Area Appreciation and Site planning (Rural): Bhagwanpur Desua, Dist. Samastipur, State-Bihar

PLANNING PROJECT 1 Area Appreciation and Site planning: Bhagwanpur Desua, Dist.

Samastipur, State-Bihar

Department of Architecture, Town & Regional Planning IIEST, Shibpur

Master of Urban & Regional Planning Year – 2020-21 1st Semester Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Guided By: Dr. S. Mitra Prof. S. Saha Ar.-Pl. S. Sarkar Submitted By: Shriyanshu Kumar 2020APM003

INTRODUCTION

Pic: India

Pic: Bihar

Samastipur District is located in Bihar.

LOCATION

Pic: Samastipur

Pic: Ujiyarpur

Site Area = 712 Ha Kewas

Supaul

Malti

Bhagwanpur Desua Panchayat is located in Samastipur district. SE of district HQ.

Rewari Balbhadrapur

Bhagwanpur Desua Panchayat has two villages: • Bhagwanpur Desua (685 Ha) • Bishanpur Samthu (27 Ha) Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Pataili

Rampur Samthu

PHYSIOGRAPHY • • • • •

It has total area of 712 ha.

It has Jamwari river to SW and acts as SW boundary for panchayat.

It has rural setting so major area is agricultural.

Climate is generally warm and temperate.

Average annual rainfall is 1142mm.

Pic: JAMWARI RIVER

DEMOGRAPHY

    

Decal growth rate of panchayat is 16% between 1991-2011.

Sex ratio is 899 female per 1000 male. (State 918 female1000 male).

Literacy rate 49.63%.

Population Density is 16 ppha.

Forecasted population using GI method for year 2021 and 2031 is 13428 and 15630 respectively.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

CONNECTIVITY

To Samastipur

To Samastipur

To Rosera To Samastipur

To Khagaria

To Dalsinghsarai

Bhagwanpur Desua Panchayat is well connected via Road and Rail.

- SH 55 crosses through Northern part of villages which connects it with district HQ and Rosera (town).

- District road on Western side connects it with district HQ and Dalsinghsarai.

- It has broad gauge railway line under ECR and a railway station Bhagwanpur Desua is there within site boundary, which connects it with district HQ and Khagaria.

Road Hierarchy

Road Name

R.O.W.

State Highway

SH 55

10 m

M.D.R.

Dalsinghsarai rd

7m

Village Road

4m

Other

3m

Pic: SH55

Pic: DISTRICT ROAD

Railway Station 3 wheeler/Auto Stand Rickshaw Stand Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Pic: VILLAGE ROAD

SOCIAL & PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Railway station Primary School Primary School

Hanuman Mandir

High School

Haat

Rickshaw/Auto Stand

Post Office

Masjid Bank

Girls School Thakurbari

Puja Ground/Kali Temple Middle School

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Study Area Infrastructure Locations

• Panchayat has anganwadi for each ward.

• It has 6 primary school including 1 girls school and high school up to class 10 but no Sr. Secondary school and colleges.

• Other infrastructure are also there such as PDS shop, playground, Bank, Temples and mosque.

Table: Social Infra

Pic: HIGH SCHOOL

Pic: MIDDLE SCHOOL

Pic: TEMPLE

Pic: RAILWAY STATION

Pic: PUJA GROUND

Pic: VILLAGE HAAT

Pic: TAP FOR HH Pic: Bank

Pic: WATER TANK

Pic: OPEN DRAINS

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Pic: OPEN GARBAGE DISPOSAL

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE  Source of potable water is ground water mainly, there is water tank in every ward and one tap for each household.  For sanitation, there is no community toilet or toilet near market or railway station.  For solid waste management, there is no such infrastructure, people generally collect and burn solid waste.

Study Area OHT Locations

Water tank location

- Only small stretch in Panchayat has drain, which is open in one location and have cover on other. There is no connectivity between drains so water flow to road or open land.

Study Area Drain Locations

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

LOCAL ECONOMY

• • • • • • •

People are involved in almost all sectors in this panchayat.

Farming, small shops such as tea shops, cloth , grocery, flour mills etc.

2 MSME are also there Sattu Mill and Paperplate production units.

Most are involved in primary sectors.

There is haat too which opens on Monday and Friday of every week.

One LPG bottling plant is under construction.

But MSME provide employment to only 10-12 people.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

•

According to my observations, I found these are main environmental concerns:• Open defecation • Using of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides which pollutes land as well as water.

• Using of tube wells for harnessing water for drinking as well as irrigation.

• Open garbage dumping and burning.

• Burning of agricultural waste.

• Using wood as fuel.

• Using loud speakers without bound of time in Pic: LOUDSPEAKERS Pic: OPEN DRAIN festival or community/family functions Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Pic: GARBAGE BURNING

LAND USE/COVER

LAND USE/COVER Pasture 2.25

Sown land

1.89

Sown Land

Irrigated 40%

95.85

Unirrigated 60%

Study Area Land Cover Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Non-agricultural

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

Socio-Economic Profile

Income of HH

Age Group

9

120

According to my survey:• Avg. HH size = 7.1 • Literacy = 81.45% • Sex ratio = 1028.

• Average no. of room per house is 3.9.

• Only 16% have semipucca or kacha house.

8

100

7 6

80

5

60

4 3

40

2

20

1 0

0 0 to 6 Yrs

6 to 60 yrs

Sex Ratio

0 to 1 L

Above 60

Economic Pattern

1 to 3 L

3 to 5 L

Number of Rooms

above 5 L

primary sector 20%

20%

51%

49%

10%

30% 20%

35%

Male

Female

45%

15%

Farming

Job

80%

25%

Shop

Other

Agriculture 1 to 3

3 to 5

5 to 7

>7

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Other

• •

HH Monthly Electricity Bill 9 8 7

Average HH electricity bill is approx. Rs.209.4/month.

For transportation people spent 46.5 mins/day in transport and spend Rs.33 and travel 12.26Kms daily (average).

6 5

TRANSPORTATION SURVEY

4

Type of Vehicles

3 2 1 0 100 - 300

300 - 500

500 - 800

0%

>800

25%

30%

Distance Travelled 9 45%

8 7 6 5

4 Wheeler

2 wheeler

Cycle

Other

4 3

•

2 1 0 0 to 5

5 to 10

10 to 15

>15

In name of public transport there are small 4 wheelers, battery operated 3 wheelers, auto rikshaws are available. Male population prefer cycle/bike for travel.

People who use public vehicles are mostly female, old & child.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

ANALYSIS 1. Road Infrastructure Road Name State SH - 55 Highwa y M.D.R. Dalsinghsarai Road Village Road Other

2.

R.O.W. 10 m

7m

Norms 12m

7.5-9m

Conclusion Inadequate

4.5m

Inadequate

3m

3.75m

Inadequate

3.

Socio Cultural Infrastructure Particulars Actual Standard/Nor ms Cremation Ground No 1 per 5000 or define per gram d area panchayat Burial Ground 1 1 per 15000 Open Space/parks 1 for 5000 Playground/ 1 1 for 5000 Festival ground Religious places 5 1 for 5000 Fire station 7.5 km 2 lakh or 10km radius

Particulars

Inadequate

4m

Social Infrastructure Actual

Standard

Conclusion

Primary School High School

6 0

1 per 5000 1 per 15000

Adequate Required

Health Centre Community Hall Aanganwadi

0 0 17 (1 per ward)

1 for 5000 1 for 5000 1 for 5000

Required Required Adequate

4.

Water Supply Purpose Standard (lpcd) Drinking 3 Cooking 5 Bathing 15 Washing 7 utensils/house Ablution 10

Conclusion Defined area needed Adequate Adequate •

Adequate Adequate

•

Conclusion

There is no limitation has been set as till now for supply and control of wastage.

For sanitation and solid waste management no such infrastructure supporting exists.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

INFERENCES Parameters

Appraisal

Location

Located only 8 kms from district HQ.

Connectivity

• •

Critique

Well connected via road and railway.

4 wheeler and 3 wheeler is available for travelling to nearby town or district HQ.

• •

Very difficult to get public vehicle between 7pm to 6 am.

No direct inter-district connectivity.

Built Form

• •

Majority of construction is pucca house now (G+1) Some houses are still kachcha and semi pucca.

•

Instead of Govt. policies some houses are still in dilapidated condition because of corruption and money is not adequate.

Physical Infra

• •

Every HH has tap for water supply.

Most of HH has electricity connection.

• •

Untreated water.

No storm water drain & SWM system.

Social Infra

• •

Bank, schools, coaching are within boundary.

Different shops such as PDS, grocery, cloth etc are within boundary.

Temple, mosque, puja ground, play ground within boundary.

•

Sr. Secondary school is 4 kms away, PHC 9 kms away.

• Economy

• •

Primary sector is major involvement.

Small shops, flour mills etc.

•

People are migrating due to lack of permanent employment.

Overall Design

• •

Overall a heterogeneous spatial experience.

People are settled mostly according to caste and community.

Most of land use is agricultural.

• •

Still lacking in some basic infrastructure.

No environmental concerns.

•

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

WATER SUPPLY & MANAGEMENT

Overview : In rural area mainly ground water is used for different purpose such as drinking, washing, flush, livestock washing, irrigation etc.  According to CGWB in 2013, 16% of ground water is overexploited.  60% of irrigation needs fulfilled by ground water, 85% of rural water needs, 50% of urban water needs are fulfilled by exploiting ground water.  Overexploitation of ground water increased from 3% in 1995 to 16% in 2013.  Indian agriculture practice is less water efficient than US and China.

Fig. Surface Water Body Sources Fig. Surface Water Body Locations Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Key Findings:  Nal Jal Yojana Aim was to provide safe potable water to every household.

Issues:I. Providing bore well for every tank is not sustainable.

II. Wastage and misuse of water due to regulation and maintenance.

III. Too much pressure on ground water.

IV. Untreated water supply.

V. Poor service and misuse of funds. Pipes left open which leads to wastage. 

Irrigation Most of land get irrigated using bore well, which draws water from ground. It is easily available.

Issues:I. Not sustainable.

II. Wastage and misuse.

III. Damaging ground water resource.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

WATER REQUIREMENTS • • • • • • •

Daily Demand = (forecasted domestic population * domestic demand norm) + (floating population*floating demand norm) + (institutional demand) Let floating demand 20% of the forecasted population and 20 lpcd for demand; 5% of total demand for institutional demand.

Total daily demand = (1+ loss fraction) X Daily demand; (15-20% added as loss to daily demands).

Population of 2041 according to GI method = 18193.

Daily Demand = (18193*55) + {(18193*20%)*20} + {(18193*55)*5%} = 1123418 litres/day Total daily demand = (1+0.15)*1123418 = 1291930 or 1.3 MLD (For population).

Particulars Buffloes Cattle Goat

Population Litres/An (Projected) imal 600 40 924 30 754 6 Total

Demand (Litres) 24000 27720 4524 56244

Total livestock water demand = (1+0.15)56244 = 64680 litres.

Irrigation water requirements:The irrigation requirement for cropped season can be estimated from water balance equation: In = ETm- ER + Wn + Wc + Ws Where, In = net irrigation requirement; ETm = Crop evapotranspiration; Wn = Water req. for seed bed prep; Wc =upward movement of water in to the root zone; Ws = Carryover soil moisture Under normal conditions Wc and Ws are negligible so eq. reduces to; In = ETm- ER

Total Ground water required = 4544.08 Ha-m = 45.44 ML Note: - All data are for irrigated area only which is 271.6 Ha for this panchayat.

ET = 5.625 {emax – emin-2} ER = f(d)[1.25P0.824-2.98]x100.0000955 ETm (Where D is depth of water depletion in root zone and P is actual monthly rainfall)

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

WATER REQUIREMENTS Month Jan ET 112.85

Feb March 119.16 138.75

Apr 127.5

May June 6.4 244.56

Jul Aug Sep 122.51 0.345 68.4

Oct Nov 139.57 148.23

Dec 104.65

Crop evapotranspiration of selected crops from irrigated area (Ha-m) Months January February March April May June July August Septemb er October Novemb er Decemb er

Maize 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.38 148.68 151.34 63.92

Crops Rice Sugarcane 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.85 0.00 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.70 49.70 47.60 478.10 145.70 549.20 141.70 66.15 63.80

43.40 0.00

43.26 0.00

0.00

0.00

Total Wheat 4.90 19.37 5.61 0.00 35.07 35.07 0.00 0.00 0.00

4.90 38.22 11.21 0.00 68.77 180.70 771.10 887.04 195.22

42.66 0.00

43.78 0.00

129.40 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

•

So total potable water demand = 1291930 + 64680 litres = 1356610 = 1.356 MLD.

•

Total ground water required for irrigation = 45.44 ML per annum. However ground water requirement can be replaced by using surface water source or greywater.

Monthly effective rainfall of selected crops

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

SUGGESTIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS

1.

•    • 

For Water Supply System Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance improves the service quality.

It makes a system energy efficient.

Reduce wastage.

Source Protection and Strengthening Taking legal measures for reducing over exploitation and misuse of water and its source.  Regulation of contamination of aquifers through disposal of effluents and waste.  DWSAP (Drinking Water Source Assessment and Protection Program) can be taken into consideration.

• Rainwater Harvesting System By using public building roof for collection of storm water, which can be used for washing and bathing of livestock.

Panchayat has potential of collecting rainfall up to 0.41 ML from roof tops of public buildings.

Pic. Potential Location for installing RWH system.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

SUGGESTIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS

2. Wastewater Treatment for reusing

Decentralised Treatment  From my analysis of different recycling/treatment techniques I found out that Anaerobic Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System and Soakage Pit system are more cost effective and effluent from DEWATS can be used for agricultural process. DEWATS can handle waste flow of 1-1000 m3, so it can be implemented for community also.  DEWATS encompass an approach beside technical and engineering aspects, it also considers local economic and social situation.  It provide wastewater flows with close COD/BOD ratios from 1m3 to 1000m3 per day per unit.  It can also provide renewable energy source such as bio gas for cooking or lighting purpose.  DEWATS system is based on a set of design and layout principals. It is very reliable, long running, and tolerant towards inflow fluctuation. This system is cost efficient and requires very less O & M requirements.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

DOSIWAM (Decentralised on Site Integrated Waste Management).





This system is decentralised which is very necessary as village is sparsely populated as compared to rural area.

It intakes human, animal excreta, non-excretal solid waste and liquid waste too.

 This system was developed by Dr. S. V. Mapuskar. In this system all waste is treated hygienically in ecofriendly non-polluting way by bio-digestive processes and end products can be returned to soil as fertilizer in sustainable manner.  Under this system, human excreta is collected without mixing it with sludge. It is then anaerobically digested adequately, so that the effluents becomes safe and bio gas from digestion can be used as fuel. Biogas plant effluent and sludge can be recycled in agricultural fields or horticulture.

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

REFRENCES

https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/self-reliance/dry-toilet-ze0z1303zwar https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/employment/extra-employment-opportunities-in-rural-areas/12909 https://akvopedia.org/wiki/Dry_Toilet Guidelines and Successful Case Studies in Rural Development (UBA Cell, IIT Delhi) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332253064_Rural_Development_Approaches_and_Strategies https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257222575_A_REVIEW_OF_RURAL_DEVELOPMENT_PROGR AMMES_IN_INDIA https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/67975.html https://www.farmer.gov.in/livestockcensus.aspx RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar) http://www.phytojournal.com Census of India 2011, Government of India.

Census of India 2001, Government of India Census of India 1991, Government of India Rural Area Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (RADPFI) Guidelines, 2017 Indian Road Congress, Government of India

Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) and Sanitation in Developing Countries: A Practical Guide, BORDA, and WEDC. Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar

Area Appreciation and Site Planning | 2020APM003 | Shriyanshu Kumar