preston, from Victoria State Government (2020).

Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocument, from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020). High Street [illustration]. Retrieved from https://streetmix.net/jdarwis/3/high-street, from Streetmix 2020. Gower Street [illustration]. Retrieved from https://streetmix.net/jdarwis/5/gower-street, from Streetmix 2020.

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R EF ER ENCE S : MA P S Map 14. 3DConsultants. (2020). “ Walkability of Other Key Infrastructure in Preston” [amp]. Scale on map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set].

Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data. vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Features of Interest- Vicmap [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-features-of-interest, from the State Government of Victoria (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocument, from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020).

Map 15. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Socio-economic Issues Map in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Overlays.

Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/ darebin, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Substantial Change Zone [map diagram]. Retrieved from https:// www.yoursaydarebin.com.au/33420/documents/95403, from City of Darebin (2018).

Map 16. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Socio-economic Opportunities Map for Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software].

Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Public Transport Victoria. (2020). Public Transport - a collection of PTV datasets [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/public-transport-a-collection-of-ptv-datasets?fbclid=IwAR0DUMhYEubMp 2uc3qsdPg1F_ZFmxDtkLYhNNYr7pfSvGnK9RtjLsiMd99c, from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Features of Interest- Vicmap [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov. au/dataset/vicmap-features-of-interest, from the State Government of Victoria (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https:// www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%20 2016?OpenDocument, from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020).

Map 17. 3DConsultants. (2020).” Heritage Overlay map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Overlays. Retrieved from https:// planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport.

Map 18. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Scenario 1 TOD Map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 19. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Scenario 2 Placemaking Map” [map].

Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 20. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Scenario 3 CBD Map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 21. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston Framework Plan” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 22. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Sub Precinct A2: St Georges Linear Reserve map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 23. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Sub Precinct A: For Preston Library map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 24. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Sub Precinct B: Northland Bus Interchange map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 25. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Identifying streets for Action plan A2.1 map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 26. 3DConsultants. (2020). “For Gilbert Rd Neighbourhood Centre map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 27. 3DConsultants. (2020). “Identification of areas for D2.1 and D2.2 map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

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